{]km[I°pdn∏v · 2018-01-08 · {]km[I°pdn∏v]›n-a-L-´- hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏´...

$: {]km[I°pdn∏v · 2018-01-08 · {]km[I°pdn∏v]›n-a-L-´- hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏´ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v s{]m^.-am-[hv KmUvKn¬ IΩ‰n, tI{μ- h\w ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v$

{]km[I°pdn∏v

]›n-a-L-́ - hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏´ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿ v́ s{]m^.-am-[hv KmUvKn¬

IΩ‰n, tI{μ- h\w ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v ka¿∏n-®n´v Ct∏mƒ c≠v h¿jw

]n∂n-ń-cn-°p-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw IΩ-‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i-Isf A[n-I-cn®v kPo-h-amb

N¿®-Iƒ hnhn-[-X-e-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. apJy-ambpw Bdv Imcy-ßsfbmWv

dnt∏m¿´v ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv. (1) ]›n-a-L´w kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS t{ImUo-I-c-

Ww (2) ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-teme {]tZ-i-ß-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-®-dn-b¬ (3) -Xn-cn-®-dn™ {]tZi-

ß-fpsS XcwXn-cn-®p≈ ]cn-c-£Ww (4) ]›n-a-L-´-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xkp-c£

(5) ]›n-a-L´ hnI-k\w ]¶m-fnØ ssien-bn¬ B°¬ (6) ta¬t\m´ Npa-Xe

\n¿h-ln-°m≥ ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS cq]o-IcWw, F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. AXn-

cp-hn´ hn`-h-hn-\n-tbmKw\SØn t\áp≠m°p∂ Hcp-\yq-\-]£w KmUvKn¬ IΩ‰n

apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p∂ ]e- ip-]m¿i-Ifpw X≈n-°-f-b-W-sa-∂mWv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ ]cn-c-£-W-Øn-eqsS Zo¿L-Ime hnI-k\w km[y-am-°pI F∂ dnt∏m¿ńs‚

auenIkao-]\w apgp-h≥ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw KpW-I-c-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬

ip]m¿i-I-fpsS A¥:kØ tNm¿Øn-°-f-bmsX Ah -P-\-t£-a-]-c-am-bpw, ÿe-

Ime {]k-‡n-tbm-sSbpw, hnI-k-t\m-∑p-J-ambpw Fßs\ {]tbmKØnem°mw

F∂-Xn-\mWv {]k-‡n. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßsf Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-c-£n-°p-I-bpw, imkv{Xo-b-am-bn- A-hsb hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]mtbm-KnI\S-]-Sn-I-fmWv KmUvKn¬ IΩ‰n ip]m¿iIfn¬

\n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. CØcw {ia-ßƒ°v ]n≥_-e-ta-Im≥ ]›n-a-

L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dnt∏m¿ńs‚ ae-bm-f-]cn`mj Gsd {]tbm-P-\

-s∏-Spsa-∂mWv imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.

aebmfØn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb s{]m^. am[hv

KmUvKn¬, tUm. ]n.-F-kv. hnP-b≥ F∂n-h-tcmSpw ]cn-`mj \n¿Δ-ln® {io. lcn-

Zm-k≥ DÆn-Øm≥, {io. APnØv shÆn-bq¿, tUm.- kn.-F-kv. tKm]-Ip-am¿ F∂n-h-

tcmSpw ]cn-j-Øns‚ \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

tIc-f- im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv

KSSP 1977 I E SEP 2013 Dy 1/4 0.5K 70000 FT 912/13

` 700.00

{]kn≤oIcWkanXn

s{]m^.sI.{io[c≥ (sNb¿am≥)

tUm.Imhpºmbn _meIrjvW≥ (I¨ho\¿)

AwKßƒ

tUm.Fw.]n.]ctaizc≥, s{]m^.kn.sP.-inhi¶c≥, ]n.apcfo[c≥, kn.Fw.apcfo[c≥,

sI.sI.IrjvWIpam¿, s{]m^.Fw.inhi¶c≥, s{]m^.efnX se\n≥, Cu.Un.tUhokv,

s{]m^.]n.sI.cho{μ≥,sI.Sn.cm[mIrjvW≥, P\p, s{]m^.Fw.sI.{]kmZv, tUm._meIrjvW≥ sNdq∏,

s{]m^.sI.]m∏q´n, ]n.F.X¶®≥, ]n.Fw.Ko-X, sI.cm[≥, tUm.F≥.-sI.iin[c≥]n≈,

hn.hn.{io\nhmk≥, ]n.sI.\mcmbW≥

aebmfw

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn

hnZKv[kanXn dnt∏m¿ v́

H∂mw ]Xn∏v :

sk]vXw-_¿ 2013

{]km-[-\w, hnX-cWw :

tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv

Xr»q¿ ˛ 680004

C˛-sa-bn¬ :

[email protected]

en]n hn\ymkw :

sF amIv

Xr»q¿

A®Sn :

sXtc Hm^vsk‰v {]nt‚gvkv

A¶-amen

malayalam

Report of the Western GhatsEcology Expert Panel

First edition :September 2013

Published & Distributed by :Kerala Sasthra Sahithya ParishathThrissur - 680004

e-mail :[email protected]

Type setting :

ImacThrissur

printing :Theressa offset printersAngamaly

]›n-aL-́ ]-cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kanXn

dnt∏m¿´v

tI{μ -]-cn-ÿnXn h\w -a-{¥m-ebØn\p

ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv

BKÃv 31, 2011

Ih¿ Unssk≥ :

tIcf kwÿm\ ssPh sshhn[y t_m¿Uv

iv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011

]m\¬ AwKßƒ

s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn¬ sNb¿am≥

{io. _n.-sP. IrjvW≥ saº¿

tUm. sI.-F≥. KtW-iø saº¿

tUm. hn.-F-kv. hnP-b≥ saº¿

s{]m^. ({io-a-Xn) dn\n t_m¿Pkv saº¿

s{]m^. B¿. {ioIp-am¿ saº¿

tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW saº¿

{ioa-Xn. hnZy Fkv. \mbIv saº¿

tUm. Un.-sI. kp{_-“Wyw saº¿

tUm. B¿.-hn. h¿Ω saº¿ (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)

sN-b¿am≥, tIcf kwÿm\ ssPh-ssh-hn[y t_m¿Uv

sNb¿am≥, tZiob ssPh-ssh-hn[y AtXm-dn‰n (NBA) saº¿ (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)

s{]m^. Fkv.-]n. KuXw saº¿ (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)

sNb¿am≥, tI{μ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W t_m¿Uv (CPCB)

tUm. B¿. B¿. \h¬Kp≠v saº¿ (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)

Ub-d-IvS¿, kvt]kv Bπn-t°-j≥ sk‚¿ (SAC)

tUm. Pn.-hn. kp{_-“Wyw saº¿-̨ -sk-{I-́ dn (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)

AssUz-k¿ (RE), tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

v............................................................................................................................................................................................................

D≈S°w

BapJw

h¿[n-®p-h-cp-∂ ]cn-ÿnXn \mi-Øns‚ Xo{hX Ipd-bv°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS tI{μ-˛-

kw-ÿm-\-˛-{]m-tZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-X-e-Ønepw P\-Io-b-X-e-Ønepw ImgvN-sh-°p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn

kulrZ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v \ΩpsS cmPyw {it≤-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-

am-Wn-Xv. \memw ]©-h¬k-c-]-≤-Xn-bpsS XpS°w (1970-I-fn¬) apX¬°p-Xs∂ {]mh¿Øn-I-

am-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ kpÿnc hnI-k-\-X-{¥-Øn-eq-∂nb I¿a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-K-

W-\-bn-eq-∂nb hnI-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂ Bibw hfsc apt∂-Xs∂ kzmwio-I-cn® Hcp cmPy-

sa∂ JymXnbpw \ap°v t\Sn-Ø-∂n-́ p-≠v. CuZri {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, cmPyw F{X-am{Xw Bflm¿Y-

ambpw Kuc-h-X-c-hp-am-bn´pw BWv ImWp-∂Xv F∂-Xns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]›n-a-L´

]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ ]m\-en\v cq]w-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw ]pd-

Øn-d-°nb DØ-c-hv.

Zo¿L-Ime hnI-k\w km¿∞-I-am-°m-\p≈ GsXmcp \o°-Øn\p ]n∂nepw ]›n-a-

L´wt]mep≈ Hcp `q{]-tZ-i-Øn\v tI{μ-ÿm\w D≠v F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an-√. tKmZm-h-cn,

IrjvW, t\{Xm-h-Xn, Imth-cn, Ip¥n, sshssK, F∂o alm-\-Zn-Iƒ°p ]pdta H´-t\Iw sNdp

\Zn-Iƒ°pw ]pg-Iƒ°pw Poh-Pew \¬In kwc-£n-°p∂ {]IrXn amXm-hns‚ ÿm\-amWv

C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øns‚ ss]Xr-I-amb ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v I¬]n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Imfn-Zm-k≥

CXns\ Hcp I\y-I-tbm-SmWv D]-an-®n-´p-≈-Xv. AK-ÿy-ae inc- mbpw AXn\p Xmsg AÆm

-a-e-bpw, \oe-Kn-cnbpw Db¿∂ amdn-S-ßfm-bpw, ]c-∂p-cp≠ Im\-d, tKmh ae-Iƒ at\m-l-c-amb

\nXw-_-ß-fm-bpw, DØc klym-{Zn-a-e-Isf \o´n ]nf¿Øn-sh® Imep-I-fmbpw Imfn-Zm-k≥

h¿Æn-®n-´p-≠v. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ lcnX taem-∏ns‚ I´n-bmb ]®-∏´v ]pX®v {]uV-bmbn hncm-

Nn-®n-cp∂ Ah-fn∂v AXns‚ Iodn-∏-dn™ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Np‰n \mWw ad-bv°m-\m-hmsX

tIgp∂ ÿnXn-bn-em-Wv. AXns\ Cßs\ ]n®n-®o-¥n-b-Xn\v ]n∂n¬ Zcn-{Z-cpsS ]in-b-S-

°m-\p≈ ]cm-{I-a-tØ-°m-fp-]cn AXn-k-º-∂-cpsS AS°n \ndp-Øm-\m-hmØ B¿Øn-bpsS

Iq¿Ø \J-ß-fmWv F∂Xv Ncn-{XkXyw am{X-am-Wv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn kpc-£-

bpsS B[m-chpw kmº-ØnIkpc-£-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bp-amb ]›n-a-L´w G‰p-hm-ßnb Hcp Zpc¥

Ah-ÿ-bm-WnXv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an-√.

]cn-ÿnXn Zpc-¥-Øns‚ Icn-\n-g-en¬ Ign-bp-tºmgpw kmam\y P\-X-bpsS Db¿∂ km£-

c-Xbpw ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-t_m-[hpw Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]p\x-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn\v {]Xym-i-bpsS {]Imiw

]c-Øp-∂p. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-IrX {ia-ßfn-eqsS P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m\w i‡n-{]m-]n-°p-I-

bmWv F∂Xv as‰mcp km[y-X-bm-Wv. {]tXy-In®pw tIcfwt]mep≈ kwÿm-\ßƒ ]©m-

bØo cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS im‡o-I-c-W-Øn\pw tijn-h¿[-\-hn\pw th≠n \S-Øp∂ {ia-

ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ amXr-I-bm-Wv. tKmh kwÿm\w \S-∏n-em-°nb ‘doPn-b-W¬ πm≥ 2021’F∂ ]≤Xn, `qhn-\n-tbmK \b-Øn¬ {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dƒt®¿°p-∂-Xns‚ \√

DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Cu coXn-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-]-chpw P\-tI-{μo-Ir-

X-hp-amb Hcp hnI-k\ coXn {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\v ]›n-a-L´w F¥p-sIm≠pw tbmPn®

Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv F∂v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

C{]-Imcw Atß A‰w {]Xo-£m-\n¿`-c-amb Hcp kml-Ncyw ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠mWv

]›n-a-L´ hnZKv[ ]m\¬ NpaXe Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. Hcp _lp-Xe {]h¿Ø\ X{¥-amWv ]m\¬

Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv. AXns‚ apJy LS-I-ßƒ Cßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw. (i) ]›n-a-L-´-hp-ambn

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

vii............................................................................................................................................................................................................

_‘-s∏´ e`y-amb apgp-h≥ hnh-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn-°p-I, (ii) ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme

taJe Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v B[m-c-am-°m-hp∂ _lp-apJ am\-Z-fi-ß-f-S-ßnb ka-{K-amb Hcp

Pntbm-kvt]-jy¬ hnhc ASn-Ød D≠m-°p-I, (iii) ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn t\cn´v kwth-

Zn-°p-\\ hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, _‘-s∏´ Pn√sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ Fw.-]n. am¿, Fw.-

F¬.-F.-am¿, XrXe ]©m-bØo cmPv kwhn-[m-\-ßfn-te°p sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\-{]-Xn-\n-

[n-I-fpw, {]kn-U-≠p-amcpw Dƒs∏sS hn]p-e-amb Hcp P\-k-©-bsØ t\cn¬ I≠v N¿® \SØn

hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-I.

CØcw N¿®-Iƒ Hs°-Øs∂ ]c-ky-ambpw XnI™ kpXm-cyX Dd-∏m-°n-s°m≠pw \S-

Øm≥ kan-Xn°p Ign™p F∂Xv Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-P-\-I-am-Wv. s]mXp hnh-c-ti-J-c-Øn-s‚bpw

]T-\-ßfp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb Pntbm-kvt]-jy¬ Um‰m t_kv F√m-h¿°pw

e`y-am-I-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXyI sh_v ssk‰mbn \ne-\n-dp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

Ign™ H∂c h¿j Ime-b-f-hn¬ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kanXn 14 XhW

]m\¬ tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw ]›n-a-L-´-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ {]iv\-ßƒ Iq´mbn ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmK \S-]-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw an\nSvkv tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-

Øns‚ sh_v ssk‰n¬ e`y-am-Wv. kμ¿i\ ]T-\-ß-fpw, hnZ-Kv[-cp-am-bn-´p≈ A`n-ap-J-hpw,

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tbmK-ßfpw CXns‚ ̀ mK-ambn \S-∂p. Ch-bn-se√mw A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cp∂ s]mXp-

e£yw ]T-\ßƒ°v IrXy-amb Hcp imkv{Xob coXn-imkv{Xw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]¶m-

fnØ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AXns\ IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n Bbn-cp-∂p.

apJy-ambpw aq∂vv Imcy-ßsf A[n-I-cn-®mWv dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah C{]-Im-

c-am-Wv. (i) kanXn XnI™ Ah-[m-\-X-tbmsS \S-Ønb ]cn-tim-[\-I-fp-sSbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-

s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´sØ aq∂v taJ-e-bn¬ hcp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme {]tZ-i-

ß-fmbn Xcw Xncn-®p. (ii) A{]-Imcw Xcw Xncn® Hmtcm taJ-e-bp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xncn-

®-dn-bm-\pw ]cn-c-£n-°m-\p-ap-≈ am\-Z-fi-ßfpw Xøm-dm-°n, (iii) ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtYmdn‰n

cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp N´-°qSpw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

AXn-_r-l-Ømb Cu {]h¿Ø\w ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™Xv kan-

Xn-bp-ambn kl-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn® \nc-h[n hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-

sSbpw k∑-\- p-sIm≠p am{X-am-Wv. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ \n[n-Ipw-`-sa∂pw ss]Xr-I-sa∂pw

temI-amsI JymXn-bp≈ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v CØ-c-samcp {]h¿Ø\w

\S-Øm≥ Akp-e` kμ¿`w Hcp-°n-Ø∂ tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn\pw a‰p-≈-

h¿°pw ]m\-en-\p≈ IrXm¿∞X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

(H-∏v)

s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn¬

sNb¿am≥

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kanXn

viii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


\μn

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬\n-∂p≈ temI-k-`m-Kw-K-ßƒ, _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse a{¥n-

am¿, Fw.-F¬.-F.am¿, _lp-am-\-s∏´ tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥n F∂o al-Xvhy-‡n-Iƒ \¬Inb

klmb kl-I-c-W-ßƒ°v ]›n-a-L´ hnZKv[ kanXn \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ßfnse ]©m-bØo cmPv ÿm]-\ß-ƒ, {Kma-hn-I-k\ hIp-∏v, ]cn-

ÿnXn h\w-h-Ip-∏v, tIcf C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v tem°¬ AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j≥, tIcf h\ Kth-

jW tI{μw XpS-ßnb apgp-h≥ ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw Ah¿ \¬Inb tkh-\-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ \μn

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hnZKv[ ]m\-ep-ambn kl-I-cn®pw kwth-Zn®pw {]h¿Øn® H´-\-h[n ]uc-

kw-L-S-\-I-fpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kwL-S-\-Ifpw D≠v. \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ hy‡X hcp-Ønbpw ]cn-

ÿnXn ]cn-c-£-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb am\-Z-fi-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn®pw {]tXy-In®v ]cn-ÿnXn

hnteme taJe Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂ Imcy-Ønepw Hs° \n¿Wm-b-I-amb kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv Ch-

cn¬\n∂pw kan-Xn°p e`n-®-Xv. dnt∏m¿´ns‚ A\p-_‘ `mKØv Ch-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ tN¿Øn-´p-

≠v. F√m-h¿°pw D≈ \μn ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

kμ¿i-\-th-f-I-fn¬ hnK-≤-k-an-Xnsb Dujva-f-ambn hc-th¬°p-I-bpw, Bh-iy-amb hnh-

c-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ kuI-cy-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]›n-a-L´ \nhm-kn-I-fpsS ]¶v hfsc

hep-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv kanXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv.

kp{]ow tImSXn A`n-̀ m-j-I-\pw, ELDF amt\-Pnßv ]m¿SvW-dp-amb {io. k©bv D]m-[ymb

\¬Inb hnZKv[ D]-tZ-iw, ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn‰n cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ am\-Z-fi-ß-fp-

≠m-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ hfsctbsd klm-b-I-c-ambn F∂ Imcyw \μn-]q¿hw kvacn-°p-∂p.

Pntbm-kvt]-jy¬ Um‰m-t_-kp-ambn _-‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw, ]cn-kvXnXn hnteme

taJ-e-bpsS Xncn-®-dn-b-en-\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ D≠m-°p∂ Imcy-Ønepw tUm. Fkv.-F≥. {]kmZv

\¬Inb tkh\w hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øn-\p≈ \μnbpw ChnsS Ipdn-°p-

∂p. H∏w Xs∂ ta¬]-d™ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ klm-bn® Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS tkh-\-

ßƒ°p≈ \μnbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

1. {io. Inc¨, {io. hn. {io\n-hm-k≥, tUm. PK-Zoiv IrjvW-kzm-an, {ioaXn Acp-≤Xn Zmkv

2. FERAL se {io. cho{μ `√, CEPF se {io. `mkvI¿ BNmcy

3. sIb¿ F¿Ønse tUm. RJR Um\n-b¬kv

4. ZSI se tUm. sI.-F. kp{_-“-Wy≥

5. s{]m^. B¿. kpIp-am¿

6. tUm. sI.-F≥. KtW-iø

7. tUm. ]n.-F-kv. tdmbn

8. tUm. _dq-®, tUm. jmanX (BVIEER), tUm. sPbv ka-¥v, At±-l-Øns‚ kl-{]-h¿ØI¿

(DEVRAAI)

9. tUm. sI.-F-kv. cmP≥ (Pn-tbm-kvt]-jy¬ ^ut≠-j≥)

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ix............................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. tUm. ]n.hn.-sI. \mb¿ (tI-cf h\ Kth-jW tI{μw)

11. {io. kt¥mjv tK°vhmZv, {io. inh-Ir-jvW≥, {io chn-Ip-am¿,

{io. A∏-em-Nm-cn, {io. kmbv {]kmZv

12. {ioaXn AarX tPmIvte°¿

C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥kv _wK-fq-cp-hn¬ h®v \S-Ønb kan-Xn-bpsS N¿®m-tbm-

K-ßƒ°v F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw Hcp-°nb {ioaXn KoX KmUvIm-°-dn-\p≈ {]tXyI \μn ChnsS

Ipdn-°p-∂p. U¬ln-bnse Du¿P hn`-h-tI-{μ-Ønse (TERI) {ioaXn ktcmPv \mb¿, {ioaXn

ssjen tIUnb F∂n-h¿°pw, dnt∏m¿´v X-øm-dm-°m-\pw, Kth-j-W-k-lm-b-ßƒ°pw th≠n

\¬Inb ]n¥p-W-bpsS t]cn¬ \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Ønse apgp-h≥ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw {]tXy-In®v U]yq´n

Ub-d-IvS¿ Bb tUm. AaoXv temhn\pw Bflm¿∞-amb \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

x

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

xi............................................................................................................................................................................................................

D≈-S°w

BapJw vii

\μn ix

]ńIIƒ xv

Nn{Xßƒ xvi

t_mIvkpIƒ xvii

List of Abbreviations xix

`mKw 1

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dnt∏m¿´v -̨ `mKw 1 ......................... 1

1. kw{Klw ......................................................................................................... 1

2 BapJw .......................................................................................................... 3

3. kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-Xe-Iƒ............................................................................ 3

4. dnt∏m¿ńs‚ LS\...................................................................................... 4

5. Gs‰-SpØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ........................................................................ 4

6. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ ................................................................. 5

7 `q{]-IrXn ....................................................................................................... 8

8 kpÿn-c-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI ˛ {i≤m-]q¿Δw ]cn-c-£n-°pI ....... 12

9. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Iƒ ................................................................ 16

9.1. ]›n-a-L´ Um‰m t_kv ........................................................................................... 17

10. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZi AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw ............................... 20

11. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Iƒ A\p-`-h-]m-T-ßƒ ...... 27

12. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Icp-X¬ IhNw........................................ 38

12.1 òam-i-¶¿ h\y-k-t¶Xw ............................................................................................ 40

12.2 AXn¿Øn-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\v P\m-[n-jvTnX kwhn-[m\w..................................... 42

13. taJemXe -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p≈ am¿§-tcJ .................................... 43

13.1 taJem πm\p-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw ...................................... 53

14. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń ......................................................... 56

14.1. \nb-a-]-c-amb N -́°qSvv ................................................................................................. 58

15. BXn-c-∏n≈n, Kpfinb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ............................. 64

15.1. BXn-c-∏n≈n ]≤Xn ................................................................................................... 64

15.2 Kpfinb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn ................................................................................ 71

16. cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿§ Pn√-Iƒ ............................................................ 75

16.1. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-X-bpsS \ne-hmcw .................................................................. 76

16.2. ]cn-ÿnXn ̀ cW \n¿Δ-l-W-Ønse t]mcmbva ............................................... 76

16.3 ip]m¿i-Iƒ................................................................................................................... 79

17. tKmh-bnse J\\w..................................................................................... 81

17.1 Ah-ÿbpw am‰hpw .................................................................................................... 81

17.2. J\-\-Øns‚ Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ ...................................................................................... 81

17.3 ̀ c-W-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ............................................................................................. 84

17.4 ip]m¿i-Iƒ ..................................................................................................................... 88

A\p-_‘w .......................................................................................................... 90

A\p-_‘w 1 : ]T-\-coXn ................................................................................................................ 90

A\p-_‘w 2 : ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe ˛H∂v, taJe˛c≠v,

taJe˛aq∂v F∂n-h hnhn[ ]›n-a-L-´-Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp kw_-‘n® \n¿t±iw. ................................................................................ 95

A\p-_‘w 3 : 50 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ {]tZiw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬

Dƒs∏-´n-´p≈ NphsS ]d-bp∂ Xmeq-°p-Isf taJ-e-˛-H-∂n-epw,

taJ-e-˛-c-≠nepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-®p .......................................................................... 98

A\p-_‘w 4 : Id‚ v kb≥kv t]∏¿.................................................................................... 100

klm-bI tcJ-Iƒ ........................................................................................... 123

]cn-injvS tcJ-Iƒ ............................................................................................ 112

]cn-injvS tcJ a : ]›n-a-L´ hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-bpsS \nb-a\w ..................................... 112

]cn-injvS tcJ b: ]cn-tim-[n® ]T\ tcJ-Iƒ ................................................................. 117

`mKw 2

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dnt∏m¿´v -̨ `mKw 2 ...................... 129

1. ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ ˛ X¬ÿnXn ........................................ 129

`ua-˛-ssPh `qhn-`m-K-ßƒ.............................................................................................................. 130

a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-epIfpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw ...................................... 136

xii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS X¬ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ..................................... 142

]›n-a-L-´-ß-fnse BhmktaJ-esb Imem-hÿmhyXn-bm\w

`mhn-bn¬ F{]-Imcw _m[n°mw? ............................................................................................. 161

2. taJ-em-X-e-Øn-ep≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ........................................................ 164

2.1 Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw ........................................................................................................... 164

DXvI-WvTm-P-\-I-amb {]iv\-ßƒ ................................................................................................ 166

ÿnXn sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ................................................................................... 168

2.2 Irjn ............................................................................................................................... 172


ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ................................................................................... 173

2.3. arK-]-cn-]m-e\w ........................................................................................................... 176


ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ ................................................................................... 178

2.4. a’y-k-ºØv .............................................................................................................. 180



2.5 h\-ßfpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤yhpw ........................................................................... 183



2.6 kwL-SnX hyh-kmbw ............................................................................................ 202



2.7 J\\w............................................................................................................................ 205



2.8. sshZyp-Xnbpw Du¿÷hpw ........................................................................................ 211

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ........................................................................................... 214


2.9 hnt\mZ k©mcw....................................................................................................... 217

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ........................................................................................... 217


2.10. KXm-KXw ....................................................................................................................... 219

xiii

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ........................................................................................... 219


2.11. a\pjy A[n-hm-k-ßƒ DS-a-ÿ-X-bnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw am‰w ...... 221

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ........................................................................................... 219


2.12. imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-XnI imkv{Xhpw ............................................................... 224

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ........................................................................................... 224


2.13. t]mj-Im-lm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw ......................................................................... 226

3. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse _lp-Xe `cWw .....................................................228

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Ønse t]mcm-bva-Iƒ .................................................................................... 228

ÿnXn sa®-s∏SpØm-\p≈ `cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ...................................................................... 236

`mh-\m-]q¿Æ-amb ]cn-c-£-Whpw hnI-k-\hpw hnZym-`ymk-Øn-eqsS ...................... 242

ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Ønte¿s∏-Sp∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ°pw

s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°pw t\cn´v {]Xn-^ew.................................................................................... 247

temI-ss]-XrI I¨sh≥j≥..................................................................................................... 253

A\p-_-‘w .........................................................................................................254

A\p-_‘w 1 : tIc-f kwÿm\ ssPh-Irjn \bhpw

I¿Ω-]-≤-Xnbpw, 2010 ............................................................................................................ 254

A\p-_‘w 2 : ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse [mXp-°-fpw, [mXp-D¬]m-Z-\hpw ........................... 270

a ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse/Pn√-I-fnse [mXp-°ƒ ................................... 270

b 2007˛08 -se [mXp Dev]m-Z\w ...................................................................................... 272

A\p-_‘w 3 : sFIy-cmjv{S ÿncw t^md-Øn¬

C¥y ka¿∏n® BZn-hmknIfpsS {]iv\-ßƒ kw_-‘n®

\n¿t±-i-ß-fnt∑¬ Db¿∂ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ................................................................... 280

klm-bI tcJ-Iƒ ...........................................................................................282

]cn-injvS tcJ-Iƒ ...........................................................................................284

]cn-injvS tcJ 1 : ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kan-Xn-

tbmKØns‚ an\pSvkv ..................................................................................................................... 284

]cn-injvS tcJ 2: ]›n-a-L´ hnZKv[ {Kq∏v I¿Ω-]-≤Xn.............................................. 290

xiv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]ń-IIƒ

`mKw 1

]ńI 1 : ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \n¿W-b-ßƒ .................. 7

]ńI 2 : ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°m≥

]pXp-Xmbn e`n® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ.............................................................. 19

]ńI 3 : taJ-e-I-fn-te°v \n¿t±-in-®n-́ p≈ {]tZiw

50% Øn¬ A[n-I-ap≈ ]›n-a-L-´-Pn-√-Iƒ .................................... 25

]ńI 4 : taJe H∂n-te°pw c≠n-te°pw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-́ n-́ p≈

{]tZiw 50% Øn¬ Xmsg D≈ ]›n-a-L-́ Pn√-Iƒ ................ 25

]ńI 5 : kn‘p-Zn¿K Pn√-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e

{]tZ-i-ß-fmbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´h ........................................................ 26

]ńI 6 : taJ-em-X-e-Øn-ep≈ \n¿±njvS am¿§-tc-J-Iƒ ............................... 43

]ńI 7 : Kpfinb ]≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ............................................ 72

]ńI 8 : J\-\-tØm-Sp≈ k¿sΔ {]Xn-I-cWw ................................................ 87

`mKw 2

]ńI 1 : ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn

taJ-e-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂

\nXy-l-cnX kky-h¿K-ßfpw ............................................................... 132

]ńI 2 : ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ Ncn{Xw

Hcp s]mXp Ah-tem-I\w ....................................................................... 137

]ńI 3 : hS-°≥ ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse Umap-Iƒ ................................................ 139

]ńI 4 : kcnkvI ISph dnk¿Δnse ISp-h-I-fpsS FÆw ........................ 183

]ńI 5 : {]tXyI kmº-ØnI taJe (sk v) bpsS

kwÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ IW°v ............................................. 203

xv............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{X-ßƒ

Nn{Xw 1 : ]›n-a-L´ {]tZiw .................................................................................. 7

Nn{Xw 2˛7: taJe 1 Dw 2 Dw 3 Dw, kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßfpw ˛

Xmeq-°-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬........................................................................... 22

Nn{Xw 8 : tKmh-bnse Ccp-º-bncv Dev]m-Z\w (1992˛2009) ........................... 82

Nn{Xw 9 : tKmh-bnse J\-\m-\p-aXn \¬Inb

{]tZ-i-ßƒ (tKmh ^ut≠-j≥ 2010) ......................................... 83

`mKw 1

Nn{Xw 1 : ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse aq∂v {][m\ taJ-e-Ifpw

Ah-bnse HºXv `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ßfpw ................................. 131

Nn{Xw 2 : KpP-dm-Ønse ]›n-a-L´ taJe

Nn{Xw 3 : alm-cmjv{S-bnse ]›n-a-L-´ -ta-Je............................................ 156

Nn{Xw 4 : tKmh-bnse ]›n-a-L´ taJe ....................................................... 157

Nn{Xw 5 : I¿Wm-S-I-bnse ]›n-a-L´ taJe .............................................. 158

Nn{Xw 6 : tIc-f-Ønse ]›n-a-L-´-ta-Je ...................................................... 159

Nn{Xw 7 : tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-´p-ap≈ ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-Iƒ ............. 160

Nn{Xw 8 : IqSp-X-ep≈ kky-Pm-e-ßƒ162

Nn{Xw 9 : Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-tØm-Sp≈ hnt[-bXz km[yX....... 163

Nn{Xw 10 : hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ]mNI/Du¿÷

Bh-iy-ßƒ°p≈ Km¿lnI C‘\

D]-tbmKw (TDDEY 2010) ........................................................................... 212

Nn{Xw 11 : ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w ........... 213

`mKw 2

xvi

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


t_mIvkp-Iƒ

t_mIvkv 1 : tems´ MIDC cmk-hy-h-km-b-irw-J-ebpw

Zmt_mƒ IS-en-Sp-°ns‚ aen-\o-I-c-Whpw ............................... 13

t_mIvk 2 : _n.B¿.Sn. ae-bnse tkmfnKm Kncn-P-\-ßƒ ....................... 14

t_mIvkv 3 : {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ........................................... 15

t_mIvkv 4 : ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ am∏n-ßn\v Ah-ew-_n®

{]h¿Ø-\-coXn ................................................................................... 17

t_mIvkv 5 : Xmsg X´n-ep≈ Hcp kwcw`w ........................................................ 26

t_mIvkv 6 : {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS {]ta-b-Øns‚ {]k-‡-`mKw......................... 26

t_mIvkv 7: Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-dn‰n ............. 27

t_mIvkv 8 : alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-K\n ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJe ........ 28

t_mIvkv 9 : alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-K\n taJ-e-bnse

]uc-P-\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw ....................................................... 36

t_mIvkv 10 : kwc-£n-X-h-\-Øn-t\mSv _‘-s∏´ ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-{]-tZi-Øn-\p-th≠n sIm¬lm-]q¿ ssh¬Uv

sse^v Unhn-js‚ \n¿±n-jvS-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v N -́ßƒ............ 39

t_mIvkv 11 : taJem πm\p-Ifpw ]›n-a-L´

]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ nbpw .............................................................. 53

t_mIvkv 12 : tKmh-bnse J\\w: s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-l¿Pn-Iƒ ................... 86

`mKw 1

xvii

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 1 : ]›n-a-L-́ -\n-cIfpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ .................... 134

t_mIvkv 2 : Imep AW-s°´v ................................................................................ 170

t_mIvkv 3 : sshX-cW a’y-k-t¶Xw (alm-cm-jv{S) ................................. 183

t_mIvkv 4 : tjme-h\ \io-I-c-WsØ kw_-‘n®At\z-jWw ....... 186

t_mIvkv 5 : kwbp-‡-h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v; ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬

\n∂p≈ Hc-\p-`hw ........................................................................... 191

t_mIvkv 6 : h\-A-h-Imi \nb-ahpw hmg-®m-ense ImScpw .................... 193

t_mIvkv 7 : `c-Xv]q-cnse ZmcpW hnVnØw ................................................. 196

t_mIvkv 8 : _nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-Iƒ ....................................... 197

t_mIvkv 9 : cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse hmbp-hns‚ KpW-ta∑......................... 204

t_mIvkv 10 : \nb-{¥nX J\\ amXrI .............................................................. 209

t_mIvkv 11 : DØc ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ tdmUp-I-fpsS ]´nI..... 221

t_mIvkv 12 : h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-kw-_-‘n®v

F≥.-kn.-k-Ivtk\ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v 2010 .............................. 233

t_mIvkv 13 : ]cn-ÿnXn ˛{]-IrXn hn -̀h-am-t\-Pvsa‚n¬

\ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-Ønse t]mcmbva ............................ 235

t_mIvk 14 : πm®n-a-S-bnse A\p-`hw ................................................................ 238

`mKw 2

t_mIvkp-Iƒ

xviii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


Npcp-s°-gpØpIƒ

List of Abbreviations

`mKw 1

ATREE Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the EnvironmentBMC Biodiversity Management CommitteeBVIEER Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environmental Education andResearchCCF Chief Conservator of ForestsCEA Central Electricity AuthorityCEC Central Empowered CommitteeCEIA Comprehensive Environment Impact AssessmentCES Centre for Ecological SciencesCETP Common effluent treatment plantCFR Community Forest ResourcesCPSS Chalakudy Puzha Samrakshana SamithiCRDS Chalakudy River Diversion SchemeCPCB Central Pollution Control BoardCZMA Coastal Zone Management AuthorityDCR Development Control RegulationsDEC District Ecology CommitteesDEVRAAI Development Research, Awareness & Action InstituteDP Development PlanDEC District Ecological CommitteeDPC(s) District Planning Committee (s)DPDC District Planning and Development CouncilDPR Detailed Project ReportDRP District Regional PlansDTEPA Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection AuthorityDTP Director of Town PlanningEAC Environment Appraisal CommitteeEPA Environment Protection ActEPR Environment (Protection) RulesESA Ecologically Sensitive AreaESL Ecologically Sensitive LocalityESZ Ecologically Sensitive ZoneEVI Enhanced Vegetation IndexFGD Flue gas desulfurizerFRA Forest Rights ActFSI Floor Space IndexGAP Good Agricultural Practice

xix

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

GGGJDC Goa Government’s Golden Jubilee Development CouncilGHEP Gundia Hydro-Electric ProjectGMO Genetically modified organismsGMOEA Goa Mineral Exporters AssociationGOK Government of KarnatakaGoM Government of MaharashtraGRIHA Green Rating for Integrated Habitat AssessmentGRP Goa Regional PlanHEP Hydro Electric ProjectHLMC High Level Monitoring CommitteeHT high tensionIBWL Indian Board of Wild LifeJNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal MissionKFRI Kerala Forest Research instituteKMDA Kolkata Metropolitan Development AuthorityKPCL Karnataka Power Corporation LimitedKSBB Kerala State Biodiversity BoardKSEB Kerala State Electricity BoardKSSP Kerala Sastra Sahithya ParishathLSG Local Self GovernmentsMAHASESA Maharashtra Sahyadri Ecologically Sensitive AreaMMDR Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act.MCD Municipal Corporation DistrictsMCM Million cubic metresMCR Mineral Concession Rules.MFD Maharashtra Forest DepartmentMGNREGA The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee ActMIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development CorporationMMDR Minerals and Metals (Development and Regulation)MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMoTA Ministry of Tribal AffairsMPC Metropolitan Planning CommitteeMPESZ Mahabaleshwar Panchgani Ecological Sensitive ZoneMPT Mormugao Port TrustMTDC Maharashtra Tourism Development CorporationNCAER National Council of Applied Economic ResearchNCF Nature Conservation FoundationNDVI Normalized Differential Vegetation IndexNEERI National Environmental Engineering Research InstituteNIO National Institute of OceanographyOGC Open Geospatial StandardsPA(s) Protected Area(s)PCCF Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (India)PESA Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas ActPIL Public Interest LitigationPPP Public Private PartnershipPRI Panchayat Raj Institution

xx

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


PWD Public Works DepartmentRRC River Research CentreRTI Right To InformationSAM Spatial analyses in Macro EcologySEZ Special Economic ZonesSPCB State Pollution Control BoardSRTM Shuttle Radar Topographic MissionSRUDPA State Regional and Urban Development Planning ActsSTPs Sewage Treatment PlantsTBGRI Tropical Botanical Garden and Research InstituteTERI The Energy and Resources InstituteTIFF Tagged Image File FormatULB Urban Local BodyUNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural OrganizationVP(s) Village Panchayat(s)WAPCOS Water and Power Consultancy ServicesWG Western GhatsWGEA Western Ghats Ecology AuthorityWGEEP Western Ghats Ecology Expert PanelWGMCMP Western Ghats Master Conservation and Management PlanWLS Wild Life SanctuaryZASI Zoning Atlas for Siting of IndustriesZMP Zonal Master PlanZP Zilla Parishad

`mKw 2

ACF Assistant Conservator of Forests

ADC Autonomous District Council

AOFFPS Area Oriented Fuel wood and Fodder Projects Scheme

APEDA Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority

AQ Air Quality

ARC Autonomous Regional Council

ASCAS Australian Soil Carbon Accreditation Scheme

ASTRP Association of Scheduled Tribes and Rural Poor in Regeneration ofDegraded Forests

ATREE Ashoka Trust for Research In Ecology and the Environment

BDA Biological Diversity Act

BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency

BMC Biodiversity Management Committee

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

xxi

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

CAA Constitutional Amendment Act

CAMPA Compensatory Afforestation and Management and Planning Authority

CCA Community Conservation Areas

CCF Chief Conservator of Forests

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CES Centre for Ecological Sciences

CFM Community Forest Management

CFRe Community Forest Resources

CFRt Community Forest Rights

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPFFZ Chemical Pesticide and Fertilizer-Free Zones.

CRPF Central Reserve Police Force

CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone

CSD Council for Social Development

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

DBT Department of Biotechnology

DC District Collectorate

DCF Deputy Conservator of Forests

DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DFO District Forest Officer

DLC Divisional Level Committee

DPC(s) District Planning Committee (s)

DSAs Defined Sequestration Areas

DTEPA Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection Authority

EAC Environment Appraisal Committee

EC Environmental Clearances

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ENRM Environmental and Natural Resource Management

EPA Environment Protection Act

ESAs Ecologically Sensitive Areas

ESLs Ecologically Sensitive Localities

ESZ Ecologically Sensitive Zone

FAA Food Adulteration Act

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FC Forest Clearance

FD Forest Departments

FDC Forest Development Corporations

xxii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


FEVORD Federation of Voluntary Organizations for Rural Development

FGD Flue Gas Desulphurisation

FGEC Forest Grievance Enquiry Committee

FRA Forest Rights Act

FRC Forest Rights Committee

FRI Forest Research Institute

GA Gram Sabhas

GALASA Group Approach for Locally Adapted and Sustainable Agriculture

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GIM Green India Mission

GIS Geographic Information System

GM Genetically Modified

GN Goa-Nilgiris

GoI Government of India

GSPCB Goa State Pollution Control Board

HEP Hydro Electric Project

IAEPS Integrated Afforestation and Eco-Development Projects Scheme

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICDS Integrated Child Development Services

ICF International Crane Foundation

ICT Information and Communication Technologies

IFA Indian Forest Act

IFRs Individual Forest Rights

IGNFA Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy

IISc Indian Institute of Science

IMD Indian Meteorological Department

IUCN International Union For Conservation Of Nature

JFM Joint Forest Management

JFMCs Joint Forest Management Committees

KAU Kerala Agricultural University

KFD Karnataka Forest Department’s

KILA Kerala Institute of Local Administration

KSBB Kerala State Biodiversity Board

KSSP Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishath

KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra

LAMPS Large Area Multi Purpose Societies

LEISA Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture

xxiii

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

LSG Local Self Government

MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

MFPs Minor Forest Products

MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation

MILMA Kerala Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation

MMSC Mining Monitoring Sub Committee

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

MoRD Ministry of Rural Development

MoTA Ministry of Tribal Affairs

MPCB Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

MP Member of Parliament

NAEB National Afforestation and Ecodevelopment Board

NAP The National Afforestation Programme

NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change

NCA National Commission on Agriculture

NCC National Cadet Corps

NCERT The National Council of Educational Research and Training

NCR National Curriculum Review

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NFP National Forest Policy

NFRC National Forest Rights Council

NGOs Non Governmental Organizations

NP National Park

NPOP National Programme for Organic Production

NRC National Research Council

NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

NRSC National Remote Sensing Agency

NSS National Service Scheme

NTCA National Tiger Conservation Authority

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce

NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation

NWGs Northern Western Ghats

OFPC Organic Farmer Producer Companies

OFRI Organic Farming Research Institute

xxiv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


OGC Open Geospatial Standards

OKM Organic Kerala Mission

OTFD Other Traditional Forest Dweller

PAs Protected Area(s)

PCCF Principal Chief Conservator of Forests

PCS Production Consumption Systems

PDR People’s Biodiversity Registers

PESA Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas Act

PGS Participatory Guarantee System

PGSC Participatory Guarantee System of Certification

PPP Public Private Partnerships

PPVRFA Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers’ Rights Act

PRIs Panchayat Raj Institutions

PTG Primitive Tribal Group

R&D Research and Development

REDD Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

REDD+ Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD),Forest Conservation, and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks and SustainableManagement of Forest

RES Renewable Energy Sources

RF Reserve Forests

RFD Regional Forest Department.

RFL Reserve Forest Land

RTI Right to Information

S&T Science and Technology

SAC Space Application Centre

SCIPs Soil Carbon Incentive Payments

SDA State Department of Agriculture

SDLC Sub-Divisional Level Committee

SEMCE Socio-Ecological Multi Criteria Evaluation

SEZs Approved Special Economic Zones

SFRS State Forest Resources Survey

SLMC State Level Monitoring Committee

SPCB State Pollution Control Boards

SPCS Sustainable Production Consumption Systems

SPGI Space Department of Government of India

ST Scheduled Tribe

STPs Sewage Treatment Plants

xxv

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


T & D Transmission and Distribution

TCS Technical Support Consortium

TD Tribal Department

TEDDY The Energy Data Directory & Yearbook

TERI The Energy and Resources Institute

TFR Tribal Forest Right Act

TOR Terms of Reference

TSP Tribal Sub Plan Area

TTF Tiger Task Force

UGC University Grants Commission

UNDG United Nations Development Groups

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

VEC Village Electricity Committee

VFCS Village Forest Cooperative Societies

VFPCK Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council of Kerala

VP(s) Village Panchayat(s)

VPF Van Panchayat Forests

WCC World Conservation Congress

WG Western Ghats

WGA Western Ghats Authority

WGEA Western Ghats Ecology Authority

WGEAC Western Ghats Expert Appraisal Committee

WGEEP Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel

WGNG Western Ghats North of Goa

WGPP Western Ghats Parisara Prakashana

WGR Western Ghats Region

WGSoPG Western Ghats South of the Palghat Gap

WHC World Heritage Committee

WLPA Wild Life (Protection) Act

WLS Wild Life Sanctuary

WTO World Trade Organisation

ZAS Zonal Atlas of the States

ZASI Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries

ZP Zilla Parishad

xxiv

1

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dnt∏m¿´v -˛ H∂mw `mKw

1. kw{Klw

hfsc {i≤m-]q¿Δw \S-Ønb hym]-Iamb hnh-c-k-am-l-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw hn]p-e-amb ÿe-

]-cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]›n-

a-L-́ sØ apgp-h≥ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ambn (Ecologically Sensitive Area - ESA) kanXn \n¿t±-

in-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ taJ-e-Isf aq∂v Xe-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-

e-ta-Je˛H∂v (Ecologically Sensitive Zone-1- ESZ-1), taJe c≠v, taJe aq∂v F∂n-ßs\ Ahsb

\ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-ep≈ {Kma]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

k¿°m-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kan-Xn°v e`n® \nth-Z-\-ß-fp-sS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nne

{]tZ-i-ßsf ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn (Ecologically Sensitive Localities - ESL) \n›-bn-®n-

´p≠v.

9 In.ao. x 9 In.ao. hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ ka-b-Zqc bqWn-‰p-I-fmbn Xncn-®mWv (5 an\n´v x 5an\n´v) ÿnXn hnhc ASn-Ø-dbv°v cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv. Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS AXn¿h-c-ºp-

Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ LS-I-ß-fp-sStbm, hnt√-Pv, Xmeq-°v XpS-ßnb `cW bqWn-‰p-I-

fp-sStbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√ CXv. hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw {]mtZ-inI `c-W-\n¿Δ-lW ]≤-Xn°v cq]w \¬Ip∂-Xn\pw Hcp taJem kwhn-[m-\-

Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fp-sSbpw hnt√-Pn-s‚bpw AXn-cp-Isf ka-\z-bn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-amWv. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń (Western Ghats Ecology Authority) \ne-

hn¬ hcp-tºmƒ hn]p-e-am-sbmcp ]¶m-fnØ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AtXm-dnń \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠-Xm-bn-

´p≈ Hcp Npa-X-e-bm-WnXv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kan-Xn-bpsS A]-{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v F∂n-h-bpsS {]mcw` ]cn[n kw_-‘n®v Xm¬°m-

enI hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv Rßƒ ip]m¿i

sNøp∂p. CXv Xmeq°v/tªm°v Xe-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw Gsd A\p-tbmPyw. Cu Hcp

ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn-cp-I-fn-ep≈ 142 Xmeq-°p-I-fn-sebpw

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS hnhn[ Xe-ßƒ Rßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-®p-I-gn™p. Hmtcm Xmeq-

°n-s‚bpw `qcn-`m-Khpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bpsS GXv Xe-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p F∂-Xns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu Xcw-Xn-cnhv \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. tKmh-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp an\n´v xHcp an\n´v F∂ bqWn-‰mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. bqWn-‰ns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Isf

ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Xmeq-°p-I-fnse taJ-e-Isf \n¿Æ-bn-®Xv.

taJe H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v F∂n-h-bpsS hnime N´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿnXn

kmaq-ly-Np-‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-bn-́ p≈, t{]m’m-l-\-]-chpw F∂m¬ \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-bhpw

Bb, L´w-L-́ -am-bp≈ Hcp kao-]-\-amWv kanXn ip]m¿i-sN-øp-∂Xv. {Kma-k-̀ -Iƒ hsc \ofp∂

Hcp ]¶m-fnØ {]{In-b-bmWv Rßƒ hn`m-h\ sNøp-∂-sX-¶nepw Hcp XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

hn]p-e-am-sbmcp am¿§-tc-Jbv°v cq]w \¬Ip-∂Xv C°m-cy-Øn¬ DNn-X-am-bn-cn°pw. DtZym-K-

ÿ¿, hnZ-Kv[¿, kmaq-ly-kw-L-ßƒ,]uc-P-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ hnim-e-Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\-I-

fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn-[-ta-J-e-Iƒ°mbn CØ-c-samcp am¿§-tcJ Xøm-dm-°m≥ kanXn

{ian-®n-´p≠v.

H∂mw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bn¬ (ESZ-1) hnime Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fp≈ AW-s°-´p-

Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ A\p-aXn \¬Icp-sX∂v kanXn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p≠v. AXn-c-∏n≈n, Kq≠nb

Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn {]tZ-i-ßƒ taJe H∂n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Chbv°v ]cn-ÿnXn

¢nbd≥kv \¬IcpXv.

tKmh-bn¬ taJe H∂nepw c≠nepw s]Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ J\\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]cn-

ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ samd-t´m-dnbw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw 2016HmsS H∂mw taJ-e-

bn¬ J\\w L´w-L-́ -ambn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp∂p. taJe c≠n¬

Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ J\-\-Øn\v I¿i\\nb-{¥-Whpw ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy¬ BUn‰pw

2

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw. taJe c≠n¬ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v J\\w aqew

]cn-ÿn-Xn-bnepw a\p-jy-cpsS Btcm-Ky-ÿn-Xn-bnepw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂

BLmX-ßƒ Hcp hnZKv[ kanXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn

¢nb-d≥kn-\p≈ samd-t´m-dnbw ]p\-cm-tem-N-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿K-Pn-√-I-fnse J\\w, Du¿÷ D¬∏m-Z\w, aen-\o-

I-cW hyh-km-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS XpS¿∂p≈ hnI-k-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-sbmcp amXr-

Ibv°v cq]w \¬I-W-sa∂v kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp∂p. Cu Pn√-I-fpsS Nne-`m-K-ßƒ

am{Xta ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p≈q. kanXn Ahsb ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Xcw-

Xn-c-°p-Ibpw am¿§-tc-J-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Cu Pn√-I-fn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn¬ s]Sp∂ `mK-ß-fn¬ taJe H∂pw c≠p-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-®n-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ J\-\-

Øn\v ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v samd-t´m-dnbw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv kanXn

ip]m¿i. taJe H∂n¬ 2016HmsS L´w-L-´-ambn J\\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww. taJe c≠n¬

\ne-hn-ep≈ J\\w I¿i-\-\n-b-{¥-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy¬ BUn-‰n-s‚bpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta XpS-cmhq. taJe H∂nepw c≠nepw Iev°cn A[n-jvTnX Du¿÷-D¬∏m-

Z\ ime-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Hcp ]pXnb hyh-km-b-ßƒ°pw (Nph∏v,Hmd©v hn`m-K-Øn¬

s]-Sp-∂h) A\p-aXn \¬Im≥ ]mSn√. Nph∏v, Hmd©v hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ hyh-

km-b-ßƒ 2016 HmsS ]qPyw aen-\o-I-cW \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øm≥ \n¿t±-in-°Ww. CXn-\mbn

ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy¬ BUn-‰nßv kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thW-sa∂v kanXn ip]m¿i-

sN-øp∂p.

cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿§ Pn√-I-fn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ s]SmØ `mK-ß-fpsS hy‡-amb

hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°mt\m Ah-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e Ahÿ \n¿Æ-bn-°mt\m kanXn

{ian-®n√. F∂m¬ kanXn Chn-SsØ ka-X-e-ß-fnepw Xoc-tZ-iØpw \S-Ønb ]cn-an-X-amb

]T-\-Øn¬ Cu {]tZ-i-ßƒ ISpØ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-

Xmbn a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw alm-cm-jv{S-bnse dbn-KVv Pn√-bnepw

tKmh kwÿm-\Øpw ChnsS \S-°p∂ hnhn[ hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS samØ-Øn-ep≈

BLm-X-sØ-∏‰n tKmh-bnse \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Hmjymt\m{Km^n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ hn]p-e-am-sbmcp A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øp-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse ka-X-e-ß-fnepw Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fnepw J\-\-Øn\pw Nph∏v,

Hmd©v hn`mKw hyh-km-b-ßƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v \ne-hn-ep≈ samd-

t´m-dnbw Cu A]-{K-Y\ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc XpS-c-W-sa∂pw kanXn ip]m¿i

sNøp∂p. ]T-\-Ønse Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ samd-t´m-dnbw ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-

°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-S-\ofw I≠p-h-cp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Ønse hogvN ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

ASn-b-¥n-c-\-S-]Sn Bh-iy-am-sW∂v kanXn hniz-kn-°p∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-WsØ kw_-

‘n®v P\-ß-fpsS Ah-t_m-[sØ kanXn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ Ah-cpsS ]cnan-

Xn-Isf a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]c-am-h[n P\-

]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv kanXn

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p.

h\w Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse kmaq-ly- h\h¬°-cW ]cn-]mSn \S-∏n-em°pI. F√m Xt±i

`c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw ]q¿Æ-A-[n-Imcw \¬In-bp≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-kw-c-£W kan-Xn-Iƒ

cq]o-I-cn-°pI, tIc-f kwÿm\ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-t_m¿Uv DSp-º-t©me Xmeq-°n¬ \S-∏n-em-

°nb amXr-I-bn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-kw-c-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI, ]cn-

ÿnXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y-\-ßfpw ¢nb-d≥kv \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jv°-cn-°pI,

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww kw_-‘n®v P\-ßsf ]c-am-h[n t_m[-h¬°-cn-°pI, ]cym-h-c¨

hmln\n ]cn-]mSn (Paryavaran Vahini Programme) ]p\-cm-cw-̀ n-°pI, B{‘-{]-tZ-inse alm-flm-Km‘n

tZiob {Kma sXmgn-ep-d∏v N -́Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ F√m ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw

tkmjy¬ BUn‰v G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂n-h-bmWv CXp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.

3

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. BapJw“]›n-a-L-´-Ønse GXp Npcw Ibdn apI-fn-se-Øn-bmepw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb {]Ir-Xn-

`w-Kn-bmWv ImWm≥ Ign-bpI. 3000 apX¬ 4000 ASn-hsc Db-c-Øn¬ \nc-\n-c-bmbn ImWp∂ ae-

Iƒ hr£-\n-_n-U-amWv. CS-bv°nsS IdpØ òam-Im-c-amb ]md-Iƒ ImWmw. Ahbv°v apI-

fnepw Ip‰n-Im-Sp-I-fp≠v. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ ]q\bv°v sXt°m-´p≈ {]tZ-isØ ]®n-e-°m-Sp-Iƒ

ÿmbn-bmWv. h¿j-°m-eØv ae-\n-c-I-fn-eqsS Pe-sam-gp-Ip-tºmƒ Cu ImSp-I-fpsS ]®∏pw

hf¿®bpw D®-ÿm-bn-bn-seØpw” - Grant Duft (1826) History of Marathas Vol.1

cmLp-cm-Pmhv C¥y-bpsS \me-Xn-cp-Iƒ Iog-S-°n-b-Xns\ ]‰n hnh-cn-°p-∂-n-SØv Imfn-

Zmk≥ ]ivNn-a-L-´-a-e-\n-c-Isf Hcp \thm-V-tbm-SmWv D]-an-°p-∂Xv. Ah-fpsS inc v I\ym-

Ipam-cn-°-Sp-Øm-sW∂pw B\-a-ebpw \oe-Kn-cnbpw Ah-fpsS kvX\-ß-fm-sW∂pw tKmh- Np-≠p-

I-fm-sW∂pw ]mZ-ßƒ Xm]n-\-Zn-°-Sp-Øm-sW∂pw AXn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂p. Db¿∂ ]cn-ÿnXn

sshhn-[y-ap≈ CØcw ae-\n-c-Iƒ temI-Øm-I-am\w {]IrXn sshhn-[y-Øns‚ A£-b-I-\n-I-

fm-bmWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂ ag-bpsS Af-hnepw henb G‰-°p-d-®n-

ep≠v. \oe-Kncn Ip∂ns‚ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ aqe-bn¬ 8000 an.ao. ag e`n-°p-tºmƒ Ahn-S∂v

shdpw 30 In.ao. Ing-°p≈ tambm¿ ae-bn-Sp-°n¬ e`n-°p-∂Xv 500 an.ao. ag-am{Xw. U°m≥ ]oT-

`q-an-bn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n\v Intem-ao-‰-dnse hm¿jnI ag e`yX 1000 an.ao. ¬ Xmsg-bmWv. ae-\n-c-

I-fn¬ hfsc hfsc AI-e-Øn¬ Nne Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. ChnsS hyXykvX

C\-Øn¬s]´ kky-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-≠mIpw. hfsc AI-e-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn-s‚bpw lnam-e-b-Øn-s‚bpw Db-c-ß-fn¬ Rhododendron t]mse-bp≈ ]qs®-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw

Xm¿ ae-bm-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw hyXykvX C\-ß-fp-≠mhpw. ae-\n-c-Iƒ a\p-jy-hm-k-Øn\v A{X A\p-

tbm-Py-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ChnsS {]Ir-Xn-Z-Øtam A¿≤-{]-IrXn ZØtam Bb kky-Po-h-Pm-e-

ßƒ A`bw Is≠-Øp∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm-emWv ]›n-a-L-´hpw lnam-e-b-Øns‚ Ing-°p-

`m-Khpw C¥y≥ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ {][m\ tI{μ-ß-fmbn C∂pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. C¥y-

bn¬ am{Xw ImWp∂ \nc-h[n C\w kky-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-amWv ]›n-a-L´w.

Ing-°≥ lnam-e-bhpw kky-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS A£-b-J\n am{X-a√ \nc-¥-c-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂

temIsØ c≠v {][m\ ssPh-ssh-hn[y kº∂ taJ-e-IƒIq-Sn-bmWv.

3. kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]m[m-\yhpw hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn hym]n-®p-In-S-

°p∂ AXns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb k¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw AXv Cu taJ-e-bnse Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-

bm-\-Øn¬ sNepØp∂ kzm[o-\hpw IW-°n-se-SpØv 2010 am¿®v 4\v Cd-°nb Hcp DØ-c-hn-

eqsS tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kan-Xn°v (Western GhatsEcology Expert Panel -WGEEP -A\p-_‘w A) cq]w \¬In.

NphsS ]d-bp∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m-\mWv kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´Xv.

i. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ Ahÿ hne-bn-cpØpI

ii. ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ Is≠Øn 1986se ]cn-ÿnXn

(kwc-£W) \nb-a-{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Ah hn⁄m-]\w sNøm≥

ip]m¿i-sN-øpI. C{]-Imcw sNøp-tºmƒ taml≥ dmw IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v, _lp. kp{]nw

tImS-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ, tZiob h\y-Pohn t_m¿Uns‚ ip]m¿i F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-

°p-Ibpw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-fp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

iii. _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ßfpw P\-ß-fp-ambn hn]p-e-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \SØn ]›na-

L-´-ta-Je kwc-£-W-Øn\pw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ip]m¿i-

sN-øpI.

iv. ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nba{]Imcw 1986 tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hn⁄m-]-\-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°m-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI.

v. _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmsS ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Whpw

4

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kpÿnc hnI-k-\hpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ 1986 se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Imcw ]›n-a-L-´-]-cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń (Western Ghats Ecology Authority)

cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ ip]m¿i ka¿∏n-°pI.

vi. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W {]iv\-ß-fn¬ tI{μ ]cn-

ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ a‰v hnj-b-ßƒ.

vii. Xoc-tZ-i-apƒs∏sS cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn ]n∂oSv kan-Xn-bpsS ]T-

\-]-cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Kp≠nb, BXn-c-∏n≈n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤XnIƒ {]tXyI

]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m\pw tKmh-bn¬ ]pXnb J\\ ssek≥kn-\p≈ samd-t´m-

dn-bsØ ]‰n Bh-iy-amb ip]m¿i \¬Im\pw kan-Xn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in®p.

4. dnt∏m¿ńs‚ LS\dnt∏m¿ń\v c≠v `mK-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. `mKw H∂pw `mKw c≠pw. `mKw H∂mWv kan-Xn-bpsS

{][m\ dnt∏m¿´v. kan-Xn-tbmSv ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏´ F√m hnh-c-ßfpw AXn-em-

Wp-≈Xv. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-k-Yn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿsb kw_-‘n® hni-Z-amb N¿®-

Iƒ, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ, Pe-hn-`h t{kmX- p-Iƒ, Irjn(ê-h¿§, tXm´w

hnf-Iƒ Dƒ∏sS) h\-h¬°-c-Whpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw, hyh-km-b-ßƒ˛ kwL-SnXw, J\\w,

sshZyp-Xnbpw Du¿÷hpw, Sqdnkw, KXm-K-Xhpw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bhpw, hnZym-̀ ymkw, imkv{Xhpw

kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\hpw, hn⁄m-\-hym-]\w F∂n-ßs\ {][m\ dnt∏m¿ńse ip]m¿i-Iƒ°m-

[m-c-am-°nb hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n® hni-Z-amb Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv c≠mw `mK-Øn-ep-

≈Xv.

H∂mw `mK-Ønse H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-

fpsS cXv\-Np-cp-°hpw c≠mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Bap-Jhpw aq∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kan-Xn-bpsS

Npa-X-e-I-fpw \memw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ dnt∏m¿ńs‚ LS-\bpw A©mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Gs‰-

SpØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Bdmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bpsS AXn-cp-

Ifpw Ggmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ Ah-ÿbpw A≤ymbw Fń¬

]›na L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń \ne-hn¬ hcp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ hnI-k-\-Øn\v DX-Ip-sa∂v

IΩn‰n Icp-Xp∂ kwc-£W/hnI-k-\-k-ao-]-\hpw H≥]Xpw ]Øpw A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-sa∂ Bi-bsØ kw_-‘n® N¿®bpw ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nba (1986)

{]Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Iƒ H∂v˛c≠v˛aq∂v F∂v hn`-Pn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ÿnXn

hnhc ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k-\hpw A≤ymbw 11¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS \ne-hn-ep≈

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\sØ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]p\: ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw A≤ymbw

12¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°p Np‰p-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ßsf

kw_-‘n® A]-{K-Y-\hpw A≤ymbw 13¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-

fpsS XpS¿∂p≈ hnI-k-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-hp-am-Ip-sa∂v kanXn Icp-Xp∂ kao-]-\-co-Xnbpw

]cn-ÿn-Xnsb {]Xp-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°m\pw A\p-Iq-e-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw Bh-iy-amb am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw A≤ymbw 14¬ tI{μ-

Ønepw kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-Ifpw Pn√-I-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kan-

Xn-Ifpw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw A≤ymbw 15¬ AXn-c-∏n≈n, Kp≥Unbm Pe-

ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Isf kw_-‘n® ]p\:]cn-tim-[\ ip]m¿i-Ifpw A≤ymbw 16¬ cXv\-Kncn,

kn‘p Zp¿K Pn√-Isf kw_-‘n® ]T-\-ip-]m¿i-Ifpw A≤ymbw 17¬ tKmh-bnse J\-\-sse-

k≥kp-Isf kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. A\p-_-‘-ßƒ kqNn-I-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw

dnt∏m¿ńs‚ H∂mw `mK-Øn-ep≠v.

5. Gs‰-SpØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ2010 am¿®v 30 \v _wK-fp-cp-hn¬ tN¿∂ BZy tbmK-tØm-sS-bmWv kanXn {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-

`n-®Xv. kanXn BsI 14 XhW tbmKw tN¿∂p. Ah-km-\-tbmKw 2011 BKÃv 16˛17 Xnø-Xn-I-

fn¬ _wK-fq-cp-hn-em-bn-cp∂p. 42 HutZym-KnI Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, AXn-hn-]p-e-amb 7 Bi-b-hn-\n-ab

N¿®m-tbm-K-ßƒ Hcp hnZKv[ IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-tbmKw, k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-fp-am-bp≈ 8 IqSn-

bm-tem-N\ tbmK-ßƒ, kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-am-bp≈ 40 IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-tbm-K-ßƒ, 14 ÿe-

5

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

k-μ¿i-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv kanXn Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øn-bXv. CXn-\p-

]p-dta tKmh k¿°m-cns‚ kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen hnI-k\ Iu¨kn¬ AwK-ß-fmb am[hv KmUvKn¬,

enPnb s\mtdmW F∂n-hsc kanXn AwK-ß-fm-°pI hgn tKmh-bnse k¿°m¿, k¿°m¿

CXc GP≥kn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ht´sd hnh-c-ßƒ kam-l-cn-°m≥ Ign™p. s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬

\n∂v ]c-am-h[n hnh-c-ßƒ kam-l-cn-°m-\mbn Hcp sh_vssk‰pw kanXn Xpd∂p. {]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fpsS IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ A\p-_‘w _n˛F^n¬ tN¿Øn-´p≠v.

kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ Ht´sd imkv{Xo-b-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp∂p. a\p-

jys‚ A\-h[n CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ°v {]tXyI Du∂¬ \¬In, 129, 037NXp-c-

{iIn.ao. hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿbpw

kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ßfpw kw_-‘n®v hni-Z-am-sbmcp [mcW Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p.

CXp kw_-‘n®v [mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ KpW-]-c-ambpw

hnizm-k-X-bnepw A{X t]mcm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-am-{X-a√ kpkw-L-Sn-Xhpw Bbn-cp-∂n√. DZm-l-c-

W-Øn\v \ne-hn¬ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ tKmh doPn-b-W¬ πm≥ 2021 F∂ kwcw`w hnhn[ kwÿm\

k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-fn-embn NnXdn InS-∂n-cp∂ ÿnXn hnh-cW IW-°p-Iƒ kam-l-cn®v Hcp

KqKnƒ F¿Øv CtaPv πm‰-t^m-an¬ AWn-\n-c-Øp∂ tPmen Gs‰-SpØp. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-

bv°m-I-am\w CØ-c-samcp kwcw`w C∂v km[y-amWv. kan-Xn-bpsS BZy-{iaw CXm-bn-cp∂p.

am{X-hp-a√ cmPy-Øn\v samØ-ambn CØ-c-samcp kwcw-`-Øn\v cq]w\¬I-W-sa∂v 2000¬ Xs∂

{]Wm_v sk≥ IΩn‰n i‡-ambn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cp∂p. HcpZi-I-Øn\v tij-am-sW-¶nepw

kanXn C°m-cy-Øn¬ DNn-X-am-sbmcp XpS°w Ipdn®p.

kan-Xn-bpsS Hcp {][m\ Npa-Xe ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Isf

Is≠Øn 1986 se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-{]-Imcw hn⁄m-]\w sNøm≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-

cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. ASn-ÿm\ ÿnXn hnh-c-W-I-W-°p-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hkvXp-

\n-jvT-ambn CXv \n¿Δ-ln-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p kan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am\w. CXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp

imkv{Xob \n¿Δ-l-W-co-Xn°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw s]mXp-P\ {]Xn-I-cWw Bcm-™p-sIm≠v

AXv "Id‚ v kb≥kv' B\p-Im-en-I-Øns‚ 2011 P\p-hcn 25 e°-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. (A-\p-_‘w ˛ 4)

6. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘n-bmb Imgv®-∏m-Sn-eqsS ]›n-a-L-´sØ \n¿ΔNn-°m-\mWv kanXn

{ian-®Xv. Atd-_y≥ kap-{Z-Xo-c-Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn ]me-°mSv Npcw HgnsI CS-X-S-hn-√msX

1500 In.ao. \of-Øn¬ sX°p-h-S°v Zni-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ Xm]n-\Zn apX¬ (DØc A£mwiw

210 16') C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-WvU-Øns‚ sXt° ap\-ºmb I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bv°-Sp-Øp-hsc (Z-£nW

A£mwiw 80 19') hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ ae-\n-c-I-fmWv ]›n-a-L´w F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

F∂m¬ ]›n-a-L´w AYhm klym{Zn F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v Xm]n \Zn apX¬ s]\n≥kp-em¿

]oU-`q-an-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ {]tZ-ihpw sXt°m´v IpSIv hsc-bp≈ `mKhpw am{X-am-sW∂pw

hnh-£-bp≠v. (DØc A£mwiw 12Un{Kn) XpS¿∂v sXt°m´v Db¿∂ ae-\n-c-I-fmb \oe-Kncn,

B\-ae, Ge-a-e-Iƒ, AK-kvXy-ae F∂nh Dƒs∏´ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hyXy-kvX-ta-Je

Z£nW tªm°v (aWn 1974) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ ]›n-a-L-´sØ Xm]n apX¬

I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-bp≈ {]tZiw F∂ hnime A¿∞-Øn-emWv kanXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS≠ Hcp {]iv\w `qan-

im-kv{X-]-c-ambn ]q¿Δ-L´w (Eastern Ghats) F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Ingt° AXn¿Øn

\n¿Æ-b-amWv. Cu L´-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ ]e {ia-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p-

s≠-¶nepw C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw C\nbpw Bh-iy-amWv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ {]tXy-

In®pw alm-cm-jv{S-bnepw Xan-gv\m-´nepw \nc-h[n ]›na, ]q¿Δ ]¿Δ-X-in-J-c-ßƒßƒ ÿnXn

sNøp-∂p≠v. hy‡-amb AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-b-Øn\v CXpw XS- -amWv. tZio-bhpw (\mj-W¬

dntam´v sk≥knwKv GP≥kn) A¥¿tZ-io-bhpw (t_Uvsse^v C‚¿\m-j-W¬, I¨k¿th-

j≥ C‚¿\m-j-W¬ )Bb ]e ÿm]-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ssPh sshhn≤y k¿sΔ-bp-sSbpw

kwc-£-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-b-Øn\v {ian-s®-¶nepw A{X-

I≠v ^e-h-Øm-bn√. C°m-cy-Øn¬ hy‡-am-sbmcp ka-hm-b-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\v

6

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ImcWw AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn® am\-Z-fi-ßƒ icn-bmw-hÆw \n¿Δ-ln-°m-

sXbpw ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-°m-sXbpw t]mb-XmWv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ kanXn Ah-ew-_n-®Xv kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬

\n∂p≈ Db-chpw h\-ß-fpsS hym]vXn-bp-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v "L´' (Ghat)Øn\p≈ Rß-fpsS

\n¿Δ-N\w \n›nX Db-c-Øn-ep≈ h\-{]-tZiw F∂mWv. X∑qew 500 ao‰-dn\v apI-fn-ep≈ h\-

{]-tZ-isØ Ingt° AXn¿Øn-bmbn \n¿›-bn®p. sU°m¨ ]oV-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂v ]›n-a-L´w

Db¿∂p \n°p-\n-ev°p-∂Xv s]mXp-hn¬500 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂ IW-°mWv CXn-\m-

[mcw. ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØv ]¿Δ-X-\n-c-Iƒ kap-{Z-Xo-c-tØ°v Ncn™v ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬ 150

ao‰-dn-e-[nIw Db-c-Øn-ep≈ h\-{]-tZ-isØ ]›na AXn¿Øn-bmbpw \n›-bn®p 150 ao‰-dn-e-

[nIw Db-c-Øn-ep≈ h\-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ kap{Zw hsctbm kap-{Z-Xo-c-Øn\v Hcp Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqcw

hsctbm FØp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xocw \n¿Æ-bn-°pI _p≤n-ap-´mWv. Aß-s\-bp≈ ÿe-ß-

fn¬ (alm-cm-jv{Sbnse-t]mse) L´-Øns‚ ]›na AXn¿Øn Xoc-tZiw Xs∂-sb∂v \n›-

bn®p. h\-ta-Je \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^mdÃv k¿sΔ Hm^v C¥y hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ `qhn-\n-

tbm-K-̀ q-]-Shpw (Land-use map) 1x1 In.ao. F∂ A]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬ Dbcw \n›-bn-°m≥ GTOPO 30 Dw

(Global 30 Arc -Second Elevation Data Set) BWv D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. taev]-d™ am\-Z-fihpw c≠v Um‰m-

sk-‰p-Ifpw Ah-ew-_n-®mWv AXn¿Øn-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-®Xv. kky-Pmew AYhm h\-ta-J-e-bpsS

\n¿Æ-b-Øn-\mbn Hcp ]Icw kwhn-[m-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hm¿jnI h¿[\ ImWn-°p∂ NDVI

(Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) aqey-ßfpw Rßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p. F∂m¬ t^mdÃv k¿sΔ

Hm^v C¥y-bpsS `q]Sw Xs∂ CXn\v aXn-bm-Ip-sa∂v ]n∂oSv Is≠Øn.

]q¿Δ-L-́ -Øns‚ sXt°- A-‰hpw ]Sn-™mtd A‰hpw _nen-Kncn cwK≥kv (Biligiri rangance)F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ I¿Æm-S-I-bn-sebpw Xan-gv\m-ń-sebpw ae-\n-c-I-fm-sW-∂Xv imkv{X-Ir-Xn-I-

fn¬ s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v (aWn 1974). c≠v ae-\n-c-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ipd™ Db-c-

Øn¬ (250 ao‰¿) kn¶q¿ (Singur) ]oT-`q-an°pw Xe-asse (Talamalai) ]oT-`q-an-°p-an-S-bn¬ tambm¿

(Moyar) \Zn-bpsS Xmgv-h-c-bmWv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw (\oe-Kncn) ]q¿Δ-L-´-Øn-s‚bpw (_nen-

Kn-cn-cw-K≥kv) kwK-a-ÿew. `qX-ehpw h\-ßfpw CS-X-S-hn-√msX XpS-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \oe-Kncn˛

_nen-Kncn cwK≥kv ae-\n-c-Iƒ XΩn¬ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hy‡-am-sbmcp AXncv \n¿Æ-

bn-°pI hnj-a-I-c-amWv. At\Iw kky-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-amWv Cu ae-\n-c-Iƒ°n-S-

bv°p≈ {]tZ-i-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ _nen-Kn-cn-cw-K≥ ae-\n-c-Isf L´-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-

Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

BI-bm¬ I¿Æm-S-I-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-ń-ep-ambn sX°p-h-S°v 150 In.ao‰-tdmfw \of-Øn¬

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ _nen-Kn-cn-cw-K≥a-e-\n-c-Isf ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬s]-Sp-Øm-

\mbn ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Rßƒ ip]m¿i sNøp∂p. _nen-Kn-cn-

cw-K≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Ingt° AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\mbn `qXe AXn¿Øn°v Bt]-£n-I-

ambn kphy-‡-amb `c-W-]-c-amb AXn¿Øn kanXn \n¿t±-in-°p∂p. I¿Æm-S-I-bn¬ _nen-Kn-

cn-cw-K≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS hS-°p-̀ m-KsØ AXn¿Øn sIm√-K¬˛ kXy-aw-Kew sslth-bpsS s]mXp-

A-Xn¿Øn-bmb Nma-cm-P-\-K¿ t^mdÃv Unhn-js‚ AXn¿Øn Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. Xan-gv

\m-ń¬ _nen-Kn-cn-cw-K≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Z£n-W-`m-KsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kXy-aw-Kew

t^mdÃv Unhn-js‚ Hcp ̀ mKw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ \oe-Kncn _tbm-kv̂ n-b¿ dnk¿Δpw Ing°v sIm√K¬˛

kXy-aw-Kew sslth-bpsS s]mXp- A-Xn¿Øn-bp-amWv Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv.

taev]-d™ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ {]Imcw hS°v Xm]n Xmgv-h-c-ap-X¬ sX°v I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc

1490 In.ao‰-dmWv ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw. (Nn{Xw 1) GI-tZi hnkvXo¿Æw 129037 NXp-c{i

Intem-ao-‰-dmWv. hoXn Xan-gv\m-ń¬ 210 In. ao‰-dm-sW-¶n¬ alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ 48 In.ao am{X-amWv.

(]me-°mSv Npcw HgnsI) ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń \ne-hn¬ hcp-tºmƒ Rßƒ

\n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ Ah¿°v ho≠pw ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xmbn hcpw. ImcWw AXn-

kq-£va-ambn CXv \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ ka-btam kmh-Im-itam Rßƒ°v e`n-®n-√. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse Umt]mfn (Dapoli) Kpl-K¿ (Guhagar) F∂o {][m\ {]tZ-i-ßfpw

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ D]-a-e-\n-c-I-fmb Xms\, sdbvKUv Pn√-I-fn¬s]´ XpwtK-tc-iz¿ (Tungareswar),

{]_m¬ (Prabal), Sm≥k (Tansa), am\¿ (Manor), sshXma (Vaithama) XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥

hn´p-t]m-bn-cp∂p.

7

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Xncp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w sshIn-bmWv CXv Rß-fpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-´Xv. ]›n-a-L´Øn

s‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AXn¿Øn ]´nI H∂n¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≠v.

Nn{Xw: 1 ]›n-a-L´ {]tZiw

]´nI 1 : ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \n¿W-b-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

DØc AXn¿Øn 80 19' 8''- -210 16'24'' DØ-cmwiw

]q¿Δ AXn¿Øn 720 56' 24''-780 19' 40'' ]q¿Δmwiw

samØw hnkvXo¿Æw 129037 NXp-c{i In.ao.

samØw \ofw 1490 In.-ao.

Ipd™ hoXn 48 In ao.

]c-am-h[n hoXn 210 Inao

8

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Xmeq°v, Pn√ F∂n-h-t]mse ]›n-a-L-´sØ {]tXyI `cW bqWn-‰p-I-fmbn \n›-bn-

°pI km[y-a√. sImSIv, \oe-Kncn, hb-\mSv, CSp°n F∂nh Hgn-®m¬ s]mXp-hn¬ Pn√m AXn-

cp-Iƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-bp-ambn HØp-h-cp-∂n√. `qcn-`mKw Pn√-I-fnepw ]›n-a-L´

{]tZ-i-ßƒs°m∏w ]›n-a-Xo-c-Øn-s‚tbm ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-̀ q-an-bp-sStbm ̀ mK-ßƒ°qSn Dƒs∏-

Sp-∂p≠v.

U¬ln-bnse Su¨ B‚ v I¨{Sn πm\nwKv Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (Town and country Planning

Organisation) 1960Ifn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb dnt∏m¿ń-emWv taJem Bkq-{XnX {]{In-b-bv°p-th≠n

]›n-a-L-´sØ BZyw `c-W-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fmbn hn`m-h\ sNbvXXv. Cu dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]›n-a-L-

´sØ Xmeq°v Xe-Øn-emWv IW-°n-se-Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Bkq-

{XW IΩo-js‚ ]›n-L´ hnI-k-\-]-≤Xn (Western Ghat's Development Programme WGDP) 1974--˛75¬132(3) Xmeq-°p-I-fn¬ Bcw-`n-®Xv. tI{μ k¿°m¿ klmbw e`n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xn-\-Sn-ÿm\w

Cu ]≤-Xn-bmWv. F∂m¬ `c-W-]-c-amb Cu \n¿hN\-Øn\v ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-{¥Whp-ambn

bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an√. ]s£ ]›n-a-L-´sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xmeq-°p-Iƒ Hcp bYm¿∞

`c-W-bq-Wn-‰m-I-bm¬ XpS¿∂p≈ N¿®-Iƒ°v Xmeq°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-°m-sa∂v kanXn \n›-

bn®p.

7. `q{]-IrXn

C¥y≥ D]-̀ q-J-fi-Øns‚ Pe-tKm-]p-chpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ \n[n-Ipw-̀ hp-amb ]›n-

a-L-´-Ønse ae-\n-c-Iƒ hS°v Xm]n \Zn-ap-X¬ sX°v I\ym-Ip-am-cn-hsc C¥y-bpsS ]›n-a-Xo-

c-Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. ]Sn-™mdv Xoc-tZ-i-tØbv°v Ncn-™n-d-ßp∂ ae-\n-c-

Iƒ U°m≥ ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ Ip∂n≥\n-c-I-fp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°p∂p. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn

]›n-a-L-́ sØ c≠v hn`m-K-ambn Xcn°mw. Xmc-X-tay\ _ew Ipd™ ]md-°q-́ -ß-fpw, apIƒ`mKw

]c∂ ae-Ifpw \nd™ Imfo-\-Zn°v hS-°p≈ sU°m≥ {Sm∏v. Cu taJ-e-bnse ae-Iƒ°v 1500

ao‰-dn-e-[nIw Db-c-an√. Imfn-\-Zn°v sX°p≈ `mKw ISp-∏-ta-dnb ]md-Iƒ \nd™ {]o Im{ºn-

b≥ (Precambrian) {]tZiw. Dcp≠ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ ae-Iƒ \nd™ Cu taJ-ebv°v 2000ao‰tdm

AXn-e-[n-Itam Db-c-ap≠v.

Atd-_y≥ kap-{Z-Øn¬ \n∂p-h-cp∂ \ocmhn \nd™ Im‰ns\ XS-™p-\n¿Øn h¿j-

Øn¬ 2000 an.ao‰tdm AXn-e-[n-Itam ag s]øn-°p-∂Xv ]›n-a-L-́ -a-e-\n-c-I-fmWv. Cu ae-I-fpsS

ASn-hmcw ag-°m-Sp-I-fmWv. Ing-°p-`m-KsØ ae-t©-cn-hp-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KsØ At]-£n®v

hc≠ {]tZ-i-am-Wv. sXt°m´v h¿j-Øn¬ F´v,H≥]-Xp-amkw I\Ø ag e`n°pw. hS-°p-`m-

KØv 4 amkw \o≠p-\n-¬°p∂ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq-Wn-eqsS Ipd-®p-a-gtb e`n-°p-∂p≈q.

ag-bpsS Cu G‰-°p-d-®n¬ ImcWw ]›n-sa-L-́ -Øns‚ ]Sn-™mtd ae-s©-cn-hp-Iƒ Xnßn-

\n-d™ ]®n-e-°m-Sp-Ifpw Ingt° ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn-te°v hcpw-tXmdpw {ItaW Cu¿∏w Ipd™v

hc≠ {]tZ-i-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS sshhn≤yw G‰hpw Db¿∂ \ne-

bn-se-Øp-∂Xv sXt° A‰Øv tIc-f-Ønse kº-∂-amb ag-°m-Sp-I-fnseØptºm-gm-Wv. hmWn-

Py-]-c-ambn G‰hpw {][m-\ -hr-£-amb tX°v kpe-`-ambn hf-cp-∂Xv anX-ambn ag-e-`n-°p∂

Cu¿∏-ap≈ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb h\-ß-fn-emWv.

C¥y-bn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ \n[n-Ipw`w F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ing-°≥ lnam-ebw Ign-

™m¬ sXm´-SpØ ÿm\w ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-̀ o-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ H∂mbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-́ n-́ p≈ ]›n-a-L-́ sØ {ioe-¶-bpsS ]®∏v

taJe (Wet zone) hsc \ofp∂ ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AXns‚ ÿnXnbpw IW-°n-se-SpØv ISpØ

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ temIsØ F´v {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ H∂mbn ]›n-a-L-´sØ

hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p (Myers et al 2000). 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤yw apX¬ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈

henb am‰hpw Db¿∂ P\-km-{μ-Xbpw IW-°n-se-SpØv ]›n-a-L-´-kw-c-£-Whpw Ahn-SsØ

hn`-h-ß-fpsS kpÿn-c-hn-\n-tbm-Khpw ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. I¿Æm-SIw, tIcfw,

Xan-gv\mSv kwÿm-\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Z£n-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ \S-Ønb Hcp ]T-\-{]-Imcw 1920˛1990

Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Ahn-SsØ X\Xv kky-Pm-e-ß-fpsS 40 iX-am\w \jvS-s∏-Sp-Itbm B ÿew

CX-c-B-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn cq]-am‰w hcp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXn-́ p-s≠∂mWv. (Menon & Bawa 1997) hfsc

9

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hen-sbmcp {]tZ-iØv h\-Øn-s‚bpw hr£-ß-fp-sSbpw Bh-c-W-ap-s≠-¶nepw ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚

7 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw ÿeØv Ct∏mƒ {]mY-anI kky-Pm-e-B-h-c-W-an√. L´-Øns‚ 15 iX-

am-\-tØmfw kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p.

henb `qXe sshhn-[yhpw (G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb B\-ap-Sn-bpsS Dbcw

kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v 2695 ao‰-dmWv.) hyXykvX Af-hn-ep≈ ag e`y-Xbpw (Ingt° ae-s©-cp-

hn¬ 50 sk.ao. apX¬ ]Sn-™mtd ae-t©-cp-hn¬ 700 sk.ao. hsc) tN¿∂v Chn-SsØ kky˛Poh-

Pme sshhn≤yw k¶o¿Æ-am-°p∂p. \nXy-l-cnX DjvW-ta-Jem h\-ßƒ, tNme-a-c-°m-Sp-Iƒ,

]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ, sN¶¬ ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ,. hc≠ hr£-°m-Sp-Iƒ, hc≠ apƒs®Sn h\-ßƒ, XpS-ßn-

b-h-sb√mw ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬ btY-jvS-ap-≠v. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw kky-ß-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw

Bhm-k-tI-{μ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hfsc {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v alm-cm-jv{S-bnse

sN¶¬ ]oT-`qan A]q¿Δ kky˛ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS hnf-\n-ehpw Im´p-t]mØv t]mse-bp≈

henb kkvX-\n-I-fpsS ta®n¬]p-d-ß-fp-amWv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ sX°p-`m-K-Øp≈ tNme-h-\-

ßfpw ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw A\p-]-ahpw `mhn Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-]-¶p-≈-h-bp-

amWv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂v Ing-t°m´pw ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw Hgp-Ip∂ \nc-h[n \Zn-Iƒ°pw Acp-

hn-Iƒ°pw Hmc-Øp≈ \n_n-V-h-\-ßƒ Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ kky-ß-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fp-

sSbpw sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßfpw CS-\m-gn-I-fp-amWv. Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep≈ Cu

h\-ßfpw NXp-∏p-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw C∂v ISpØ òjWn t\cn-Sp∂p.

\mw Adn-bp∂ kky-ß-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw ssh]p-ey-Øn¬ \n∂v ssPh sshhn-

[y-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn-\p≈ {]m[m-\yhpw A]q¿Δ-Xbpw a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

(Gunavardene et al 2007)

GXm≠v 4000 C\w ]pjv]-s®-Sn-Iƒ AYhm cmPysØ samØw ]pjv]n-°p∂ sNSn-h¿§-

ß-fpsS 27 iX-am\w ChnsS ImWmw. 645 \nXy-l-cn-X-hr£ C\-ß-fpsS 56 iX-am\w ]›n-a-L-

´-Øn¬ am{Xw ImWp-∂-h-bmWv. sNdp kky-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ 850˛1000 C\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Ch-

bpsS sshhn[yw AXym-I¿j-I-amWv. Ch-bn¬ 28 iX-am\w A]q¿Δ C\-ßƒ Dƒ∏sS 682C\w

]mb-ep-Ifpw 43 iX-am\w A]q¿Δ -C-\-ßƒ Dƒ∏sS 280 C\w h¿Æ-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

\s -́√n-√mØ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp∂ Pohn-I-fn¬ 350 C\w Ddp-ºp-Ifpw (20 iX-am\w AhnsS

am{Xw ImWp-∂h), 330 C\w (11 iX-am\w AhnsS am{Xw ImWp∂p) Nn{X-i-e-`-ßfpw, 174 C\w

(40% AhnsS am{Xw ImWp-∂h) Xpºn-Ifpw, 269 C\w (76% AhnsS am{Xw ImWp-∂h) H®p-

Ifpw ChnsS Is≠-Ønbn´p-≠v. 288 C\w a’y-ßsf Is≠Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xn¬ 41 iX-am\w Cu

taJ-e-bn¬ am{Xw ImWp-∂-h-bmWv. 220 C\w D`-b-Po-hn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-amWv ]›n-a-

L´w. Ch-bn¬ 78 iX-am-\hpw ChnsS am{Xw ImWp-∂-h-bmWv. CubnsS ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚

sX°p-`m-KØv Is≠-Ønb Ct¥m-sa-U-Km-kvI¿ _‘-ap≈ ]pXnb h¿§-Øn¬s]´ Xhf

(Nasikabactrachus sahyadrensis ) {]mNo\ tKm≠vhm-\≥ Xmgv-h-gnsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu taJ-

e-bv°p≈ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂p. tIbvkn-enb≥ sshcp≤y (caecilian diversity)Øns‚ Imcy-

Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-bv°p≈ ÿm\w A\p-]-a-amWv. ImcWw cmPysØ 20 C\-ß-fn¬ 16Dw ChnsS

am{Xw ImWp-∂-h-bmWv. 225 C\w Dc-K-ß-fn¬ 62 iX-am\w ChnsS am{Xta D≈q. ]›n-a-L-´-

Øns‚ sX°≥a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬ am{X-ap≈ Uropeltidae hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ ]mºp-Iƒ {]tXyI ]cm-

a¿iw A¿ln-°p∂p. 500 tesd C\w ]£n-I-sfbpw 120 C\w kkvX-\n-I-sfbpw ChnsS Is≠-

Øn-bn-´p≠v. Gjy≥ B\-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ H∂mw-ÿm\w ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-\mWv. ISph, Im´p-

t]mØv, Ipdp-°≥ F∂nh Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ hnhn[ kkvX-\n-Ifpw ChnsS [mcm-f-ap≠v. Ipcp-ap-fIv,

Gew, amhv, πmhv, hmg XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Imń-\-ßƒ ChnsS kar-≤-ambn ImWmw. Cu ssPh-

k-ºØv h¿j-ß-fmbn \ap°v h≥t\-́ -amWv \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew, Nμ\w,

B\-s°mºv XpS-ßnb h\-D-ev]-∂-ßƒ°pw ]›n-a-L´w {]i-kvX-amWv.

Ign™ \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ {]tXy-In®pw C°-gn™ Zi-I-ß-fn¬ Cu sshhn[yw XpS¿®-

bmbn XI¿® t\cn-Sp∂p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ \nc-h[n kky-Po-h-Pme kaq-l-ßƒ GXm≠v

]q¿Æ-am-bn-Øs∂ A{]-Xy-£-ambn. ]mh-\Xzw Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-´p≈p Imhp-Iƒ, Ipf-ßƒ, \Zn-

Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ {]mNo\ coXn-bp-sSbpw ]mh-\-ambn

Icp-X-s∏-´p∂ kkvX-\-h¿§-Øn-epƒ∏-sS-bp≈ \nc-h[n P¥p-h¿§-ß-fpsS kwc-£-tWm-]m-[n-

10

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ifpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf C∂pw ê-{]-Z-ambn kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

Chbv°v ]pdta kao-]-Z-i-I-ß-fn-embn cq]w \¬In-bn-́ p≈ h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ßƒ, tZiob ]m¿°p-

Iƒ, ISph dnk¿Δp-Iƒ F∂nh hgn AXn-thKw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ kky-Po-h-

Pme sshhn-[y-sØ kwc-£n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p. \nc-h[n h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-°m≥

Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ klm-bn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Zp:JI-c-sa∂p ]d-b-s∏´ Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew a\p-

jy\pw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap-´¬ h¿≤n-®nt´ D≈q.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v Xmgv-h-c-I-fn¬ s\√pw ae-s©-cn-hp-

I-fn¬ [m\y-ß-fp-amWv Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. ]c-º-cm-KX ê-k-ky-hn-f-I-fn¬ ae-I-fn¬ AS-

bv°bpw Xoc-tZ-iØv sXßpw amhpw πmhp-sams° hym]-I-ambn Irjn- sN-bvXn-cp∂p. {]Ir-Xn-

Z-Ø-amb ]p¬s®-Sn-Iƒ \nd™ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ BSp-am-Sp-I-tfbpw Fcp-a-I-tf-bp-sams° [mcm-f-

ambn hf¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ \nXy-l-cnX h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ CXv I≠n-cp-∂n√.

Ing-ßp-h¿§-ßfpw [mcmfw ê-hr-£-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂Xv bqtdm-

]y≥ kzm[o-\-Øm-emWv. tXbne, Im∏n, d∫¿, Iip-h≠n, ac-®o\n, Dcp-f-°n-gßv, F∂n-h-bmWv

CXn¬ {][m\w. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse \nXy-l-cnX h\-ßƒ kztZ-i-am-bp≈ Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv

F∂nh C∂v tXm´w hnf-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ hfsc hym]-I-ambn Irjn sNbvXp hcp-∂p≠v.

{]apJ Kncn-h¿§ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßƒ shń-\n-c-

Øn-bmWv \mw C∂p ImWp∂ ]e ]pXnb tXm´-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv.

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse BZy-Im-esØ {][m-\- h\ Dev]-∂-ßƒ Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv, B\-s°mºv

F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. a≤y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ]›na Xoc-Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fn¬ \n∂v [mcm-f-ambn tX°p-X-

Sn-Iƒ Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXn-cp∂p. 17˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ O{X-]Xn inh-Pn-bpsS admØ t\h¬ No^p-

Iƒ (Angres) hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ tX°n≥Im-Sp-I-fmWv BZy-Im-e-tXm-´-ß-sf∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p≠v. {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS hc-thm-sS-bmWv hr£-ßƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ NqjWw sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-

bXv. sdbn¬sh …o∏-dp-Iƒ°pw a‰pw th≠n \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßfpw tX°p-tXm-´-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-

∏n-°m≥ th≠n a‰v \n_n-V-h-\-ßfpw shń-am‰n. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Bh-iy-ßƒ h¿≤n-®-tXmsS

AXp-hsc {Kma-k-aq-l-ßƒ ]cn-]m-en-®n-cp∂ h\-ßƒ hn`-Pn®v {Kma-`q-an-sb∂pw k¿°m¿ DS-a-

ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ dnk¿Δv h\-ß-sf∂pw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. Aßs\ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse AXn-hn-

im-e-amb ta®n¬]p-d-ßfpw h\-ßfpw kaqlw Iø-S°n Iptd h\-`qan kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-I-fn-ep-

saØn. ]n¬°m-eØv Ch AanX NqjWw aqew \in®p.

t]∏¿, ssπhpUv, t]mfn-ss^-_¿, Xos∏ń XpSßn h\w A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ°p-

th≠n dnk¿hv h\-ß-fpsS NqjWw AXns‚ D®m-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-bXv 1950˛1980 Ime-L-´-Øn-

emWv. shń-am-‰p-∂-hbv°p ]Icw hr£-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n®v XpS¿®-bmb h\-h¬°-cWw \S-

Øm-sa-∂mWv \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw AXv \S-∂n√.h\-ß-fpsS Aan-X-Nq-jWw XpS¿∂p-sIm-

t≠-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bXv h\-kw-c-£Ww h\ B{I-a-W-Øn\v hgn-amdn. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-h-\-ßƒ

h≥tXm-Xn¬ shń-am‰n, bq°m-en-]v‰kv, At°jy tXm´-ßƒ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn. tcmK-ßƒ ]nSn-

s]´v bq°m-en-]v‰kv tXm´-ßƒ \in®p. X¬^-e-ambn 1980Iƒ°v tijw dnk¿Δv h\-ß-fn¬

\n∂p≈ hnf-sh-Sp∏v Ipd™p. {ItaW h\-A-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ ]ƒ∏v, ]ƒ∏v hpUv, XSn

F∂nh hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNøm≥ XpSßn. CXn\p ]pdta Irjn°pw \Zo-XS

]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p-th-≠nbpw h≥tXm-Xn¬ dnk¿Δv h\-ßƒ Itødn.

hfsc Imew ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂v Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew, B\-s°mºv, tX≥, sagpIv XpS-

ßnb h\-D-ev]-∂-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂p. Ip´, hń -s\-bvØn\pw a‰p-ambn ChnsS \n∂p-ap≈

Cu‰ XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. ae-I-fnse XSn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ I∏¬\n¿Ωm-W-im-

e-Iƒ ]›n-a-Xo-cØv {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. XSn-sIm≠v, Ifn-∏m-´-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Ic-Iu-i-e-hn-Z-

Kv[-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS e`yX KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw B\-s°m-ºns‚ hn\n-

tbmKw ]q¿Æ-ambn \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gsd-°psd Ah-km-

\n®p.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ h\-D-ev]-∂-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ ]e hyh-km-b-ßfpw

Bcw-`n-®Xv kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v ap≥]p≈ Zi-I-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. XSn-an-√p-Iƒ, HmSv, I´-I-º-\n-Iƒ,

11

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t]∏¿, t]mfn-ss^-_¿, Xos∏ń, ssπhpUv, Sm\nßv Iº-\n-Iƒ F∂nh Ch-bn-epƒs∏Spw.

`{Zm-hXn Ão¬πm‚p-t]mse ae-I-fnse [m\y-hn-`-h-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ ]pXnb hyh-

km-b-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h-∂p. ]›n-a-L´ h\-hn-`-hßƒ°v Xmßm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w Cu hyh-km-

b-ßƒ hf¿∂p hep-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Chbv°p Cd-°p-a-Xnsb B{i-bn-t°-≠-Xmbpw Irjn-`q-an-bn¬

hr£-ßƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xmbpw h∂p.

C¥y D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ ag-bpsS knwl-`m-Khpw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-emWv e`n-°p-

∂Xv. Z£nW D]-`q-J-fi-Ønse {]ap-J-\-Zn-I-fmb IrjvW, tKmZm-hcn, Imthcn F∂nh D¤-

hn-°p-∂Xpw Chn-sS-\n-∂mWv. Ch-bv°p-]p-dta ]›n-a-Xo-cØv ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip∂ At\Iw

sNdn-b-\-Zn-Iƒ ChnsS \n∂m-cw-`n-°p∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ch-bnse Pew sNdn-b-Ip-f-ßfpw

Nmep-Ifpw \n¿Ωn®v AXn-eqsS Xmgv-hm-c-ß-fnse s\¬Ir-jn°pw AS-°-Ir-jn°pw Pe-tk-N-\-

Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS hc-thmsS hc≠ {]tZ-i-ßƒ \\-

bv°m\pw Cu Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS IpsØm-gp-°n¬ \n∂v sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn

]e h≥InS \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-I-fpw \S-∏m°n. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw CØcw ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS FÆw

KWy-ambn h¿≤n®p. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse apwss_ apX¬ sIm¬lm-∏q¿ hsc-bp≈ \Zo-X-S-ß-

fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse C∂v Hs´√m \Zo-X-S-ß-fnepw CØcw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Db¿∂p Ign™p.

Bw_n-hmen (Amby Valley), ehmk (Lavasa) XpS-ßn-bb-t]mse CØcw Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-{]-tZ-i-

ßƒ kpJ-hm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fmbpw dntkm¿´p-I-fmbpw hnI-kn-∏n-®p-h-cp∂p. ASpØ Ime-Ømbn

I≠p-h-cp∂ as‰mcp hnI-k\ kwcw`w ]›n-a-L-´-a-e-\n-c-I-fpsS s\dp-I-bn-te°v tdmUp-shń

AhnsS Im‰m-Sn-b-{¥-ßƒ (Windmills) ÿm]n-°p-∂-XmWv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw Pe-

t{km-X- n\pw {]Xn-Iq-e- B-LmXw krjvSn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu \S-]Sn.

]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-Iƒ Ccp-º-bncv, amwK-\okv, t_mIvssk‰v F∂n-h-bm¬ kº-∂-amWv.

ChnsS \n∂v {]tXy-In®v tKmh-bn¬ \n∂v Ch h≥tXm-Xn¬ J\\w \SØn Abn-cmbn Xs∂

Ib-‰p-aXn \S-Øp∂p. Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ hne {Iam-Xo-X-ambn IpXn-®p-b-cp-Ibpw Xmc-X-tay\ KpW-

\n-e-hmcw Ipd™ Abn-cn-\p-t]mepw Bhiyw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns‚ ê-ambn F√m

\nb-a-ß-tfbpw Im‰n¬ ]dØn J\\w hym]-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. CXv ISpØ ]cn-ÿnXn \mi-

Øn\pw kmaq-ly-kw-L¿j-Øn\pw Imc-W-amIpw.

Chn-SsØ Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{μ-ßƒ ]≠p-ap-X¬ Xs∂ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-te°v P\-e-£-ßsf

BI¿jn-®p-h-cp∂p. tIc-f-Ønse i_-cn-ae, I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse am[-th-iz-c-ae, alm-cm-jv{S-bnse

alm-_-te-iz¿ F∂n-h-bmWv Ch-bn¬ apJyw. ]nev°m-eØv \nc-h[n hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-{μ-

ßfpw ChnsS Db¿∂p-h-∂n-́ p≠v. \oe-Kn-cn-bnse Duń, tIc-f-Ønse tX°Sn h\y-Pohn kt¶Xw

F∂nh DZm-l-cWw. ae-I-fnse kpJ-hm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fnepw tXm´-ß-fnepw Hgn-hp-Ime hk-Xn-

Ifpw SqdnÃv dntkm¿´p-Ifpw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ ]Xn-hm-bn-´p≠v.

]›n-a-L-´Ønse ]md-s°-´p-Ifpw i‡-amb agbpw sh≈-Øns‚ IpsØm-gp-°n¬ Hen-®p-

t]m-Ip∂ tdmUp-Ifpw \n_n-U-h-\-ßfpw ChnsS KXm-KX hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw _p≤n-ap-ń-em-

°p∂p. Cu A{]m-]y-X-bpsS X{¥-]-c-amb B\p-Iqeyw apX-se-Sp-ØmWv O{X-]Xn inhPn

i‡-amb admØ kmaymPyw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-bXv. KXm-KX˛hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuI-cy-ßƒ ]›n-

a-L-´-Øns‚ Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-∂Xv {_nójv `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv. kzmX-{¥ym-\-

¥cw h≥InS \Zo-X-S-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw J\-\-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw Bcw-`n-®-tXmsS KXm-KX hm¿Øm-hn-\n-

ab kuI-cy-ßfpw h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n®p. {]Ir-Xn-ZØ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v ae-Iƒ°v IpdpsI tdmUp-Ifpw sdbn¬]m-X-Ifpw \n¿Ωn-®n-´p≠v.

sXm´v InS-°p∂ ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ P\-

hmkw Xosc Ipd-hmWv. kpJ-I-c-a-√mØ `qX-ehpw ae-º-\n-bpsS IS-∂m-{I-a-W-hp-amWv CXn-

\p≈ {][m-\-Im-cWw. s\¬Ir-jnbpw tIc-Ir-jnbpw \nd™ ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ P\-hmk

tI{μ-ß-fm-sW-¶nepw Ing-°p≈ sU°m¨ ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ P\-km-{μX Ipd-hm-Wv. ]›n-a-L-´-

Ønse P\-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ hep-∏-Øn¬ sNdpXpw NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-∂-h-bp-amWv.henb ]´-W-

ßƒ Ing-°p-hiw {][m-\-\-Zn-I-fpsS Ic-bntem ]›n-a-Xo-cØv Xpd-ap-J-ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂

\Zo-ap-J-ß-fntem BWp-≈Xv. KXm-KX hm¿Øm-hn-X-cW cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ {ZpX-

K-Xn-bn-ep≈ am‰-ßfpw kº-∂-cmb hen-sbmcp a≤y-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ DZ-bhpw ae-Iƒ CSn-®p-\n-c-

12

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Øm\pw DgpXp adn-°m\pw ]cym-]vX-amb F¿Øv aqhnßv sajy-\-dn-I-fpsS e`y-Xbpw ]›n-a-L-

´sØ Hgn-hp-Ime hk-Xn-Ifpw dntkm¿´p-Ifpw \nd™ \K-c-ß-fmbn am‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

X¬^-e-ambn {]Ir-Xn-ZØ kky-Po-h-Pme kaq-l-Øns‚ D∑q-e-\hpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS

\njv°m-k-\hpw kw`-hn-°p∂p.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Bfp-Iƒ ]≠p-ap-X¬ Ah-cpsS ]m¿∏nSw, Imen-Øo‰, C‘\w(hndIv)

F∂n-hbv°v ]q¿Æ-ambpw B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb h\-ßsf Bbn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v

Bh-iy-amb t]mjIw e`n-®n-cp-∂Xv th´-bmSn In´p∂ amwkm-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p. h-

\hpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw \in-®-tXmsS Cu P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Btcm-Kyhpw òj-Wn-emWv. Ch-

cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ sa®w tcmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v {]tXy-In®v ae-º-\n-bn¬ \n∂p≈

tamN-\hpw KXm-KX hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-≠mb hnI-k-\-hp-amWv. tIc-f-Øn-sem-gn®v as‰m-

cn-SØpw B[p-\nI Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£W˛hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-ßƒ Imcy-ambn Ch-cn-te-s°-

Øn-bn-ń√. tIc-f-Øn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]ptcm-KXn hfsc sas√-bmWv. ChnsS P\-

kwJym h¿≤-\-hnepw KWy-amb Ipd-hp≠v.

apwss_bv°v hS-°p≈ UmwKvkv, Xms\ Pn√-I-fnse Nne CS-ß-fnepw hb-\mSv, \oe-Kncn

taJ-e-bnepw am{X-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Kncn-h¿§-°m¿ IqSp-X-em-bp-≈Xv. inem-bpK \mbm-Sn-

I-fmb bYm¿∞ tNme \mbv°-∑msc \oen-Kn-cn-bn¬ am{X-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-bpI. ]›n-a-L-

´-]-cn-ÿnXn \io-I-c-W-Øns‚ Xn‡-^-e-ßƒ Gsd A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ B\p-

Iqeyw hfsc ]cn-an-X-ambn am{Xw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu Kncn-h¿§-°m¿°mWv. Cu Ai-

c-W-hn-`m-K-ß-ƒ°v sa®-s∏´ ]cn-K-W\ e`n-°m-\mbn cq]w \¬Inb PESA, FRA \nb-a-ßƒ \S-

∏m-°p-∂Xv ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-°m¿ XS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX aqe-[-\-Øns‚ IpsØm-gp-°n¬s∏´v ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse {]Ir-Xn-ZØ aqe-

[\w Hen-®p-t]mbn. CXv ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v ISpØ BLm-X-ta¬∏n°p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-aqe[\-Øns‚

A[x]X-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ CXn-s\mcp A\p-Iq-e-h-i-hp-ap≠v. taev]-

d™ am‰-ß-fpsS ê-ambn cmPysØ G‰hpw Db¿∂ km£-c-Xbpw hfsc Db¿∂ ]cn-

ÿnXn Ah-t_m-[hpw ]›n-a-L´ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v kn≤n®p. ChnsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ

hfsc i‡-amWv. a\p-jy-tijn Db¿Øp-∂-Xnepw ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xnepw tIcfw C¥y-bn¬ H∂mw ÿm\-ØmWv. {Kma-k-̀ -I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ]mTw Dƒs°m≠p-

sIm≠v `qhn-\n-tbm-K- \bcq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn tKmh CubnsS doPn-b-W¬ πm≥ 2021 \v cq]w

\¬In-bXv hfsc {it≤-b-amWv. hfsc {i≤-tbmsS ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-]-c-amb Hcp hnI-k-\-

]-Ÿm-hn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\v cmPysØ hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp taJ-e-bmWv ]›n-a-

L´w.

8. kpÿn-c-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI ˛ {i≤m-]q¿Δw ]cn-c-£n-

°pI

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse πm≥kvIo-ap-Iƒ°v tI{μ-km-º-ØnI klmbw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdta

Cu taJ-e-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v ̂ e-{]-Z-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m\w IqSn G¿s∏-

Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v Cu taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd t]¿ \n¿t±-in®p. AXm-bXv ]›n-a-L-´-

Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw AXn-cp-Iƒ°v

]pdØv Ch ]q¿Æ-ambn A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Dt±iw. F∂m¬ hnI-k\

{]{In-bsb XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \n¿t±-i-ß-tfmSv kan-Xn°v tbmPn-∏n-√m-bn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\Øv Hcp ̂ mwlukv \n¿Ωn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Irjn-bn-S-Øn\v Ipd-™Xv 2G°¿

hnkvXo¿Æ-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-XmWv \n_-‘\. F∂m¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ ESA

Ifn¬ H∂mb alm-_-te-iz-dn¬ 80 iX-am\w I¿j-I¿°pw 2 G°-dn¬ Xmsg am{Xta Irjn-`q-

an-bp≈q. X¬^-e-ambn Ign™ 60 h¿j-ambn Imcy-amb hnI-k\w D≠m-bn-ń-√mØ P\-km-{μ-

X-tb-dnb tKmX≥knse (Gaothance) IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ sR-cp-ßn-°-gn-bm≥ Ch¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn.

Cu \n_-‘-\-bn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-amb am‰w thW-sa∂ Ah-cpsS apd-hnfn ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-

°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ kº∂¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ _w•m-hp-Ifpw tlm´-ep-Ifpw \n¿_m[w ]Wn-Xp-

b¿Øp-∂Xv Ahsc h√msX Akz-ÿ-cm-°p∂p.

13

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv˛1 : tems´ MIDC cmk-hy-h-km-b-irw-J-ebpw

Zmt_mƒ IS-en-Sp-°ns‚ aen-\o-I-c-Whpw

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W {]ÿm-\-ßsf temI-sa-ºmSpw \bn-®n-´p-≈Xv k¿°m-cp-Itfm

hyh-km-b-ßtfm A√ P\-ß-fm-sW-∂-XmWv A\p-`-h-km£yw. BI-bm¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-

£-W-A-h-tem-I\ `c-W-\n¿Δ-lW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]c-am-h[n P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øp-I-bmWv Bhiyw. CXn-\mbn tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\whIp∏v a{¥m-ebw G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb

Pn√m-Xe ]≤-Xn-bmWv ]cym-h-c≥hm-ln\n (Paryavaran Vahini). Cu ]≤-Xn-{]-Imcw aen-\o-I-

cWw, h\-\-io-I-cWw XpS-ßnb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-{]-iv\-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn Pn√m-I-e-IvS¿°v

dnt∏m¿´psNøm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B {]tZ-isØ Hmtcm ]uc\pw \¬In-bn-´p≠v. Cu

dnt∏m¿ń¬ Pn√m-I-e-IvS¿ hni-Z-amb At\z-jWw \SØpw. 1990 Ifn¬ Cu ]≤Xn Z£nW

I∂-S-t]m-se-bp≈ Pn√-I-fn¬ hfsc ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°n-bn-cp∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ 11˛mw ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w Ãnb-dnwKv IΩn‰n "]cym-h-c≥hm-

ln\n' 11˛mw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v i‡-ambn ip]m¿i sNbvXp. alm-cmjv{S

k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-ambn 2010 sk]vXw-_¿ 30 \v apwss_-bn¬ \S-Ønb N¿®-bn¬ P\-

]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W A]-{K-Y\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ Fs¥-

¶nepw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿K Pn√-I-fn¬ \S-°p-∂pt≠m F∂ {io. am[hv

KmUvKn-ens‚ tNmZy-Øn\v cXv\-Kncn Pn√m If-IvS-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn

kanXn CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øp-∂p-s≠-∂mWv adp-]Sn e`n-®Xv. {ItaW

CXpw C√m-Xmbn. Lote MIDC F∂ Hcp cmk-hy-h-kmb irwJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tems´

A`ymkv Km´v F∂ t]cn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W {]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂-Xmbpw Adn-bn®p.

alm-cmjv{S kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W-t_m¿Uns‚ klm-b-tØmsS {io. am[-

h-Km-UvKn¬ At∏mƒØs∂ cXv\-Kncn Pn√m If-IvS-dp-ambpw tems´ A`ymkv Km´p-ambpw

_‘-s∏´p. 2010 HIvtSm-_¿ 5 \v {io. KmUvKn¬ tems´ A`ymkv Km´p-ambn N¿® \SØn.

XpS¿∂p \S-Ønb ÿe-k-μ¿i-\-Øn¬ Hcp s]mXp-am-en\y kwkvI-c-W-im-ebpw kao-]-{]-

tZ-i-ßfpw [mt_mƒ IS-en-Sp°pw At±lw kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw ]e-cp-ambpw N¿®-\-S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. apwss_-bn¬ \S∂ tbmK-Øn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ \¬Inb hnh-c-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-ambn

A`ym-kv Km´v {]h¿Ø-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂pw 2 h¿j-ambn tbmKw tNcp-I-t]mepw D≠m-bn-ń-

s√∂pw Is≠Øn. aen-\o-I-cWw sIm≠v s]mdp-Xn-ap-ńb tIm´m-hmse hnt√-Pns‚ Hcp {]Xn-

\n-[nsb A`ymkv Kmń¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂ Ah-cpsS apd-hn-fn-t]mepw A[n-Ir-X¿ sNhn-

s°m-≠n√. amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW ime-bn-se-Øp∂ amen-\y-ßƒ th≠-hn[w kwkvI-cn-°m-

\p≈ Ignhv AXn-\n-√m-bn-cp∂p. Akw-kvIr-X-am-en\yw Ihn-s™m-gpIn tIm´m-hmse {Kma-

Øn-te-s°m-gp-Ip∂ Acp-hn-I-fn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xmbn {io. KmUvKn-en\v ImWm≥ Ign™p.

Cu ÿnXn-bn¬ a\w-s\m¥v B {Kma-Ønse km¿]m©v Acp-hn-bnse aen-\-Pew IpSn®v

Bfl-l-Xy°v {ian®p. At±-lsØ DS≥ apwss_-bnse Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-Øn-®-Xp-sIm≠v

Poh≥ c£n-°m≥ Ign™p. CXp-sIm≠pw tIm´m-hme {Kma-Øns‚ {]iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lm-c-ap-

≠m-bn√. am{X-hp-a√ cmk-hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Iń-bmb Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ aÆp-

ambn Ie¿Øn ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ X≈p-∂-Xmbpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ ]d™p. ]e hyh-

km-b-im-e-Ifpw cmk-am-en-\y-ßƒ Ipg¬In-W-dp-I-fn-te°v ]ºvsN-øp-∂-Xp-hgn `qK¿`-P-ehpw

aen-\-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. CØcw hy‡-amb aq∂v kw`-h-ßƒ ]pd-Øp-

sIm-≠p-h-∂n´pw Hcp \S-]-Sn-bp-ap-≠m-bn√. "tJZv' ]´-W-Øn\v ip≤-Pew \¬Ip∂ "s_mdmPv'

AW-s°-́ n¬ cmk-am-en-\y-ßƒ Sm¶-dn¬ sIm≠ph∂v X≈nb kw -̀hhpw ASp-ØnsS D≠mbn.

CXp-aqew ]´-W-Øn-te-°p≈ Pe-hn-X-cWw BgvN-I-tfmfw apS-ßn-bn´pw CXn\v ]n∂n¬

{]h¿Øn-®-hsc Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n√. "tems´' bn¬ \n∂p≈ cmk-a-en-\o-I-cWw aqew

"Zmt_mƒ' IS-en-Sp-°nse a’y-k-ºØpw KWy-am-bn Ipd™p. a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ CXp-

aqew Zpcn-X-Øn-emWv. {]iv\-ßƒ C{X-tbsd cq£-am-bn´pw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ {ian-°msX aen-

\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv Ah-cpsS Bôkv "tems´' bn¬ \n∂v Nn]ve\nte°v am‰n

cwKw hnSp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

14

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ P\-ßsf -]-¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-∂n-s√∂p am{X-a√ ISpØ aen-\o-I-cWw

t]mse-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n-°m-\p≈ Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-isØ X{¥-]q¿Δw ASn-®-

a¿Øp-I-bmWv A[n-Ir-X¿ sNøp-∂Xv."PbvXm-]q¿' t{]mP-IvSn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-c-Øn¬ 2011

BZyw Hcp t]m-eokv tIm¨Ã-_nƒ HmSn® \yq¢n-b¿ ]h¿ tIm¿∏-td-js‚ Po∏n-Sn®v Hcp

{]t£m-`-Imcn sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bn¬ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc A{I-amk-

‡-amb ka-c-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-´n√. "tems´' cmk-^m-IvS-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Ak-l-\o-b-

amb aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc Db¿∂ i‡-amb {]Xn-tj-[sØ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn

28/08/2007\pw 21/10/2009\pw CSbv°v 191 Znhkw B {]tZ-iØv 5 t]cn¬ IqSp-X¬ Iq´w

IqSp-∂Xv XS-™p-sIm≠v Pn√m-I-f-IvS¿ \ntcm-[-\m⁄ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p.

Cu hyh-kmbirwJe 11000 t]¿°v sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ Chn-SsØ a’y-sØm-gn-

em-fn-I-fn¬ 20000 t]cmWv CXp-aqew sXmgn¬c-ln-X-cm-bXv. AXn-cq-£-amb CØcw {]iv\-

ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmsX InS-°p-tºmgpw hyh-km-b-irw-J-e-bnse Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Rß-

tfm-Sp-]-d-™Xv kao-]-Øp≈ 550 slIvS-dn¬ Hcp ]pXnb s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬ hyh-kmb irwJe

ÿm]n-°m≥ ]≤Xn Xøm-dmbn hcp∂p F∂mWv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v Np‰pw am{X-a√ cmPy-Øp-S-\ofw \mw ImWp-∂Xv kaq-lsØ Hgn-hm-°n-

bp≈ hnI-k-\hpw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Whpw ssItIm¿Øv \oßp-∂-XmWv. hnI-k-\sØ kw_-

‘n® Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw \K-c-]m-eI¿°pw

\¬In-s°m-≠p≈73, 74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-I-fpsS A¥:kØbv°v hncp-≤-ambn hnI-k-\-Xo-

cp-am-\-ßƒ C∂v P\-ß-fn¬ ASn-t®-ev∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v cXv\-Kncn

Pn√-bnse ]e-{Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-Ifpw ]©m-bØv kan-Xn-Ifpw cXv\-Kn-cn-Xm-eq°v ]©m-bØv

Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]m m-°nb {]ta-b-

t_mIvk 2 : _n.B¿.Sn. ae-bnse tkmfnKm Kncn-P-\-ßƒ

\oe-Kn-cn°v Ing°v I¿Æm-S-I-Øn-ep≈ h\-\n-_n-U-amb {]tZ-i-amWv BRT ae-Iƒ. "tkmfnK'

Kncn-P-\-ß-fpsS ]c-º-cm-KX hmk-ÿ-e-am-WnXv. \mbm´pw Irjn-bp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-

cpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w. NºI ac-°q´w \nd™ B h\-{]-tZiw ]cn-ip≤n Iev]n-®mWv Ah¿

kwc-£n-®p-t]m-∂Xv. F∂m¬ B {]tZiw h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS Kncn-P-\-

ßƒ°v \mbm´v \S-Ømt\m Irjn-sN-ømt\m Ign-bmsX t]mbn. Aßs\ D]-Po-h-\-Øn-

\mbn tX≥, Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Ah¿ tiJ-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu kabw cwK-

Øp-h∂ ' hnth-Im-\-μ-Kn-cn-P\ Ieym-W-tI{μw' F∂ k∂≤ kwL-S\ Chsc kwL-Sn-

∏n®v h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-X-ambn kam-l-cn®v kwkvI-cn®v hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v kwhn-

[m-\-ap-≠m°n. Kncn-h¿§-°m¿ h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ coXn-tbbpw AXv krjvSn-°p∂

BLm-X-sØbpw ]‰n ]Tn® ATREE F∂ imkv{X-ÿm-]\w Is≠-Øn-bXv CXv kpÿn-c-am-

sW-∂mWv. h\ hn`-h-ßƒ kwkvI-cn®v hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu Im´p-a-°-fpsS hcp-

am-\-Ønepw h¿≤-\-hp-≠mbn. IjvS-sa∂p ]d-bs´ hnev]-\-°mbn h\hn`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-

°p-∂Xv h\w-h-Ip∏p \ntcm-[n-®-tXmsS "tkmfn-Kmkn"s‚ PohnXw {Xni-¶p-hn-embn.

ßƒ kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ ]q¿Æ-ambn Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. Cu Pn√-bn¬ Xs∂ Hcpcmk-hy-h-kmb hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ _‘-s∏-´-hsc Hgn-hm-°n-bp≈ hnI-k\{]{In-b-bpsS {]Xy£ DZm-l-cWw t_mIvkv 1˛¬ hnh-cn-°p∂p.

{]IrXn kwc-£Ww C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cy-amWv. ]›n-a-L-́ -ØnseX\Xv hr£-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ°v hnip-≤n-I-ev]n-®mWv Ah¿ kwc-£n-®p-t]m-∂Xv. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ \mi-Øn\v Imc-W-°m¿ Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fm-sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ahsc ]c-am-h[n Hgn-hm°n thWw kwc-£W ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏-t°-≠-Xp-sa∂ [mc-W-bmWv "kwc-£n-X-ta-Je"Ifmbn{]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ HutZym-KnI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v t_mIvkv 2 ImWpI. h\whIp-∏p-am-{X-amWv ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn kl-I-cn-°mØ GI k¿°m¿ hIp∏v.kmaq-ly-h-\-h¬°-cW hn`mKw C°q-´-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂n√.

15

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 3 : {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØ amt\-Pvsa‚ v

kmaqly˛]cn-ÿnXn LS-I-ß-fpsS `c-W-\-S-Øn-∏n-\mbn kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ Hcp \qX\

kao-]-\-amWv {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØ amt\-Pvsa‚ v (Adaptive co-management). ]¶m-fnØ amt\-

Pvsa‚ns‚ A\p-`-h-km-[y-X-Ifpw Iq´m-bva-bpsS A\-¥-km-[y-X-Ifpw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v

Ah-Im-i-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw Iq´mbn ]¶n-Sp-∂-XmWv CXns‚ khn-ti-jX. ]c-kv]-

c-]q-c-I-amb Cu kao-]\w Imcy-\n¿Δ-l-W-Ønse \qem-am-e-Iƒ Hgn-hm°n A\p-`-h-]-T\w

Du¿÷-kz-e-am-°p∂p. k¶o¿Æ-kw-hn-[m-\sØ eLq-I-cn-°m≥ {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØ amt\-

Pvsa‚n\v Ignbpw. Gsd i‡-amb kmaqly˛]cn-ÿnXn kwhn-[m-\sØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m≥

tijnbpw Db¿∂ Xe-Øn¬ N´-ß-fp-tSbpw t{]m’m-l-\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]n≥_-ehpw D≈

kzbw kwL-Sn-X-amb `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bmWv CXns\ ImWp-∂Xv. CXns‚ apJy-k-hn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ NphsS ]d-bp∂p.

sNøp∂ {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]mTw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂p.

hyXykvX hn⁄m-\-im-J-Isf kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p∂p.

taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn¬ tbmPn-®v

{]h¿Øn-°m\pw A[n-Imcw ]¶n-Sm\pw klm-bn-°p∂p.

arZp amt\-Pvsa‚ v kao-]\w.

Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ kmaq-lyhpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-hp-amb Adn-hp-I-tfmSv {]Xn-I-

cn-°p∂ hnI-k\w kpÿn-c-am-°p∂ `c-W-k-ao-]-\sØ Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°p∂p. {]mtZ-in-I-ambpw tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw Xev]-c-{Kq-∏p-Ifpw hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp≈ Bi-

b-hn-\n-abw ]e Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w am‰-ßfn-eqsS ]mT-ßƒ Dƒs°m-

≈m\pw ]co-£-W-ßƒ°v DX-Ip∂ X{¥-ßfpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw cq]-I-ev]-\-sNbvXv hnI-kn-

∏n-°pI F∂n-h-sb√mw CXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p. hnI-k\ {]{In-b-sbbpw Ah-bpsS ê-sØbpw

hne-bn-cp-ØpI, Du¿÷-Øn\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \¬IpI, kmaq-ly-aq-e-[-\-Øns‚ ]¶v,

kmaq-ly-]-cn-ÿnXn `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb kwhm-

Z-ßƒ F∂nh {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fn-Ø-am-t\-Pvsa‚ns‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv.

]s£ F∂n´pw C∂pw \Ωƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-WsØ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v thdn´v

ImWp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ AI-s∏-ń-cn-°-bmWv. CXns‚ ]cn-WnX êw \ΩpsS \b-ßƒ Hcp

hiØv Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬ A\n-b-{¥nX hnI-k-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-tºmƒ a‰v Nne taJ-

e-I-fn¬ XXz-Zo-£-bn-√mØ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂p. Cu {]{In-b-bn¬

"kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ \mw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ Xpcp-Øp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-

∂Xv Chbv°p ]pdsØ ]cn-ÿnXn \io-I-c-W-Øns‚ B alm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-emWv. "kwc-£n-X-ta-

Je'Ifn¬ Hcp ]p¬s®-Sn-bpsS Ce-t]mepw \o°-cp-sX∂v hmin-]n-Sn-°p∂ \mw AXn-\p-]p-dØv

aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-\n-b-a-ßƒ t]mepw ]men-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Im-ØXv XnI®pw A\p-Nn-X-

amWv. C∂sØ"A\n-b-{¥nX hnI-k-\hpw XXz-Zo-£-bn-√mØ ]cn-ÿn-kw-c-£-Whpw' F∂

kao]-\Øn-\p-]-Icw "kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\hpw {i≤m-]q¿Δ-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Whpw' F∂

hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ab-hn-√mØ N -́°q-́ n¬ HXp°n \n¿Ø-cp-sX∂v C∂v ]cs° AwKo-

I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ Imcy-amWv. {]mtZ-inI ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv ka-b-_-‘n-X-amb

\n_-‘-\-I-tfmsS {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS Bbn-cn-°Ww ]≤-Xn-

Iƒ cq]-I-ev]-\-sN-øm≥. CXmWv {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØ amt\-Pvsa‚ v (Adaptive co-management).

{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øns‚ B{K-l-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw kmº-

Øn-I-hp-amb kml-N-cy-ßƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fnse Hmtcm C\hpw thWtam

th≠tbm F∂v \n›-bn-°Ww. AØcw Hcp amt\-Pvsa‚ v coXn hnI-k-\hpw kwc-£-Whpw

ssItIm¿Øp-t]m-Im≥ klm-bn°pw. Cu kao-]-\sØ kw_-‘n® N¿®-bv°mbn t_mIvkv˛3

ImWpI.

16

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\ne-bn-te°v \ΩpsS hnI-k\ kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hn`m-h\ sNø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂mWv

kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. {]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hnI-k\˛ kwc-£W

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-∂-Xn\v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ß-fpsS ]q¿Æ-]-¶m-fnØw A\n-

hm-cy-amWv. Xp≠w-Xp-≠-ambn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-SmØ XpS¿®-bmb AXn-cp-I-fp≈ H∂n\pw Aan-X-

{]m-[m\yw Iev]n-°mØ ]¶m-fnØ kao-]-\-amWv kanXn C°m-cy-Øn¬ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂Xv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Isf ]‰n\mw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmgpw Cu AXp-cp-Iƒ°v ]pd-Øp≈

{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØ amt\-Pvsa‚ v coXn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂mWv kan-Xn-

bpsS A`n-{]mbw.

9. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Iƒ]cn-ÿnXnaen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw XS-bm\pw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS KpW-ta∑ sa®-s∏-

SpØn kwc-£n-°m\pw Bh-iy-sa∂v tXm∂p∂ F¥v \S-]-Sn-kzo-I-cn-°m\pw 1986se ]cn-ÿnXn

(kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse 3˛mw hIp∏v tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn ˛h\w-h-Ip-∏n\v A[n-Imcw \¬Ip∂p.

Cu e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn GsX-¶nepw taJ-e-bn¬ hyh-km-btam kwkvI-c-Wtam ]mSn-

s√∂pw AYhm Nne ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn am{Xta ]mSp-≈q-sh∂pw tI{μ k¿°m-

cn\v \n›-bn°mw. (sk£≥ 3(2) (v) Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw (hIp∏v V) B {]tZ-

i-Øns‚ ]c-am-h[n A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb amen-\y-\n-t£]w (hIp∏v ii) ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-]-c-amb

`qhn-\n-tbmKw (hIp∏v VI) kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-bp-am-bp≈ AIew (hIp∏v Viii) F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ hyh-km-b-ßfpw kwkvI-c-Whpw \ntcm-[n-°m\pw Ah-bpsS ÿm\w \nb-{¥n-

°m\pw ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse (1986) sk£≥ 5(1) tI{μ-k¿°m-cn\v A[n-

Imcw \¬Ip∂p.

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Hcp Xoc-tZ-i-{Km-a-amb apdpZv˛Pm≥Pn-d-bn-emWv 1989¬ Cu\n-b-a-Ønse

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ BZy-am-bn {]tbm-Kn-®Xv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Xoc-{]-tZ-i-amb Zlm\p Xmeq-°n-emWv

"]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZiw' F∂ ]Zw 1991¬ BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. XpS¿∂v alm-cmjv{S

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse alm-_-te-iz¿˛]©-K\n, amtX-c≥ ae-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ ]e {]tZ-i-ß

tfbpw Cu KW-Øn-epƒs∏-SpØn hn⁄m-]\w sNbvXp.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambn Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-isØ kwc-£n-°pI F∂ Dt±-i-tØmsS Nne

kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ ap≥ssI FSp-ØXp aqetam h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-ßƒ°pw \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-

Iƒ°pw 10 In.ao. Np‰-f-hn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ IqSn kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂ C¥y≥ t_m¿Uv t^m¿

ssh¬Uv sse^ns‚ 2002se {]ta-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem BWv ]e {]tZ-i-ß-tfbpw

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈Xv.

]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ taJ-e-/{]-tZiw, ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZiw/taJe F∂n-

ßs\ ]e ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ Ign™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn Cu cwKØv IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p≠v.

tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw 2000¬ \ntbm-Kn® {]Wm_v sk≥ IΩn‰n C¥y-bn¬

]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ \n›-bn-°m≥ P¥p˛kky-C-\-ßƒ, ssPh Bhm-k-hy-

hÿ, `qX-e-kz-`mhw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nne am\-Z-fi-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬In-bn-

´p≠v. Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m\yw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v IW-°n-se-Sp-t°≠ apJy-

L-S-IIw AhnsS hwi-\miw kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ C\-ßƒ Dt≠m F∂-XmWv. Ds≠-

¶n¬ Ahsb ]q¿Æ-ambn kwc-£n-°Ww F∂mWv sk≥I-Ωn-‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i. ]pjv]-sN-Sn-

Iƒ, a’y-ßƒ, Xh-f-Iƒ, ]£n-Iƒ, kkvX-\n-Iƒ XpS-ßn hwi-\m-i-`o-jWn t\cn-Sp∂

2000Øntesd C\-ßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Ds≠-∂-mWv IW°v. th≠{X ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-´n-

√mØ {]mWn-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ 1000Øntesd C\-ßƒ thsd D≠mIpw. hwi-\miw kw`-hn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ch \nXy-i-ey-{]-tZ-i-ß-fm-b tdmUvsskUv Dƒs∏sS ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-S-\ofw

hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂p. sk≥ IΩn‰n \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ am\-Z-fi-{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m-\y-

ap≈ taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°m≥ th≠ F√m KpW-K-W-ßfpw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-\p≠v. sk≥I-

Ωn‰n \n›-bn® am\-Z-fisØ Cu IΩn‰n ]q¿Æ-ambn ]n¥p-W-bv°p-Ibpw ]›n-a-L´w apgp-

h≥ ]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m-\y-ap≈ taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂v ip]m¿i sNøp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Imcw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v samØ-Øn¬

17

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

GIo-Ir-X-kz-̀ m-h-ap≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ {]Jym-]n-°m-\m-hn√, BI-bm¬ ]›n-a-L-́ sØ samØw

]e-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Xcw Xncn-°m-\mWv kanXn Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. AXm-bXv ]c-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambn

G‰hpw henb {]m[m-\y-ap≈ tkm¨˛1, Db¿∂ {]m[m-\y-ap≈ tkm¨˛2, _m°n-h-cp∂

kmam\yw {]m[m-\y-ap≈ tkm¨˛3. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈-hbv°v A\p-

tcm-[-am-bmWv Cu Xcw-Xn-cnhv. Ah XpS¿∂pw h\y-Po-hn-kw-c-£-W-\n-b-a-Ønse \nb-{¥-W-

ßƒ°v hnt[-b-amWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]›na-L-´-Ønse kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ tkm¨-˛1,

tkm¨-˛2, tkm¨-˛3 F∂nh thdn´v ImWn-°m-\mbn 4 \nd-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ `q]-S-

amWv kanXn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

9.1. ]›n-a-L´ Um‰m t_kvtaev∏-d™ 3 tkmWp-Iƒ°p≈ Um‰m t_kv c≠v coXn-bn¬ Xøm-dm°mw. \ne-hn-ep≈

kwc-£n-X-ta-Je irwJ-esb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw sk≥I-Ωn‰n ip]m¿i sNbvX ASn-

ÿm-\-tcJ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS Nn´-bmb am∏nwKpw sdt°m-UnwKpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw.

cmPy-Øn-\v samØ-ambn ASn-ÿm-\-tcJ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS Nn -́bmb am∏nwKpw sdt°m-Unßpw

\S-Ø-W-sa∂pw k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ°p ]pdta CX-c-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ,

k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ F∂n-h-scsb√mw ]s¶-Sp-∏n®v hn]p-e-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I-\-

]-cn-]m-Snbpw s\‰v-h¿°pw cq]-I-ev]-\-sNbvXv \S-∏m-°-W-sa∂pw 2000¬Xs∂ sk≥I-Ωn‰n

ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cp∂p. Cu kanXn CsXmcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw `qX-e-kz-`mhw,

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y -L-S-I-ßƒ F∂nh kw_-‘n® e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tIm¿Øn-W°n 2200

tesd {KnUp-Iƒ°v 5 an\n´v x 5 an\n´v As√-¶n¬ 9 In.ao x 9 In.ao. F∂ IW-°n¬ ÿe-]-c-amb

Um‰m-t_kv hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ hfsc apt∂-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\mbn Ah-ew-_n®

hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-coXn (Methodology) hym]-I-amb imkv{Xob ]cn-tim-[-\bvIv hnt[-

b-am-°m≥ th≠n C¥y-bnse {]apJ imkv{X B\p-Im-en-I-amb"Id‚ v kb≥kn's‚ 2011 P\p-

hcn e°-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp∂p.(Gadgil M. et al. 2011). CXns‚ Hcp kw£n-]vX-cq]w

t_mIvkv˛4¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. Cu Um‰m-t_kv hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ kzoI-cn® {]h¿Ø-\-co-

Xn-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ A[ymbw 20¬ ImWmw. ]qs\-bnse BVIEER Dw sIm¬lm-∏q-cn-se

DEVRAAI bpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ hni-Z-amb hn⁄m\ ASn-Ø-dbv°v kam-\-amWv kanXn cq]w

\¬Inb Um‰m-t_kpw.

t_mIvkv 4 : ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ am∏n-ßn\v Ah-ew-_n® {]h¿Ø-\-coXn(kw{Klw, KmUvKn¬ apX¬ t]¿, 2011 : Id‚ v kb≥kv)

tI{μ ]cn-ÿ-nXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw \ntbm-Kn® ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-

bpsS Hcp {][m\ Npa-Xe ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ, Is≠-Øp-

Ibpw Ahsb kwc-£n-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ip]m¿i-sN-øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-

XmWv ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßsf \n¿Δ-Nn-°m-\p≈ am\-Z-fisØ kw_-‘n-t®m

Ahsb Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm-\p≈ am¿§sØ kw_-‘nt®m BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp ka-hmbw

D≠m-bn-´n-s√∂v kanXn ]n∂oSv a\-kn-em°n. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-

fpsS am∏n-ßn\v ap≥]v CXn-\mbn Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-coXn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°-≠Xv AXy-¥m-

t]-£n-X-ambn. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏n-ßn\pw Ahsb \n¿Δ-Nn-°m-\p-ambn

Hcp ka-hm-b-Øn-se-Øm≥ Cu kanXn \S-Ønb N¿®-I-fp-tSbpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fp-tSbpw

hnhcw CXn-ep≠v. CXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Dt±iw c≠mWv.H∂v Bi-b-]-c-ambpw

{]h¿Ø-\-coXn kw_-‘n®pw kanXn FØn-t®¿∂n-´p≈ \nK-a-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v hnZ-

Kv[-cn¬ \n∂v \n¿t±-i-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw kzcq-]n-°pI, c≠v˛cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-

Øp-ap≈ ssPh˛kº∂ taJ-e-I-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏n-ßn\v Hcp

s]mXp-\-S-]Sn {Iaw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-co-Xnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI. Cu {]h¿Ø-

\-co-Xn°v am\-Z-fi-am-t°≠ LS-I-ßfpw Cu am\-Z-fi-ß-fpsS kwbp‡ hn\n-tbm-K-Øn-

eqsS ]›n-a-L´w t]mse AXn-hn-]p-e-am-sbmcp taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-

ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

18

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. Poh-im-kv{X-L-S-I-ßƒ : ]cn-ÿXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Poh-im-

kv{X-]-cambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw D≈ kmZr-iyhpw kº-∂-Xbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-W-sa∂v

Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p∂p.

(a) ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-º-∂X : Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS h¿§-{Kq-∏p-I-fnepw hyXykvX t{iWn-I-

fnepw D≈ sshhn≤ykº-∂X

(b) hwi-]-c-amb A]q¿ΔX : FÆ-Øns‚ hen-∏-Ønepw hnX-c-W-Ønepw h¿§-]-c-amb

{]mXn-\n-[yØnepw D≈ A]q¿ΔX

(c) hmk-ÿ-e-k-º-∂X : `qX-e-L-S-I-ß-fpsS ÿe-]-c-amb sshhn≤yw

(d) Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX : samØ-Øn-ep≈ PohIW (biomass) Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX.

(e) Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw ]q¿Δ-ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hns‚ IW-

s°-Sp∏v : A]q¿Δ kky-Pme {]mXn-\n[yw

(f) kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m\yw : {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-Wma Ncn-{X-aq-eyhpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn{X aqeyhpw.

2. `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Imem-h-ÿm-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-ßƒ : Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ {]Ir-Xn-Z-

Ø-amb a¿Ω-ÿm-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ LS-I-ßƒ CXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p. {]tZ-i-

Øns‚ Ncnhv, Dbcw, kz`mhw XpS-ßn-bh Xmsg ]d-bp∂ aq∂v LS-I-ß-fn¬ D]

-tbm-Kn°mw.

(a) `qX-e-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ : {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Ncnhv, Dbcw, kz`mhw XpS-ßn-bh

(b) Imem-h-ÿm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ : Imem-h-ÿ-bpsS kz`mhw, ag-e-`yX XpS-ßn-bh

(c) Zpc-¥-km-[yX : Dcpƒs]m-´¬, Im´pXo XpS-ßnb {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßƒ

3. _‘-s∏-´-h-cpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ :

s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ, Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ {]tXy-In®v Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS, {Kma-Xe

cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-bpsS ]ńI

Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xpw Ah {][m-\-L-S-I-ß-fmbn IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-ap≠v.

(sk£≥ 20¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-coXn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv taev]-d™ ÿnXn-hn-

h-c-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn kam-l-cn-°mt\m sk≥ IΩn‰n \n¿t±-in® am\-Zfiw ]q¿Æ-ambn

Dƒs°m-≈mt\m ka-b-]-cn-anXn aqew Ign-™n-ń√.

F∂n´pw Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]e t]mcm-bva-Ifpw Ct∏mgpw _m°n-bmWv. B\-I-fpsS k©m-

c-]-Y-sam-gn®v Pohn-I-fpsS hmk-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS XpS¿® kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ tU‰m-t_-kn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-bp≠v. Acp-hn-Iƒ, \Zn-Iƒ a‰v NXp-∏p-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ, `qK¿`-Pew XpS-ßn-b-

hsb kw_-‘n® ÿnXn hnh-c-ßfpw ]q¿Æ-a√. Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-hÿ, Pe-t{km-X-

p-Iƒ F∂nh Is≠Øn kwc-£n®v, kpÿn-cX \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {i≤m-]q¿Δ-ap≈ {]h¿Ø\w

Bh-iy-amWv. Rß-fpsS {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xv ae-{º-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ ]›n-a-Xo-c-

Øn-s‚bpw Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-fp-sSbpw {]iv\-ßƒ°v th≠{X ]cn-K-W\ \¬Im≥ Ign-™n-ń√.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw cmPy-Øm-Zy-ambn s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-bn-́ p≈ kpXm-cy-hpw hn]p-ehpw ÿem-

[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb kp{]-[m\ ]cn-ÿnXn am\-Z-fi-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp Um‰m-t_kv C∂v

\ap-°p≠v. Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m-\y-Øns‚ hyXykvX Xe-ßƒ imkv{Xo-

b-ambn th¿Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn CXv D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

]cn-ÿnXn ktN-X-\Xzw Hcp imkv{Xo-b-]Zw am{X-a√ AXv am\-h-cm-in-bpsS hen-sbmcp

DXvI-WvT-bm-sW∂v kanXn Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p. {]tXy-In®pw Hcp {]tZ-iØv F¥v kw`-hn-°p∂p

AXn-te-XmWm A`n-Imayw F∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n® hy‡-amb [mcW D≠m-hpI F∂Xv Hcp

19

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

imkv{Xob Um‰m-t_-kns‚ `mKw F∂Xp am{X-a√ AXv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-tI≠

Adn-hmWv. AXp sIm≠mWv kanXn ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse GsX√mw {]tZ-i-ßƒ "]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-ta-Je"Ifmbn IW-°m-°-W-sa-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v _‘-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm]-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bhpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw £Wn-®Xv.F¥p-sIm≠v Ah¿ C{]-Imcw Icp-Xp∂p

F∂pw Cu taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ambn HutZym-Kn-I-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ {]mtZ-

inI Bh-iy-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v Fs¥ms° \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw kan-XnXn Ah-

tcmSv Bcm-™n-cp∂p.

CXn\v {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-ep≈ {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-

fn¬ \n∂pw k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kan-Xn°v \nc-h[n \n¿t±-i-ßƒ e`n-®n-cp∂p. Ch-

bn¬ 2 \n¿t±-i-ßƒ {]tXyI {i≤ A¿ln-°p∂p. (1) kn‘p-Zp¿§ Pn√-bnse "kmh-¥v-hmSn'

tZmUm-am¿§v Xmeq-°p-I-fnse 25 {Kmaß-fnse {Kma-k-`-Iƒ Ah-cpsS {]tZiw "]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e {]tZi' ambn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂v {]ta-b-Øn-eqsS Bh-iy-s∏´p. (2) inhmPn k¿Δ-I-

em-ime \S-Ønb Hcp Kth-j-W-]-T-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ "alm-cmjv{S klym{Zn ]cn-

ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je' cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v sIm¬lm-]q-cnse Hcp k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-bmb DEVRAAI

\n¿t±-in®p. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-Øn\v \ne-hn-ep≈ \n¿Δ-N-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿ Cu

\n¿t±iw apt∂m-´p-h-®Xv. F∂m¬ hyXykvX Xe-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn

]›n-a-L-́ sØ apgp-h≥ IW-°m-°m≥ kanXn Xocp-am-\n-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂p. ]pXp-Xmbn ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v e`n® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]ńI˛2ep≠v.

taJe˛1, taJe˛2, taJe˛3 F∂v th¿Xn-cn-®n-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kanXn ASn-b-¥n-c-\-

S-]Sn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ]ńI˛2¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kanXn

Hcp {]tXy-I-\-S-]-Snbpw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂n√. {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v Imc-W-ß-fm-em-WnXv.H∂m-a-Xmbn

Ch-bpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°pI A{X Ffp-∏-a√. c≠m-a-Xmbn Ch-bv°p-th≠n Hcp `cW

kwhn-[m\w cq]-I-ev]\ sNøpI F∂Xpw Ffp-∏-a√. aq∂m-a-Xmbn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-

in-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-tf-°mƒ ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ ssk‰p-Iƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ thsd

D≠mImw. ka-b-]-cn-anXn aqew Ch-sb√mw Is≠-Øm≥ kan-Xn°v Bhn√.

]ńI 2 : ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°m≥ ]pXp-Xmbn e`n® \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-ißƒ-

alm-cmjv{S

temWm-hme˛J≠me

alm-cmjv{S klym{Zn

kmh-¥v-hmSn, tZmUm-am¿Kv Xmeq-°nse 25 {Kmaßƒ

tKmh

klym{Zn

kwc-£nX taJ-ebv°v Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

I¿Æm-SI

klym{Zn

IpS-Pm{Zn

IpSIv

kwc-£n-X-ta-J-ebv°v Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

Xan-gv\mSv

hm¬∏md

kwc-£n-X-ta-J-ebv°v Np‰p-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

20

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-ißƒ-

sImssS-°-\m¬

\oe-Kn-cn-Pn√

tIcfw

a≠-tIm¬

]\-ØSn

ss]X¬ae

{_“-Kncn˛Xncp-s\√n

hb-\mSv

_mWm-kpc˛Ip‰ymSn

\ne-ºq-¿˛ta-∏m-Sn-

sske‚ vhmen-˛\yq Aa-c-ºew

incp-hmWn

s\√n-bm-ºXn

]o®n ˛ hmgm\n

AXn-c-∏n≈n ˛ hmg-®m¬

]qbw-Ip´n ˛ aq∂m¿

Im¿Uaw ln¬kv

s]cn-bm¿

IpfØq-]pg

AK-kvXy-ae

kwc-£n-X-ta-J-ebv°v Np‰n-ep-ap≈ {]tZiw

10. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZi AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse 2200Hmfw hyXy-kvX-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ßƒ, \mj-

W¬]m¿°p-Iƒ, F∂nh Dƒs∏-´-hsb kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf∂pw, kanXn cq]w \¬Inb

Um‰m-t_-kns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw IW-°n-se-SpØv taJe˛1,

taJe˛2 taJe˛3F∂pw th¿Xn-cn-°m-sa-∂mWv kanXn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv. kmaq-lyhpw ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-]-c-hp-ambn aqey-ta-sd-bp≈ "kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ' Is≠-Øm≥ Gsd -{i-ahpw ka-

bhpw th≠n-h-∂Xn\m¬ kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v kam-\tam AXn-ep-]-cntbm khn-ti-j-X-

I-fp≈ Htc kwÿm-\sØ {]tZ-i-ßsf ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJe H∂n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥

kanXn \n¿t±-in-®p. Ch-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw 60% Øn¬ Ihn-b-cp-sX∂pw _m°n kwÿm-\-

Øns‚ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v \o°n shbv°-W-sa∂pw kanXn ip]m¿i sNbvXp. td‰n-

ßn¬ G‰hpw Xmsg hcp∂ 25 % taJe 3 epw _m°n taJe 2epw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw

kanXn \n¿t±-in®p. AXm-bXv kwc-£nX {]tZiw, taJe1, taJe2, F∂n-h-bn-embn 75% {]tZ-

i-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-®Xv. ae-{º-tZ-i-ß-fpsS 66% h\-ambn \ne-

\n¿Ø-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Rß-fpsS tZiob e£yw. ]›n-a-L´w {]tXyI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

\nd™ ae-tbm-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ 75% {]tZiw CØ-c-Øn¬ ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW∂v Rßƒ

ip]m¿i sNbvXp. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ sX°pw hS°pw XΩn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn khn-ti-j-X-bpsS

21

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Imcy-Øn¬ henb A¥-c-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ KpP-dmØv Um¶pw tIcf Ajm-ºp-a-e-Ifpw Htc-X-c-

Øn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bn√ BI-bm¬ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-sØbpw {]tXy-I-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-

ØmWv ip]m¿i-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬In-bXv. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn Xoc-{]-tZ-i-hp-ambn

tN¿∂p-h-cp∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-b-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-]-cn-ÿnXn aqey-

ßfpw Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw {]Xn-^-en-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn Xoc-Øp-\n∂v 1.5 In.ao. hoXn-bn¬ hn´mWv

kanXn AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw \S-Øn-bXv.

Npcp-°-Øn¬

1. ]›n-a-L´ taJe \n¿Æ-bn-®Xv Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn\pw {]tXy-I-am-bmWv.

2. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ \mem-asØ {]tXyI hn`m-K-am-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-

∂Xv.

3. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v ]pd-Øp-≈-h-bv°mWv taJe˛1, taJe˛ 2, taJe˛3 ]Zhn

\¬In-bXv.

4. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£n-X {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂-h-bn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ td‰n-ßn\v

kam-\tam AXn-ep-]-cntbm td‰n-ßn-\p-≈-hsb am{X-amWv taJe H∂n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-

bXv.

5. \Zn-I-fpsS D¤-h-ÿm-\-ßƒ, ]oT`q-an-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn¬ AXn-bmb Xmev]-

cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kaqlw A[n-h-kn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-

tZ-i-ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv.

6. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw taJe H∂n-s‚bpw samØ hnkvXo¿Æw

BsI-bp≈ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ 60%¬ IqSm≥ ]mSn√.

7. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw taJe˛1, taJe˛2 F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw BsI

hnkvXo¿Æw GI-tZiw 75% Bbn-cn-°Ww.

8. taJe ˛3s‚ hnkvXo¿Æw BsI hnkvXo¿Æ-Øns‚ 25%tØmfw Bbn-cn-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ taJe˛1, taJe˛2,taJe˛3 F∂n-h-bpsS

If¿am-∏p Iƒ kwÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nn{X-ßƒ 2 apX¬ 7 hsc-bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≠v.

5 an\n´v X 5 an\n´v As√-¶n¬ 9 In.ao. x 9 In.ao. F∂ ka-N-Xp-c-sØ-bmWv Um‰m-t_kv

ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. CXn\v {]Ir-Xn-ZØ Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpsStbm, hnt√Pv, Xmeq°v

t]mse-bp≈ `c-W-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fp-sStbm AXn¿Øn-bp-ambn bmsXm-cp-_-‘-hp-an√.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v F∂n-h-bpsS AXn¿Øn hy‡-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-

°p-∂-Xn\pw Hcp {]tZ-im-[n-jvTnX amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]≤-Xn°v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw kq£va-P-e-

t{km-X- p-I-fp-sSbpw {Kma-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn¿Øn IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-ap≈ Hcp taJ-em-kw-hn-[m-

\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-I-bmWv A`n-Imayw. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń \ne-hn¬ hcp-

tºmƒ hnim-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]¶m-fnØ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AtXm-dnń \n¿Δ-ln-t°≠ NpX-

e-bm-WXv. F∂m¬ BZy-Np-h-Sp-hbv∏v F∂ \ne-bn¬ Rßƒ \S-Ønb A]-{K-Y-\-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ taJe H∂n-s‚bpw c≠n-s‚bpw aq∂n-s‚bpw {]mcw-`]-cn[n Xm¬Im-en-I-

ambn hn⁄m-]\w sNø-W-sa∂v Rßƒ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

Cu AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw Xmeq°v/ tªm°v Xe-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-XmWv DNnXw. Cu ImgvN-∏m-

Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse 134 Xmeq-°p-I-tfbpw Rßƒ taJe H∂ntem c≠ntem

aq∂ntem Bbn Dƒs∏-SpØn Xmeq-°ns‚ Gdn-b-]¶pw DNn-X-amb taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-

bmWv CXn\v cq]w \¬In-bXv.

tKmh Hgn-sI-bp≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Cu taJe cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Npcp-°w, -]-ńI

3epw 4epw Pn√-I-fp-sSbpw Xmeq-°p-I-fp-sSbpw hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ A\p-_‘w c≠nepw aq∂nepw

e`n°pw

22

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 2

Nn{Xw 3

taJe 1 Dw 2 Dw 3 Dw, kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßfpw ˛ Xmeq-°-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

23

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 4

Nn{Xw 5

24

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

25

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]ńI 3 : taJ-e-I-fn-te°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ {]tZiw 50% Øn¬ A[n-I-ap≈ ]›n-a-L-´-Pn-√-Iƒ

kwÿm\w Pn√-Iƒ taJe H∂nse taJe c≠nse taJe aq∂nse

Xmeq-°p-Iƒ Xmeq-°p-Iƒ Xmeq-°p-Iƒ

KpP-dmØv 3 1 1 1

alm-cmjv{S 10 32 4 14

tKmh 2 _m[-I-a√ _m[-I-a√ _m[-I-a√

I¿Æm-SI 11 26 5 12

tIcfw 12 15 2 8

Xan-gv\mSv 6 9 2 2

samØw 44 83 14 37

50 iX-am-\tam AXn-e-[n-Itam {]tZiw ]›n-a-L´ AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p≈ Xmeq-°p-Iƒ am{Xta ]ńI 3¬ tN¿Øn-´p≈q. taJe H∂n-s‚tbm, c≠n-s‚tbm \ne-

hmcw Iev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Dƒs∏´ Xmeq-°p-I-ƒ ]ńI 3¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-Øh ]ńI

\men-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. tKmh-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ 1 an\n´v X 1 an\n´v ka-N-Xp-c-am-Wv

D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. tKmh-bpsS hen-∏-°p-dhv ]cnKWn®v taJ-em-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\v ]cn-ÿnXn

khn-ti-j-X-bmWv A√msX Xmeq-°√ B[m-c-am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. (A\p-_‘w H∂v ImWpI)

Cu taJ-e-Iƒ tKmh-bn-en-t∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ taJem πm≥ 2021˛se ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-

em-h¬°-c-W-hp-ambn ka-RvP-k-s∏-SWw.

]ńI 4 : taJe H∂n-te°pw c≠n-te°pw \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ {]tZiw 50% Øn¬ Xmsg

D≈ ]›n-a-L-´ Pn√-Iƒ

kwÿm\w ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse taJe H∂n¬ taJe c≠n¬

Pn√-Iƒ s]Sp-∂h s]Sp-∂h

KpP-dmØv 2 - ˛ 4

alm-cmjv{S 11 6 23

tKmh ˛ ˛ ˛

I¿Æm-SI 15 1 22

tIcf 9 2 16

Xan-gv\mSv ˛ ˛ ˛

* A\p-_‘w 2, 3 ImWpI

CXp-t]mse Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Isf Is≠Øn hn]p-e-amb Hcp ]¶m-fnØ

{]{In-b-bn-eqsS taJe H∂n-s‚bpw c≠n-s‚bpw AXn-cp-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw {]tZ-im-[n-jvTnX

amt\-Pvsa‚ v πm\n\v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bmWv.

AØ-c-Øn¬ G‰hpw Xmsg Xń-ep≈ Hcp kwcw-`-amWv t_mIvkv 5¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. ]ńI

5¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈ kn‘p-Zp¿Kv Zn√-bnse 25 {Kma-ß-fnse {Kma-k-`-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ]©m-bØv

{]tZiw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v {]tabw ]m m°n

ka¿∏n®p. CØ-c-samcp {]ta-b-Øns‚ kw£n]vX cq]w t_mIvkv 6¬ ImWmw.

26

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]ńI 5 : kn‘p-Zn¿K Pn√-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´h

Xmeq°v hnt√-Pp-Iƒ

tZmUm-am¿Kv ^ptIcn, tImƒ-km¿, Ip{ºm¬, kmtkmfn, I¬s\ DKm-UPv,

skmemsº, X¬°Xv _n.sI. tIm\m¬, [¿]n

kmh¥v hmSn tIkcn, U_n¬, Ak-\nsb. ]m´vsh˛aPvtKm¨, DtUen,

sUKvsh, _em-h¬, k¿am-se, H‰m-h-s\, ^≥km-hmsU,

Xtºmfn, tIm¨jn,\¶¿Smkv, s\then, ]Svsh

t_mIvkv 6 : {Kma-k-̀ -I-fpsS {]ta-b-Øns‚ {]k-‡-̀ mKw

h\w kwc-£-W-Øn\pw {Kma-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw NphsS ]d-bp∂ LS-I-ßƒ

]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS hnI-k\w. {Kma-ß-fn¬ h‰mØ Acp-hn-Iƒ \ap°v th≠p-thm-f-ap-

s≠-¶nepw Ch Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]≤-Xn-bp-≠m-hWw.

Bkq-{X-W-an-√mbva aqew th\¬°m-eØv Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ°v B-h-iy-Øn\v sh≈w e`n-

°p-∂n√. sNdnb AW-Ifpw _≠p-Ifpw \n¿Ωn®v sh≈w sIń-\n¿Øm-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q.

k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ CXp-kw-_-‘n®v {Kma-ß-fn¬ {]mY-anI \nco-£-W-ßfpw ]›m-Øe

At\z-j-W-ßfpw \S-Øn-bn-́ p≠v. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v ap≥K-

W\ \n›-bn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv {Kma-Ønse Hmtcm hm¿Un\pw CXp-≠m-IWw.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse {Kma-ß-fn¬ h‰mØ \ocp-d-hp-Iƒ th≠p-thm-f-ap≠v. Cu Acp-hn-I-

fn¬ sNdnb Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤XnIƒ \n¿Ωn®v sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. CXns‚

km[y-Xsb ]‰n ]T\w \S-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. Iip-amhv, AS° tXm -́ß-fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ Ahÿ

sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw. ê-h-£-^-e-`q-bn-jvT-Xbv°v th≠ Petam h\tam C√mØ CS-ß-fn¬

t_mIvkv 5 : Xmsg Xń-ep≈ Hcp kwcw`w

kn‘p Zp¿K Pn√-bnse 25 {Kma-k-`-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ]©m-bØp {]tZiw ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v {]tabw ]mkm°n. Cu {Kma-k-`m-tbm-

K-ß-fn¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ F¥p N¿®-bmWv \S-∂-sXt∂m icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-{Iaw ]men-®mtWm

Cu tbmK-ßƒ tN¿∂-sXt∂m kan-Xn°v Adn-bn√. F∂m¬ Cu {Kma-ß-fnse kμ¿i\w

hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv Cu {]ta-b-ßƒ°v Dd® P\-]n-¥pW Ds≠-∂mWv Xß-fpsS ]©m-b-Øns\

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-cp-sX-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v {]tabw ]m m-°nb \nc-

h[n ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ Ahn-sS-X-s∂-bp≠v. XpS¿∂p \S-Ønb N¿®-bn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°n-

bXv c≠v Xocp-am-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ Xpe\w sNøm≥ P\-ßƒ {ian-°p∂p F∂mWv. ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´m¬ Xß-fpsS ]©m-bØv J\\ òj-Wn-bn¬ \n∂v

c£-s∏-S-W-sa∂v Biz-kn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ]©m-bØv {]tZiw h\w-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Icm-f-l-

kvX-Øn-e-a-cp-sa∂ `bhpw Ah¿°p≠v. P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-an-√mØ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw P\sØ

Hgn-®p-\n¿Øn-bp≈ kwc-£-W-Øn\pw CXv DØa DZm-l-c-W-amWv. P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sSbpw

kl-I-c-W-tØm-sSbpw D≈ hnI-k-\-Øn\v˛ kwc-£-W-kw-`w-`-ß-fn-eqsS am{Xta ]cn-ÿnXn

kpÿn-c-Xbpw P\-ku-lr-Z-hn-I-k-\hpw ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ignbq. Cu coXn-bmWv A`n-Imayw

F∂mWv kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw Xß-fpsS ]©m-bØv ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-sa∂v

hn⁄m-]\w sNø-W-sa∂v {]tabw ]m m-°nb 25 {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Ifpw Um‰m-t_kv {]Imcw

taJe H∂n¬ Dƒs∏´ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Hcp irwJ-e-bmWv.

27

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ag-sh-≈sØ B{i-bn-®p≈ kky-h-\-h¬°-cWw hnI-kn-∏n°mw. CXn\v k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p≈

^≠pw ]cn-io-e-\hpw thWw.

Ct∏mƒ \ap°v th≠{X kky-\-gvk-dn-Iƒ C√. taev]-d™ kky-h-\-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v

Xt±-io-b-amb kky-\-gvkdn \ap°v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp°mw. Nne kzbw-k-lmb {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v

CXn¬ \n∂v BZm-bhpw e`n°pw.

hnt√Pv Sqdnkw: \ΩpsS {Kma-Ønse ]®∏v, tXm´-ßƒ, {]mNo\ Xd-hmSv hoSp-Iƒ

F∂n-h- hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cn-Isf BI¿jn-°p-∂p. apwss_bn¬ Xma-k-am-°n-bn≈ "X¬°Øv'

kztZ-in-Iƒ ]´-W-Ønse Ah-cpsS kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambn ChnsS FØm-dp≠v. Cu {Kmaw Hcp

hnt\mZ k©mc tI{μ-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ F√m km[y-X-I-fp-ap≠v.

a\p-jy\pw h\y-ar-K-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw: X¬IØv {Kmaw h\-tØmSv tN¿∂v

InS-°p∂ {]tZ-i-amWv. tXm´-ßƒ h\-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Awt_m-fnbv°pw Xn√m-

cn°pw CS-bv°p≈ Cu h\-{]-tZiw h\y-arK kº-∂-amWv. At\-I-h¿j-ß-fmbn Cu h\y-

ar-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-embn Pohn-°p∂ Rßƒ Cu ASpØ Ime-Ømbn Ipcßv, B\, ]p≈n-

∏pen F∂n-h-bpsS ieysØ t\cn-tS≠n hcp-∂p≠v. Cu {]tZ-i-Øn\v Hcp hnI-k-\-]-≤Xn

Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]iv\hpw IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°Ww. ImcWw XpS¿∂pw Cu h\y-Po-hn-

Iƒs°m∏w Ign-bm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cmWv Rßƒ.

Rß-fpsS {]tZiw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Chn-SsØ hnI-k-\-]-≤Xn

Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv k¿°mcpw {Kma-hm-kn-Ifpw Iq´m-bn-́ mWv. ssa\nßv s{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw a‰pw Poh\v

lm\n-I-c-am-sW∂v am{X-a√ \ΩpsS hcp-am\ t{kmX- n-s\bpw AXv \in-∏n-°p∂p. CØcw

t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°p-]-Icw Rßƒ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv Rß-fpsS {Kmaw Hcp ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-

{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-®p-Im-Wm-\mWv.

11. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Iƒ A\p-̀ -h-]m-T-ßƒ

\n¿±n-jvS-]-cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a\p-jys‚ {]h¿Ø\w \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

bmsXmcp am¿§-tc-Jbv°pw {]Wm_v sk≥ IΩn‰n cq]w \¬In-bn√. F∂m¬ Cu tPmen

]n∂oSv ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw kzbw Gs‰-SpØp. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-Ønse

5˛mw hIp-∏p-{]-Imcw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-t∑¬ a{¥m-ebw \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-SpØn. ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°m-\p≈ Hcp \n¿t±iw e`n-®m¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn a{¥m-ebw

hn⁄m-]\w Xøm-dm°n s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw

{]Xn-I-cWw Bcmbpw. ̀ qan Hcp kwÿm-\-hn-j-b-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬ hn`m-h\ sNbvXn-

´p-≈-Xp-t]mse `qhn-\n-tbmKw Nn´-s∏-SpØn Hcp taJ-e-hn-I-k\ ]≤Xn Xøm-dm-°m≥ _‘-

s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏Spw. P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cpØn kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿

taJ-em-hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn°v A¥na cq]w \¬Ipw.

Cu ]≤Xn \n¿Δ-l-W-Øns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn-\mbn a{¥m-ebw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ D∂-X-Xe

Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn-bn¬ an°-t∏mgpw {]mtZ-inI {]mXn-\n[yw D≠m-bn-cn-°n√.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw KpW-I-c-amb ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ßƒ {]Zm\w

sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ A]m-I-X-Ifpw [mcm-f-ap≠v. CXn¬ G‰hpw Kuc-h-

ap≈ {]iv\w Cu kwhn-[m\w DtZym-Kÿ \nb-{¥n-X-ßsf {Iam-Xo-X-ambn B{i-bn-t°≠n

hcp∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv. {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øns‚ ]¶m-fnØ Ipdhpw kpXm-cy-a-√mØ DtZym-

Kÿ {]h¿Ø-\hpw DØ-c-hm-ZnXz Ipdhpw Agn-a-Xnsb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂p. X¬^-e-ambn

kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_e hn`mKw ISpØ ]oT-\-Øn\pw Nqj-W-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-Ip∂p. AtX

kabw kº-∂cpw i‡cpw \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ Im‰n¬ ]d-Øp∂p. CXv {]mtZ-inI FXn¿∏n\pw

kwL¿j-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip∂p.

28

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\Øv 4 ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-I-fmWv cq]o-I-cn-®Xv. apcpSv̨ Pm≥Pnd,

Zl\p Xmeq°v, amtX-c≥, alm-_-te-iz¿˛]©-K\n F∂n-h-bm-Wnh. XpS¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ A[n-Ir-X¿ Hcp-t]mse hnap-J-cm-sW-∂-XmWv A\p-

`hw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v 19˛12˛1996¬ Zl\ Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-dn‰n cq]o-I-cn-

®Xv Hcp h¿j-tØ-°mWv. XpS¿∂v BZyw c≠v amk-tØ°pw ]ns∂ aq∂v amk-tØ°pw

XpS¿∂v Bdp amk-tØ°pw Imem-hp[n Zo¿Ln-∏n®p. AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS Ah-tem-I-\-tijn IW-

°n-se-SpØv CsXmcp ÿncw kwhn-[m-\-am-°-W-sa∂v ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv

A`y¿∞n-s®-¶nepw ho≠pw 6 amk-tØ°p IqSn Imem-h[n \o´mt\ a{¥m-ebw Xøm-dm-bp≈q.

XpS¿∂v tImSXn CS-s]-S-en-eq-sS-bmWv ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse (1986) hyh-ÿ-

Iƒ {]Imcw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw a‰pw \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw AtXm-dn-‰n°v kn≤n-®Xv.

alm-_-te-iz¿ ˛ ]©-K\n D∂-X-Xe Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xnbpw XpS¿®bv°v t\cn´ XS-

hpw A[n-Im-c-an-√m-bvabpw aqew ISpØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-embn. alm-_-te-iz¿ D∂-X-Xe kan-

Xnbpambpw a‰v {]h¿Ø-I-cp-ambpw Cu kanXn \S-Ønb N¿®-I-fnepw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-hp-

ambn \S-Ønb N¿®-I-fnepw kμ¿i-\-ß-fnepw Hcp kΩn{i {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv e`n-®Xv. \n¿`m-

Ky-h-im¬ 2002 apX¬ 2005 hsc CØ-c-samcp kan-Xntb \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ap≥]-Xn-hn¬

\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn \ne-hn-ep≈ sNb¿am≥ {io.tZhv Kp]vX-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kanXn

AwK-ßƒ P\-ß-fn-te-s°-Øm\pw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw Xøm-dmbn. CØcw

kan-Xn-I-fpsS kao-]-\-Øn¬ h∂ ]mI-∏n-g-Iƒ aqew ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-Iƒ ]pdta

\n∂v Ah-cpsS ta¬ ASn-t®-ev]n-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw Xßsf ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw NqjWw sNøm-

\p-ap≈ Agn-a-Xn-°m-cmb DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Hcp-]m-[n-bm-Wn-sX∂pw P\-ßƒ [cn-®p-h-imbn.

kz¥w Irjn-bn-S-Øn¬ Ipg¬In-W¿ Ipgn-°m≥ A\p-aXn e`n-°m≥ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v 20,000 cq]

ssIIqen sImSp-t°-≠n-h-∂Xv kw_-‘n® ]cmXn Cu kan-Xn°v e`n-®n-cp∂p. alm-_-te-iz¿

˛ ]©-K\n taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]´nI h¿§-°mcpw ]c-º-cm-KX h\-hm-kn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

BI-bm¬ h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw A©p-h¿jw ap≥]v Ch¿°v \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p. C°m-cy-

Øn¬ bmsXmcp {ia-hp-ap-≠m-bn-´n√. NqjWw XpS-cm≥ th≠n Bbn-cp∂p CsX∂v A\p-am-\n-

°Ww. kz¥w {Kma-Øn-te-°p≈ ]gb hgn-Iƒ t]mepw h\w-h-Ip∏v {S©p-Iƒ Ipgn®v XS- -

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmbn ]cmXn Db¿∂n-cp∂p. XpS¿∂v {io. am[hv KmUvKn¬ t\cn´v Cu hnjbw ]cn-

tim-[n®p. ssIIqen hmßn-sIm≠v At∏m-tg°v Cu {S©p-Iƒ aÆn v́ \nc-∏m-°n-b-XmWv ImWm≥

Ign-™Xv. apwss_ ]cn-ÿnXn B£≥ {Kq∏v amtX-c-\n¬ Ah¿ Xs∂ {]tam´v sNøp∂ Hcp

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJe kμ¿»n-°m≥ t]meokv kwc-£Ww tXSn-b-Xn¬ \n∂v CXnse

P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øns‚ A`mhw a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. (Kapoor, M: K Kohli and M Menon 2009)

7, 8, 9 t_mIvkp-Iƒ Cu A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°p∂p.

29

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 7: Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-dn‰n

1994se 231˛mw \º¿ dn´v Xo¿∏m-°n-sIm-≠p≈ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n-bpsS Npcp°w.

""]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫-e-amb Zlm\p Xmeq-°ns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-

t‚bpw a‰v kzX{¥ Ãm‰yq-´dn AtXm-dn-‰n-bp-tSbpw XpS¿®-bmb Ah-tem-I\w Bh-iy-amWv.

tI{μ-k¿°m¿ 1996¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® hn⁄m-]-\-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn tI{μ-

k¿°m¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Su¨/ doPn-b-W¬ πm≥ \S-∏m-°m≥ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn\v _m[y-

X-bp≠v. Zlm\p taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tI{μ-k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® c≠v hn⁄m-]-\-ß-

fnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn \n¿±njvS πm≥ \S-∏m-°m≥ alm-cmjv{Sm k¿°m-cn-t\mSv

\n¿t±-in®p. Cu hn[n-\ym-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ NEERI ip]m¿i-Iƒ kwÿm\ k¿

°m¿ ]cn-K-Wn®v \S-∏m-t°-≠-XmWv.''

Ah-tem-I-\-Øn-\mbn apwss_ sslt°m-S-Xn-bn-te°v am‰nb B dn v́ s]‰o-j≥ Ct∏mgpw

AhnsS IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bmWv. dn´ns‚ \º¿ 981/1998.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-amb Zlm\p Xmeq-°ns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\pw aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-

W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-fp≈ Hcp AtXm-dn‰n (]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nb-a-

Ønse 3 (3) hyhÿ {]Imcw) cq]o-I-cn-°m\pw tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n-t\mSv kp{]ow tImSXn

\n¿t±-in®p. Hcp dn´-tbUv sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Cu AtXm-dn-‰n-bn¬

Pe-]-T\w, kap{Z ]T\w, D]-cn-Xe˛Pe-]-cn-ÿnXn, ]cn-ÿnXn F©n-\n-b-dnMv, hnI-k\w,

]cn-ÿnXn Bkq-{XWw, hnhc kmt¶-XnI hnZy F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-KvXsc AwK-ß-

fmbpw tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \nb-an-°-W-sa∂pw tImSXn \n¿t±-in®p. 1986se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-

£W) \nb-a-Ønse hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ {]Imcw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Im\pw \S-]Sn FSp-°m\pw

D≈ A[n-Imcw Cu AtXm-dn-‰n°v \¬I-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp∂p.

1996 Unkw-_¿ 20\Iw AtXm-dn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p \n¿t±iw. ap≥I-cp-X¬

XXzhpw aen-\o-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂-h¿ AXns‚ hne \¬I-W-sa∂ XXzhpw AtXm-dn‰n \S

-∏m-°Ww. NEERI bpsS ip]m¿i-Ifpw Zlm\p Xmeq-°ns‚ taJem ]≤-Xnbpw Zlm\p]-´W-

Øns‚ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xnbpw AtXm-dn‰n \S-∏m-°Ww.

Aßs\ 19/12/1996 se hn⁄m-\-{]-Imcw Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W

AtXm-dn‰n tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw cq]o-I-cn®p.

XpS-°-Øn¬ Hcp h¿j-am-bn-cp∂p AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS Imem-h[n. XpS¿∂v BZyw 2 amkhpw

]n∂oSv 3 amkhpw XpS¿∂v 6 amkhpw Zo¿Ln-∏n®p. Ah-tem-I\ Npa-Xe Imcy-£-a-ambn

\n¿t±-in-°m≥ th≠n AtXm-dn‰n Hcp ÿncw kwhn-[m-\-am-°-W-sa∂v a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv

A`y¿∞n-®n-cp∂p. F¥m-bmepw a{¥m-ebw 6 amk-tØ-°p-IqSn Imem-h[n Zo¿Ln-∏n®p. AXn-

\p-tijw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ a{¥m-ebw ka¿∏n® dn´ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C\n Hcp

DØ-chv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS Imem-h[n kp{]ow tImSXn Zo¿Ln-∏n®p.

AtXm-dn-‰n-bn¬ s]mXp-k-aq-lsØ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv Hcp -k-∂≤ kwL-S\m {]Xn-

\n-[n-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ign™ 16 h¿j-ambn CXv Hgn™p InS-°p-I-bmWv.

AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS khn-tj-X-Iƒ

AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS tbmK-ßƒ Xpd∂ tbmK-ß-fmWv. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ, {]h¿Ø-I¿, _‘-

s∏´ k¿°m¿ hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿, t{]mPIvSv GP≥kn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpsS km∂n-≤y-

Øn-emWv {]iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-∂Xv. AtXm-dn-‰n°v e`n-°p∂ F√m ]cm-Xn-Ifpw

Cu thZn-bn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏Spw. A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ CsXmcp s]mXp IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-

bmWv. F√m-h-cp-tSbpw km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ N¿® sNbvsX-Sp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ IrXy-

ambn \S-∏m°pw. CXp-hsc F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw ssIsIm-≠Xv sFIy-I-WvtT-\-bmWv.

AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS tbmK-ß-fn¬ 70 apX¬ 100 hsc {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw

Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v.

30

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

AtXm-dn‰n apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p∂ A\p-]-a-amb Hcp am\-Zfiw ]≤-Xn-bpsS

kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_-‘-X-bmWv. ]≤-Xn-Iƒ _m[n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-

ßƒ°v kam-P-a-μn-c-ßƒ, kna‚ v `WvTm-c-ßƒ, _kv-Ãm‚ v sjUp-Iƒ,

Pnwt\-jy-ßƒ, skan-tØcn, Ipg¬In-W-dp-Iƒ, k©-cn-°p∂ Bip-]{Xn

hm\p-Iƒ, t{Smam sk‚-dp-Iƒ, asÆm-en∏v XS-bm≥ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ XpS-

ßnb kmaq-ly-ku-I-cy-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v _‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-

ÿ¿°v \n¿t±iw \¬In-bn-´p≠v. Cu kmaq-ly-ku-I-cy-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-

°m≥ ]≤Xn DS-a-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-ßfpw kl-I-cn®v apt∂m´p t]mIp∂p

F∂-Xp-Xs∂ kt¥m-j-I-c-amWv.

sa®-s∏´ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°p≈ Ah-Imiw `c-W-L-S\m 21˛mw B¿´n-°nƒ ]cn-

K-Wn-°p∂ Ahn-̀ mPy LS-I-amWv. AXmWv Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw. AXn-

\m¬ CXn\v Np‰p-]mSpw Pohn-°p∂ Bfp-I-fpsS ta¬ {]tXyI {i≤

]pe¿Øp∂p. sX¿Ω¬ ]h¿ πm‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰v hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬

\n∂pw han-°p∂ ]pIbpw a‰pw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-te¬∏n-°p∂ BLmXw A]-

{K-Yn-°m-\mbn imco-cnI BtcmKy ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-∂p≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬

]≤Xn DS-a-Ifpw kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-ßfpw AtXm-dn-‰nsb

klm-bn-°p-∂p≠v. {]tZ-isØ kv{XoIƒ°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ̂ mIvSdn sXmgn-

em-fn-Iƒ°pw th≠n BtcmKy kwL-S-\-Ifpw saUn-°¬ Iymºp-Ifpw

AtXm-dn‰n kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 51mw hIp∏v Dd-

∏p-\¬Ip∂ sa®-s∏´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn‰n {]Zm\w sNøp∂p.

Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ap≥\n¿Øn ap≥Iq¿ h\ h¬°c-Whpw ap≥Iq¿

]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw F∂ ]pXnb Bi-b-amWv AtXm-dn‰n kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. CXn-

\p≈ `qan apt∂-Xs∂ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-sW-∂mWv k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ

]d-bp-∂Xv. BI-bm¬ Cu Bi-b-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d®v apt∂-dp-I-bmWv A`n-Im-ayw.

-Im-cWw _Z¬ h\-h¬°-c-Whpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw A\pt]£-Wo-b-amWv.

cmjv{S-]n-Xmhv apt∂m´v h® ]ªnIvv {SÃv F∂ kwhn-[m\w (Public Trust

Doctrine) C¥y≥ kp{]ow tImS-Xnbpw Ata-cn-°≥ kp{]ow tImS-Xnbpw C∂v AwKo-

I-cn-®n-´p≠v. CX-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\tam k¿°mtcm {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-

f√, adn®v {SnÃn-Iƒ am{X-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v CXv s]mXp-\-∑-bv°p-th≠n D]-

tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv tÃ‰ns‚ IS-a-bmWv. AXm-bXv kzIm-cy-hy-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw ÿm]-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm¿∞ Xmev]-cy-tØ-°mƒ s]mXp D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn Cu hn`-h-

ßƒ ]p\¿hn-X-cWw \S-ØWw.

kp{]ow tImSXn 1996 HIvtSm-_¿ 31se DØ-chpw {]Imcw dn´v s]‰o-j≥

Xo¿∏m-°msX {]iv\w samØ-Øn¬ Ah-tem-I\w sNøm≥ \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm≠v

apwss_ sslt°m-S-Xn°v ssIamdn. Zl\p Xmeq-°n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ aen-\o-I-

c-W-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xpw Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-hp-amb hyh-km-b-ßsf \nb-am-\p-

krXw ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa∂pw tImSXn \n¿t±-in®p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ tI{μ-

k¿°m¿ hn⁄m-]-\-ßƒ, Su¨/taJem πm\p-Iƒ, NEERI dnt∏m¿ v́ F∂nh IqSn

IW-°n-se-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw tImSXn Bh-iy-s∏´p. AtXm-dn-‰n°v {]iv\-ßƒ

ssIImcyw sNøm≥ CXv hfsc klm-b-I-ambn. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Iev°cn D]-

tbm-Kn®v Du¿t÷m-ev]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂ Chn-SpsØ πm‚ v bmYm¿∞-Øn¬ IS-en-

emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. X∑qew ChnsS Hcp FGD (Flue Gas Desulfurizer) πm‚ v

ÿm]n-t°-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n- -X-am-bn-cp∂p. A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-

°p∂ ^vssf Bjm-bn-cp∂p Kuc-h-I-c-amb as‰mcp {]iv\w. Cu πm‚ v AtXm-dn-

‰n-bpsS kq£va \nco-£-W-Øn-emWv. ̂ vssf Bjns‚ 70% Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. _m°n 30% Fßs\ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v N¿®-

Iƒ \S-∂p-h-cp∂p.

31

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 8 : alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-K\n ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJe(HLMC -˛ High Land Monitoring Committee - D∂-Xm[n-Imc ta¬t\m´

kanXn sNb¿am≥ {io. Un. taØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv)

kw£n]vX ]›m-Øew

ae-ap-I-fnse {]i-kvX-am-sbmcp hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-{μ-amWv alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-KWn.

DØ-c-]-›na L´-Ønse CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ GI tI{μw IqSn-bm-WnXv. Cu taJ-ebv°v Hcp

kº∂ {]IrXn ss]Xr-I-ap≠v IrjvW, sImbv\ \Zn-Iƒ Chn-sS-bmWv D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv. hnt\m-

Z-k-©m-cn-I-fpsS _mlp-eyhpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A\-[n-IrX IpSn-tb-‰hpw tlm´¬ \n¿Ωm-

Whpw h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw Jc-am-en-\y-ßfpw KXm-K-X-Ip-cp-°p-sa√mw Cu {]tZ-i-Øn\v ISpØ

òj-Wn-bmWv.

Cu A\n-b-{¥nX hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Zqjy-^-e-ßƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv Chn-SpsØ 123.96

NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-‰¿ {]tZiw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v 2001 P\p-

h-cn-bn¬ tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®p. \nb-{¥n-X-amb

kpÿnc hnI-k-\hpw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv.

IrjvW Pe X¿° ss{S_yq-W-ens‚ ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-≠mb hn[n alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-KWn

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p. "A¬amń' AW-s°-ń-t\bpw

AXns‚ hrjvTn {]tZ-i-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bmWv IrjvW,

sImbv\ \Zn-Iƒ.

IrjvW \Zn-bnse "t[mw, _m¬°m-hSn AW-s°-´p-Ifpw' , sImbv\ \Zn-bnse Pe-kw-

`-c-Wnbpw hfsc {i≤m-]q¿Δw ]cn-c-£n-®m¬ am{Xta A¬amń AW-s°-ń\v ta¬`m-K-Øp≈

{]tZ-isØ ag-°m-eØv {]f-b-s°-Sp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°m≥ Ignbq. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂

alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-KWn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£Ww hfsc {]m[m-\y-

a¿ln-°p∂p.

a¨kq¨ ImeØv alm-_-te-iz-dn¬ e`n-°p∂ 8000 an.ao ag-sh≈w Chn-SsØ h\-{]-

tZ-i-ßfpw 9 ]oT-`q-an-Ifpw a‰pw tN¿∂mWv hen-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv. Chn-SpsØ Imem-hÿ hyXn-

bm-\-Øns‚ ê-ambn ag e`y-X-bnepw Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw Imhy-amb am‰w kw`-hn-®n-´p≠v.

Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn \Zo-XS {]m[m-\y-Øn\p ]pdta {]Xn-h¿jw ChnsS FØp∂

10 e£w hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cn-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-ap≈ Xmak˛`£W kuI-

cy-ßfpw ChnsS Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p≠v.

CXn\p ]pd-ta-bmWv Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒ.

tamWn-´-dnßv IΩ-‰n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w

D∂-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-bpsS BZy \nb-a\w 2002 apX¬ 2005hscbpw c≠m-asØ

\nb-a\w 2008 apX¬ 2012 hscbpw Bbn-cp∂p.

kan-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ NphsS

{]h¿Ø\ ̨ hnI-k-\m-[n-jvTnX Xocp-am-\-ßƒ :

1. taJ-em-πm≥

D∂-X-Xe kanXn taJ-em-πm≥ hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw Nne Iqń-tt®¿°-ep-

Ifpw t`Z-K-Xn-Ifpw hcpØn tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v ka¿∏n®p. a{¥m-ebw

CXv ]q¿Æ-ambn AwKo-I-cn® tijw hn⁄m-]\w sNøm-\mbn alm-cmjv{S k¿°m-cn\v

\¬In.

Cu taJ-e-bnse sh≈-®m-´-ß-tfbpw Acp-hn-I-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v Hcp k¿sΔ \S-Øm-

\mbn 2010 am¿®n¬ {io. tUhoUv Im¿tUm-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ D∂-X-Xe kanXn Hcp D]-

k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-Kn®p. D]-k-anXn k¿sΔ sNbvX Acp-hn-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-ß-tfbpw 12 sh≈-

®m-´-ß-tfbpw taJem amÃ¿ πm\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-ebv°v

32

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Np‰p-ap≈ Icp-X¬ taJ-e-bpsS AXn¿Øn bp‡n klambn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xns\ ]‰n

s{]m.Pbv kma¥v, s{]m.hnPbv ]c©vss] F∂n-h¿ ]T\w \SØn hcn-I-bmWv. ]T\w ]q¿Øn-

bm-bm¬ DNn-X-amb ip]m¿i-Iƒ k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n°pw.

2. Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm≥

Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ Imcy-ßƒ D∂-X-Xe kanXn Xocp-am-\n®v alm-

cmjv{S Sqdnkw hnI-k\ tIm¿∏-td-j\v \¬In-sb-¶nepw tIm¿∏-td-j≥ CXp-hsc amÃ¿πm≥

Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´n√. taJem amÃ¿ πm\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ Hcp {][m\ C\-am-WnXv.

3. hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

]©-KWn, alm-_-te-iz¿, Su¨jn∏v AS-°-ap≈ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v A¥n-a-cq]w

\¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§ tcJ-Iƒ D∂-X-Xe kanXn, alm-cmjv{S \K-cm-kq{XW Ub-d-IvS¿°v

\¬In-bn-´p≠v. Ch¿ Xøm-dm-°p∂ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw AwKo-

I-cn®p Ign-™m¬ Ah D]-ta-Jem amÃ¿ πm\p-I-fmbn IW-°m°pw.

4. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ ]T\ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

Imem-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßƒ {lkz-Ime Zo¿L-Ime ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nco-£n-

°p-∂-Xn-\mbn B[p-\nI D]-I-c-W-ßfpw kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ap≈ Hcp C≥Ãn-‰yq´v alm-_-te-iz-

dn¬ ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n®p. alm-_-te-iz-dn-ep≈ sa‰o-cn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ hIp-∏ns‚

hf-∏n¬ CXv ÿm]n-°m-\mWv Xocp-am\w.

5. ]pXnb {KmaoW hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ

alm-cmjv{Sm k¿°m-dns‚ {]Jym-]\w sshIp-∂-Xp-aqew ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-

bnse 12 {Kma-ßƒ ̀ cW-]-chpw hnI-k-\-]-c-hp-amb \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. \n¿±njvS

taJ-e-bn¬ hoSp-Iƒ°m-bp≈ At]-£-Iƒ°v AwKo-Imcw \¬Im≥ kØmd Pn√m If-IvS-

tdmSpw Cu t`Z-KXn taJem amÃ¿ πm\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ \K-cm-kq-{XW Ub-d-IvS-tdmSpw

D∂-X-Xe kanXn AXns‚ Ign™ tbmK-Øn¬ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v tdmUv kuI-cy-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ e`y-

am-°m≥ Cu Xocp-am\w klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv {]Xo£.

6. ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-t_m[w

Hcp t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Snbv°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw adm-Øn-bnepw Cw•o-jnepw

A®-Sn® eLp-tc-J-Ifpw knUn-Ifpw, ^nen-ap-Ifpw a‰pw P\-ß-fp-ambn \nc-¥cw _‘-s∏-

Sp∂ k¿°m¿ B^o-kp-I-fnepw {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fnepw tlm´-ep-I-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw

hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv Ct∏mgpw XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-

bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sh_vssk‰v DS≥ XpS-ßp-∂-XmWv. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww

kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ß-fpsS hymJym-\-Øn-\mbn Hmtcm tI{μ-ßƒ alm-_-te-iz-dnepw ]©-K-

Wn-bnepw ÿm]n-®n-´p≠v. CØcw IqSp-X¬ tI{μ-ßƒ taJ-e-bn-em-I-am\w ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-I-

bmWv. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-esb kw_-‘n®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw

Adn-bm-\p-ambn kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, A≤ym-]-I¿, {]n≥kn-∏¬am¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc ]s¶-Sp-

∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ skan-\m-dp-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

7. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw

D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS Hmtcm tbmK-Øn\p apºpw {Kq∏p-I-fmbn kwth-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v

{]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS tbmKw hnfn-®n-cp∂p. Xt±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse Poh-\-°m¿, kvIqƒ

A≤ym-]-I¿, k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ, kPoh {]h¿Ø-I¿, tlm´¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, SmIvkn,

IpXn-c-h≠n DSa Atkm-kn-tb-j≥. kv{Sm_dn ˛ D¬]m-Z-I-kw-Lw, Sq¿ Hm∏-td-‰¿am¿, F∂n-

h¿ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-esb kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ AXns‚ Ncn-{X-]-chpw `qan-

im-kv{X-]-chpw, Poh-imkv{X ]chpw, ]mc-º-cy-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c-ßƒ F∂nh Ch¿ e`y-am-

33

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

°n-bn-cp∂p. {]mtZ-in-I-amb _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn°v a\- n-em-

°m≥ CXv hgn-sbm-cp°n. kan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ CXv {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-ap≠v.

sa®-s∏´ Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-Øn-\mbn {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-

°p-∂-Xns\ Rßƒ ]c-am-h[n t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p.

8. Ct°m Sqdn-ksØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p

kpJ-hmk ]c-º-cm-KX Sqdn-k-Øn¬ \n∂v ]cn-ÿnXn˛kmwkvIm-cnI˛Im¿jnI kulrZ

Sqdn-k-Øn-te°v amd-W-sa∂v D∂-X-Xe kanXn _‘-s∏´ F√m GP≥kn-I-tfbpw DZvt_m-

[n-∏n-°p∂p. CXn-\mbn ssKUp-I-fpsS {]tXyI tbmKw hnfn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bv°mbn Hcp ]cn-

io-e\ inev]-ime kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]Ir-Xn-`wKn Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw IpXn-

c-k-hm-cn-bn-te°pw a‰pw Sqdn-Ãp-Isf Xncn-®p-hn-Sm-\mbn tlm´-ep-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS amXr-

Ibpw Xøm-dm°n.

\nb-{¥-W-Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ

sh∂m XSm-I-Øn\v IpdpsI tdm]vsh ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±iw D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-

bpsS apºmsI FØn-b-t∏mƒ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse tdm]v-shbvkv \nb-a-Øn\v FXn-cm-I-bm¬

A\p-aXn \ntj-[n®p. icn-bmb \S-]Sn {Ia-ßƒ ]men-°m-sXbpw kan-Xn-bp-sStbm ]cn-

ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn-s‚tbm A\p-aXn hmßmsX ]©-K-Wn-bn¬ Hcp Aayq-kvsa‚ v

]m¿°v ÿm]n®p. Cu ]m¿°p-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ sISp-Xn-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°m≥ D∂-X-Xe

kanXn {ian-®p-h-cp∂p. CXn-\mbn Nne Xncp-Ø¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ _‘-s∏´ GP≥kn-

tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. CØcw A\-`n-em-j-Wo-b-amb hnI-k\w `mhn-bn-ep-≠m-In-

s√∂v taJ-em-am-Ã¿ πm≥ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

A\-[n-IrX \n¿Ωm-Whpw a‰pw XS-bm-\mbn AwKo-IrX hnI-k\ πm\p-Iƒ°p-am-{Xta

sshZypXn IW-£≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ \¬Imhq F∂v Xocp-am-\n-®n-́ p≠v. hym]I-

ambn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp∂ Xe-Nm-bv°m-s\m-cn-Shpw hni-∏-S-°m≥ am¿§hpw F∂ XXzw

]pXnb am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Dƒs∏´ taJ-em-am-Ã¿ πm≥ hn⁄m-]\w sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc Xmev°m-

en-I-ambn ac-hn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.

`oam-Im-c-amb ]c-ky-t_m¿Up-Iƒ \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn hym]-I-ambn ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn

ImWm≥ Ign™p. CXv {]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-hp-amb ss]XrI ImgvN-Iƒ ad-

bv°p∂p. A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ F√m t_m¿Up-Ifpw \o°w sNøm≥ Xocp-am-

\n®p. s]mXp-a-cm-aØv hIp∏v ASp-Ø-Im-eØv CØcw 58 t_m¿Up-Iƒ \o°w sNbvXp. a‰p

hIp-∏p-Ifpw Cu hgn°v \oßp∂p.

D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS saº¿ sk{I-´dn IqSn-bmb kXmc If-IvS¿ 50 ssat{Im-Wn¬

Ipd™ πmÃnIv k©n-Ifpw a‰pw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw CØcw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m≥ ap\n-kn-

∏m-en-‰n-I-tfmSpw CXc GP≥kn-I-tfmSpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \n¿t±iw ewLn-

°p-∂-h-¿°p≈ ]ng h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Xt±-i-̀ -c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-́ n-́ p≠v. πmÃnIv

k©n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°m-\mbn ]mepw IpSn-sh-≈hpw a‰pw henb Af-hn¬ kw`-cn-

°m-sa∂v tlm -́ep-Ifpw dkn-U≥jy¬ kvIqfp-Ifpw kΩXn-®n-́ p≠v. t]∏¿˛XpWn˛NW k©n-

Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ sNdp-InS Dev]m-Z-Isc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p≠v.

]Wn-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn

alm-_-te-iz-dn-epw- ]-©-K-Wnepw kzoth-Pv {So‰vsa‚ v πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ XpI

alm-cm-jv{S-k¿°m¿ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≠v. ]s£ Ch-bpsS ]Wn hfsc aμ-K-Xn-bn-emWv. ]©-

K-Wn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]Wn Xr]vXn-I-c-a-s√-∂p-am-{X-a√ icn-bmb Zni-bn-ep-a-√. ]Wn-bpsS

]ptcm-KXn kw_-‘n® {]Xn-amk dnt∏m¿´v D∂-X-X-e-k-an-Xn°v \¬I-W-sa∂v ap\n-kn-∏¬

Iu¨kn-ep-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´n-´p≠v.

tdmUp-I-sfbpw {Sm^nIv ]cn-]m-e-\-sØbpw kw_-‘n® Hcp πm≥ Xøm-dm-°¬ D∂-X-

Xe kanXn \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bv°p-≈n¬ P\-ßƒ°v hnizm-k-

]q¿Δw B{i-bn-°m-hp∂ Hcp s]mXp-K-Xm-KX kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw hml-\-

34

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ßƒ°v CXc Du¿÷w D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ km[yX Bcm-bp-bp-amWv ]≤Xn e£yw.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-esb Hcp ssPh Irjn-ta-J-e-bmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-

\m-h-iy-amb ]≤-Xn-I-sfbpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n® Btem-N-\-bn-emWv D∂-X-Xe

kanXn. lnam-N¬{]-tZiv k¿°m¿ hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-∏m-°nb amXr-I-bmWv CXn\v ASn-

ÿm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-°pI. ssPh Irjn-bn¬ πmÃnIv Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ {]iv\-

ßƒ {]mtZ-inI I¿jI kaq-l-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n°pw.

D∂-X-Xe kanXn IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

A. alm-_-te-iz¿˛]©-K-Wn- ta-J-e-bv°p≈ {]tXyI \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

1. kp{]nw-tIm-SXn DØ-c-h-\p-k-cn®v "h\w t]mse-bp≈' {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn k¿sΔ sNbvX

{]tZ-i-ßƒ h\-ambn Xs∂ IW-°m-°Ww. CØcw ÿe-ß-fn¬ Fßs\ hnI-k-\m-

\p-aXn \¬In-sb∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-t\mSv At\z-jn-°-W-sa∂v D∂-Xe kanXn

]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p. kz¥w ÿesØ h\-ßƒ kwc-£n-®-

hsc in£n-°m≥ ]mSn√. hni-Z-amb πm\p-ambn tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øns\

kao-]n-°p∂ Zo¿L-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ Hgn-hm°n Ch¿°v kz¥w `qan-bn-t∑¬ Ah-

Imiw A\p-h-Zn®p \¬tI-≠-XmWv. ̀ qD-S-a-I-fpsS sshj-ay-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m-\mbn CØcw

At]-£-Iƒ ]cn-KWn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn°v \¬IWw.

2. h\w kw_-‘n® k¿sΔ πm\p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØmsX taJe amÃ¿πm-\p-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-am-

hn√. taJem amÃ¿πm-\p-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnse Ime-Xm-akw Hgn-hm-°m-\mbn

k¿sΔ am∏p-Iƒ BZyw sh_vssk-‰n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°Ww. XpS¿∂v AwKo-I-cn® am∏p-

Iƒ Xl-kn¬Zm¿, h\w-h-Ip∏v, If-IvS¿, hymJym\ tI{μ-ßƒ F∂o B^o-kp-I-fn¬

e`y-am°mw.

3. Sqdnkw amÃ¿πm≥ Xøm-dm-°¬ Npa-X-e-s∏´ kwÿm\ Sqdnkw hIp∏v Xøm-dm-°p∂

πm≥ tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn h\w-a-{¥m-e-Øn-s‚bpw Sqdnkw a{¥m-e-b-Øn-s‚bpw AwKo-Imcw

e`n-®-tijw D]-ta-Je πm\mbn IW-°m°mw. Zo¿L-amb 8 h¿j-ßƒ°p-ti-jhpw Cu

πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p∂ tPmen Bcw-`n-®n-´n√. Cu {]iv\w kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ D∂-X-X-

e-ß-fpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xp≠v.

4. ^≠ns‚ A]-cym-]vX-X-aqew kwc-£W, t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn -Iƒ°pw

{Sm≥kvt]m¿´v˛{Sm^n-Ivπm-\p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°m≥ I¨kƒ´‚p-Imsc \ntbm-Kn-°m\pw D∂-

X-Xe kan-Xn°v km[n-°p-∂n√. CXn-\mbn kan-Xn°v {]tXyIw ^≠v A\p-h-Zn-°m≥

]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn\v \n¿t±iw \¬IWw. CXn\p ]pdta

XØp-ey-amb klmbw tI{μ-a-{¥m-e-bhpw A\p-h-Zn-°Ww. C°m-cy-Øn-\mbn Bkq-

{XnX hnI-k\ Iu¨kn¬ _P-‰ns‚ Hcp iX-am\w \o°n-sh-®p-sIm≠v XpS-°-anSmw.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn IrjvW-hmen B£≥ πm\n-s‚bpw

ln¬-G-cnb hnI-k\ πm\n-s‚bpw ^≠pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

B. D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ s]mXp-\n¿t±-ißƒ

1. LS-\bpw Imem-h-[nbpw : kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\v 2 h¿j-Im-em-

h[n Xosc A]-cym-]vX-amWv. Imem-h[n Ipd-™Xv 3 apX¬ 5 h¿jw hscsb¶nepw

B°-Ww. ssPhsshhn≤yw, Pntbm-^n-knIvkv, sslt{Um-fPn, kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI

imkv{Xw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-Kv[-tcbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ø-°-hn[w A\p-tZym-K-

ÿmw-K-ß-fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw h¿≤n-∏n-°Ww. ae-{º-tZ-i-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°v DtØ-P\w

]I-cp-∂Xv Sqdn-k-am-I-bm¬ Ct°m-Sq-dn-k-Ønse hnZ-Kv[s\ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw.,

IrjvW-hmen hnI-k\ tIm¿∏-td-js‚ amt\-Pnßv Ub-d-IvS-sd-IqSn ka-Xn-bn¬ AwK-am-

°p-∂Xv Gsd DNn-X-am-bn-cn°pw.

D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS hep∏w \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Nne k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿsc Hgn-hm-°m-

hp-∂-XmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√mØ ap\n-kn-

∏¬ ̀ cW Ub-d-IvS¿. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ kan-Xn-tbm-K-Øn\v FØm≥ Ign-bmØ ]cn-ÿnXn

35

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hIp∏v sk{I-́ dn. kanXn AwK-amb aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{¥-W-t_m¿Un-s\-bmWv sk{I-́ dn Xs‚

{]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \ntbm-Kn-°pI.

2. in£m \S-]-Sn-°p≈ A[n-Imcw : ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse (1986) 5˛mw

hIp-∏p-{]-Imcw Ip‰-°m¿s°-Xnsc ̂ e-{]-Z-amb in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ A[n-

Imcw D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn°v \¬IWw.

1995 se 202˛mw \º¿ dn´v s]‰oj-\nse 2001 se I.A. \-º¿ 659, 669 t]Pv 9 ]mc (ii) ¬tI{μ Fw]-thUv IΩn-‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i-I-fn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p.

""]cn-k-YnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse (1986) 19˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ̂ b¬sN-

øm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw am{Xta D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn°v \¬In-bn-´p≈p. Xoc-tZi taJe amt\-

Pvsa‚ v AtXm-dn-ń-Iƒ°pw a‰pw \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse \nb-a-Ønse 5,10 hIp-∏p-Iƒ{]-

Im-c-ap≈ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ IqSn kan-Xn°v \¬IWw. CXv kan-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w IqSp-

X¬ kpK-ahpw Imcy-£-a-hp-am°pw.

3. kmº-ØnIw : D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb ^≠v tI{μ-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ

\¬Ip-∂n√. CXp-aqew {]tXyI t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°mt\m I¨kƒ´≥kn-Isf \ntbm-

Kn-°mt\m t_m[-h¬°-cWw \S-Ømt\m ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘n® Kth-j-W-Ønt\m

kan-Xn°v Ign-bp-∂n√. kXy-Øn¬ A\p-tZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ Ah-cpsS kz¥w ]Whpw

CX-c- am¿§-ßfn-eq-sS-bp≈ XpI-bp-am-Wv kanXn {]h¿Ø\Øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xv.

4. GtIm-]\w : F√m D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-I-fn-sebpw A\p-tZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]cn-

ÿnXn h\w-a-{¥m-ebw XpS¿®-bmbn inev]-im-e-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv GtIm-]\w sa®-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn°pw. _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\sØ ]cn-ÿnXn hIp∏v sk{I-´dn, \n¿±njvS

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń, ]cn-ÿnXn h\w-a-{¥m-ebw tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob

hnZ-Kv[¿ F∂n-h-sc-sb√mw CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°Ww.

5. \n¿Δ-lWw : D∂-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-bp-sSbpw saº¿ sk{I-´-dn-Iq-Sn-bmb If-

IvS¿ Hgn-sI-bp≈ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cmb AwK-ß-fmcpw Xs∂ ÿnc-ambn kan-Xn-

tbm-K-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-dn√. D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xt±i ÿm]-\-ßƒ

Kuc-h-ambn FSp-°m-dn-s√-∂-XmWv Rß-fpsS A\p-`hw. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS

\ne-]mSpw hyXy-kvX-a√. kanXn Xocp-am-\-ßƒ thK-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°m≥ \n¿t±iw

\¬IWw. kanXn Xocp-am-\-ßƒ IrXy-ambn \S-∏m-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥

_‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ hIp-∏p-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn {]h¿Ø\w hne-bn-cp-ØWw.

C. \n¿±njvS ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń

D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ ]›n-a-L´-hn-ZKv[ -k-an-

Xn-bpsS sNb¿am≥ {ian-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw {]Io¿Øn-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv. Cu

ka-nXn-bpsS Imem-h[n {lkz-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ F√m-N¿®-I-fnepw D∂-X-Xe kanXn-

Iƒ°v ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

\n¿±njvS ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń \ne-hn¬ hcp-tºmƒ _‘-s∏´ D∂-X-

Xe kan-Xn-Iƒ°v AtXm-dn-ń-bp-ambn XpS¿®-bmbn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm≥ kwhn-[m-\-

sam-cp-°p-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn°pw. am{X-hp-a√ D∂-X-Xe kan-Xn°v ]cn-ÿnXn h\w

a{¥m-e-b-tØm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS s]mXp-\n-

b-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ taJe hfsc hn]p-e-am-b-Xn-\m¬

kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf Ah-tem-I\w sNøm≥ AtXm-dn-ń-°m-hn√. BI-

bm¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Iƒ°mbn D∂-Xe Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈

`c-W-bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°Ww. AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ k¿°m¿ CXc k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ,

hnt\m-Z-k-©mc taJ-e-bn-sebpw kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI taJ-e-bn-sebpw hnZ-Kv[¿ F∂n-hsc

IqSn kmt¶-XnI hnZ-Kv[¿°p ]pdta Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

36

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 9 : alm-_-te-iz¿ ]©-K\n taJ-e-bnse ]uc-P-\-ß-fpsS

{]Xn-I-cWw am[hv KmUvKn¬ Xøm-dm-°nbXpw {]mtZ-inI I¿j-

I-\mb kptc-jv ]nw-Ksf t{ImUo-I-cn-®Xpw

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-‘n® ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-∂Xpw \S-

∏m-°p-∂Xpw hfsc tI{μo-Ir-X-amb coXn-bn-emWv. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb e£y-ßƒ Fßs\

sa®-s∏´ \ne-bn¬ ssIh-cn-°m-sa-∂-Xnepw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJem AtXm-dn-‰n-I-fpsS

ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v bmsXmcp ]¶p-an√.

e£y-an´ A\-[n-IrX \n¿Ωm-W-ß-fn¬ an°Xpw XmXv°m-enI sjUp-Itfm, sXmgpØp-

Itfm Bbn-cp∂p. ssIIq-en-sIm-Sp-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-hsc _en-bm-Sp-I-fm°n. AtX-k-abw

{Sm≥kvt]m¿´v Ãm‚n-\-SpØv A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX \n¿Ωn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp tlm´-ense \S-]-

Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm°n ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-bpsS cq]-tcJ Xøm-dm-°n-bXpw \n¿t±-i-

ßƒ ka¿∏n-®Xpw apwss_ Bÿm-\-am-bp≈ Ipd-®p-t]-cmWv. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒt°m {]tXy-

In®v I¿j-I¿°pw BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw CXn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e taJ-e-bpsS Dt±-i-sa-∂-Xns\ ]‰n-t]mepw Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fnse sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ßƒ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v bmsXmcp [mc-W-bp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p.

Kmhvenkv, tImfnkv, [hmZv ap…n-ßƒ XpSßn hnZqc Dƒ{]tZ-isØ IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-

°p∂ Xt±-io-bsc Ahn-sS-\n∂v Hgn-∏n-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bm-sW∂ Inwh-Z¥n ]cØn DtZym-K-

ÿ¿ B ]mh-ßsf NqjWw sNbvXp. Im´p-\n-hm-kn-Isf h\-Øn¬ \n∂-I-‰p-∂Xv {]Xn-Iqe

ê-ap-f-hm°pw. AtX-k-abw I≈-∏-W-°mcpw I≈-°-S-Øp-Im-cp-sa√mw h≥In-S-tlm-́ -ep-Ifpw

a‰pw \n¿Ωn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp∂p. t_mws_ t]mbn‚p-t]mse Sqdn-kv‰p-Iƒ°v at\m-l-c-Zr-iy-

ßƒ ImWm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ A‰-Ip-‰-]-Wn-Iƒ t]mepw h\w-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿

{i≤n-®n√.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je F¥v t\´-amWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-sXt∂m AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS

{]h¿Ø\w F¥m-sWt∂m P\-ßƒ°v Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

Nne cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ°pw Ign™ Hcp h¿j-ambn AhnsS h∂p-Xm-a-kn-°p∂

GXm\pw hnZym-k-º-∂¿°pw A√msX s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-Zp¿_e taJ-esb ]‰n

H∂pw Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah¿°v BsI Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂Xv t`m∏m-en-sebpw apwss_-bn-

sebpw Nne Bô-kp-I-fmWv Chn-SsØ Imcy-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-sX-∂p-am-{X-amWv. {]tZ-i-

hm-kn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ign-bp-∂Xpw AI∂p \n°p∂ coXn-bmWv h\w-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ kzoI-

cn-°p-∂Xv. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je ]≤-Xn-bn-eqsS {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ F¥v

]≤-Xn-I-fmWv D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp-∂-sX-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ°p-t]mepw

[mcW D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

Acp-hn-I-fpsS kwc-£Ww AYhm ]p\:ÿm]\w, ssPh Irjn t{]m’m-l\w. aÆnse

Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°¬ Im¿jnI cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°¬, DuSp-h-

gn-Iƒ°v t{]m’m-l\w XpS-ßnb hnim-e-Xm-Xv]-cy-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-K-Wn®p.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe Npa-Xe, \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw acw-sh´pw \nb-{¥n-

°m≥ am{X-ambn Npcpßn. Hcp \gvkdn DS-a-Iq-Sn-bmb kptcjv ]nwKsf kztZ-in-I-fmb kky

C\-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ {iaw \SØn. F∂m¬ Cu Bi-b-tØmSv DtZym-K-ÿ¿ kl-I-cn-

®n√.

D∂-X-Xe Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn-bp-sSbpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw Npa-X-e-Isf ]‰n P\-

ßsf Adn-bn-®n√. CXv henb Agn-a-Xn°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n. cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ°p-t]mepw

Ch-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ Ahy-‡-am-bn-cp∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn¬ Xev∏-c-cmb {]mtZ-

inI t\Xr-Xz-sØ-t]mepw H´pw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®n√. _‘-s∏-´-h¿ Ch-sc-sb√mw i{Xp-°-sf-

t]m-se-bmWv I≠n-cp-∂Xv.

37

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ahn-sS- ̀ qanbp≈ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ kº-∂-cpsS Xmev∏-cy-ßfpw hmWn-Py-Xm-ev]-cy-ßfpw

kwc-£n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p. dh\yq˛h\w DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Xmev]cyw.

ssPhsshhn-≤y-\n-baw, kky- C-\-kw-c-£-Whpw I¿jI Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kw_-‘n®

\nbaw kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ, h\- A-h-Im-i-\n-baw XpS-ßn ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v kPo-h-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ \nb-a-ßƒ \S-∏m-°mt\m

AXp kw_-‘n®v P\-ßƒ°v Adnhv ]I-cmt\m {ia-ap-≠m-bn√.

Cu \nb-a-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏m-°m≥ {]mtZ-inI t\XrXzw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-

¶nepw Ahsc kl-I-cn-∏n-®n√.

\n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw hmWn-Py- Sq-dnkw tem_n-tbbpw klm-bn-°p∂ kao-]-

\-amWv DtZym-K-ÿcpw cmjv{So-b-t\-Xr-Xzhpw XpS¿®-bmbn kzoI-cn-®p-t]m-∂Xv.

ISpØ Agn-a-Xn-bn-eqsS Irjn-̀ qan Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn am‰p-∂- {]-h¿Ø\w

C∂pw AhnsS \n¿_m[w \S-°p∂p.

AtX kabw hoSp-I-fpsS sNdnb A‰-Ip-‰-]-Wn°pw \ma-am{X \n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ°pw InW¿

Ipgn-°m\pw a‰pw henb ssIIq-en-bmWv km[m-c-W-°m-cn¬ \n∂v CuSm-°p-∂Xv.

kptcjv ]nwKsf kz¥w \gvk-dn-bnse sNSn-Isf kwc-£n-°m-\m-bn apf-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn®

sjUv A\-[n-Ir-X-\n¿Ωm-W-am-sW∂v Ah¿ ap{Z-IpØn. ]s£ s]mfn-°m≥ t\mókv e`n°pw

ap≥]v ]nwKsf AXv s]mfn-®p-am‰n. CsXms° AhnsS ]Xnhv kw`-h-ß-fmWv. Hcp Ipg¬

InW¿ Ipgn-°m≥ A\p-aXn e`n-°m≥ 20,000 cq]-bm-Ws{X ssIIqen. Xpd- mb InW-dm-sW-

¶n¬ XpI CXnepw IqSpw. ae-ap-I-fnse `qan \n-c-∏m-°m≥ A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂Xv ssIIq-en-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv. hoSns‚ hcm¥ Aev]w \o -́W-sa-¶n¬ \n¿≤-\-I¿j-I≥ 1000˛1500

cq] ssIIqen \¬IWw.

h\-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏´ ]gb {Kma-ß-fn-te°v ]≠p-ap-X¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ tdmUp-Iƒ sIń-b-

S®pw P\-ßsf ]oTn-∏n-°p∂p.

ap≥]v Pot∏m Imf-h-≠n-Itfm t]mbn-cp∂ tdmUp-Iƒ h\w-h-Ip∏v {S©p-Ifpw a‰pw Ipgn®v

D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. CXv \∂m-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\pw ssIIqen

sImSp-°Ww.

A\p-aXn C√mØ {Kma-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ {Kmao-W¿ ISpØ ]oV-\-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip∂p.

Ign™ 40 h¿j-ß-fn¬ P\-kwJy KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®n-s√-¶nepw Cu {Kma-˛Du-cp-I-

fpsS hnkvXo¿Æw IqSn-bn-ń√. P\-kw-Jym-h¿≤-\-hn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]pXnb \n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ

Bh-iy-am-sW-¶nepw AXn\v A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂n√. em‚ vdh\yq tImUnse hyh-ÿ-{]-Imcw

Ipd-™Xv Htc-°¿ Irjn-`q-an-bp≈ I¿j-I\v Hcp ^mw lukv \n¿Ωn-°m≥ A\p-aXn

\¬Ipw. F∂m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bn¬ c≠v G°-dn¬ Ipdhv `qan-bp-≈-h¿°v ^mw

lukn\v A\p-aXn e`n-°n√. Chn-SsØ I¿j-I-cn¬ 80%Øn\pw c≠v G°-dn¬ Xmsg

-am-{Xta `qan-bp≈q. Ch¿°v ^mwlu-kn\v A\p-aXn e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-aqew Dƒ{Km-a-ß-fnse

IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ sRßn-sR-cpßn Ign-bm≥ Ch¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂p.

\nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb \n¿ΩmWw, acw-sh´v, Ccpºv jod-dp-sIm≠v tIm´-t]m-se-bp≈ then

\n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßnb \nb-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ hfsc hym]-I-amWv.

cw` tlm´¬kv ss{]h‰v enan-‰Uv shń-am-‰n-bXv 3000 hr£-ß-fmWv. ss{_‰v em‚ v

tlm´¬ hn]p-eo-I-cn-°m\pw CXp-t]mse [mcmfw ac-ßƒ apdn-®p-am‰n. t_mkv hnt√-Pn¬

\nbaw ewLn®v \n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p≠v. alm-_-te-iz-dnse 4 henb tπm´p-I-fn¬ Ccp-

ºp-jo-‰p-sIm-≠p≈ then-a-d-bv°p-≈n¬ A\-[n-IrX \n¿Ωm-Xmhpw acw-sh´pw \S-°p∂p.

a‰v \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ {]mtZ-inI P\-Xsb ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-Ibpw t_m[-h¬°-cWw t{]m’m-

38

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe ]cn-]m-Sn-If P\-ßƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-amb

Ah-k-c-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøWw. h\w, dh-\yq-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ISpw-]n-SpØw B {]tZ-

i-Øns‚ kmaqly˛]cn-ÿnXn Xpe-\m-hÿ XInSw adn-°p∂p. Cu \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ AhnsS

Pohn-°p∂ {Kmao-Wcpw I¿j-Icpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sa√mw ]≤Xn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

AI-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p. P\-ßƒ {]tXy-In®v hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb bph-P-\-ßfpw Nn¥m-io-e-ap≈

t\Xr-Xzhpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£Ww A\p-t]-j-Wo-b-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-™n-´p≠v.

kwL¿j-Øns‚ ]mX-hn´v k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ P\-]-¶m-fn-ØsØ t{]m’m-l-∏n-°p-∂p-

sh∂ Hcp kao-]\w kzoI-cn-®m¬ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-e-£y-ßƒ t\Sm≥ AXv

Gsd klm-b-I-amIpw.

Cu e£y-ßƒ a\- n¬ kq£n-®p-sIm≠p Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ krjvSn-

°m\pw {ian-°Ww. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Irjn°v hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°m≥ Ignbpw. ssPh-Ir-

jnsb {]tXy-In®v ̂ e-h¿§-Ir-jnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. Bh-iy-amb kmt¶-XnI klmbw

hn]-W\ kuIcyw F∂nh e`y-am-°Ww. Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ßƒ kwkvI-cn®v tISp-Iq-SmsX

BI¿j-I-am°n ]mbv°p-sNbvXv hn]-W\w \S-Øn-bm¬ I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-am\w KWy-ambn

h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ignbpw. Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Ct°m˛sl¬Øv Sqdnkw h\-Ønse

{S°nwßv F∂nh sXmgn-e-h-kcw KWy-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p.

hnZym-`ymkw, {]mtZ-inI BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°¬ F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS \n¿[-\-cpsS PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n°pw. CXn-

\mbn Hcp C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ÿm]n-°Ww. ]q\-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ tJm¿]mSn {Kma-Øn¬ \n∂p≈

200Hmfw saPnjy-∑m¿ alm-_-te-iz-dnepw ]©-K-Wn-bnepw Spdn-Ãp-Iƒ°p ap∂n¬ amPnIv

ImWn®v \√-h-cp-am\w D≠m-°p-∂p≠v. CXp-t]mse ]m´pw kwKo-Xhpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ {]tZ-isØ bph-P-\-ßsf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

h\-Ønse IpSn-ep-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h-cpsS sNdnb {Kma-k-`sb h\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-

Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v t_m[-h¬°-cn-°Ww.

12. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Icp-X¬ IhNw

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ as‰mcp {]h¿Ø-\-k-c-Wn°v hgn-Xp-d-∂Xv

C¥y≥ t_m¿Uv t^m¿ ssh¬Uv sse^v 2002¬ AwKo-I-cn® Hcp {]ta-b-amWv. h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-

X-ßƒ, tZio-b-]m¿°p-Iƒ XpS-ßnb kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂v 10 In.ao.

Np‰-f-hn-ep≈ {]tZiw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p {]ta-b-

Ønse hnjbw. CXp-kw-_-‘n-®vtI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-

fpsS \n¿t±iw £Wn®p . ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Iƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am\-Zfiw

\n›-bn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]Wm_v sk≥ IΩn‰n (2000) dnt∏m¿´v At∏m-tg°v e`n-®n-cp∂p. ÿnXn

hnhc ASn-ÿm-\-tcJ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw imkv{Xo-b-amb am∏nßv \S-Øp-Ibpw hn]p-e-amb

Ah-tem-I-\˛Nn¥m -]-cn-]m-Snbpw s\‰v h¿°pw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-Ibpw CXn¬ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-

Iƒ°pw ]pdta a‰v ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ B {]tZ-i-Øp≈

hy‡n-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc-°qSn ̀ mK-`m-°m-°-W-sa∂pw dnt∏m¿´n¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ CØ-

c-samcp hn⁄m\ ASn-Ød krjvSn-°-s∏-´n√. F∂m¬ Cu hgn°v kzmK-Xm¿l-amb Hcp {iaw

kzbw \S-Øn-bXv ]qsW-bnse ̀ mcXn hnZym-]o-Tv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v F≥h-tdm¨sa‚¬ dnk¿®v

B‚ v FUyp-t°-j-\nse Fw.Fkv. kn. hnZym¿∞n-bmb Biniv Iq¿s∂ BWv. ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn-teXv Dƒs∏sS alm-cm-jv{S-bnse 16 kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ Ct±lw kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw

C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS≠ {]iv\-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈n®v Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. 2004 emWv Cu {]_‘w ka¿∏n-®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ssKUm-bn-cp∂p tUm. Cdm®v

_dq®. Kth-j-W-^-e-ßƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn {]kn-±o-I-cn® hni-Z-amb tcJ amlm-cmjv{S h\w hIp-

∏n\v ka¿∏n®p. (Bharucha et el. 2011)

2005 se Hcp tImSXn DØ-c-hns\ XpS¿∂v Cu {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v

39

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

bp‡-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ka¿∏n-°m≥ h\w-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v {]n≥kn-j¬ No^v

I¨k¿th-‰¿ IØ-b®p. XpS¿∂v a\- n√m a\-t msS cm[m-\-Kcn h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw, Ntμmfn

tZio-b-]m¿°v, sImbv\ h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn®p. tImSXn DØ-chv (2005) h∂v 6 h¿jw Ign-™n´pw Ct∏mgpw CXv A]q¿W-ambn XpS-

cp∂p.

]›n-a-L´ kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Cu hgn°v \S∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf ]‰n-bp≈ hnhcw

tiJ-cn-°m≥ kanXn (WGEEP) \S-Ønb {ia-Øn¬ alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\Øp am{Xta Fs¥-

¶n-ep-sams° \S-∂n-´p≈q F∂v hy‡-ambn. "sIm¬lm∏q¿' k¿°n-fnse kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-

ßsf kw_-‘n® Ipd®v hnh-c-ßƒ kan-Xn°v e`n®p. Ahn-SsØ Npa-X-e-°m-cmb t^mdÃv

I¨k¿th-‰¿am¿ Fw. sI. dmhp, kmbv {]Imiv F∂n-h¿ Imcy-ßƒ hni-ZoI-cn®p X∂p.

Ip¿s∂ {]_-‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem inhPn k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse ̂ m°¬‰nbpw

Kth-j-W-hn-Zym¿∞n-Ifpw \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw

kzoI-cn-®n-ń-s√∂v Ch¿ hy‡-am°n. alm-cm-jv{S-h\w hIp∏v imkv{Xo-b-amb ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-

W-°p-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-s√∂pw Ch¿ Adn-bn®p. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v 10 In.ao.

Np‰-f-hn-ep≈ ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse Ingp-°mw-Xq-°mb ]md-s°-́ p-Ifpw kwc-£n-X-h-\-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ambn IW-°m-°-cp-sX∂v c≠v h\w-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ D]-tZ-in-®-Xmbn

Cu ao‰n-ßns‚ an\n-´vkn¬ ImWp∂p. CXv kzoIm-cy-a√, ImcWw {]W_v sk≥ IΩn-‰n-bpsS

am\-Z-fi-{]-Imcw Ingp-°mw-Xq-°mb ae-Ifpw \Zn-I-fpsS {]`-h-tI-{μ-ßfpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-

amWv. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v Np‰p-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏nßv CXp-

hsc \S-Øm≥ Ign-™n-ń-s√∂v 2011 BK-Ãn¬ h\w hIp∏v kan-Xnsb Adn-bn®p.

Cu kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v Np‰pw Hcp amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[-m\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v

h\w hIp∏v \S-Ønb {iahpw Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Cu {]iv\-ß-fn-t∑¬ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS

A`n-{]mbw £Wn®p sIm≠p≈ Hcp hn⁄m-]\w 2010 BKkv‰v ˛ sk]vXw-_-dn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-

cn®p. 10 In.ao. taJ-e°v samØ-Øn-ep≈ amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w Cu hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.

sIm¬l-]q-cnse kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-Øn\v Np‰p-ap≈ Icp-X¬ taJ-e-bv°m-bp≈ \n¿±n-

jvS-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v N´-ßƒ t_mIvkv 10¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≠v.

t_mIvkv 10 : kwc-£n-X-h-\-Øn-t\mSv _‘-s∏´ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-th≠n sIm¬lm-]q¿ ssh¬Uv sse^v Unhn-js‚\n¿±n-jvS-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v N´-ßƒ

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v taJ-e°v 10 In.ao.\p≈n¬ Hcp Intemao‰dn\p-≈nse

{]tZiw Icp-X¬ taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°Ww. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ bmsXmcp \n¿ΩmW

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]mSn√. Icp-X¬ taJe kzX-{¥hpw lcn-Xm-`-\n-d-™-Xp-ambn

\ne-\n¿ØWw.

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ bmsXmcp hn[ i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw ]mSn√.

ChnsS Ir{Xna shfn® D]m-[n-Iƒ ]mSn-√.

ChnsS Hcp hyh-kmb ÿm]-\hpw D≠m-I-cpXv.

ChnsS ]md-Izm-dn-Itfm J\-\tam ]mSn√. CXn-\m-bp≈ ]pXnb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-

°p-Ibp-a-cpXv.

kzImcy dh-\yq-̀ q-an-bnepw Pn√m If-IvS-dpsS A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX ChnsS acw-sh´pw ]mSn√.

{]IrXn ss]XrIw I¿i-\-ambn ImØp-kq-£n-°Ww.

Cu {]tZ-isØ sh≈-®m-´-ßƒ, Kpl-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v am‰w hcp-Øm≥ ]mSn√.

hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂ kky-C-\-ßsf c£n-°m≥ {]tXyIw {iaw thWw.

40

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

tIm´-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ am\h ss]Xr-I-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-SWw.

hymh-km-bnI ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw hmk-Kr-l-ßƒ°pw th≠n {]Ir-Xn-ZØ Pe-t{km-X-

p-Isf Aan-X-ambn NqjWw sNøp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°Ww. \nb-{¥n-°m\pw {i≤n-°Ww.

πmÃn-Ins‚ D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-°Ww.

ae-s©-cp-hp-I-fnse \n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ \ntcm-[n-°Ww.

aen-\-P-ehpw a‰pw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ssIImcyw sNøWw.

Jc-am-en-\y-ßƒ IØn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn D≠m-Ip∂ aen-\o-I-cWw \ntcm-[n-°Ww.

hml-\-ßƒ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ ]pI-bn¬ \n∂p≈ aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n-°Ww.

Cu amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ N -́ß-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-]-chpw kzmK-Xm¿l-hp-amb ]e \n¿t±-

i-ßfpw Dƒs∏-ń-´p-s≠-¶nepw CXp kw_-‘n®v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-hp-ambn Imcy-

amb N¿®-I-sfm∂pw \S-Øn-bn-ń√. X∑qew CXp-kw-_-‘n® [mcmfw Bi-b-°p-g-∏hpw Ahy-

‡-Xbpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ' ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bn¬ bmsXmcp Ir{Xna

shfn® D]m-[n-Ifpw ]mSn√ F∂ \n¿t±iw 10 In.ao. taJ-e-bnse hoSp-I-fn¬t]mepw sshZypXn

hnft°m Xncn-bn-´-hn-f-°p-Itfm asÆ-Æ-hn-f-°p-Itfm ]mSn√ F∂ hymJym-\-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p∂p.

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \nc-h[n {Kma-ßfpw a‰v ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ap≠v. CØcw \nb-{¥-W-ßsf P\

-ßƒ ImWp-∂Xv DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v Ahsc ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw ssIIqen CuSm-°m\pw D≈ D]m-[n-

bm-bn-´mWv.

taev]-d™ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ ]mh-ßsf ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw NqjWw sNøm\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-

sa∂pw kº-∂cpw kzm[o-\-ap-≈-hcpw CsXms° adn-I-S-°p-sa∂pw ImWn®v \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-

Iƒ kan-Xn°v (WGEEP) e`n-®n-cp∂p. X¬^-e-ambn sIm¬lm-]q¿ Pn√-bnse kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-

ßƒ°p Np‰p-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je F∂ Bibw \ncm-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v 2010 HIvtSm-

_¿ 6 \v sIm¬lm-]q¿ Pn√m ]cn-jXv {]tabw ]mkm°n. 2010 HIvtSm-_¿ 11,12 Xnø-Xn-I-fn¬

kanXn sIm¬lm-]qcpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw kμ¿in-®-t∏mƒ Xßƒ {]Ir-Xn-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v

A\p-Iq-e-am-sW∂pw CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Xßsf ]oUn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv

h\w hIp-∏m-sW∂pw ImWn®v \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-Iƒ Fgp-Xnbpw hm°mepw Rßƒ°v e`n®p.

"hmbv' Xmeq°v ]©m-b-Ønse Hcp {]ap-JmwKw Fgp-Xn-X∂ ]cm-Xn-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Cw•ojv

CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ òI-c-am-Wv h\w hIp-∏ns‚ `cWw F∂mWv.

CØcw ]cm-Xn-Iƒ D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v kn‘p-Zp¿K-bnse hnhn-[-cm-jv{Sob ]m¿ń-t\-Xm-

°fpw 2010 HIvtSm-_¿ 6 apX¬ 10 hsc Xnb-Xn-I-fn¬ Rßƒ°v \nth-Z-\-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp∂p.

CtX kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-bnse 25 hnt√Pv {Kma-k-`-Iƒ Xß-fpsS {]tZiw "]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-

{]-tZi'ambn {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v {]tabw ]mkm-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-

t°-≠-XmWv. HIvtSm-_¿ 9 \v ]e {Kma-ßfpw kμ¿in-°m\pw "]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-

'sa∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ Xt±-io-b-cp-ambn N¿®-sN-øm\pw kan-Xn°v A-h-k-c-ap-

≠mbn. Ah-cpsS {Kma-Øn¬ CXp kw_-‘n®v I¿°-i-amb bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-W-hp-ap-≠m-In-

s√∂v Ah¿°v hy‡-am-°n-sIm-SpØp. ]Icw Ah¿ A\p-tbm-Py-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn ˛

P\-ku-lr-Z-]-c-amb Hcp amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w \n¿t±-in-°-W-sa∂pw Ah-tcmSv Bh-iy-

s∏´p. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]e {Kma-ßfpw Ah-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kan-Xn°v ka¿∏n®p.

12.1 òam-i-¶¿ h\y-k-t¶Xw

alm-_-te-iz¿˛]©-KWn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-bnse kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v

Np‰n-ep-ap≈ 10 In. ao. {]tZ-iw, ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-®-Xv IrjvW \Zn-bp-

sSbpw AXns‚ {][m\ t]mj-I-\-Zn-bmb sImbv\-bp-sSbpw {]`-h-ÿm-\-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]›na

L´-Ønse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\sØ kwc-£n-°m≥ klm-b-I-ambn. CXn\v hS-t°m-´p≈ \nXy-l-

cnX h\-{]-tZ-i-amWv òam-i-¶¿ h\y-k-t¶Xw. IrjvW-\-Zn-bpsS as‰mcp {][m\ ssIh-gn-bmb

41

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

òam-\Zn D¤-hn-°p∂ ae-ap-I-fnse Hcp {]mNo\ ]pWy-h-\-am-WnXv. Cu kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-

Øn\v Np‰pw Hcp ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe ÿm]n-°m≥ 2002 \ptijw Hcp \S-]-Snbpw kzoI-

cn-®n-ń√. F∂m¬ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse h\y-Pohn hn`mKw {]n≥kn-∏¬ No^v t^mdÃv I¨k¿th-

‰¿ 19.8.2004 \v \mKv]q¿, \mknIv, apwss_, Aa-cm-hXn No^v I¨k¿th-‰¿am¿°-b® IØn¬

C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p. "C¥y≥ t_m¿Uv t^m¿ ssh¬Uv sse^ns‚ 2 {]ta-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ F√m kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°pw Np‰p-ap≈ 10 In.ao. ÿew' ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-

e-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±iw tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Bh-iy-s∏-ń-´p≠v. CXp kw_-‘n® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

2004 HmsS ]q¿Øn-bm-°Ww. F∂m¬ CXn-\Iw C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp \S-]-Snbpw FSp-Ø-Xmbn

ImWp-∂n√. F∂m¬ \mK-]q¿ sslt°m-SXn \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ F√m kwc-

£n-X-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Np‰pw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX

\n›-bn-°m-\mbn h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿, k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, ssh¬Uv sse^v hm¿U-∑m-

¿ F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏´ kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ F√m ssh¬Uv sse^v hm¿U-∑m-tcmSpw Bh-iy-

s∏--Sp-∂p. Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-t°≠

Bh-iy-ans√-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ Imcy-Im-c-W-ßƒ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°Ww. CXn-t∑-ep≈ dnt∏m¿´v

30-˛10-˛2004 \Iw ka¿∏n-°-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp∂p. CXn-\p-tijw "F\¿tIm¨' (ENERCON)F∂ Iº-\n-bpsS Hcp hn‚ v an¬ ]≤Xn (Im‰n¬ \n∂v sshZyp-Xn-D-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv) Cu {]tZ-

iØv \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

tImS-Xn-bn¬ ]e tIkp-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ Cu ]≤Xn X¿°-hn-j-b-ambn. X¬^-e-ambn

]cn-ÿnXn h\w hIp-∏p-a-{¥n-bpsS tNº-dn¬ 2011 am¿®v 24 \v tN¿∂ kanXn, (WGEFP) tbmK-

Øn¬ Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS Imcyw {]tXyIw At\z-jn-°m≥ kan-Xn-tbmSv a{¥n \n¿t±-in®p.

AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ alm-cmjv{S h\w hIp-∏nse {]n≥kn-∏¬ No^v I¨k¿th-‰¿

(P\-d¬), ]qs\-bnse h\y-Po-hn-hn-`mKw {]n≥kn-∏¬ No^v I¨k¿th-‰¿, No^v I¨k¿th-

‰¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v Cu ]≤-Xnsb ]‰n-bp≈ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ kan-Xn Xocp-am-

\n®p. F\¿tIm¨ ]≤Xn kw_-‘n® tcJ-Ifpw am∏p-Ifpw òa-i-¶¿ h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-Øn\p

Np‰pw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-ihpw ka¿∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v

2011 G{]n¬ 7 \v Ch¿s°√mw kanXn IØ-b®p. am[hv KmUvKn-en\v 2011 G{]n¬ 14 \pw d\n

t_m¿P-kn\v 2011 tabv 19\pw Cu {]tZtiw kμ¿in-°m≥ th≠ kuI-cy-ßƒ h\w-h-Ip∏v Hcp-

°n-s°m-SpØp. kμ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tcJ-Iƒ e`y-am-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-

®n-cp-\\p. F∂m¬ òam-i-¶¿ h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-XsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Hcp tcJbpw Ct∂-hsc

{io. KmUvKn-en\v e`y-am-°n-bn-ń√. ]qsW-bnse t^mdÃv I¨k¿th-‰¿ {io. kn≥l 2011 Pq¨

c≠n\v {io. KmUvKn-en-t\mSv hy‡n-]-c-ambn ]d-™Xv CXp-kw-_-‘n® Hcp-tc-Jbpw alm-cmjv{S

h\w-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Hcm-ô-knepw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n-s√-∂mWv. F∂m¬ "F\¿tIm¨' ]≤-Xn-

bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IØn-S-]m-Sp-Ifpw {io. Imse ^-b¬ sNbvX tIknse \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I-fepw

AS-ßnb ^b¬ {io. d\n t_m¿P--kn\v e`n®p. CXn-\p-]p-dta ]≤Xn {]tZ-i-Øn\v sXm´p≈ '

Nmkv' hnt√Pv \nhm-kn-bmb Un.sI. Imse hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw tiJ-cn® Iptd A[nIw

tcJ-Iƒ kan-Xn°v ssIamdn. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw

]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-h-scbpw h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏m-°p∂Xphscbpw Cu ]≤-Xn°v ¢nb-

d≥kv \¬Imt\ ]mSn-√m-bn-cp∂p.

ÿe-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sSbpw D]-{Kl Nn{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hfsc hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-

°m≥ Ign-s™mcp Imcyw Im‰m-Sn-b-{¥-ßƒ ÿm]n® ae hfsc henb ag-e-`yX D≈Xpw

ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-k-º-∂-amb \nXy-l-cnX h\-ßƒ \nd-™-Xp-amWv. am{X-hp-a√, CXv òa-i-¶¿

h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw alm-cm-jv{S-cpsS kwÿm-\-ar-K-amb ae-_m¿ ae-b-Æms‚

]m¿∏n-S-k-t¶-X-hp-amWv.b Cu hkvXp-X-I-sf-sb√mw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb {]mtZ-inI t^mdÃv td©v

Bô-k¿ Cu ]≤-Xn°v A\p-aXn \¬I-cp-sX∂v ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cp∂p. ]s£, taep-tZym-K-

ÿ¿ Ct±-l-Øns‚ ip]m¿i adn-I-S∂v bYm¿∞ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXv ]≤-

Xn°v ¢nb-d≥kv \¬In.

h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ h\w \io-I-c-W-Øn\v ]pdta 28000 hr£-ßƒ shń-am-‰n-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv

h\w hIp-∏ns‚ IW°v. dnk¿Δv h\-Ønse ae-Iƒ CSn-®p-\n-c-Øn-bp≈ hoXn-tb-dnb tdmUp-

42

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\n¿ΩmWw, \ne-hm-c-an-√mØ tdmUp-\n¿Ωm-Whpw tdmUnse IpØn-d-°-ßfpw aqe-ap≈ asÆm-

en∏pw Dcpƒs]m-épw Cu aÆpw I√pw h≥tXm-Xn¬ sN∂-Sn-bp-∂-Xp-aqew ê-`q-bn-jvT-amb

Irjn°pw IrjvW-\-Zn-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fpsS Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ°pw D≠m-Ip∂ \mi-\-jvS-ß-

fp-sa√mw Im‰m-Sn-b{¥ ]≤-Xn-bpsS tZmj-^-e-ß-fmWv.

Cu ae-I-fn-te°v \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn P\-ßƒ°v {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v h\w-h-

Ip∏v Im‰m-Sn-b{¥ ]≤Xn DS-a-ÿ-cp-ambn HØp-tN-cp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. F√mw h\w-h-Ip-∏ns‚ A\p-

a-Xn-tbmsS BsW∂p hcp-Øm≥ Iº\n ]≤Xn {]tZ-iØv t_m¿Up-Ifpw sN°vt]m-Ãp-Ifpw

ÿm]n-®n-cp∂p. Cu ae-I-fn¬ [mcmfw ]c-º-cm-KX h\-hm-kn-I-fp≠v. h\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-{]-Im-c-

ap≈ Ch-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-s√∂v am{X-a√ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn AhnsS hkn-

°p∂ ae-bn-ep≈ Ah-cpsS kzX-{¥-k-©mcw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn XS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

12.2 AXn¿Øn-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\v P\m-[n-jvTnX kwhn-[m\w

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\pw \S-Øn-∏n\pw k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-

Isf am{Xw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-a-s√∂v kanXn (WGEEP) hniz-kn-°p∂p. ]Icw ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS A¥na AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-b-Øn\v (kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v Np‰p-ap≈

{]tZ-i-ßfpw bqsWkvtIm ss]XrI ssk‰pIfmbn \n¿Æ-bn-®n-´p-≈h Dƒs∏sS) kq£va-P-e-

t{km-X- p-Ifpw hnt√Pv AXn¿Øn-Ifpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \nb-{¥nX t{]m’m-l-\-L-S-

I-ß-f-S-ßnb Hcp kwhn-[m\w thW-sa-∂mWv kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. CXv {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-

Iƒ, Xmeq°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, \K-c-]m-en-I-Iƒ F∂o Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-

ß-fp-sSbpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sSbpw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-

dn-ń-bpsS kwÿm-\-Xe AtXm-dn-ń-bp-sSbpw Pn√m-I-Ωn-‰n-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb ta¬t\m-´-

Ønepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cn-°Ww. tKmh doPn-b-W¬ πm≥ 2021 Xøm-dm-

°nb thf-bn¬ CXn\v kam-\-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv \S-∂Xv. Cu ]≤Xn Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚

BZy-]-Sn-bmbn tKmh kwÿm-\sØ {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ Pew, `qan F∂n-h-bpsS hn]p-e-amb

tU‰m-t_kv Xøm-dm°n. ]s£ ]›n-a-L´ tU‰m-t_-kns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn

CXv s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-bn-ń√. Cu hnh-c-ßƒ Nne {Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v ssIamdn `qan-bpsS

hn\n-tbm-K-coXn kw_-‘n®v Ah-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ßfpw IqSn IW-°n-se-SpØv Ah-km-\-πm≥

Xøm-dm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ {Kma-k`m \n¿t±-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v am‰w thW-sa∂v tXm∂n-b-

t∏mƒ C°mcyw ho≠pw {Kma-k-`-I-fp-ambnN¿® sNøm≥ tKmh k¿°m¿ Xøm-dm-bn√.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ n°v amXr-I-bm-°m-hp∂ H∂m-WnXv. AtXm-

dn-ń°v amXr-I-bm-°m-hp∂ Hcp amXrIm ]≤-Xn-bmWv tIcf kwÿm\ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-

t_m¿Uns‚ '' DSp-º-t©me Xmeq-°nse ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-º∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww.''

kw_-‘n® ]≤Xn. {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, Xmeq-°p-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ,\K-

c-]m-en-I-Iƒ, alm-\-K-c-]m-en-I-Iƒ, XpSßn hnhn[ Xe-ß-fnse Xt±i ÿm]-\-ß-fnse ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-Ønepw {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb \S-]-

Sn-{I-a-amWv ChnsS Ah-ew-_n-®Xv. _‘-s∏´ Xt±i `c-W-ÿm-]-\-Øn-eqsS CXv kwÿm\

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y t_m¿Up-I-fp-am-bpw, tZiob ssPh-ssh-hn≤y AtXm-dn-ń-bp-ambpw _‘-s∏-

ń-cn-°p∂p. C¥y-bv°m-I-am\w _m[-I-amb 2002 se ssPh-ssh-hn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-

fpsS LS\ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v samØ-Øn¬ A\p-tbm-Pyhpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe H∂v,

c≠v, aq∂v F∂n-h-bpsS AXn¿Øn kw_-‘n® A¥na Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\v kpXm-

cyhpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-]-c-hp-amb kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡-amb ASn-

Ø-d-bmbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]mtZ-inI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ch-bpsS

amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ am¿§-ambpw CXv {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. hfsc kzmK-

Xm¿l-amb Cu ]¶m-fnØ {]{Inb ]q¿Æ-cq-]-Øn-em-Im≥ ka-b-sa-Sp°pw. hfsc A`n-Im-ay-

amb Cu amXrI kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v kanXn i‡-ambn ip]m¿i sNøp∂p. AtX kabw ]›n-

a-L-´-Ønse hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-ImØ {]IrXn ss]Xr-I-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn

h\w a{¥m-ebw ASn-b-¥nc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°Ww. CXn-\mbn a{¥m-ebw kanXn Xmeq°v Xe-

Øn¬ ip]m¿i sNbvX {]Imcw taJe H∂n-s‚bpw c≠n-s‚bpw aq∂n-s‚bpw AXn-cp-Ifpw

43

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]ńI Bdn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nb-{¥nX kwhn-[m-\hpw Dƒs∏-

SpØn ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Imcw DS≥ hn⁄m-]\w ]pd-s∏-

Sp-hn-°Ww.

13. taJemXe -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p≈ am¿§-tcJ

hnime N´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v kwth-Z\ £a-X-bpsS Afhpw {]mtZ-in-I-amb

]cn-ÿnXn˛kmaq-ly-]-›m-Ø-ehpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v hnhn[ t{KUp-Iƒ AYhm X´p-

Iƒ Bbn Xncn-°p∂ Hcp kao-]-\-amWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ kanXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv. G‰hpw Db¿∂

kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-isØ, ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe H∂v, AXn¬ Ipdhv kwth-Z\

£a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-isØ taJe c≠v anX-amb kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-isØ taJe aq∂

vF∂v hn`-Pn-®Xv Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv. {Kma-k-`-Iƒ hsc FØp∂ Hcp ]¶m-fnØ {]{Inb

CXn-\mbn apt∂m-´p-sh-bv°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Hcp XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ bp‡n-k-l-amb am¿§-tc-

Jbpw \n¿t±-in-°p∂p. DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hnZ-Kv[¿, kaqlw hy‡n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-am-sb√mw \S-

Ønb hni-Z-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu am¿K-tc-Jbv°v cq]w \¬In-

bXv. ]ńI 6 ¬ CXv kw{K-ln-®n-cn-°p∂p.

]ńI 6 : taJ-em-X-e-Øn-ep≈ \n¿±njvS am¿§-tc-J-Iƒ(6)

hn`mKw taJe˛1 taJe˛2 taJe˛3

]›n-a-L-́ -Øn-ep-S\ofw P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Ønb hnf-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv. IS-I-fnepw hmWn-

Py-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw Sqdn-Ãp-tI-{μ-ß-fnepw ap≥K-W-\m-Sn-ÿm-\

Øn¬ (3h¿j-Øn¬ IqSmsX) πmÃnIv _mKp-I-fpsS D]-tbm-

Kw- L´w L´-ambn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww.

`qhn-\n-tbmKw Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Pem-i-b-ßƒ {]tXyI hmk-tI-{μ-ßƒ, `qan-

im-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≈-bn-S-ßƒ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-

º-∂-amb ÿe-ßƒ, hnip-≤-h-\-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ bmsXm

cp IS-∂p-I-b-‰hpw A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv. {]tXyI kmº-ØnI taJ -

e-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv ]pXnb kpJ-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-

°-cpXv s]mXp-ÿ-e-ßƒ kzIm-cy-`q-an-bm-°-cpXv

h\w -Ir-jn-`q-an-Iƒ

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

A\p -h -Z n -° -cpX v .

Irjn-̀ qan h\-amtbm

hr£-hn-f-Iƒt°m

D] -tbm -K n -°p -∂ -

Xn\pw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-

I-fpsS P\-kwJym

h¿≤-\-hns\ IpSn-

bn -cp -Øp-∂-Xn\pw

CXv _m[-I-a√.

\ne-hn-ep≈ tlm´-

ep-Iƒ, dntkm¿´p-

Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

Imcy-Øn¬, ]›n-a-

h\w Irjn-`q-an-Iƒ cq

]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A

\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv. Irjn-̀ qan

h\-amtbm hr£-hn-f-

Iƒt°m D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xn \pw {]tZ-i-hm-

kn-I-fpsS P\-kw-Jym-

h¿≤-\-hns\ IpSn-bn-cp-

Øp∂-Xn\pw CXv _m

[-I-a-√.

\ne-hn-ep≈ tlm´-ep-

Iƒ, dntkm¿´p -Iƒ

F∂n-hbpsS Imcy -

Øn¬ ]›na-L´ ]cn-

ÿnXn kv]pSw sNbv

kmaqly˛kmº-Øn-I-

]-cn-ÿnXn \n_-‘-\-

Iƒ°pw BLmX A

]-{K-Y-\-Øn\pw hnt[-

b-ambn Irjn-`qan Ir

jn -bn -Xc Bh-iy -

ßƒ°v am‰p-∂Xv A

\p-h-Zn°pw.

44

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

L´ ]cn -ÿnXn

AtXm-dn‰n kv]pSw-

sN-bvsX-Sp -°p -∂

]cn -ÿnXn h\w

a{¥m -e -b -Øns‚

Sqdnkw \bw Xp

Scmw.

AtXm-dn -ń°v k

a¿∏n-°p∂ tdmUv,

a‰-Sn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-

hn-I-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

\S-∏m°pw ap≥]v

{]mtZ-inI Bkq-{X-

W AtXmdn-ń-Iƒ

]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw

CXn-\mbn ]cn-ÿn-

Xn°v sImSp-t°≠

hnebpw P\-Øn -

\p≈ t\´hpw X

Ωn¬ A]-{K-Yn®v

t\m°p-Ibpw th

Ww.

sX-Sp-°p-∂ ]cn-ÿnXn h\w AtXm-dnń -a-{¥m-

e-b-Øns‚ Sqdnkw \bw XpS-cmw.


_n¬Unßv tImUp-Iƒ

lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy

bpw lcn-X- \n¿Ωm-W-

km-a-{Kn-Ifpw

Ão¬ kna‚ v, aW¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipd®v

Pe-kw--c-£W-Øn\pw ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\pw Pe-

kw-kvI-c-W-Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-\n¿

ΩmW kma-{Kn-Ifpw \n¿Ωm-W-co-Xnbpw Ah-ew-_n-®p≈ _n¬UnwKv

tImUn\v ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń cq]w \¬I-Ww.

ÿe-Øns‚ Xpd- mb {]

tZ-isØ em‚ v k vtI ∏n

ßpw hnI-k-\hpw kwkvI-

c-Whpw

]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ ̀ h-\-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ {Ko≥_n¬ Unw-Kvk¿ń-

^n-t°-js‚ am¿K-tc-J-Iƒ {]Imcw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ ta¬

aÆv kwc-£Ww, hr£-kw-c-£Ww XpS-ßnb \n¿ΩmW/hnI-k-

\-co-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°Ww. GRIHA ( Green Rating for Integrated Habitat

Assessment) tbm a‰v A\p-tbm-Py -tIm tUm t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww

NXp-∏p-\n-e-ßfpw sh≈-s°-´p-Ifpw \nI-Øp-Ibpw hntZ-i-

kky˛hr£ C\-ßƒ \Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv Dt]-£n-°Ww.

{Ku≠n¬ HmSpw I√pw ]mIp-∂Xpw kna‚n´v Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw

]c-am-h[n ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-ØWw. AYhm Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ Xs∂

apI-fn¬ hogp∂ sh≈w ASn-bn-te°v Acn-®n-d-ßm≥ kuI-cy-ap-

≠m-°Ww.

amen-\y-kw-kvI-cWwBtcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-am-b-hbpw cmk-am-en-\y-ßfpw ssPh-sa-

Un-°¬ amen-\y-ßfpw ]p\:Nw{I-aWw \S-Øm-hp∂ hkvXp-°fpw

ssIImcyw sNøm-\p-]-bp-‡-amb kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-

°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe Xt±i `cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v \¬IWw.

45

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm

\n-I-c-am-btXm, cmk-

am-en-\y-ßtfm kw

kv°-cn-°p∂- bq-Wn

‰pIƒ ]mSn√

Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-

I-c-am-btXm, cmk-am-en-

\y-ßtfm kwkv°-cn-

°p∂- bq -Wn‰pIƒ

]mSn√

]p\xNw{I-a -W-Øn

\pw amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-

W-Øn -\p -ap≈ bq

Wn‰p-Iƒ aen-\o-I-c-

W-\n-b-{¥W t_m¿

Up-I-fpsS hyh-ÿ-

Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn

taJe 3 ¬ ÿm]n

°mw. sXm -́Sp-Øp ≈

taJe˛H∂n\pw c

≠n\pw IqSn CXv D]-

I-cn-°Ww.

aen-\-P-e-kw-kvI-cWw F√m-hn[ sI´n-S-ßƒ°pw aen-\-P-e-kw-kvI-cW kwhn-[m\w \n¿_-

‘n-X-am--°-Ww. sI´n-S-Øns‚ hen-∏-a-\p-k-cn®v CXn\p kzoI-cn-°p∂

kmt¶-XnI hnZy hyXy-kvX-am-Imw.

{]tZ-i-Øns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v aen-\-Pew kwkv°-cn®v ho≠pw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm doNm¿Pv sNøp-Itbm dnssk°nƒ sNøp-I-tbm-

Bhmw. km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ CXn¬ \n∂v Du¿÷w hos≠-Sp-°m\pw

A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww.

Pew Xt±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-X-e-Øn¬ Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsa‚n-\p≈ hntI-

{μo-IrX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°Ww.

hfsc Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-Øp≈ Pem-i-b-ßfpw Pe-t{km-X- p-Ifpw

kwc-£n-°Ww.

Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw h≥InS Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-I-fp-

sSbpw \ne-\n¬∏n-\mbn Ah-bpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw

]cn-]m-en-°Ww.

kaq-l-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \Zn-I-fpsS Hgp°pw Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta-

∑bpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\mbn imkv{Xo-b-am¿§-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°Ww.

A\p-tbm-Py-amb kmt¶-XnI am¿§-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw s]mXp-P-\-

t_m-[-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Pe-kw-c-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\S-ØWw.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse \Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ \Zn-Iƒ KXn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ A\p-

h-Zn-°-cpXv.

ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn¬ (30

iX-am-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ncnhv) hm¿jnI hnf-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp-∂Xv

\ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-ØWw. Zo¿L-Ime hnf-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

aÆnse Im¿_¨ tiJ-c-WØn\v t{]m’m-l\ klmbw \¬I

Ww. ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ klmbw

\¬IWw. ]mc-º-cy-Im¿jnI hnf-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥

hnØp¬]m-Z-\w, Iq´p-Irjn k{º-Zmbw F∂nh t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°Ww. {i≤m-]q¿Δ-ap≈ Irjn- co-Xn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

.

Irjn

46

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


5 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬

cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-

fpsS/If-\m-in-\n-I-

fpsS D]-tbmKw

Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww.

A\p-Iqe klm-b-

tØmsS 5 h¿j-Øn-

\p-≈n¬ cmk-h-f-ß-

fpsS D]-tbmKw

Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww

8 h¿j-Øn-\p -≈n¬

cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fp

sS/ If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS

D]-tbmKw \n¿Ø

Ww.

A\p -Iq -ey -k -lm -b -

tØmsS 8 h¿j-Øn-\p-

≈n¬ cmk-h-f-{]-tbm

Kw \n¿ØWw.

10 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬

cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-

fpsS/If-\m-in-\n-I-

fpsS D]-tbmKw \n¿

ØWw.

A\p-Iqe klm-b-

tØmsS 10 h¿j-Øn-

\p-≈-fn¬ cmk-hf

{]tbmKw Ah-km-\n-

∏n-°Ww.

arK-kw-c-£Ww I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS \mS≥ P\p- p-I-fpsS kwc-£-Ws®e-hn-\mbn

"kwc-£W tkh-\-Nm¿Pv' F∂ \ne-bn¬ t{]m’m-l-\-[-\-k-

lmbw \¬IpI."

cmk-h-f-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ k_vknUn I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS kwc-£-

W-Øn\pw _tbm-Kymkv, ssPh-hfw F∂n-h-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-

ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pI.

kwc-£n-X-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ°v shfn-bn-ep≈ h\-ta-®n¬]p-d-ßfpw s]mXp-

hmb ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw ]p\:ÿm]n°pI.

{]Xn-Iqe Imem-h-ÿ-tbbpw kml-N-cy-ß-tfbpw AXn-Po-hn-°m≥

Ign-bp∂ C\-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.If-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp∂

an° kky-ßfpw ImenØo-‰bm-I-bm¬ tdmUns‚ hi-ß-fnse

\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ°v If-\m-in\n {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°pI.

tXbne tXm´-ß-fnse shfn-ÿ-e-ßƒ Imen-Iƒ°v ta®n¬ ÿe-

ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ ssPh-hfw tXbne tXm -́ßƒ°v

{]tbm-P-\-s∏Spw.

a’y-k-ºØv a’y-ßsf sIm√m-\mbn ssU\-an v́ t]mse-bp≈ kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp-

°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv I¿i-\-ambn \nb-{¥n-°pI. Pem-i-b-ß-

fn¬ a’y-G-Wn-Iƒ hbv°pI.

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fp-sStbm a’y-sXm-gn-emfn

kwL-ß-fp-sStbm \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ Ipf-ß-fnepw a‰pw {]mtZ-inI

a’y-C-\-ßsf hf¿Øp-∂-Xnepw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£-W-

tk-h-\-Nm¿Pv F∂ \ne-bn¬ t{]m’m-l-\-[\k-lmbw \¬IpI.

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS Ae-

¶m-c-a-’y-ß-fpsS hn]-W\w \nb-{¥n-°pI.

h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-A¿∞-Øn¬ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn®v

Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßsf klm-bn-°pI. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwbp-‡-h\w

]cn-]m-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p-]-Icw h\-A-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈

kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`h hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.

h\-h¬°-cWw k¿°m¿

`qan

47

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


b q ° m - e n - ] v ‰ k v

t]mse-bp≈ hntZ

i C\-ß-fpsS GI-

C-\-tXm-´-ßƒ ]m

Sn√.

IoS-\m-i-C-\n-Iƒ/

If -\m -i n - \ n -Iƒ

{]tbm-Kn-°-cpXv

Huj -[ -k -ky -ß -

fpsS NqjW-Øn\v

ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-

ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI

bq°m-en-]v‰kv t]mse-

bp≈ hntZi C\-ß-

fpsS GI C\ tXm´-

ßƒ ]mSn√.

hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂

C\-ß-fpsS Irjn

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw

If-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw

{]tbm-Kw -\n¿ØWw.

Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS

NqjW-Øn\v ISpØ

\nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-

ØpI.

b q ° m - e n - ] v ‰ k v

t]mse-bp≈ hntZi

C\-ß-fpsS GI C\

tXm´-ßƒ ]mSn√.

hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂

C\-ß-fpsS Irjn


IoS -\m -i n -\ n -I -f p -

sSbpw If-\m-in-\n-I-

fp-sSbpw {]tbm-Kw -

\n¿ØWw.

Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS

NqjW-Øn\v ISpØ

\nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-

ØpI.

h\-h¬°-cWw kzIm-cy-

`qan

h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn≥ Iogn¬ sNdp-InS ]c-º-cm-KX kzImcy

`qDS-a-Iƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°pI. sNdp-InS DS-a-Iƒ°v

{]Ir-Xn-ZØ ImSp-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip∂n≥ sNcp-hp-I-fn¬

hm¿jn-I-hn-f-Iƒ am‰n kok-W¬ C\-ßƒ Irjn sNøp-∂-Xn\pw

"kwc£W tkh-\-Nm¿Pv' C\-Øn¬ t{]m’m-l\[\klmbw

A\p-h-Zn-°pI. {]Ir-Xn-ZØ ImSp-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p∂-Xn\v sNdp-InS

`qD-S-a-Iƒ°v \nIpXn Cfhv \¬Ip-Itbm ]m´w ]pXp-°n- \¬Ip-

Itbm sNøpI.

bq°m-en-]v‰kv t]m

se-bp≈ hntZi

C\-ß-fpsS GI C

\-tXm-́ -ßƒ ]mSn√.

\ne-hn-ep≈ CØ

cw tXm´-ß-fn¬ hw

i-\m-i-̀ o-jWn t\cn-

Sp∂ C\-ßƒ sh®p-

]n-Sn-∏n-°Ww. t\c

sØ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fm-

bn- zcp-∂h ]p¬ta-Sp-

I-fm-°n am-‰Ww.

IoS-\m-in\n/If-\m-

in\n {]tbmKw ]m

Sn√

Huj-[ -k -ky -ß -

fpsS NqjWw I¿i-

\ -ambn \nb- {¥n -

°Ww.

bq°m-en-]v‰kv t]mse-

bp≈ hntZi C\-ß-

fpsS GI C\-tXm-´-

ßƒ ]mSn√. \ne-hn-

ep≈ CØcw tXm´-

ß-fn¬ hwi-\m-i-`o-

jWn t\cn-Sp∂ C\-

ßƒ sh®p -]n -S n -∏n -

°Ww. t\csØ ]p¬

ta-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂h ]p¬

ta-Sp-I-fm-°n -am-‰Ww.

hwi-\m-iwt\cn-Sp∂

C\-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°Ww.

J\-\-Øn\v \nb-{¥

Ww G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ/If-\m-

in-\n-Iƒ L´w L´-

ambn Hgn-hm-°Ww.

b q ° m - e n - ] v ‰ k v

t]mse-bp≈ hntZi

C\-ß-fpsS GI C\-

tXm-´ -ßƒ ]mSn√.

\ne-hn-ep≈ CØcw

tXm´-ß-fn¬ hwi-\m-

i-`o-jWn t\cn-Sp∂

C\-ßƒ sh®p-]n-Sn-∏n-

°Ww. t\csØ

]p¬ ta-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp-

∂h ]p¬ ta-Sp-I-fm-

°n -am-‰Ww.

hwi-\m-iwt\cn-Sp∂

C\-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°Ww.

J\-\-Øn\v \nb-{¥

Ww G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ/If-

\m -in -\n -Iƒ L´w

h\-h¬°-cWw kzIm-cy-

`qan

48

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


hwi-\miw t\cn-

Sp∂ C\-ßƒ h®p-

] n - S n -∏ n -°p -∂X v

t {]m’m -l n -∏ n -

°Ww.

L´-ambn Hgn -hm -

°Ww.

ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kzImcy `qan, ssPh-ssh-hn[y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS A[o-

\-X-bn-ep≈ ̀ qan, kwbp‡ Irjn-̀ qan kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-̀ -h-̀ qan F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y- L-S-I-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

hnip≤ ImSp-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw "kwc£-W- tk-h-\-Nm¿Pv'

F∂ \ne-bn¬ t{]m’m-l\[\klmbw \¬IWw.

h\y-Po-hn-Iƒ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ IjvS-\-jvS-ßƒ°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw

\¬Im≥ ssPh- ssh-hn-[y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°v {]tXyI

^≠v e`y-am-°Ww.

J\\w J\-\-Øn\v ]pXnb

ssek≥kv \¬I-

cpXv

Ct∏mƒ \S-°p∂

J\\w 2016 HmsS

]q¿Æ-ambn Ah-

km-\n-∏n-°Ww.

J\n -I-fpsS ]cn -

ÿ n - X n - ] - c h p w

kmaq-ly-]p-\-c-[n-

hm -k -] -c -hp -amb

]≤-Xn -Iƒ Ah-

km-\n-∏n°Ww.

A\-[n-Ir-X- J-\\w

DS-\Sn Ah-km-\n-

∏n-°Ww

J\-\-Øn\ ]pXnb

ssek≥kv \¬

IcpXv

ta¬]-d™ samd-t´m-

dnbw Hmtcm tIkpw

]cn-tim-[n®v ]p\¿

\n¿Æ-bn°mw.

\ne-hn -ep≈ J\-\-

Øn\v sa®-s∏´ J\\

D]m-[n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-

Ibpw I¿i-\-\n-b-{¥-

Whpw tkmjy¬ B

Un‰pw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw thWw.

J\n-Iƒ°m-bp≈ ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-

ly- ]p-\c-[n-hm-k-]-c-

hp-amb hni-Z-amb ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-

°Ww.

\nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb J\

\w DS-\Sn \n¿ØWw

ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ e`y-a-

√mØ A]q¿Δ C\w

[mXp-°ƒ°p-th≠n

am{Xta ]pXnb J\

\w A\p-h-Zn-°m-\m

hq. CXv I¿i\ hyh-

ÿ-Iƒ°pw tkm

jy¬ BUn-‰n\pw

hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-°Ww.

Kncn-h¿§-°m-cp-sSbpw

a‰ p -≈ -h - c p - sSbpw

ap≥Iq-´n-bp≈ Adn-

thm-sS-bpw Ah-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ AwKo-

I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-am-bn-cn-

°Ww CXv.

\ne-hn-ep≈ J\-\-

Øn\v sa®-s∏´ J\

\ D]m-[n-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p-Ibpw I¿i-\-\n-

b - {¥-Whpw tkm

jy¬ BUn‰pw G¿

s ∏ - S p - Ø p - I b p w

thWw.

\nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb J

\\w DS-\Sn \n¿

ØWw

49

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


Izmdn-Ifpw aW¬ J\-\-

hpw

\ne-hn-ep-≈Xpw ]pXn-

b-Xp-amb Izmdn-Ifpw

aW¬ J\-\hpw

I¿i\ \nb-{¥-W-

ßƒ°pw tkmjy ¬

BUn-‰n-ßn\pw hnt[-

bhpw Kncn-P-\-ß-fpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßsf l\n-

°msX bpam-I-Ww.

\ne-hn-ep≈h ]cn-

ÿn -X n -b p - s Sb p w

kmaq-ly-{]-XymLm-

X - ß - f p - s S b p w

t]cn¬ DS-\Sn ^e-

{]-Z-amb coXn-bn¬

\nb-{¥n-°-Ww.

Izmdn-Iƒ°pw, aW¬

J \ - \ - Ø n \ p w

]pXnb ssek≥kp-

Iƒ \¬I-cpXv

]pXnb aen-\o-I-cW

h y h - k m - b - ß ƒ

( N p h ∏ v , H m d © v

hn`mKw) ]mSn√.

\ne-hn -ep -≈-hsb

2016 BIp-tºm-tg°v

"0' aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-

se -Øn -°p -Ibpw

ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-

Øn\pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\v hnt[-b-am-

Ip-Ibpw thWw..

aen-\o-I-cW hyh-km-b-

ßƒ (Nph∏v/Hmd©v)

I¿i\ \nb-{¥-W-

ßfpw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-

am°n ]pXnb hyh-

km-b-ßƒ XpSßmw.

sshZypXn/Du¿÷w sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-c-hp-amb{]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sf-]-‰nbpw BUw-_-c-ßƒ°v sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Ipd-bvt°-≠Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xsb ]‰nbpw sshZypXnD]-t`m-‡m-°sf t_m[-h¬°-cn-°pI.

sshZypXn D]-t`m-K-cw-KsØ anX-s∏-Sp-Ø-ens\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw, hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fnse Du¿÷-Im-cy-£-aX Db¿Øp-IbpwsNøpI.

H´pw ]mgm-°msX ]c-am-h[n Imcy-£-a-X-tbmsS Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw\S-Øp∂ sI´n-S-ßƒ sshZypXn D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, tamt´m-dp-IƒXpS-ßn-bh t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ hym]-I-amb {]NcW-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-ØpI.

ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-

ßƒ°pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-

am-bn-cn-°Ww.

{]mtZ-inI ssPh-hn-

` -hm-[n -jvTn -X-amb

hyh -km -b -ßsf

t{]m’m-ln-∏n°mw.

I¿i-\-\n-b-{¥-W-

Øn\pw tkmjy¬

aen-\o-I-c-W-an-√mØ hyh-

km-b-ßƒ (]®, \oe)

]®/\oe hyh-km-b-

ßsf t{]m’m-ln -

∏n°mw.

{]mtZ-inI ssPh-hn-`-

hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb hyh-

km-b-ßsf t{]m’m-

ln-∏n°mw. I¿i-\-\n-b-

{¥-W-Øn\pw tkm

jy¬ BUn-‰n\pw hn

t[bam-bn-cn-°Ww.

\ne-hn-ep-≈h I¿i\

\nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°pw

tkmjy¬ HmUn-‰n\pw

hnt[-b-ambn sa®-s∏-

SpØn XpS-cmw.

]pXnb aen-\o-I-cW

h y h - k m - b - ß ƒ

( N p h ∏ v , H m d © v

hn`mKw) ]mSn√. \ne-

hn -ep -≈-hsb 2016

BIp-tºm-tg°v "0' aen-

\o-I-c-W-Øn-se-Øn-°p-

Ibpw ISpØ \nb-{¥-

W-Øn\pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-

Ibpw thWw..

]®/\oe hyh-km-b-

ßsf t{]m’m-ln-

∏n°mw.

{]mtZ -inI ssPh-

hn-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb

h y h - k m - b - ß s f

t{]m’m-ln-∏n°mw.

I¿i-\ -\n -b - {¥-W-

Øn\pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[b-

am-bn-cn-°Ww.

50

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sshZypXn hntI-{μo-I-c-W-sØbpw kutcm¿÷ -D-]-tbm-K-sØbpwt{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.


Hgp -°p≈ \Zn -I-

fn¬ ]c-am-h[n 3

ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬

XS-bW \n¿Ωn®v

ssat{Im Pe-ssh-

ZypXn D¬]m-Z\w

\SØn (Run off the

river schemes) Kncn-

h¿§-°m-scbpw {]m

tZ-inI kaq-l-Øn

\pw tXm´w tImf-\n-

Iƒ°pw sshZypXn

e`y-am°mw. {Kma-k-

`-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-

tbm-sSbpw ]›n-a-

L´ AtXm-dn-ń-bp-

sSbpw F√m ¢nb-

d≥kpw hmßn-bp-am-

bn-cn-°Ww CXv \S-

∏m-°m≥.

]pXnb s{]mP-IvSn-

\p-th≠n \Zn- KXn

Xncn®v hnSp-I-tbm

t^mdÃv ¢nb-d≥kv

\¬Ip-Itbm ]mSn

√.

Hgp-°ns\ B{i-bn-

®p≈ sshZypXn

D¬]m-Z\ kvIoap-

Iƒ BZy-sØ tbm

c≠m - a - sØtbm

\Zn-{]-hm-l-[mc-I-

fn¬ A\p-h-Zn -°-

cpXv.

Bfp-Iƒ kzbw \S-

Øp∂ sNdp -InS

kq£va -P -e -ssh-

ZypX ]≤XnIƒ

A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv.

1 0 s aK m - h m - ´ n ≥

Xmsgbp≈ ]pXnb

sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-

ZypX ]≤-Xn -Iƒ

Kncn -P -\ -k-aq -l-Øn-

s‚bpw Xt±i ÿm]-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-tbm-

K-Øn\v XS-bW A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-amWv

15 ao‰-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ Db-

c -ap≈ AW-s°-´p -

Itfm ]pXnb sX¿a¬

πm\p-Itfm ]mSn-√.

10 apX¬ 25 saKm-hm´v

hsc-bp-Sp≈ (10 saKm-

slSvkv hsc) Pe-ssh-

ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-amWv.

kwÿm\ ]cn-ÿnXn

AtXm-dnń Pn√m ]cn-

ÿnXn IΩn -‰n -Iƒ,

]›n-I-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn

AtXm-dnń F∂n-h-

bpsS ¢nb-d≥kn\v

hnt[-b -ambn F√m

]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw A\p-

aXn \¬Imw.

\Zo -X -SsØ kw_-

‘n® BLmX ]T-\-

Øn -\p -tijw Hgp -

°p≈ \Zn-KXnbn¬

(run off the river)

{]h¿ Øn-°p∂ Pe-

ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-I-fm-

hmw.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\p-

tijw am{Xta Im‰m-

Sn-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ]mSp≈q.

\ne-hn-ep≈ sX¿a¬

]h¿ πm‚p-Ifnse aen-

\o-I-cWw "0' B°-

Ww.

NphsS ]d-bp∂ \n_-

‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-

ambn h≥InS Du¿

÷ DXv]m-Z-\-πm‚p-

Iƒ A\p-h-Zn°mw.

1. Bg-Øn-ep≈ k

©nX BLm-X- ]-

T\w

2. hmlItijn kº-

‘n® ]T\w (am\-Z-

fi-ßƒ ] ›naL´

AtXm-dnń \n›bn-

°Ww)

3. G‰hpw Ipd™

t^mdÃv ¢nb-d≥kv

4. \Zn -bpsS ]cn -

ÿnXn Bh-iy-ßƒ

Dƒ∏sS Xmtgm-´p≈

Bh-iy-amb Hgp-°n

s‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

I¿i-\ -\n -b - {¥-W-

Øn\pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-

ambn. \ne-hp-ep≈

Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z -\-

πm‚p-Iƒ°v {]h¿

Øn°mw.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-

\p-tijw am{Xta Im

‰ m - S n - ] - ≤ - X n - I ƒ

]mSp≈q.

\ne-hn-ep≈ sX¿a¬

]h¿ πm‚p-Ifnse

aen -\o -I -cWw "0'

B°-Ww.

\ne-hn-ep≈ AW-sI-

´p -I-fpsS Pem-bi

{]h¿Ø\w Xmtg°v

IqSp-X¬ Pew Hgp-

°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb

coXn-bn¬ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-

cn-°-Ww.

51

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.

]pXnb sX¿a¬ ]

h¿ πm‚p-I-sfm ∂pw

A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a√

\ne-hn -ep≈ sX¿

a¬ ]h¿πm‚p-Iƒ

°v I¿i-\-amb ]cn-

ÿnXn \nb-{¥Ww

G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

v̂ssf Bjv/-I-́ -Iƒ

D≠m-°p∂ \ne-hn-

ep≈ coXn-°p-]p-dsa

tdmUv \n¿Ωm -W-

Øn\pw a‰pw ^vssf

Bjv D]-tbm -Kn -

°p∂ coXn

\ne-hn-ep≈ sX¿a

¬ πm‚p-Iƒ t{]m

’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

h≥InS Im‰m-Sn-b-{¥

]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ]mSn√.

hntI-{μo-I-cW Du¿

÷- B-h-iy -ßƒ

°mbn ku tcm¿÷

t {k mX - p - I s f

t{]m’m -ln∏n -°

Ww.

Hcp Du¿÷-D¬∏m-Z\ ]≤-Xn-°p-th-≠nbpw \Zn-I-fpsS KXn Xncn-

°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°n√. \ne-hn¬ Aßs\ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv DS≥

Ah-km-\n-∏n°pw.

Pe-t{km-X v kw_-‘n® XXz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AW-

s°-´ns‚ hrjvSn-{]-tZiw L´w L´-ambn kw]p-jvS-am°n kwc£n-

°Ww. XpS¿®-bmbn 3 h¿jw C{]-Imcw sNømXn-cp-∂m¬ \ne-hn-

ep≈ ]≤-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-∏n°pw.

A\p-h-Zn® Ime-]-cn-[n-I-gn™Xpw {]h¿Ø-\-£-aX C√m-Ø-Xp-

amb AW-s°-́ p-I-fp-sSbpw (30˛50 h¿jw) sX¿a¬πm‚p-I-fp-sSbpw

{]h¿Ø\w L´w-L-´-ambn Ah-km-\n-∏n°pw.

Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS I¿i\ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ Xt±i

ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]h¿t_m¿Up-I-fp-sSbpw kwbp-‡m-̀ n-ap-Jy-Øn-

em-bn-cn°pw F√m hn`mKw s{]mPIvSp-Ifpw {]h¿Øn-°pI.

52

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


KXm-KXw AXym-h-iy -ap≈

CS-ß-fn-embn ]p

Xnb sdbn¬th

sset\m henb

tdmUp-Itfm ]m

Sn√. A\p-h-Zn-®m¬

Xs∂ AXv ISp-Ø-

\n -b - {¥-W-ß-fp -

sSbpw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-

b-am-bn-cn°pw

]pXnb sslth-

Ifpw FIvkv{]kv

thIfpw Hgn -hm -

°Ww.

ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-

Øn\pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-

ambn AXym -h -iy -

ap≈ ]pXn-b-tdm-Up-I

fpw sdbn¬th sse

\pw A\p-h-Zn°mw.

AXym-h-iy-ap≈ CS-ß-

fn -embn ]pXnb sd

bn¬th sset\m hen

b tdmUp-Itfm ]mSn√.

A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ Xs∂

AXv ISp-Ø-\n-b-{¥-W-

ß-fp-sSbpw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-am-

bn-cn°pw

ISpØ \nb- {¥-W-

ßƒ°pw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-am-

bn tdmUp-Iƒ sa®-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn°pw.

Sqdnkw Sqdnkw sNep-Øp

∂ BLmXw ]c-

am-h[n eLq-I-cn-

°m≥ th≠n ]cn-

ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-

e-b-Øns‚ Ct°m

Sqdnkw \bw ]›n-

a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn

AtXm-dn´n t`Z-KXn

hc pØnbXp - {] -

Imcw A\p-h-Zn-°p-

∂-h.

amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-

W-Øn\pw KXm-K-

X-\n -b - {¥-W-Øn

\pw Pe-D-]-tbm-K-

Øn\pw I¿i\ \n

b-{¥Ww thWw.

Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm\n-

s‚bpw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n-s‚bpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ I¿i\

\nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿

s∏-Sp-ØpI. Hcp {]tZ-

i-Øn\v Xmßm-hp∂

tijn-bp-sSbpw kmaq-

ly-]-cn -ÿnXn hne-

bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn

¬ thWw amÃ¿πm-\n

\v cq]w \¬Im≥

Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm\n-

s‚bpw tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n-s‚bpw ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ I¿i\

\nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿

s∏-Sp-ØpI. Hcp {]tZ-

i-Øn\v Xmßm-hp∂

tijn-bp-sSbpw kmaq-

ly-]-cn-ÿnXn hne-

bpsS ASn -ÿm-\ -

Øn¬ thWw amÃ¿

πm-\n\v cq]w \¬

Im≥

hnZym-`ymkw {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fp-tSbpw, `qan, Pew, hmbp XpS-

ßnb {]IrXn hn -̀h-ß-fpsS \io-I-c-W-Øn\pw Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-W-

Øn\pw CS-h-cp-Øp∂ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-lm-c-

Øn\pw \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw Iev]n-®p≈ hnZym-`ymk

]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS Ip´n-I-sfbpw bph-P-\-ß-tfbpw {]mtZinI ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

{]mtZ-inI kaq-lsØ ]¶m-fn-bm°n ]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ym-k-]-

≤-Xn-Isf ]¶m-fnØ ]cn-ÿnXn A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-c-

W-am°n {]mtZ-inI ssPh sshhn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°v

P\-Iob ssPh-ssh-hn≤ cPn-Ã-dpIƒ Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ignbpw.

Hcp \Zn-bpsS am¿§-Øn-ep-S-\o-f-ap≈ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnZym¿∞n-I-

fpsS "dnh¿ ¢_p-Iƒ' cq]o-I-cn®v th≠ t{]m’m-l\w \¬IWw.

Irjn-]-T\w kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hym]-I-am-°Ww.

53

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


imkv{Xhpw

kmt¶-XnIimkv{Xhpw

AW-s°-´p-Iƒ, J\n-Iƒ, Sqdnkw, `h-\-\n¿ΩmWw XpSßn F√m

]pXnb ]≤-Xn-I-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v BLm-Xm-]-T\w \SØn B

{]tZiw AXn\v Xmßm≥ Ign-bp∂ tijn-°p-≈n-em-sW∂v I≠m¬

am{Xta A\p-aXn \¬Imhq.

lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-°m≥ Kth-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw

AXv km[m-c-W-°m-c\v Xmßm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Ne\ A]-{K-Y\ kqN-I-ßƒ°v Kth-j-W-ÿm-

]-\-ßƒ, k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ {]mtZ-inI kaqlw F∂n-h¿ HØp-

tN¿∂v cq]w \¬IWw.

hn⁄m-\ -am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ]›n-a-L-´-k-anXn Xøm-dm-°nb ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn A]-

{K-Y-\-Øn\v P\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]tXy-In®v hnZym¿∞n-k-aq-l-sØbpw

]s¶-Sp-∏n®v Xpd-∂Xpw kpXm-cyhpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-]-c-hp-amb Hcp ]cn-

ÿnXn Ah-tem-I-\-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬IWw.

\Zn-Isf kw_-‘n® ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬

]pXp-°p-Ibpw \Zo-X-S-X-e-Øn-ep≈ hnh-c-ßfpw ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-

‘n® ÿnXn hnh-c-ßfpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

13.1 taJem πm\p-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw

]›n-a-L-́ -ta-J-e-bpsS samØ-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-{X-Whpw hnI-k-\hpw \n¿±njvS ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fpsS N´-°q-´n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ tI{μ-k¿°m-cnse dn´.

No v̂ Su¨ P\-d¬ πm\¿ s{]m^. FUvKm¿ dnt_tdm hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ kao-]-\-tcJ t_mIvkv

II ¬ ImWmw.

t_mIvkv \º¿ 11 : taJem πm\p-Ifpw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ nbpw(s{]m^. FUvKm¿ dnt_tdm Xøm-dm-°n-bXv)

A. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Iognse Un.-]n.-kn-Ifpw / Fw.-]n.-kn.-Ifpw

1. 1992 se 73, 74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn \nb-a-ßƒ Pn√m-B-kq-{XW kan-Xn-Ifpw (DPC)sat{Sms]mfn-‰≥ Bkq-{X-W-I-Ωn-‰n-Ifpw (MPC) F∂ Bi-b-Øn\v cq]w \¬In. Aßs\

C¥y-bnse `c-W-Pn-√-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ 1950¬ ]©-h¬k-c- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ DZ-bw-sN-bvX-tXmsS

BWv k_v Pn√-I-fmb Xmeq-°p-Iƒ°v A\p-_-‘-ambn hnI-k-\-tªm-°p-Iƒ \ne-hn¬

h∂Xv. Un.]n.knIfpw Fw.]n.kn.Ifpw e£y-an-Sp-∂Xv Xmsg Xew apX¬ apI-fn-tem-

´p≈ ]¶m-fnØ hnI-k-\-amWv. Pn√-bnse hnI-k\ tªm°p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ap\n-kn-∏m-en-

‰n-I-sfbpw hnt√Pv ]©m-b-Ø-p-I-sfbpw \n¿Δ-Nn-°p∂ Ce-{Œ¬ hm¿Up-Isf ASn-ÿm-

\-am-°n-bm-WnXv. Cu {XnXe kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ ̀ c-W-]-c-amb Bh¿Ø-\-an√. Un.]n.kn.Ifp-

sSbpw Fw.]n.knI-fp-sS-bpw-]-cn[n _‘-s∏´ Pn√-bmWv.

2. `c-W-L-S-\m-t -̀Z-KXn {]Imcw Fw.]n.kn.Ifn¬ Ipd-™Xv aq∂n¬ c≠pw (2 /3), Un.]n.knI-

fn¬ \men¬ aq∂pw(3/4)AwK-ßƒ \ntbm-PI afi-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-

s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww. CXn¬ Xs∂ aq∂n-sem-∂p-t]¿ (1/3) h\n-X-I-fm-bn-cn-°Ww. ]cn-an-

X-amb `qan hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fpsS ]≤-Xn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n® X¿°-ßƒ

]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Un.]n.knIfpw Fw.]n.kn.Ifpw Ah-cpsS

54

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n-ep≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \n¿±njvS hnI-k\ t^m¿am-‰n¬ Xøm-dm°n

kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ ]cn-K-W-\bv°v ka¿∏n-°Ww. F∂mepw {Um^vSv πm\ns‚

kmwK-Xy-Øn¬ Bi-b-°p-g∏w \ne-\n-ev°p∂p.

3. C∂v an° kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Un.]n.knIƒ \ne-hn-ep-s≠-¶nepw Ah-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ

]cn-an-X-amWv. tIcfw, I¿Æm-SIw, alm-cmjv{S, KpP-dmØv kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {XnXe

]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[m-\-amWv \ne-hn-ep-≈Xv. hnt√Pv ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw Pn√m ]©m-

b-Øp-Ifpw AS-ßnb ZznXe ]©m-bØv cmPv kwhn-[m-\-amWv tKmh-bn-ep-≈Xv. AhnsS

tªm°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ C√.

4. \ne-hn¬ tIm¬°-Ø-bn¬ am{Xta sat{Sm s]mfn-‰≥ Bkq-{X-W-k-anXn (Fw.]n.kn)

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≈p. Hcp Zi-e-£-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ F√m sat{Sm s]mfn-‰≥

kn‰n-Iƒ°pw Fw.]n.kn cq]o-I-cn-°-Wsa-∂mWv ̀ c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv. 2001se

IW-°-\p-k-cn®v CØcw 35 kn‰n-Iƒ C¥y-bn-ep≠v. Fw.]n.knIƒ cq]o-I-cn-°mØ

kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v 12˛mw ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-°m-eØv Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp \K-c-hn-I-k\

]≤Xn (JNNURM) bn¬ \n∂p≈ {]tXyI klmbw XS-™p-h-bv°m-\n-S-bp≠v. Fw.]n.kn.

cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-ep-≈ {][m\ XS w A[n-Im-cm-Xn¿Øn kw_-‘n®v Un.]n.knIƒ,

Pn√m ]©m-bØv, ap\n-kn-∏¬ tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ, F∂n-h-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-amWv.

5. CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Pn√ H∂msI Fw.]n.kn.bpsS ]cn-[n-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-ØpI

F∂-XmWv. ChnsS Pn√ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, {Um^vSv hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Fw.]n.kn°v

dnt∏m¿´p sNøWw.

B. ÿe-]-c ]≤Xn-I-fpsS ]¶v (taJem˛\K-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ)

1. Fw.]n.knIfpw Un.]n.knIfpw hn`m-h\ sNbvX `cW-L-S-\m-t`-Z-KXn taJem \nt£]

hnI-k\ Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw CXv `qan-

bpsS hn\n-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ kΩ¿±-Øn\v t]mwhgn I≠n√. h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ `qan

Zu¿e-`yhpw ss]Xr-I-aq-ey-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ kwc-

£n-°m-\p≈ _m[y-Xbpw Cu {]iv\-Øns‚ cq£X h¿≤n-°p∂p.

2. Cu {]iv\-Øn\v Hcp ]cn-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tI{μ-\-K-c-hn-I-k\ a{¥m-ebw Hcp amXrI

ÿe-]c hnI-k-\-B-kq-{XW \nb-a-Øn\v cq]w \¬In-bn-´p≠v. Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ taJ-em-

πm-\p-Ifpw ap\n-kn-∏¬/]©m-b-Øp-X-e-πm-\p-Ifpw {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬ hm¿Up-Xe πm\p-

Ifpw Dƒs∏´ Hcp kwtbm-PnX ÿe-]c Bkq-{XW kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. 20 h¿jsØ

Zo¿L ho£-W-tØmsS cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX 5 h¿j-hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≠m-

hpI. Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-sebpw hyXykvX `qan D]-tbm-Khpw GsX√mw `qan GsX√mw

Bh-iy-ßƒ°v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂Xp kw_-‘n® ]´n-Ibpw Hmtcm taJ-e-bv°p-ap≈

hnI-k\ \n-b-{¥W \n_-‘-\-Ifpw CXn-ep-≠mIpw. hfsc {][m-\-s∏-s´m-cp-Imcyw kwÿm-

\sØ `qhn-\n-tbmKw \n›-bn-°p∂ GI-\n-baw CXp am{X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-XmWv. CXp

aqew ]e \nb-a-ßƒ°p Iogn¬ hnI-k-\-]-≤XnIƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap≈ Bi-b-

°p-g∏w Hgn-hmIpw. taJe˛\Kc Bkq-{XW \nb-a-Øn≥ Iognse ]≤Xn \n¿Δ-N\w

Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Im-c-amWv.

3. Hcp s{]mPIvSv AYhm kvIow F∂m¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp tI{μ˛ kwÿm-\-\-b-a-Øn≥

Iogn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp \n›nX {]tZ-iØv \S-∏m-°p∂ ]≤Xn F∂¿∞w. KXm-KXw,

a‰v ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k\ LS-I-ßƒ, Su¨jn-∏p-Iƒ, `h-\-\n¿ΩmWw, hyh-km-b-ßƒ,

hmWnPyw, ÿm]-\-ßƒ, hnt\m-Z-D-]m-[n-Iƒ, ]g-©≥ cq]-tc-J-I-fpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw,

ss]Xr-X-kw-c-£Ww XpSßn _‘-s∏´ \nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-sX√mw

CXn-epƒs°m-≈n-°Ww.

4. ÿe-]-c-B-kq-{XW N´-°qSpw Hcp t{]mPIvSv/kvIoapw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap≠v,

55

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

C. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń (WGEA)

1. C¥y-bnse CXc ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒs°m∏w ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw

Hcp ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Ah-k-c-am-WnXv. C¥y-bnse

650 Hmfw Pn√-I-fpsS aq∂n-sem∂v (1/3) ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv. Chn-sS-

sb√mw hnI-k-\-Øn\v Hcp ]n≥_e ]¶m-Wp-≈Xv. as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ C¥y-

bnse Pn√-I-fpsS aq∂n-sem∂pw hnI-k\ kulr-Z-]-c-amWv. ChnsS ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-

e-sa∂ Bibw hfsc {i≤m-]q¿Δw thWw \S-∏m-°m≥. a‰p Pn√-I-fn¬ hnI-k-\hpw

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-Xbpw XΩn¬ k¥p-e\w D≠m-hp-Ibpw thWw.

2. Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-ap≈ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ KpP-

dmØv, alm-cmjv{S, tKmh, I¿Æm-SI, tIcf, Xan-gv\mSv F∂o 6 kwÿm-\-ß-fnse

\nc-h[n Pn√-Iƒ Dƒs∏Spw Cu Pn√-Iƒs°√mw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw tKmh-bn-sebpw t]mse

ÿe-]-c-ta-Jem πm\p-Iƒ Bh-iy-amWv. Cu Pn√-Iƒ°v Pn√m-Xe `pX-e-hn-\n-tbm-K

-πm-\p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bm¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-`q-hn-\n-tbmK taJ-e-Ifpw a‰v `qhn-\n-

tbm-K-ta-J-e-Ifpw AXn¬ hy‡-ambn AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠mIpw. _‘-s∏´

kwÿm-\sØ _‘-s∏´ Pn√-bpsS ÿe-]-c-ta-Jem πm\n¬ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn

AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS AXn¿Øn hy‡-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-°Ww. X∑qew hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ°v AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ \n∂v ¢nb-d≥kv hmtß-≠-Xv GsXms° {]tZ-i-Øn-\msW∂v

CXn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em°mw.

3. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń Hcp s{]mPIvSv kwhn-[m-\-amWv. A√msX Hcp `qhn-\n-

tbmK N -́°qSv kwhn-[m-\-a√. ̀ qhn-\n-tbmK N -́°q-Sn-\p≈ hyhÿ Dƒs∏Sp-∂Xv kwÿm-

\-Øns‚ taJe \K-c-hn-I-k\ Bkq-{XW \nb-a-Øn-emWv. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS ]≤Xn

Xøm-dm-°p∂ apdbv°v GsX-¶nepw {]tZiw Zp¿_-e-am-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂p-sh-¶n¬

AXv taJ-em-hn-I-k\ πm\n¬ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ImWn-®n-cn-°Ww. \n›nX ka-b-]-cn-[n-

°p-≈n¬ GsXms° {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv ]cn-c-£n-t°-≠-sX∂pw GsXm-s°-bmWv kwc-

£n-t°-≠-sX∂pw {]tXyI \n_-‘-\-ItfmsS GsXms° {]tZ-i-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m-

sa∂pw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń°v Xocp-am-\n°mw. CXv Hmtcm Pn√m-Xe taJ-

em-πm-\nepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. "s{]mPIvSv' F∂ ]Zhpw "N´-°qSv' F∂ ]Zhpw

XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ CXv klm-bn°pw. `qhn-\n-tbmK taJe ÿe-]c

hnI-k\ πm\ns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fmWv.

4. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ n Hcp ZiIw ap≥]v \ne-hn¬ h∂n-cp∂p F¶n¬ "ehmk'/

"Aw_n-hmen' taJem ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS cq]w hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bXv

BtKm-f-]-ckyw \¬In-bp≈ dnb¬ FtÃ‰v Xmev]-cy-Øn\p ]Icw AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS

]cn-ÿnXn \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-am-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p. BI-bm¬ AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ hnP-bn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah kwÿm-\-ta-Jem \K-c-hn-I-k\ Bkq-{XW \nb-a-

Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-h-bm-IWw. am{X-a√ "hnI-k\w' F∂ Bi-

b-Øn¬ ]cn-c-£-Whpw kwc-£-Whpw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

5. "kwc-£W ]›m-Ø-e-Ønse hnI-k\w' F∂ Bi-b-Ønse "ÿe-]-c-hn-I-k\ Bkq-

{XWw' F∂ ]pXnb Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bn¬ AtXm-dnń t{]mP-IvSpIƒ°v hnPbn°m≥

Ignbpw. A\p-Iqe LS-I-ß-fmb h\-ta-Je, ]e-hpcp Irjn-bn-d-°m-hp∂ Irjn-`qan,

NXp-∏p-Iƒ, Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-hp-amb ]cn-ÿnXn F∂nh

\nb-{¥-W-c-ln-X-ambn am∏nßv \S-Ønbpw KXm-KXw, ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k\ LS-I-ßƒ

XpS-ßnbh A\p-tbm-Pyhpw t{]m’m-l-\-]-c-hp-amb hnI-k\ \n_-‘-\-I-tfmsS AXp-

ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n®pw AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ h≥hn-P-b-am-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.

56

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

14. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń

1986se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse 3˛mw hIp-∏p-{]-Im-c-ap≈ F√m A[n-Im-c-

ß-tfmSpw IqSn tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw \nb-an® \nb-a-km-[y-X-bp≈ ÿm]-\-amWv

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń. ]›n-a-L´w AXn-hn-im-e-amb Hcp taJ-e-bmWv. CXv 6

kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw 44 Pn√-I-fnepw 142 Xmeq-°p-I-fn-ep-ambn hym]n®p InS-°p∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-Ifpw tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-bhpw kwbp-‡-ambn \nb-an-

°p∂ 6 kwÿm\ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-I-fn-eqsS thWw ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn

AtXm-dn-ń°v AXns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥. kwÿm\ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-

ń-Iƒ kwÿm\ ssPh sshhn-≤y-t_m¿Up-I-fp-ambpw aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W t_m¿Up-I-fp-

ambpw kwÿm-\-B-kq-{XW t_m¿Up-I-fp-ambpw ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw Bkq-{XW

IΩo-j≥ ]©-h¬kc ]≤-Xn-I-fn-eqsS e`y-am-°p∂ ^≠p-]-tbm-Kn®v ]›n-a-L´ hnI-k\

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw. F√m ]›n-a-L´ hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw kwÿm-\- ]-›n-

a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-IfpsS klm-b-tØmsS kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS am¿K-\n¿t±i {]Imcw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ kpÿn-c-hn-

I-k-\m-[n-jvTnX kvIoap-Iƒ°v ]n≥_ew \¬Im-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw \nb-an® D∂-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-I-fpsS klm-

b-tØm-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS `cWw \S-Øp-∂Xv. kp{]nw-tIm-

SXn DØ-c-hn-eqsS \nb-an-°-s∏´ Zlm-\-Xm-eq°v ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS Imcy-sam-gn-®m¬

\nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-c-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ taev]-d™ `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w ]cm-P-b-amWv. kmº-ØnI˛

a\p-jy-hn-`-h-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw CXns\ Zp¿_-e-am-°p∂p. Nne tIkp-I-fn¬ XpS¿®-

bmbn Ign™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn D∂-X-Xe kanXn \ne-hn-en√. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[

kan-Xn°v (WGEEP) ]Icw F√m-]-›n-a-L´ Pn√-I-fnepw Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-

°-W-sa-∂mWv Rß-fpsS \n¿t±iw. Cu Pn√m-I-Ωn-‰nIƒ Pn√m ]©m-bØv ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-

am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Ifpw Pn√m πm\nßv IΩn-‰n-I-fp-ambn kl-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°Ww. Pn√mXe

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ -ssP-h-ssh-hn≤y \nb-a-{]-Imcw \nban® Ãm‰yq-´dn

IΩ-n‰n-I-fmWv. A√msX D∂-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-I-sf-t]mse h¿j-ß-fmbn {]h¿Ø-\-

an-√mØ AUvtlm°v kan-Xn-I-f√. AXp-sIm≠v ]c-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-bhpw kwÿm\

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-Ifpw \ntbm-Kn-°p∂ hnZKv[ AwK-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS

Pn√m-Xe ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-tfmSv ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS

Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmWv.

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kpXm-cy-Xbpw Xpd∂ kao-]-\hpw ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ ]›n-

a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń {i≤n-°Ww. CXn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ am¿§w "]cym-h-c≥ hmln\n'

kvIow ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Itbm ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-I-cmbn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ k∂-≤-X-bp≈

Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS kanXn cq]o-I-cn®v Pn√-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-ÿ-bpsS {]mY-anI Ah-tem-

I\w \S-Øp-I-bmWv. Cu ]cym-h-c≥ hmln\n thmf‚n-b¿am¿°v kwc-£-W-Ønepw kpÿn-c-

hn-I-k-\-Ønepw ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\:ÿm]-\-Ønepw Xmsg Xń¬ P\-ßsf {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xn¬

hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°m-\mIpw. F√m Pn√-I-fnepw ]cn-ÿnXn Hmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-°m≥

AtXm-dnń \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°Ww. B{‘-bnse alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob {Kmao-W-sXm-gn-ep-d∏v \nb-

a-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ F√m ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ°pw _m[-I-amb Hcp tkmjy¬ BUn‰v

kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

e`y-am-bn-´p≈ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse `qX-e-hn-h-c-ßƒ ssPh sshhn-≤y-L-S-I-ßƒ F∂nh

kam-l-cn®v 5 an\n´v x 5 an\n´v As√-¶n¬ 9 Inao x 9 Inao ka-N-Xp-c-Øn-ep≈ 2200 bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°v

ÿe-]c Um‰m-t_kv hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ D∂-X-Xe kanXn henb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn.

e`y-am-bn-´p≈ a‰v ]e Um‰m-t_-kp-Iƒ IqSn IW-°n-se-SpØv Cu Um‰m-t_kv IqSp-X¬ hn]p-

eo-I-cn-°m≥ AtXm-dnń {ian-°Ww. hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS taJe `q]-S-ßƒ°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-

°nb Um‰m-t_kpw CX-c-im-k-{Xob LS-I-ßfpw, kvIqƒ˛tImtfPv Xe-Ønse ]cn-

ÿnXn˛hnZym-`ym-khpw P\-ß-fpsS ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-c-Pn-Ã¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Um‰m-t_kv

hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v IW-°n-se-Sp°mw. Bkvt{S-en-b-bnse "dnh¿hm®v kvIoap"IfpsS amXrI-

57

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

bn¬ ]›n-a-Um‰m _m¶ns‚ XpS¿®-bmb hn]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn\v P\-]-¶m-fnØw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°Ww. CXn-\mbn h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v C∂v Kth-j-I¿ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ A\ym-

b-amb _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ AtXm-dnń klm-bn-°Ww. P\-ß-fpsS At]-£-Iƒ°p

th≠n-t]mepw ImØn-cn-°m\mImsX hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse {]k-

‡-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsX e`y-am-°m≥ _‘-s∏´ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-fn¬

AtXm-dnń kΩ¿±w sNep-ØWw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hyh-km-b-ßƒ°m-bp≈ Pn√m-Xe taJem

`q]-S-ßƒ tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw DS≥Xs∂ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sh_vssk-‰n¬

{]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXns\ ]›n-a-L´ Um‰m-_m-¶p-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

]cn-ÿnXn BLm-X- A-]-{K-Y-\hpw ¢nb-d≥kv {]{In-bbpw ASn-apSn ]cn-jv°-cn-°m≥

AtXm-dnń ap≥ssI FSp-°Ww. ]c-nÿnXn BLm-X -A-]-{K-Y-\hpw ¢nb-d≥kpw Bh-iy-ap≈

t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS ]ńI ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw Ct∏mƒ Hgn-hm-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ hn‚ van-√p-Ifpw

sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Cu {]{Inb kpXm-cy-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.

am{X-hp-a√ kvIqƒ˛ tImtfPv Xe-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ym-khpw P\-ß-fpsS ssPh

-ssh-hn-≤y-c-Pn-Ã¿ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Cu ¢nb-d≥kv {]{In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØWw. \ne-hn-ep≈

t{]mP-IvSvXe ¢nb-d≥kv {]{In-b-bv°p-]-Icw samØ-Øn-ep≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°p-Ibpw Bh¿Ø\ BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\xÿm]\w, kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w, kwc-£Ww F∂n-h-

bn¬ Xmsg-\n∂v apI-fn-te-°p≈ Hcp ]¶m-fnØ kao-]-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. Cu ImgvN-

∏m-tSmsS 73,74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eqsS e£y-an´ P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-{In-bmb A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-

{μo-I-c-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mb tIcfw C°m-cy-Øn¬

{it≤-b-amb t\´w ssIh-cn-®n-´p≠v. a‰v F√m ]›n-a-L´ Pn√-I-fnepw Cu amXrI kzoI-cn-°m≥

AtXm-dnń ap≥ssI FSp-°Ww.

ssPh sshhn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fn-eqsS ssPh-ssh-hn≤y \nbaw \S-∏m-°p∂

Imcy-Ønepw tIcfw hfsc ap∂n-emWv. F√m ]›n-a-L´ Pn√-I-fnepw {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ,

Xmeq°v ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, \K-c-]m-en-I-Iƒ, alm-\-K-c-]m-en-I-Iƒ F∂o

Xe-ß-fn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩ-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ AtXm-dn‰n {ian-°Ww. AXp-

t]mse ssPh-ssh-hn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°v t{]m’m-l-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ssPh-ssh-

hn-≤y-\n-baw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ "k¿Δokv Nm¿÷v' CuSm-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°Ww. tIc-f-Ønse

DSp-º-t©me Xmeq-°nse ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-k-º-∂-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-am-Xr-I-bn¬

kwc-£-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu ÿm]-\-ß-sfsb√mw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°Ww.

Cu ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰n-Iƒ Im¿jnI ssPh sshhn-≤y-sØ-IqSn {i≤n-°-Ww.

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ 2001se kky-kw-c-£W I¿jI Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse hIp-∏p-Iƒ hfsc

{]k-‡-amWv. Hcp tZiob P\n-XI ^≠v cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. CXn\v [mcmfw ^≠pw e`y-amWv.

Xt±i hnf C\-ß-fpsS P\n-XI kwc-£-W-Øn\v ]©m-b-Øp-X-e-Øn¬ Cu ^≠v D]-tbm-Kn-

°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

]cn-ÿnXn ]p\-ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ alm-flm-Km‘n {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d-∏p-]-≤Xn \nb-a-Øn\v

henb kw`m-h\ sNøm≥ Ignbpw. CXn-¬ {]h¿Øn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v {Kma-k-`-Iƒ IqSn

A\p-aXn thW-sa∂ \n¿t±iw kzmK-Xm¿l-amWv. ]ńI {]tZi\nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw h\- A-h-Im-

i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {Kma-k-̀ -Iƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØWw. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn≥

Iogn¬ kmaq-ly- h-\-\n-b-a-Øns‚bpw Iogn¬ kmaq-ly-h\ hn`-h-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw PESAbpw

\S-∏m-°p-∂Xv AtXm-dnń t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.(Extension of Panchayat Raj to the ScheduledAreas Act)

{]IrXn kwc-£-W-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ \nb-{¥-W-

ßfpw {]Xn-Iqe t{]m’m-l-\hpw F∂ coXn-°p-]-Icw hnip≤ -h-\-ßƒ F∂ ]c-º-cm-KX

Bi-b-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ B[p-\nI kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfbpw

XpS¿®-bmb kwc-£-Wm-[njvTn-X-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfbpw AtXm-dnń t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

kz¥w `qan-bn¬ I≠¬°mSv kwc-£n-°p∂ I¿j-I\v kwc-£W k¿Δokv Nm¿Pv

\¬Ip∂ tIcf ssPh sshhn-[y-t_m¿Uns‚ \S-]Sn DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp°mw. kwc-£W

58

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Npa-X-e-bn-ep≈ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-Kv[¿°pw iº-f-Øn\pw a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°pw

Po∏v, `h-\-\n¿ΩmWw F∂n-hbv°pw th≠n ^≠v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imcy-£-a-Xsb ]‰n

AtXm-dnń hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-ØWw. C°m-cy-Ønse Imcy-£-aX hfsc

tami-am-sW-∂Xv kwi-b-an-√mØ Imcy-amWv. Db¿∂ aqey-ap≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-L-S-I-ß-fpsS

kwc-£-W-Øn\v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v A\p-Iqe t{]m’m-l\w \¬Im-\mbn Hcp \n›n-X-

k-a-b-]-cn-[n-bn-te°v, Cu ^≠v ]p\¿hn-\y-kn-°Ww.

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ {]tXyI LS-I-ßƒ°v kwc-£-W-aqeyw \n›-bn-°m≥ Hcp s]mXp-

k-ao-]-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Im\pw ]e {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\pw A\p-h-Zn-® {]tZ-i-Øn-\p-≈n¬

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ \ne A]-{K-Yn-°m≥ B{i-bn-°m-hp-∂Xpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb Hcp kwhn-

[m\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw ]e kmt¶-XnI LS-I-ßƒ Bh-iy-amWv. h\ A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn≥

Iogn-ep≈ kaq-l-h-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ°pw ]©m-bØv {]tZ-iØv A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-

≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°pw CXv thWw. F√m-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v

AXm-bXv hnt√Pv ss{]adn kvIqƒ apX¬ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ hsc C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp {][m\

]¶v hln-°m≥ Ignbpw. Ch-sb√mw \n›-b-ambpw ]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]mTy-`m-K-

Ønse {][m-\-L-S-I-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww. ̀ mhn-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS GtIm-]-\-Øn-\p-am-{X-ambn

Hcp sNdnb hn`mKw DtZym-K-ÿsc \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw

amt\-Pvsa‚pw ]q¿Æ-ambn {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bWw.

Aß-s\-bm-I-bm¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤ysØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-\mbn sNe-gn-°p∂ XpI Cu

kaq-l-ß-fn-te°v FØpw. kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-ń-´p≈ \n¿≤-\¿°v {]Xn-êw

\¬Im\pw AXp-hgn kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v A\p-

Iq-e-am-sbm-c-hÿ ]cs° krjvSn-°m\pw Ignbpw.

14.1.\nb-a-]-c-amb N´-°qSvv

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń (WGEA)

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ambn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-

c-amb BLm-X-ßsf ]‰n a\- n-em-°m\pw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-X-bpsS G‰-°p-d-®n-e-\p-k-cn®v

taJe˛H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v F∂v th¿Xn-cn-°m-\p-ambn ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v samØ-Øn¬ Hcp D∂-X-

Xe AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ \n¿t±-i-ap-≠mbn. CsXm-sSm∏w Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn\pw

kwÿm-\-Xe AtXm-dn-́ n-Ifpw Pn√-I-fn¬ Pn√m-]-cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-Ifpw D≠m-I-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-

in-°-s∏´p. ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse F√m hn`mKw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-{X-Whpw \n¿Δ-l-Whpw \nb-{¥-W-hp-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-]-cn-ÿnXn

AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS Npa-Xe.

cq]o-I-cWw

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W- \n-b-a-Ønse (1986) {]k‡ hIp-∏p-Iƒ {]Imcw tI{μ ]cn-

ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®mWv AtXm-dn‰n

cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠Xv.

AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w

h\y-Po-hn-kw-c-£-W-\n-baw (1972), h\w kwc-£W \nbaw (1980), ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-

W-\n-baw (1986) A\p-k-cn®v ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p≈ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw hn⁄m-]-\-ßfpw, ssPh-ssh-

hn-≤y-\n-baw (2002), hmbp-\n-baw(1981), Pe-\n-baw(1974), ]ń-I-h¿§hpw CX-c-]-c-º-cm-KX h\-

hm-kn-Iƒ (h\ Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°¬) \nbaw (2006), ]©m-bØv (]ńI taJ-e-bn-te°v

hym]n-∏n-°¬ \nbaw (1996) Ah-bpsS N´-ßƒ F∂n-hbv°v A\p-tcm-[-am-bn- thWw ]›n-a-

L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń {]h¿Øn-°m≥. AXm-bXv ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e

{]tZ-i-ß-fnse IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn-s\-Xnsc a‰v ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-a-ßƒs°m-∏-ap≈ Hcp AUo-j-

W¬ \nb-a-am-bn-thWw Cu hn⁄m-]-\sØ IW-°m-°m≥.

59

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS LS\

hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fnse {]K¤¿, hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse {]K-¤¿, _‘-s∏´ a{¥m-eb

{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂n-hsc AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw. hnj-b-ß-fn¬ imkv{Xw, [\-X-Xz-

imkv{Xw, \nbaw, tkmtjym-fPn F∂n-hbpw taJ-e-I-fn¬ h\-imkv{Xw, Pe-imkv{Xw, aÆv

imkv{Xw, Irjn, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, ]cn-ÿnXn F∂n-hbpw Dƒs∏-SpØWw.

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ NphsS ]dbpw {]Imcw 24AwK-ß-fmWv D≠m-bn-

cn-°pI.

A\p-tZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ

1. sNb¿am≥ :˛Ign-bp∂Xpw ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬\n-∂p≈ dnt´¿Uv sNbvX kp{]nw-tIm-

SXn PUvPn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. sNb¿am≥. sXfn-bn-°-s∏´ hy‡n-Xzhpw kwc-£-W-tØmSpw

\n¿≤-\-cpsS kpÿnc hnI-k-\-tØmSpw B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww.

As√-¶n¬

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p≈ {]apJ kky-im-kv{X-⁄\pw Ign™ 25 h¿j-ß-fmbn

Cu taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb Bfp-am-bn-cn-°Ww.

2. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb kwc-£-W-k-

ky-im-kv{X-⁄≥.

3. ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-a-ß-sf-]‰n Bg-Øn¬ Adn-hp≈ A`n-`m-

j-I≥ AYhm ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-am-≤ym-]-I≥/s{]m^-k¿.

4. Hcp {]apJ kmaqly imkv{X-⁄≥/[\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-⁄≥/tkmtjym-fPn

5. Hcp {]apJ Irjn imkv{X-⁄≥/s{]m^-k¿

6. Hcp {]apJ em‚ vkvtI]v Ct°m-f-PnÃv

7. {]apJ Kncn-h¿§ {Kq∏ns‚ Hcp {]Xn-\n[n( Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw sdmt´-j≥ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬)

8˛13. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw AhnsS ]›n-a-L-´-]-cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-

Øn\v Imcy-amb kw`m-h\ \¬In-bn-´p≈ Hmtcm kaql {]Xn-\n[nIƒ hoXw.

1 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿ Ign-bp∂Xpw ]›n-a-L-´-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-

°Ww.

DtZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ

14. tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn ̨ h\w a{¥m-e-b-Ønse Hcp AUo-j-W¬ sk{I-́ dn (FIvkv Hôtjym)

15. tI{μ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv sNb¿am≥ (FIvkv Hôtjym)

16. ]›n-a-L´/]cn-ÿnXn Imcy-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ tI{μ Bkq-{XW IΩo-j≥ saº¿(FIvkv Hôtjym)

17. tZiob ssPh sshhn≤y AtXm-dnń sNb¿am≥ (FIvkv Hôtjym)

18. saº¿ sk{I-´dn (^pƒssSw). tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn/ kbn‚nÃv ˛ PnbpsS t{KUn-ep≈Hcm-ô-ksd AtXm-dn-ń- sN-b¿am-\p-ambn Btem-Nn®v tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn ˛h\w a{¥m-ebwsU]yq-t´-j-\n¬ \nb-an-°Ww.

19˛24. kwÿm\ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn t_m¿Up-I-fpsS saº¿ sk{I-´-dn-Iƒ

AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

1. CsXmcp Ãm‰yq-´dn AtXm-dn-ń-bmWv. CXns‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn¬ AtX

]Sn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏Spw. (tZiob h\y-Pohn t_m¿Uns‚ amXr-I-bn-em-Wn-Xpw). t_m¿Uns‚

ip]m¿i-Iƒ kp{]nw-tIm-SXn t]mepw t`Z-KXn sNøm-dn√.

60

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v tIm´w X´p∂ `qhn-\n-tbm-K Bkq-{X-Ww,

hyh-km-b-ß-fp-sSbpw CXc {]h¿Ø\-ß-fp-tSbpw ÿm\-\n¿Æbw F∂n-h-sb√mw AtXm-

dn-ń-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬s]Spw.

3. _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn

ip]m¿i sNøp∂ {]tZ-i-ßsf ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fmbn \n›n-X- k-a-b-]-cn-[n-

°p-≈n¬ AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ A¥na A[n-Imcw AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-amWv. ]cn-

ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-IfpsS hyXykvX \ne-hm-csØ kw_-‘n® Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-°p-∂Xv

Hcp IqSn-bm-tem-N\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn (6 amkw) Bbn-cn-°Ww.

4. Hcp Imcyw AwKo-I-cn-®p-sImt≠m, X≈n-s°mt≠m FSp-°p∂ GXv Xocp-am-\hpw \nb-a-

\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw XnI®pw kpXm-cyhpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw kzbw

hy‡-X-bp-≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ah-km\ Xo¿∏p-I¬]n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ AXv s]mXp-P-\-ß-

fpsS Adn-hn-te-°mbn {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

5. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw X¿°-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXn¬

A¥na Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Cu AtXm-dn-ń-°m-Wv. kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń-

I-fpsS A∏-te‰v AtXm-dnń IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

6. ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-Øn\v ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ A{I-Un-‰Uv I¨kƒ´‚p-amsc

\ntbm-Kn-°m\pw Ah-cpsS ̀ mKØv sX-‰p-Ip-‰-ßtfm hogvNtbm D≠m-bm¬ Ah-cpsS ̀ mKw

IqSn tI´-tijw Atbm-Ky-cm-°m\pw AtXm-dn-ń°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

7. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-am-bn-´p≈ GXv {]h¿Ønbpw \ntcm[n-°m\pw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw

_‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cnt\m GP≥kn-Iƒt°m \n¿tZiw \¬Im\pw Ah ]men-

°p∂p F∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øm\pw AtXm-dn-ń°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

8. hn⁄m-]-\-Ønse GXv ImcysØ kw_-‘n-®p-ap≈ kwi-b-ßƒ Zqco-I-cn-°m≥ AtXm-

dn-ń°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

9. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-Ønepw CX-c-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-fnepw \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ ]ngbpw

a‰v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw \n›-bn-°m≥ AtXm-dn-ń°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

10. Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-Iƒ kwÿm-\-̨ -tI{μ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fn¬\n∂v

Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ AtXm-dn-ń°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. knhn¬ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-Ønse (Civil ProcedureCode) hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Im-c-ap-ff A[n-Imcw AtXm-dn-ń-°p-≠v.

AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w

1. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \nb-a-Øn-sebpw (1986) a‰v ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb \nb-a-ßfp-

sSbpw hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bmWv AtXm-dnń {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

2. Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-bp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bv°p-th≠n

kwÿm\-k¿°m¿ Xøm-dm-°p∂ `qhn-\n-tbmK amÃ¿ πm≥ AtXm-dnń AwKo-I-cn-t°-

≠Xv.

3. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kwc-£n-°m\pw kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-°m\pw th≠n-bp≈ amÃ¿πm≥ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°-≠Xv AtXm-dn-ń-bmWv. hnt√Pv,

Xmeq°v, Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ Xmsg \n∂v apI-fn-te°v F∂ kao-]-\-tØmsS Bbn-cn-°Ww

amÃ¿πm≥ Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv.

4. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tbbpw Ahn-SsØ kaq-l-ß-fpsS kmaqly Ah-ÿ-tbbpw

kw_-‘n®v {]Xn-Iqe ̂ e-ap-f-hm-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-t°≠

]cn-an-X-amb \ne-hmcw AtXm-dnń \n›-bn®v \¬IWw.

5. ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Ne-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°m\pw Kth-jWw GtIm-]n-∏n-°m\pw A]-{K-Yn-°m\pw AtXm-dn-́ n°v Npa-X-e-bp≠v.

61

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-

Sp-°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-Ønse 3(2) hIp-∏p-{]-Imcw AtXm-dn-ńsb Npa-X-e-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.

7. "sjUyq-fn-¬' Dƒs∏´ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°pw \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-thWw AtXm-

dnń {]h¿Øn-°m≥. hfsc \n¿Æm-bI cmPy-c£m Bh-iy-ßƒ Hgn-®p-≈-h-bpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ Cu \n_-‘-\-Iƒ I¿i-\-ambn ]men-®n-cn-°Ww.

8. Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp Bh¿Ø\ BLm-

X-k-ao-]-\-am-bn-cn-°Ww AtXm-dnń kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv. taJe Bkq-{XW {]{Inb B

taJ-e-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw t{]mP-IvSp-I-fp-sSbpw ]c-am-h[n FÆhpw hen-∏hpw

kz`m-hhpw IqSn \n›-bn-°p-∂p-s≠∂v AtXm-dnń Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw.

9. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\pw kpÿn-c-Xbv°pw

\nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ Cu hn⁄m-]-\-Ønse Bh-iy-ßƒ°v th≠-Xm-sW∂v

tXm∂p∂ GXp NpaX-ebpw AtXm-dn-ń°v Gs‰-Sp°mw.

kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-́ n-Iƒ

1. _‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-t\mSpw A∏Ivkv AtXm-dn-́ n-tbmSpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v tI{μ

Kh-¨sa‚mWv kwÿm\ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-Iƒ cq]n-I-cn-°p-∂Xv.

2. kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń-I-fn¬ imkv{Xw, [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xw,\nbaw, tkmtjym-fPn F∂o

hnj-b-ß-fnse hnZ-Kv[¿ h\-imkv{Xw, Pe-imkv{Xw, aÆvimkv{Xw, Irjn, ̀ qhn-\n-tbmKw,

]cn-ÿnXn XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-Kv[¿, _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-I-fnse {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ

F∂n-h-cpƒs∏-Sp∂p.

kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS LS\

BsI 11 AwK-ß-fmWp-≠mhpI.

A\p-tZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ

1. sNb¿am≥ Hcp dn´-tbUv sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-bp-sStbm Ign-hXpw ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-

bn¬ \n∂p≈ {]apJ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[t\m Bbn-cn°pw.

2. Ign-hXpw ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬\n-∂p≈ {]ap-J-\mb Hcp ]cn-ÿnXn ˛\nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[≥

3. taJ-e-bnse {]ap-J-\mb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-Z-Kv[≥

4˛6 kwÿm-\sØ {]ap-J-cmb kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-I¿

DtZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ

7. kwÿm-\-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv sNb¿am≥ (FIvkv Hôtjym)

8. kwÿm\ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w-h-Ip-∏ns‚ {]n≥kn-∏¬ sk{I-´dn (FIvkv Hôtjym)

9. kwÿm\ Bkq-{X-W-t_m¿Uns‚ Hcp {]Xn-\n[n

10. kwÿm\ ssPh-ssh-hn≤y t_m¿Uns‚ sNb¿am≥ (FIvkv Hô-tjym)

11. saº¿ sk{I-´dn (^pƒssSw) tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´dn/ AssUz-k¿ ˛ Pn t{KUn-ep≈ Hcp

Bô-ksd kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v sU]yq-t´-j-\n¬ \nb-an°mw.

{]tXyI £Wn-Xm-°ƒ: tkh\w AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv F∂v tXm∂p∂ ]£w k¿°m¿

DtZym-K-ÿ-tc-tbm, Nne hnj-bßfn¬ {]mho-Wy-ap≈ hnZ-Kv[-tc-tbm. sNb¿am\v {]tXyIw

£Wn-®p-h-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

1. Hcp \n›nX {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AtXm-dnń°v ap∂n-se-Øp∂ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-

‘n® X¿°-Øn-t∑¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kwÿm-\-A-tXm-dn-ń-°mWv.

62

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Hmtcm Pn√bpw ]cn-ÿnXn Hmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kwÿm\ AtXm-

dn-ń-°mWv. alm-flm-Km‘n sXmgn-ep-d-∏p-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Hmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-°p∂ amXr-

I-bn-ep≈ Cu Hmw_p-Uvkvam-\mWv Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-bpsS sNb¿am≥.

3. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v tIm´w X´p∂ GXp-{]-h¿Ønbpw \ntcm-[n-°m\pw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw Bh-

iy-amb GXv \n¿t±-ihpw \¬Im\pw AXv ]cn-]m-en-°s∏Sp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p-

ap≈ A[n-Imcw kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń-°p≠v.

4. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw th≠n GXp {]h¿Ø\w Fs‰-Sp-

°m\pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-Ønse 3(2) hIp-∏-\p-k-cn-®p≈ F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw

AtXm-dn-ń°v \¬In-bn-´p≠v.

5. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-\n-baw (1986), _‘-s∏´ a‰v \nb-a-ßƒ F∂nh A\p-im-kn°pw {]Imcw \nb-

a-ew-L-I-cn¬\n∂v DNn-X-amb ]ng CuSm-°m\pw, a‰v in£m-hn-[n-Iƒ \S-∏m-°m\pw AtXm-

dn-‰n°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

6. Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n tI{μ-k¿°m-cn\pw kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cn\pw _‘-

s∏´ GP≥kn-I-fnepw \n∂v F¥v tcJ Bh-iy-s∏-Sm\pw AtXm-dn-ń°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v.

knhn¬ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-Ønse hIp-∏p-Iƒ {]Im-c-ap≈ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń-

bn¬ \n£n-]vX-amWv.

Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn‰n

1. kwÿm\ k¿°mcpw ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń-bp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Hmtcm ]›n-a-L´

Pn√-bnepw kwÿm\ AtXm-dnń Hcp Pn√m-]-cn-ÿnXn IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°Ww. kz¥w

A[n-I-c-]-cn-[n-bn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-esb kw_-‘n-°p∂ GXv X¿°hpw

]cn-tim-[n®v ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe Cu Pn√m IΩn-‰n-°mWv.

2. imkv{Xw, [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xw, \nbaw, tkmtjym-fPn F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn-sebpw h\-imkv{Xw,

Pe-imkv{Xw, aÆv-imkv{Xw, Irjn, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, ]cn-ÿnXn F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-sebpw

hnZ-Kv[cpw _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-I-fnse {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Dƒs∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww Cu Pn√m-I-

Ωn-‰n-Iƒ.

3. ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-t_m[ thmf‚n-b¿amsc (]cym-h-c≥ hmln\n As√-¶n¬ HmW-ddn h\y-

Pohn (hm¿U∑m-cpsS amXr-I-bn¬) Pn√ IΩn‰n \nb-an-°Ww. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-

ÿnXn {]m[m-\y-sØ-∏‰n P\-ßsf t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-sc-°qSn ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n

ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ A]-{K-Yn-°p-I-bp-amWv Ch-cpsS {][m\ Npa-Xe.

Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ

1. ]›n-a-L´ amÃ¿ πm\ns‚ Pn√m-Xe Bkq-{XW GP≥kn-bmWv Cu Pn√m-I-Ωn‰n Bkq-

{XW {]{Inb Xmsg-\n∂v apI-fn-te-°m-bn-cn-°Ww. hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fpsS πm\p-Iƒ Pn√m-

X-e-Øn¬ amÃ¿πm-\p-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bpw hne-bn-cp-

Øepw \S-tØ-≠Xpw Pn√m IΩn-‰n-bmWv.

2. {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp∂ GsXmcp X¿°hpw ]cn-tim-[n®v kwÿm-\-A-tXm-dn-ń-bpsS {i≤-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-tc-≠Xv Pn√m-I-Ω-‰n-bmWv. Hcp X¿°-Øn¬ H∂n-e-[nIw Pn√-Iƒ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-

s≠-¶n¬ AXv t\cn´v kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń°v \¬IWw.

AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS Imem-h[n

1. F√m AtXm-dn-ń-I-fn-sebpw IΩn-‰n-I-fn-sebpw AwK-ß-fpsS Imem-h[n 5 h¿j-amWv.

tImS-Xn-hy-h-lmcw

1. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS A[n-Im-c-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ \n¿±njvS coXn-bn¬ ^b¬ sNøp∂ ]cm-

Xn-I-fn-t∑¬ am{Xta tImSXn tIkv FSp-°mhq.

63

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v tZmj-ambn _m[n-°p-∂tXm hn⁄m-]-\-Øn\v hncp-≤tam Bb

GsXmcp {]iv\-Øn-t∑epw Pn√m IΩn-‰nt°m kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-́ nt°m A∏Ivkv AtXm-

dn-ńt°m \n›n-X-t^m-d-Øn¬ t\mókv \¬Im≥ GsXmcp ]uc\pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v.

AtXm-dn-́ n-I-fpsS kmº-ØnI kzbw-̀ -cWw

A∏Ivkv AtXm-dn-ń°pw kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ń-I-sfbpw Pn√m-I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ°pw kmº-ØnI

kzbw-`-cWw tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p. Ch-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p th≠ ^≠v tI{μ

kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ kzcq-]n®v \¬Ipw. CXn-\p-]p-dsa ]ng C\-Ønepw a‰pw e`n-°p∂p.

XpI-bpsS Hcp `mKhpw Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-th≠ ^≠v tI{μ˛kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-Iƒ

kzcq-]n®v \¬Ipw. CXn-\p-]p-dta ]ng C\-Ønepw a‰pw e`n-°p∂ XpI-bpsS Hcp-`m-Khpw Ch-

bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-sN-e-hn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

X¿°-]-cn-lmcw

1. hn⁄m-]-\-Ønse \n_-‘-\-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw hy‡ntbm GP≥kntbm ewLn-°p-∂-

Xmbn B¿s°-¶nepw ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶ntem sjUyq-fn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ am¿§-tc-J-Iƒ°v

hncp-≤-ambn ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßsf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-

°p∂ Fs¥-¶nepw hnh¿Ø\w D≠m-bmtem B¿°pw Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰ntbm

kwÿm\ AtXm-dn-ńtbm apJm-¥ncw \n¿±njvS ^md-Øn¬ ]cmXn Xøm-dm°n _‘-

s∏´ A[n-Ir-Xsc kao-]n°mw.

2. ]cmXn e`n®v 30 Znh-k-Øn-\Iw _‘-s∏´ AtXm-dnń AYhm IΩn‰n CXn-t∑¬ \S-]Sn

FSp-t°-≠Xpw ]c-am-h[n 6 amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xo¿∏v Iev]n-t°-≠-Xp-amWv. Nne {]tXyI

tIkp-I-fn¬ 6 amk-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ kabw th≠n-h-cn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ ImcWw

hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°Ww. _‘-s∏-´-h¿°v As√-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v ]d-bp-hm-

\p-≈Xv tIƒ°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw IqSn \¬IWw.

]›naL´ ût≠-j≥

1. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS D]-tk-h-\-ßsf kmº-Øn-I-ambpw A√m-sXbpw

klm-bn-°m-\mbn AtXm-dnń apJm-¥ncw Hcp ]›n-a-L´ kwc-£-W-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ̂ ut≠-

j\v tI{μ-k¿°m¿ cq]w \¬IWw.

2. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿnXn \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb hnZKv[ D]-tZ-i-

ßfpw hnh-c-ßfpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ Kth-j-Whpw ÿe-k-μ¿i-\hpw A]-{K-

Y-\-ßfpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Cu ^≠v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ n-bpsS N -́°qSv

1. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS e£yw kw_-‘n® tÃ‰vsa‚ v

2. Ah-Xm-cnI

3. \n¿Δ-N-\-ßƒ

4. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS LS\

5. AwK-ß-fpsS Imem-h-[nbpw tkh-\-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw

6. Poh-\-°m-cpw, DtZym-K-ÿcpw

7. A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

8. Npa-X-e-Iƒ

9. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS \S-]-Sn-{Iaw

10. AtXm-dn-ń-°p≈ [\-k-lm-bhpw hmbv]-Ifpw ^≠ns‚ LS-\bpw

11. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS A°u≠vkpw BUn‰pw.

64

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

12. AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´v

13. ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ hbvt°-≠-hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿´pw BUn‰v dnt∏m¿´pw.

14. kwÿm-\-A-tXm-dn-ń-bpsS LS\

15. Pn√m ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-bpsS LS\

16. ]›n-a-L´ kwc-£W,amt\-Pvsa‚ v amÃ¿ πm≥

17. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-Zp¿_e taJ-e-bpsS am‰hpw t`Z-K-Xnbpw

18. ]›n-a-L´ kwc-£-W-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ût≠-j≥ cq]o-I-cWw.

19. Iº-\n-bpsS Ip‰-ßƒ

20. HutZym-KnI IrXy-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°p≈ kwc-£Ww.

15. BXn-c-∏n≈n, Kpfinb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe H∂nepw c≠nepw henb Pem-i-b-ß-fp≈ AW-s°-´p-Iƒ°v

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Icp-sX∂mWv Cu kan-Xn-bpsS (WGEEPbpsS) \n¿t±iw. slm¶-S-

l≈ AW-s°´v Dt]-£n-®p-sIm≠v Kpfinb ]≤-Xn-bn¬ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-

Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 80 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-bv°m-sa∂v I¿Æm-SI ]Δ¿ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ \n¿t±-in-

®n-´p≠v. ]s£, ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ s_´mUvv Ipamcn AW-s°´pw taJe H∂n-

emWv hcp-∂Xv. AXp-t]mse BXn-c-∏n≈n AW-s°-ńs‚ ÿm\hpw taJe H∂n-emWv.AXp-

sIm≠v Cu c≠v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬I-cp-sX-∂mWv ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w

a{¥m-e-b-tØm-Sp≈ Rß-fpsS ip]m¿i. am{X-hp-a√, ]ń-I-PmXn˛a‰v ]c-º-cm-KX h\-\n-

hmkn(h\-Ø-t∑-ep≈ Ah-Imiw)\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Cu c≠p-ta-J-e-bnepw C\nbpw

]q¿Øn-bm-bn-́ n√. BI-bm¬ Cu c≠v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂Xv XnI®pw

A\p-Nn-X-amWv.

15.1. BXn-c-∏n≈n ]≤Xn

1. kwÿm-\sØ sshZypXn D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h-[n-bn-se-Øp∂ sshIo´v 6 apX¬ 10 hsc-

bp≈ ka-bsØ sshZypXn Zu¿e`yw t\cn-Sm-\mbn 163 saKm-hm´v Dev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp≈

Hcp Pe˛sshZypX AW-s°´v Nme-°pSn ]pgbv°v IpdpsI Xriq¿ Pn√-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°m-

\mWv tIcf kwÿm\ hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv ]≤Xn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv.

2. ChnsS \n¿Ωn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ tIm¨{Io‰v AW-s°-ńs‚ Dbcw 23 ao‰dpw \ofw 311 ao‰-

dp-amWv. ChnsS sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 104 slIvS-dm-sW-

¶nepw Bh-iy-amb samØw-h-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw 138 slIvS-dmWv. AW-s°-ń¬

\n∂p≈ sh≈w 6.4 ao‰¿ hymkhpw 4.69 In.ao \of-hp-ap≈ SW-en-eqsS ]mbn-®mWv Umw

ssk‰n\v hS-°p-]-Sn-™mdv IÆ≥Ip-gn-tXmSn\p apI-fn-ep-ff {][m\ ]h¿lu-kn-se-Øn-

°p-∂-Xv. ]h¿lu-kn¬\n∂v IÆw-Ipgn tXm-Sn-se-Øp∂ Pew H∂-cIn.ao. k©-cn®v ho≠pw

Nme-°pSn ]pg-bn-seØpw. 3.4 ao‰¿ hymkhpw 50 ao‰¿ \of-hp-ap≈ 2 s]≥tÃm-°mWv

]Δ¿ lukn-te°v \¬Ip-∂Xv. Ch-bpsS tijn 2 x 80 saKm-hm-´mWv. CXn-\p-]p-dta AW-

s°-ńt\mSv tN¿∂v 50 ao‰¿ Xmsg 1.5 saKm-hm´v tijn-bp≈ c≠v P\-td-‰-dp-Iƒ IqSn

ÿm]n-®mWv ]≤-Xn-bpsS samØw Dev]m-Z-\-tijn 163 saKm-hm-´mbn \n›-bn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

]≤-Xn-bpsS ]›m-Øew

1. tI{μ- ]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw Cu ]≤-XnIƒ°v 20/1/1998 ¬ ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kpw

22˛12˛1997¬ H∂mw L´ h\w ¢nb-d≥kpw 16/12/1999¬ c≠mw-L´ h\w ¢nb-d≥kpw \¬In-

bn-cp∂p.

2. aq∂v s]mXpXm-ev]-cy-l¿Pn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ _lp. tIcf sslt°m-SXn Cu

¢nb-d≥kp-Iƒ kkvs]‚p sNbvXp. sS‚¿ \S-]-Sn-I-fnse {Ia-t°-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn

65

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwc£W \nb-a-Øns‚ ewL-\-amWv a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ ¢nb-d≥kv F∂pw Nq≠n-°m-ń-

bmWv CXv tImSXn kkvs]‚ v sNbvXXv.

\S-]-Sn-{Iaw ]p\: ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uvkn-t\mSpw t\csØ \¬Inb

A\p-aXn ]n≥h-en®v a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ 1994 se ]cn-ÿnXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y\ hn⁄m-]-

\hpw, 10˛4˛1997 se AXns‚ t`Z-K-Xnbpw (17˛10˛2001se tIcf sslt°m-S-Xn-hn[n) {]Im-

c-ap≈ s]mXp-hmb sXfn-sh-Sp∏v \SØn AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-

d≥kv ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm\pw tI{μ-K-h-s◊‚n-t\mSpw tImSXn \n¿t±-in®p.

3. AXp-{]-Im-c-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-bpsS `mK-ambn 6˛2˛2002 ¬ tIcf kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-

{¥W t_m¿Uv Xriq-cn¬ sh®v s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v \SØn. t{Sm∏n-°¬ s_m´m-Wn-°¬

Km¿U≥kv B‚ v dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 1996¬ \S-Ønb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-

Øns‚ hnizm-ky-X-bnepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bnt∑epw ssPh sshhn-≤y-Øn-t∑epw D≠m-Im-hp∂

BLm-XsØ-]-‰nbpw, bYm¿∞-Pe e`y-Xsb kw_-‘n® kmt¶-Xn-I-amb {]mtbm-Kn-I-

X-sb-]-‰nbpw sXfn-sh-Sp-∏n\v lmP-cm-b-h¿ [mcmfw kwi-b-ß-fp-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw DXv°WvT

Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtX XpS¿∂v sXfn-sh-Sp∏v \S-Ønb kanXn Xt±i ÿm]-\-

ßƒ, hnhn[ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ, \Zo-X-S-Ønse {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cp-ambn Bi-

b-hn-\n-abw \SØn _rl-Ømb as‰mcp ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w IqSn \S-Øm≥

s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v kan-Xn-\n¿t±-in®p.

4. _rl-Ømb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øm≥ hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv 2002 P\p-

h-cn-bn¬ hm´¿ B‚ v ]h¿ I¨kƒ´≥kn k¿Δo-kkv C¥y enan-‰-Uns\ Npa-X-e-s∏-

SpØn. Ch¿ Xøm-dm-°nb dnt∏m¿ńs‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbbpw hnizm-ky-X-sbbpw Nme-

°pSn ]pg kwc-£-W-k-anXn tNmZyw sNbvXp.

5. ta¬∏-d™ I¨kƒ´≥kn Xøm-dm-°nb dnt∏m¿ń¬ \yq\-X-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap-s≠∂pw ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-]-T-\-Øn\v Ah¿ kzoI-cn® am¿§w sX‰m-sW∂pw Btcm-]n®v hnZyp-—‡n

t_m¿Uv sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ kXy-hm-Mvaqew ka¿∏n®p. s]mXp-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v ]m\¬

\n¿t±-in® GP≥kn-I-fp-ambn I¨kƒ´‚p-am¿ bmsXmcp IqSn-bm-tem-N-\bpw \S-Øn-bn-

ń-√∂pw kXy-hm-Mvaq-e-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.

6. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw 10˛2˛2005 \v hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Un\v ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw ho≠pw

¢nb-d≥kv \¬In. CXn-s\-Xnsc BXn-c-∏n≈n {Kma-]-©m-bØpw \n¿±njvS AWs°-´p-h-

∂m¬ G‰hpw Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcp∂ ImS¿ Kncn-P-\-ßfpw tN¿∂v s]mXp XmXv]-

cy-l¿Pn ^b¬sNbvXp. CXn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv c≠m-asØ ]cn-ÿnXn

BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-dn-t∏m¿ v́ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ad-®p-sh®p F∂pw CXn-t∑¬ s]mXp

sXfn-sh-Sp∏v \S-Øn-bn√ F∂p-amWv.

7. Aßs\ ]≤-Xn°v c≠m-aXv \¬Inb ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv 23˛3˛ 2006 ¬ _lp. tIcf

sslt°m-SXn Unhn-j≥ _©v d±m°n. hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv Xøm-dm-°nb ]cn-ÿnXn

BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´v ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw AXn-t∑¬ s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v

\S-Øm≥ tImSXn tIc-f-kw-ÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Un-t\mSv Bh-iy-∏´p.

8. Aßs\ \n¿±njvS BXn-c-∏n≈n Pe-ssh-ZypX AW-s°-ńs\ kw_-‘n® c≠m-asØ

s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v 15.6.2006 ¬ Nme-°p-Sn-bn¬ \SØn. Nme-°p-Sn-]pg kwc-£-W-k-anXn

]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn°v ka¿∏n® \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp-∏n¬ ]s¶-

SpØ 1200 e[nIw t]cn¬ Bcpw Xs∂ ]≤-Xnsb A\p-Iq-en®v kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-

∂mWv. s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp∏v ]m\-en\v ka¿∏n® 252 \nth-Z-\-ß-fn¬ ]≤-Xnsb A\p-Iq-

en-°p-∂-hcpw {]Xn-Iq-en-°p-∂-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw 1:9 BWv. s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v

Nm\-ens‚ an\n´vkv GI-I-WvT-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw ]m\-ense 5 t]cn¬ 3 t]cpw ]≤-Xnsb

FXn¿Øp-sh∂pw, CXn¬ 2 t]¿ AW-s°´v \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ sISp-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-´-\p-`-hn-

t°≠n hcp∂ P\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb BXn-c-∏≈n {Kma-]-©m-bØv {]kn-U≠pw

Nme-°pSn tªm°v ]©m-bØv {]kn-U-≠p-am-sW∂pw kwc-£W kan-Xn-bpsS \nth-Z-\-

Øn¬ hy‡-am-°p∂p.

66

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

9. ]≤-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb P\-tcmjw ho≠pw Db¿∂p. XpS¿∂v ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw

\ntbm-Kn® A©w-K-]-cn-ÿnXn Ah-tem-I\ kanXn, Umw ssk‰pw A\p-_‘ {]tZ-i-

ßfpw kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw ]≤-Xnsb FXn¿°p-∂-h-cp-ambpw hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv DtZym-K-

ÿ-cp-ambpw 2007 G{]n-en¬ Nme-°p-Sn-bn¬ sh®v N¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ASpØ

Znhkw Xriq¿ Su¨ lmfn¬ Ch¿ Hcp s]mXpsXfn-sh-Sp∏pw \SØn. A∂sØ hnZyp-

—‡n t_m¿Uv sNb¿am\pw CXn¬ kw_-‘n®p. ]≤-Xnsb FXn¿°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v

AXn-\p≈ hy‡-amb Imc-W-ßƒ At\z-jn-°msX IΩn‰n as‰mcp s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v

\S-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

10. IΩn-‰n-bpsS dnt∏m¿ńs‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Ønse \Zo-X-S-

]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°m-bp≈ hnZ-KvZ-k-anXn 18/7/2007¬ ]≤-Xn°v ho≠pw ¢nb-d≥kv \¬In.

11. ho≠pw CXn-s\-Xnsc s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-l¿Pn-Iƒ ^b¬ sNø-s∏´p. ImS¿ Kncn-h¿§-°m-

cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmb {ioaXn KoXbpw Hcp sslt{Um-fPn F©n-\o-b-dmb {io. kn.Pn.

a[p-kq-Z-\\pw BWv l¿Pn-Iƒ ^b¬ sNbvXv. ]cn-ÿnXn, ssPh sshhn-≤y-{]-iv\hpw

AXv Ah-cpsS PohnX kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ krjvSn-t®-°m-hp∂ BLm-X-hp-amWv {ioaXn

KoX tNmZyw sNbvXXv. {io.a[p-kq-Z-\≥ D∂-bn® {]iv\w ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-

\hpw AXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® sslt{Um-f-Pn-°¬ Um‰m-t_-kns‚ km[p-X-bp-amWv.

12. tIcf kwÿm\ ssPh-ssh-hn≤y t_m¿Uv Cu {]iv\w hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-Ibpw B

taJ-e-bnse kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw IW-°n-se-SpØv ]≤-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb Xocp-

am\w ssIsIm-≈p-Ibpw hnZyp-—-‡n-t_m¿Uns\ {]Xn-tN¿Øv tIc-f-ssl-t°m-S-Xn¬

kXy-hm-Mvaqew ^b¬ sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

13. sslt°m-S-Xn-bnse 2 Unhn-j≥ _©v 2008 epw 2009epw c≠v {]mhiyw tIkv tI´p. hn[n-

°mbn ImØn-cn-°p∂p.

14. Cu ]≤-Xn-°mbn tIcf k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p-b-cp∂ kΩ¿±w aqew ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse a‰v

Nne ]≤-Xn-Iƒs°m∏w CXp-IqSn ]cn-tim-[n®v ip]m¿i \¬Im≥ ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn

kan-Xn-tbmSv ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cn-°-bmWv.

kμ¿i-\-ßfpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw

1. ]›n-a-L´ kanXn 2011 P\p-hcn 29 \v \n¿±njvS Umw ssk‰pw Pem-i-b-ta-J-ebpw, s]mI-

e-∏m-d-bn-sebpw hmg-®m-en-sebpw Kncn-h¿§ tI{μ-ßfpw Ah-bpsS kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw

Xpºq¿apgn taP¿ Cdn-tK-j≥ t{]mPIvSpw kμ¿in®p. ImS¿ Kncn-h¿§-°m-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-

I-fp-ambpw BXn-c-∏n≈n ]©m-bØv A[n-Ir-X-cp-ambpw kan-Xn-bp-sS-]-{X-°p-dn-∏p-I≠v

FØnb s]mXp-P-\-ß-fp-ambpw kanXn N¿®-Iƒ \SØn.

2. CXn-\-]p-dta kanXn hn]p-e-amb Hcp kmt¶-XnI kwhm-Zhpw kwL-Sn-∏n®p. hnZyp-—-‡n-

t_m¿Uv Nme-°p-Sn-]pg kwc-£-W-k-anXn, \Zn Kth-j-W-tI{μw, tIcf imkv{X-km-ln-

Xy-]-cn-jXv, tIcf h\w Kth-jW C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, {]IrXn kwc-£W ̂ ut≠-j≥, Pe-tk-

N\w, Kncn-h¿§-hn-I-k\w, h\w˛h\y-Pohn, Sqdnkw hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ DtZym-K-ÿ¿,

dn´-b¿ sNbvX h\w-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿, h\w-kw-c-£-W-k-anXn, hnZyp-—-‡n-t_m¿Uv

Bô-tkgvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZ-Kv[¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ CXn¬

kw_-‘n®p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ ]≤-Xnsb FXn¿°p-∂-hcpw A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-hcpw XΩn-

ep≈ BZy-B-ib kwhm-Z-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.

3. N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØ F√m-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kanXn tcJ-s∏-SpØn. IqSp-

Xmbn GsX-¶nepw hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Im-\p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv sNb¿am\v C sabn¬/t]mÃv

Bbn \¬Im\pw sNb¿am≥ A`y¿∞n®p.

4. Kncn-P-\-ßƒ, BXn-c-∏n≈n ]©m-bØv, s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ, hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Unse hnZ-

Kv[¿, kwÿm\ ssPh sshhn-≤y-t_m¿Uns‚ 26˛ 9˛2007 se 14˛maXp ao‰nw-Kns‚ an\n v́kv,

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, aq∂v s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp-∏p-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-

i-ßƒ, ]≤-Xn-bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-amb {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb kw_-‘n-®p-b¿∂ kwi-b-ßƒ,

67

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sshZypXn {]iv\-Øn-\p≈ a‰v t]mwh-gn-Iƒ, tIcf sslt°m-SXn DØ-c-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-

bn-se√mw hfsc hni-Z-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kanXn NphsS ]d-

bp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øp∂p.

ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw

1. A]q¿Δ \Zo-Xoc h\-ssP-h-hy-hÿ : Nme-°p-Sn-]p-g-bnse \Zo-Xo-c -h\ ssPhhyhÿ

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®pw tIc-f-Øn¬ AXy-]q¿Δ-amWv.

2. ssPh hyh-ÿ-bnse Xt±-io-bX (endemism) : \n¿±njvS Umw ssk‰n¬ \Zo-Xoc h\

ssPh-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ ChnsS am{Xw ImWp-∂Xpw AXy-]q¿h-hp-amb 155 C\w kky-ßfpw

RET (Rare, Endangered and Threatened) hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ 33 C\w kky-ßfpw

D≠v.

3. Xt±-iob C\-ßfpsS kº-∂X : ]≤Xn {]tZiw Xt±-io-b-amb (endemic) \nc-h[n

A]q¿Δ kky-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fm¬ kar-≤-amWv. 21% kky-ßfpw (508 C\-ß-fn¬) 16% Nn{X-

i-e-`-ßfpw (54¬), 53% D`-b-Po-hn-Ifpw (17¬), 21 %Dc-K-ßfpw (19¬), 13% ]£n-Ifpw (98)

¬, 14% kkvX-\n-Ifpw (22¬) Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

4. Syzygium occidentalis, Atuna Travancorica F∂o hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂ \Zo-X-S-hr-£-ßƒ

Chn-sS-bp≠v.

5. tIc-f-Ønse A]q¿Δ C\w kky-ßƒ : Gymnema Khandalense, Lagenandra nairii F∂o

kky-ßƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ BXn-c-∏-≈n-bn¬ am{Xta D≈q.

6. Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS XpS¿® : hmg-®m¬˛BXn-c-∏≈n taJ-e-bnse \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-Iƒ

Xmgv∂ ˛ Db¿∂ Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂p.

7. Db¿∂ kwc-£-W-aqeyw : t]m≠n-t®-cn-bnse {^©v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v tIc-f-Øn-\p-th≠n

Xøm-dm-°nb ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-X-{¥hpw I¿Ω-]-≤-Xnbpw A\p-k-cn®v hmg-®m-

ens‚ (]≤-Xn-{]-tZiw) kwc-£W aqeyw 75% tØmfw Db¿∂-XmWv. tIc-f-h\w Kth-

jW C≥Ãn-‰yq´v \S-Ønb ]T\ {]Imcw hfsc Db¿∂ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-aq-ey-ap≈ {]tZ-

i-amWv hmg-®m¬. hfsc hni-Z-amb Hcp ssPh sshhn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v πm\pw Cu {]tZ-

i-Øn-\mbn C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≠v.

8. ]£n-kw-c-£Ww : (i) tIc-f-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ 486 C\w ]£n-I-fn¬ 234 FÆhpw

hmg-®m¬˛BXn-c-∏n≈n taJ-e-bn-em-Wp-≈Xv. (ii) tIc-f-Øn¬ ImWp∂ 4 C\w tlm¨_n-

√p-Ifpw (ae-_m¿ t{K tlm¨_n¬, t{K tlm¨_n¬, ae-_m¿ ss]Sv tlm¨_n¬,

t{K‰v C¥y≥ tlm¨_n¬) BXn-c-∏n≈n˛hmg-®m¬ taJ-e-bn¬ D≠v. (iii) ae-_m¿ ss]Sv

tlm¨_n-√ns‚ hwi-h¿≤-\hv \S-°p∂ c≠v tI{μ-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈Xv. AXn¬

H∂v BXn-c-∏n-≈n-bnse \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-Ifpw as‰m∂v Bdfw h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xhp-amWv.

(iv) ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ am{Xw ImWp∂ Xt±-io-b-amb 16 C\w ]£n-I-fn¬ 12 C\hpw BXn-

c-∏n≈n˛hmg-®m¬ taJ-e-bn-ep≠v.

9. {][m\ ]£n-tI{μw : hmg-®m¬˛tjmf-bm¿ taJ-esb 1995 ¬ Xs∂ BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ {]ap-J-]£n tI{μ-ambn tIw{_n-UvPnse t_¿Uv sse^v C‚¿\m-j-W¬ sXc-

s™-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv.

10. Db¿∂ a’y-ssh-hn≤yw : tIc-f-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ 210 C\w a’y-ß-fn¬ 104

C\-ßƒ Nme-°pSn ]pg-bn-ep≠v. Ch-bn¬ ISpØ hwi-\m-i-`o-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ 9 C\-

ßfpw, hwi-\m-i-`o-j-Wn-bp≈ 22 C\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

11. Nme-°p-Sn-bn¬ am{X-ap≈ a’y-ßƒ : tIc-f-Øns‚ a’y-k-º-Øns\ ]‰n-bp≈ ]T-\-

Øn¬ I≠ 210 C\w ip≤-P-e-a-’y-ß-fn¬ 23 C\-ßƒ Nme-°p-Sn-]p-g-bn¬ am{X-ap-≈-h-

bmWv.

68

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

12. ]pXnb a’y- C\ßƒ : ]pXp-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ 5 C\w a’y-ßƒ Osteochilichthyslongidorsalis, Travancoria elongata Horabagrus nigrocollaris, Puntius chalakudiensis, Salariasreticulatus CXm-Zy-ambn Nme-°p-Sn-]p-g-bn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v.

13. AXy-]q¿Δ a’y C\w : Nme-°p-Sn-]p-g-bn¬ am{Xw ImWp∂ AXy-]q¿Δ a’y-C-\-amb

Osteochilichthys longidodrsalis s‚ FÆw Ign™ c≠v Zi-I-Øn-\p-≈-fn¬ 99 %hpw \in-®p-

I-gn™p.

14. ]≤Xn {]tZ-isØ a’y-_m-lpeyw : Nme-°pSn ]pg-bn-ep≈ 99 C\w a’y-ß-fn¬ 68

C\hpw ImWp-∂Xv ]≤-Xn-{]-tZ-i-Øm-sW∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p∂p.

15. a’y -{]-P-\\ {]tZiw : BXn-c-∏n≈n˛hmg-®m¬ taJe At\Iw kq£va Bhm-k-tI-

{μßsfm-cp°n Hs´√m a’y-C-\-ßƒ°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hwi-h¿≤-\-tI-{μ-ambn

{]h¿Øn-°p∂p.

16. a’y-Ip-Sn-tb‰w : Nne-bn\ a’y-ßƒ ]pg-bn¬ Hgp-°n-s\-Xnsc apI-fn-te°pw a‰p-Nn-eh

Xmtg°pw IpSn-tbdn Ah-bpsS Pohn-X-Nw-{I-aWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂p. BI-bm¬ AW-

s°´v \n¿ΩmWw Ch-bpsS \ne-\nev]v {]Xy-£-Øn¬ Xs∂ C√m-Xm°pw.

17. Nme-°p-Sn-]pg a’y-k-t¶Xw : ]pg-bnse kº-∂-amb a’y-ssh-hn-≤yhpw taev]-d™

{]m[m-\y-ßfpw IW-°n-se-SpØv Nme-°pSn ]pg-sb, a’y-P-\n-XI t{kmX- p-Iƒ°m-bp≈

tZiob _yqtdm Hcp a’y kt¶-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-°m≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cn-°-bmWv.

18. D -̀b-Po-hn-I-fpsS kq£vahmk-ÿew : tSmd‚ v Xh-f-sb-t]mse sh≈w Ib-dn-°n-S-°p∂

s]mØp-I-fnepw a‰pw Pohn-°p∂ Nne D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ°v ]≤Xn IΩo-j≥ sNøp-∂-tXmsS

Ah-bpsS hmk-ÿew \jvS-s∏Spw. tSmd‚ v Xhf (Micrixalus saxicolus) ]≤Xn hgn apßn-

t∏m-Ip∂ Dcp≠ ]md-°-√p-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬v am{X-amWv ImWp-∂-Xv.

19. Fen-^‚ v dnk¿Δv : tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-ebw "t{]mPIvSv Fen-^‚ v' Bbn \n¿Æ-bn-

®n-´p≈ Fen-^‚ vv dnk¿Δv˛ 9 ¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv Cu ]≤Xn {]tZiw apgp-h≥.

20. B\-I-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰-]mX : ]d-ºn-°p-f-Øp-\n∂v ]qbw-Ipń h\-Øn-te°v Atßm-´p-an-

tßm´pw B\-Iƒ k©-cn-°p∂ am¿§w ]≤-Xn-bpsS ê-ambn sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-emhpw.

21. knwl-hm-e≥ Ipc-ßp-Iƒ : ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂Xpw Nne ImSp-I-fn¬

am{Xw ImWp-∂-Xp-amb knwl-hm-e≥Ip-c-ßp-Iƒ hkn-°p-∂Xv Cu ]pg-°cbnse ImSp-I-

fn-emWv. 13 FÆ-ap≈ Hcp Iq´-am-bmWv Chsb I≠Xv.

22. apf- B-a-I-fpsS hmk-ÿew : hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ apf- B-a-Iƒ IqSp-X-ep≈

GI-ÿew CXmWv.

23. ]pg-tbmc ImSp-Iƒ°v \miw : ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Ømepw Xt±-io-bhpw A]q¿Δhpw hwi-

\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂hbp-amb kky-Po-e-Pm-e-ß-fmepw kº-∂-amb 28.4 slIvS¿ ]pg-

tbm-c-Im-Sp-I-fmWv AW-s°´pw A\p-_-‘-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw aqew \in-®p-t]m-hpI.

24. sNdnb Pohn-Iƒ°v \miw : ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-º-∂-amb Cu Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnse

sNdnb Pohn-I-fpsS FÆhpw hnh-chpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Imcy-amb bmsXmcp {Iahpw

CXp-hsc D≠m-bn-ń√. Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-Ønepw C°mcyw

Dƒs∏-́ n-́ n√. ]e khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-ap≈ Cu \Zo-hy-h-ÿ-bnse kº-∂-amb kq£va Bhm-

k-hy-hÿ CXp-hsc Is≠-Øm¬ Ign-bmØ h¿§-Øn¬s]´ {]tXy-In®v \s´-√n-√mØ

C\w Pohn-Isf ChnsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂ {]Xo£ \¬Ip∂p.

Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnse BLmXw

1. Bhm-k-hy-hÿ XInSw adn-°pw : AW-s°-ńs‚ \n¿ΩmWw AW-bpsS apI-fn-te°pw

Xmtg-°p-ap≈ \Zo-XS kwhn-[m-\-Ønse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb ]mtS XInSw adn°pw. AXm-

bXv \Zn Hcp Poh- p‰ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ shdp-samcp \oscm-gp°p kwhn-

[m-\-ambn A[:]Xn°pw.

69

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbv°v Pe-sam-gp°v AXy-¥m-t]-£nXw: \Zn-bnse Pe-Øns‚ Hgp°v

sabvam-k-Øn¬ Ipd-™Xv 7.26 cumec (cubic meter per second) BKÃn¬ 229.97 IypsaIv \pw

at≤y Gdnbpw Ipd™pw Ccn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv A\-h[n kky-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS hnf-\n-e-

ambn Cu taJe \ne-\n-ev°p-∂Xv.

3. Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bnse hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ : AW-s°´v \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v \oscm-gp°v 7.75

IypsaIv Bbn \nP-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv \n¿t±iw. sshZypXn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn sh≈w

C{]-Imcw hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂Xp aqew Bhk hyh-ÿ-bmsI Xmdp-am-dmIpw. {]tXy-In®pw

Umwssk-‰n\pw AW-s°-́ n-eqsS Hgp-In-sb-Ønb Pew ho≠pw Nme-°p-Sn-]p-g-bn¬ tNcp∂

`mKhpw XΩn-ep≈ 7.89 In.ao. \of-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-bnse Pe-Øns‚ Hgp°v h¿jw apgp-

h≥ 7.75 Iypsa°mbn \nb-{¥n-X-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.

IpSn-sh≈˛Im¿jn-I-{]-iv\-ßƒ

1. IpSn-sh≈ e`y-Xsb _m[n°pw: AW-s°-ńs‚ \n¿Ωm-Whpw AW-s°-ń¬ 20 aWn-

°q-tdmfw sh≈w sIń-\n¿Øn-b-tijw Iptds» Xpd-∂p-hn-Sp-∂Xpw XpS¿∂v cm{Xn-bn¬

4 aWn-°q¿ CS-hn´v 5 ˛ 8 XhW IqSp-X¬ sh≈w Hgp-°n-hn-Sp-∂Xpw {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Pe-

\n¿§-a-\-sØbpw Pe-tk-N-\-sØbpw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-sbbpw _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

2. Xriq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-I-fnse 20 Xt±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-embn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂

14000 slIvS¿ Irjn-ÿew Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\mbn B{in-bn-°p-∂Xv Nme-°pSn \Zo

ssUth¿j≥ kvIoan-s\-bmWv (CRDS). hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uns‚ IW-°p-{]-Imcw BXn-

c-∏n≈n ]≤-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Pe-t{km-X- mb s]cn-ß¬°pØv Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn-bn¬

\n∂v ag Ipd™ amk-ß-fn¬ 20 aWn-°q¿ 6.2˛7.6 IypsaIvv (Cumec) hscbpw sshZypXn

Bhiy D®-ÿm-bn-bn-em-Ip∂ sshIo´v 6 apX¬ 10 aWn-hsc 4 aWn-°q¿ 36 ˛38 IypsaIv

hsc-bp-amWv sh≈w Xpd-∂p-hn-Sp-∂Xv. BXn-c-∏n≈n ]≤Xn \S-∏m-bmepw 20 aWn-°q¿

7.65 IypsaIv 4 aWn-°q¿ 36 ̨ 38 IypsaIv \oscm-gp-°p-≠m-Ip-sa∂mWv hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv

Dd∏v ]d-bp∂p. AXm-bXv Nme-°pSn dnh¿ssU-th¿j≥ kvIoan-te°v Bh-iy-Øn\v sh≈w

e`n-°p-sa∂v kmcw.

3. Pew Hgp-Ip-∂-Xnse Cu hyXymkw Xs∂ (7.65 ˛ 38 IypsaIv) Pe-tk-N-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-

ambn _m[n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Nme-°pSn ]pg kwc-£W kanXn Cu IW-°p-Isf tNmZyw

sNøp-Ibpw sISp-Xn-Iƒ Fsd cq£-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Nq≠n-°m-´p-I-bpw-sN-øp∂p. 1970˛71

apX¬ 2001˛02 hsc-bp≈ \oscm-gp-°ns‚ IW-°p-{]-Imcw Ct∏m-gp≈ \oscm-gp°v Unkw-

_¿ apX¬ G{]n¬ hsc 14.92 IypsaIv hcq F∂pw Ah¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. s]cn-

ß¬°p-Ønse P\-td-‰-dp-I-fpsS A‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-bpsS sjUyqƒ {]Imcw Unkw-_-dn\pw

G{]n-en\pw at≤y 20 aWn-°q-dnse icm-icn \oscm-gp°v 7.65 IypsaIvv Bbn- Ipd-bp-Ibpw

4 aWn-°q-dn-teXv 50 IypsaIv Bbn IqSp-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv ssUth-gvk≥ kvIoan¬

\n∂p≈ Pe-tk-N-\sØ em -̀I-c-ambn _m[n°pw. 20 aWn-°q-dnse \oscm-gp°v 7.65 IypsaIvv

Bbm¬ ssUth-gvj≥ kvIoanse Pe-tk-N-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ Ign-bn√. Pe-sam-gp-

°n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Cu hyXn-bm\w ]≤-Xn-bpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-isØ `qP-e-Øns‚ Afhv Ipd-

bp-Ibpw Pew InW-dp-I-fnse Pe-\n-c∏v Xmgp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IpSn-sh≈ {]iv\w cq£-am-hp-

Ibpw sNøpw. 2011 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ Nme-°p-Sn-bn¬ \SØnb kmt¶-XnI kwhm-Z-Øn¬ hnZyp-

—‡n t_m¿Uv Cu hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ tNmZyw sNbvXn-´p-an√.

4. \n¿±njvS AW-s°-́ n\v Xmtgm-́ p≈ ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ Ct∏mƒXs∂ Pe-Zu¿_eyw A\p-

`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Xoc-Øp-\n∂v 20 In.aoD-≈n¬ hsc-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse InW-dp-I-fn¬

D∏ns‚ Awiw Ct∏m-gp≠v. ho≠pw Hcp AW-s°-ńs‚ IqSn \n¿Ωm-Whpw Pe-sam-gp-

°n¬ ho≠pw D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßfpw ÿnXn IqSp-X¬ Kpcp-X-c-amIpw.

Kncn-h¿§-°mcpw {]iv\-ßfpw

1 Kncn-h¿§ Ducp-Isf ]≤Xn hep-Xmbn _m[n-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Ahn-SsØ Bhm-k-hy-h-

ÿsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n°pw. AW-s°´v \nd-™m¬ Ch-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬

sh≈w Ib-dp-Ibpw sNøpw.

70

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. hmg-®m¬ t^mdÃv Unhn-j-\n¬ 413 N.In.ao‰dn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ 8 ImS¿ Ducp-°-fp≠v.

CXn¬ 56 IpSpw-_-ß-fp≈ hmg-®m¬, 23 IpSpw-_-ß-fp≈ s]mI-e-∏md Ducp-°ƒ \n¿±njvS

BXn-c-∏n≈n ]≤-Xn-bpsS Db¿∂ BLm-X-ta-J-e-bv°p-≈n-emWv.

3. ImS¿ Kncn-h¿§w Z£n-tW-¥y≥ h\-ß-fnse G‰hpw A]-cn-jvIrX hn`m-K-am-bmWv Icp-

X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Hcp Im∏ncn ss]XrIw Ch-cn¬ {]I-S-amWv. th´-bmSn `£Ww kam-l-cn-

°p∂ Ch¿ h\-Øn-\p-≈nepw Nme-°pSn \Zo-X-S-Ønse ae-tbm-c-ß-fnepw HXp-ßn-°q-

Sp∂p. Ch-cpsS P\-kwJy 1500 e[nIw hcn√. ap≥]v ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb ]e AW-s°-´p-

Iƒ°pw th≠n ]e-t∏mgpw Chsc Ah-cpsS X\Xv Ducp-°-fn¬ \n∂v ]ngp-sX-dn-b-s∏-ń-

cp∂p.

4. 56 IpSpw-_-ß-fp≈ hmg-®m¬ Kncn-h¿§-Ducv, Kncn-h¿§-k-l-I-cW kwLw, ss{S_¬ dkn-

U≥jy¬ F¬.]n. kvIqƒ F∂nh AW-s°-ń\v 400 ao‰¿ D≈n-emWv. 23 IpSpw-_-ß-fp≈

s]mI-e-∏md Kncn-h¿§ Ducv Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bpsS AXn-cn-emWv. Pe-kw-`-cWn \nd-™m¬

Iptd hoSp-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-emIpw.

5. ]ń-I-h¿§˛CXc ]c-º-cm-KX h\-hmkn (h\-A-h-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°¬) \nb-a-Ønse

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Imcw Im´p-Pm-Xn-°m¿°v h\-Øn¬ Pohn-°m\pw k©-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-

Imiw kwc-£n-°m≥ bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw kzoI-cn-®n√.

]≤-Xn-bpsS kmt¶-XnI {]mtbm-Kn-IX

1. Nme-°pSn ]pg-bnse \Zo-X-S-K-th-j-W-tI-{μhpw Nme-°pSn ]pg kwc-£W kan-Xnbpw

NphsS ]d-bp-∂-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]≤-Xn-bpsS kmt¶-XnI {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb

tNmZyw sNøp∂p. ]›n-a-L´ kanXn Nme-°p-Sn-bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n® kmt¶-XnI kwhm-Z-

Øn¬ Ch Jfin-°m≥ hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Un\v Ign-™-Xp-an√.

2. Pe-Øn-s‚bpw sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw e`yX Pe-e-`y-X-bpsS hyXykvX Afhv.

a) Pe-e-̀ yX 1999 Un.]n.B¿ A\p-k-cn®v 1269 Fw.kn.Fw.(an-ey¨ Iyp_nIv ao‰¿)

b) Pe-e-`yX 2003 Un.]n.B¿. A\p-k-cn®v 1169 Fw.kn.Fw.

c) Pe-e-`yX kn.Uªnbp.kn. A\p-k-cn®v 1056 Fw.kn.Fw.

3. Cu IW-°n-se√mw CS-a-e-bm¿ ssUth¿j≥ kvIoan-te°v Xncn®p hnSp∂ sh≈-Øns‚

Afhv ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n√. Nme-°p-Sn-bnse \Zo-XS Kth-j-W-tI{μw hnh-cm-h-

Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-eqsS hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Un¬ \ns∂-SpØ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v CS-a-e-bm¿

ssUth¿j≥ kvIoan-te-°p≈ sh≈w Ign-®m¬ 750 Fw.kn.Fw. Pew am{Xta BXn-c-

∏≈n AW-s°-ń-seØq.

4. 2003 Un.]n.B¿. (1169 Fw.kn.Fw.Pew) A\p-k-cn®v tI{μ-ssh-ZypXn AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS

IW-°p-Iq-́ -en¬ BXn-c-∏n≈n ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v {]Xn-h¿jw 233 Zi-e£w bqWn‰v sshZyp-

Xn-bmWv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpI. Pe-e-̀ yX 750 Fw.kn.Fw. am{X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ sshZypXn

Dev]m-Z-\hpw AX-\p-k-cn®v Ipdbpw.

s]cn-ß¬Ip-Ønse 1987 apX¬ 2006 hsc-bp≈ (hnh-cm-h-Im-i-{]-Imcw e`n-®Xv) \nXy-hp-

ap≈ sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚bpw \oscm-gp-°n-s‚bpw ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fpsS A]-{K-

Y-\-{]-Imcw BXn-c-∏n-≈n-bnse sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w CS-a-e-bm-dn-te°v Pew Xncn-®p-hn-´m¬

170 Zi-e£w bqWn‰pw As√-¶n¬ 210 Zi-e£w bqWn‰pw Bbn-cn°pw.

5. ag-Ip-d-hp≈ Unkw-_¿˛sabv amk-ß-fn¬ CS-a-e-bm¿ ssUth¿j≥ kvInw IqSn ]cn-K-

Wn-®m¬ sshZyp-tXm-ev]m-Z\w 25 Zie£w bqWn-‰n¬ Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Uv

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse CS-a-e-bm¿ ssUth¿j≥ kvInw \n¿Øn-bm¬ Ahn-sS-\n-

∂p≈ 60 Zi-e£w bqWn‰v sshZypXn \jvS-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cn°pw êw. AXm-bXv BXn-

c-∏n≈n ]≤Xn bmYm¿∞y-am-bm¬ ag-bn-√mØ amk-ß-fn¬ kwÿm-\sØ samØw

sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb \jvSw D≠mhpw.

71

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kan-Xn-bpsS ip]m¿i

Cu taJ-e-bpsS ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kº-∂X, Db¿∂ kwc-£-W-aqeyw, 5 ]pXnb C\-

ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ a’y-k-º-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw, hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂ 22 Xt±-iob C\-ß-

fp-tSbpw ISpØ \miw t\cn-Sp∂ 9 C\-ß-fp-sSbpw kmao]yw, ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse 75%, ]£n-C-

\-ß-fp-tSbpw, Bhm-k-tI{μw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ as‰mcp `mKØpw ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ \Zn-

tbmc Bhm-k-hy-hÿ, ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Ønepw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw ]≤Xn hcp-Øp∂

]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-ImØ hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ, AW-s°-ń\v Xmtgm-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Pe-tk-

N\ IpSn-sh≈ {]iv\-ßƒ, tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ ]≤-Xn-bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-amb {]mtbm-Kn-IX,

]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ ]cn-an-X-amb sshZypXn, ImS¿ Kncn-P-\-ß-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-

fn¬ krjvSn-°p∂ am‰-ßƒ, ssPh-B-hm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fnse tkh-\-ßfpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb

sNehpw IqSm-sX-bp≈ Db¿∂ \n¿ΩmW sNehv, 2001 HIvtSm-_¿ 17 se tIc-f-ssl-t°m-SXn

\n¿t±iw "e£y-an´ sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-

Xn-I-fpsS A‰-Ip-‰-∏Wn \SØn Ah-bpsS ]q¿Æ Dev]m-Z-\-tijn hos≠-Sp-°pI, hnX-c-W-

\jvSw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°pI, sshZypXn tamjWw XS-bp-Itbm ]q¿Æ-ambn Hgn-hm-°p-Itbm

sNøpI' F∂o hkvXp-X-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv BXn-c-∏n≈n˛hmg-®m¬ {]tZiw kwc-£n-°m\pw

\n¿±njvS BXn-c-∏n≈n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn°v A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-°m\pw kanXn tI{μ-]-cn-

ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv ip]m¿i sNøp∂p. am{X-hp-a√ Nme-°pSn ]pgsb Hcp a’y-

ssh-hn≤y kº-∂-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n®v tIc-f-Ønse DSp-º-t©me Xmeq-°nse ssPh-

ssh-hn≤y kº∂ {]tZ-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p∂ amXr-I-bn¬ kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂pw kanXn

ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

15.2 Kpfinb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn

]≤Xn

I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse lm ≥, Z£n-b-W-I-∂S Pn√-I-fn¬ Kpfinb \Zo-X-S-Øn¬ 200 saKm-

hm´v (613 Zi-e£w bqWn‰v) tijn-bp≈ Hcp Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn \n¿t±-i-Øn\v I¿Æm-SI

]h¿ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ cq]w \¬In. ]≤-Xn°v 3 L´-ß-fmWv \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´Xv. BZy-L-´-Øn¬

sbń-\-tlmsf, sIcn-tlmsf, sl¶S l≈, s_‰-Ip-amcn Acp-hn-I-fpsS 178.5NXp-c{i Intem-ao-

‰¿ hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-sØbpw c≠mw L -́Øn¬ Ipam-c-[mc, en¶-Øvtlmsf Acp-hn-I-fpsS 78 N.In.ao.

hrjvSn {]tZ-i-sØbpw aq∂mw-L-´-Øn¬ Ipam-c-lsf, A_n≥ _ncp-tlmsf Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ 6

Acp-hn-I-fpsS 70 N.In.ao. hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-sØbpw Pew ]≤-Xn-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-bn-cp∂

e£yw.

h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn 975 Zi-e£w N.ao. ag e`n-°p∂ 323.5 N.In.ao. hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-amWv

]≤-Xn-°mbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´Xv. Cu taJe c≠v L´-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\mWv Dt±-in-®Xv.

H∂mw L´-Øn¬ sb‰n-tlmsf, sIdn-tlmsf, slm¶-S-l≈, s_‰-Ip-amcn Acp-hn-Iƒ XΩn¬

_‘n-∏n®v Ah-bnse sh≈w kam-l-cn-°pI. Ch-bn¬ sNdnb XS-b-W-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v sh≈-

Øns‚ Hgp°p \nb-{¥n®v Pew sb‰n-\-tlm-sf-bn¬ \n∂v SW¬hgn s_‰-Ip-amcn Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-

bn¬ FØn-°p∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Pew 7.8 In.ao.\of-ap≈ SW-en-eqsS as‰mcp Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bn-

se-Øp∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v 850 In.ao. \of-ap≈ {]j¿ jm^vSn-eqsS c≠v s]≥tÃm°v hgn sh≈w

`qK¿` ]h¿ lukn-se-Øn-°p∂p. 200 saKm-hm´v hoX-ap≈ c≠v bqWn-‰mWv ]Δ¿lu-kns‚

Dev]m-Z-\-tijn. c≠mw-L-´-Øn¬ c≠v SW-ep-I-fmWv hn`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. Hcp SW¬ ISp-

a\l≈-bn-sebpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw Pew 13 In.ao. AI-se-bp≈ sbó-\-tlmsf XS-b-

W-bnse SW-en¬ FØn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ SW¬ en¶Øv tlmsf, Ipam-c-[mc Acp-hn-I-

fnse Pew 15 In.ao. AI-se-bp≈ s_‰-Ip-amcn dnk¿thm-b-dn-se-Øn-°p∂p. c≠mw-L-´-Øn¬

sh≈w Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ 5 ao‰¿ Db-c-ap≈ sNdnb XS-b-W-I-fmWv \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. H∂mw-

L´w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-tºmƒ 90iX-am\w Pew e`n-°p∂ h¿j-Øn¬ 653 Zi-e£w bqWn‰pw

]≤Xn ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ 1136 Zi-e£w bqWn‰pw sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ignbpw. H∂mw

L´-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-sN-ehv 926. 50 tImSn cq]-bmWv. ]≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]ńI 7¬

ImWpI.

72

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

`qK¿` ]h¿lukv

ssS¿ss_≥ {^m≥kokv S¿ss_≥

ÿm]n-X-tijn 200 saKm-hm´v

At{]m®v SW¬ 965ao. "Un' BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ 7 ao. hymkw

Du¿÷w

hm¿jn-I -i-cm-icn 1136 Zi-e£w bqWn‰v

sNehv

samØw sNehv 926.50 tImSn cq]

]ńI˛7 : Kpfinb ]≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

sbó-\-tlmsf sIcn-tlmsf sl¶-Z√ s_‰-Ip-amcn

XS-bW XS-bW XS-bW AW-s°´v

A£mwiw 120 51'40'' 12050'30'' 12'490 29'' 12'470 09''

tcJmwiw 750 43'20'' 75042'44'' 75042'23'' 75040'10''

hrjvSn-{]-tZiw 60.50 N.In.ao. 27.00 N.Inao. 8.50 N.In.ao. 35.00 N.Inao.

^pƒ dnk¿thm-b¬

seh¬ EL 750 ao. EL 763 ao. EL 745 ao EL 740.ao.dnh¿s_Uv

seh¬ EL738 ao. EL 758 ao. EL 730 ao. EL720 ao.

XS-bW seh¬ EL743.50 ao. EL759.40 ao. ˛̨ ˛ EL681 ao.

Umw am-XrI tIm¨{Io‰v tIm¨{Io‰v kΩn{iw kΩn{iw

Umans‚ Dbcw 15 ao 8ao. 32 ao. 62.ao.

Umans‚ \ofw 80 ao. 68ao. 152.40 ao. 575ao.

kv]n¬shbpw \ofw 36 ao. \ofw 53ao. \ofw 60ao. \ofw 45ao.

tK‰p-Ifpw 10 x 8 ao. Ihn-s™mgp 12 x 10 ao 12x10 ao‰¿3 tK‰p-Iƒ Ip∂ ssS∏v 4 tK‰p-Iƒ 3 tK‰p-Iƒ

\oscm-gp-°ns‚

Unssk≥ 525 Iyp.ao.sk. 360 Iyp.ao.sk. 1544 Iyp.ao.sk. 954 Iypao.sk.

{]fbw ˛̨ ˛ ˛˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

icm-i-cn-a-g-e-`yX 163 M cum 86 M cum 28 M cum 120 M cum

sh≈-Øn-em-hp∂ 11.54 slIvS¿ 0.09.sl. 40.sl. 133 slIvS¿

{]tZiw

tdmUp-Iƒ \ofw 100 In.ao. hoXn 10 In.ao. 100 slIvS¿

AW-s°´v ]h¿lukv, CX-c- L-S-I-ßƒ 170 slIvS¿.

a‰v D]-tbmKw (Izmdn, ô¬Uv Bôkv, bm¿Uv) 15 slIvS¿

SW¬ Ipgn® hkvXp-°-fpsS tÃm°v bmUv 275 slIvS¿

(d±m-°nb slm¶-S-l≈ Umans‚ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-hp∂ (523.80slIvS¿) {]tZ-i-ßƒ ChnsS

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√.)

73

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›m-Øew

Kp≠nb Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤Xn I¿Æm-SI k¿°m¿ I¿Æm-SI ]h¿ tIm¿∏-td-j\v A\p-

h-Zn-®p-sIm-SpØXv 6˛10˛1998 emWv. XpS¿∂v tIm¿∏-td-j≥ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ¢nb-

d≥kv hmßn. 28˛9˛ 2006 ¬ I¿Æm-SI a’y-_-‘\ hIp-∏n-s‚bpw, 10˛3˛2008¬, tI{μ B¿°n-

tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿tΔbpsSbpw, 16.04.2008¬, I¿Æm-SI BtcmKy IpSpw-_-t£-a-h-Ip-∏n-s‚bpw,

25˛4˛2008¬ tI{μ sshZypXn AtXm-dn-‰n-bp-sS-bpw, 02-˛05-˛2008 ¬ I¿Æm-SI Pe-hn-`h hIp-∏n-

s‚bpw 06.06.2008¬ I¿Æm-SI k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw ¢nb-d≥kv t{]mP-IvSn\v e`n®p. ]≤-Xn-tbmSv

cmPy-c£ a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v FXn¿∏n-s√∂ IØv 7˛7˛2009epw e`n®p.

lm ≥ Pn√-bnse kIv-te-iv]pc Xmeq-°nse slm¶-S-l-≈-bn¬ 6˛6˛ 2008¬ \S∂ s]mXp-

sX-fn-sh-Sp-∏n¬ lm ≥,Z£nW I∂S Pn√-I-fnse Pn√m `c-W-IqSw, \n¿±njvS ]≤Xn _m[n-

°p∂ P\-ßƒ F∂n-h¿ lmP-cmbn A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn. I¿Æm-SI kwÿm\ aen-

\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v tbmK-Øns‚ \S-]Sn {Ia-Øns‚ tIm∏n 27˛9˛2008

\v ]cn-ÿnXn˛ h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v \¬In.I¿Æm-SI ]h¿ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 6˛11˛ 2008¬ _rl-

Ømb ]cn-ÿnXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´pw ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v ka¿∏n®p.

21˛11˛2008¬ IqSnb hnZKv[ Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-bpsS 20˛masØ tbmKw ]≤-Xn°v ¢nb-d≥kv

\¬Ip∂ Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn®p.Z£n-W-I-∂S Pn√-bn¬ IqSn Hcp s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v \S-Ø-W-

sa∂v a{¥m-ebw \n¿t±-in®p.

Z£nW I∂S Pn√-bnse ]pØq¿Xm-eq-°nse kncn-_m-Kpep hnt√-Pn¬ 25˛3˛2009¬ Hcp

s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v \SØn. CXns‚ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS Hcp tIm∏n 18˛4˛2009 ¬ aen-\o-I-cW

\nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v ka¿∏n®p. 15˛6˛ 2009¬ tN¿∂ ]cn-ÿnXn

A]-{K-Y\ kan-Xn-bpsS 27˛maXv tbmKw ]≤-Xn°v ¢nb-d≥kv sImSp-°p∂ Imcyw ]cn-K-Wn®p.

C°m-cy-Øn¬ a{¥m-ebw D∂-bn® {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]h¿tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 29˛9˛2009¬ adp-]-Snbpw

\¬In. tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Ønse Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw \Zo-X-S-ßƒ°p-

am-bp≈ hnZKv[ A]-{K-Y\ kan-Xn-bpsS D]-k-anXn apºmsI ae-\mSv P\-]c slmdm´ kanXn

]≤-Xn-bpsS tZmj-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m´n 5˛12˛2009¬ ]cmXn ka¿∏n®p. {]apJ ]cn-ÿnXn hmZnbpw

"Nn]vtIm' {]ÿm-\-t\-Xm-hp-amb {io. kpμ¿em¬_-lp-KpW s_‰-Ip-am-cn-bn¬ {]Xn-tj-[-{]-I-

S\w \S-Øp-Ibpw 21˛12˛2009¬ slm¶Y√ hnt√-Pn¬ {]Xn-tj-[-tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ASp-Ø-Zn-hkw lm ≥ Su-Wn¬ ae-\mSv P\-]c slmdm´ kan-Xn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ h≥

{]Xn-tj[ dmenbpw tbmKhpw \S∂p. {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ 2004 ˛2006 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ CØcw

\nc-h[n {]Xn-tj-[-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw tbmK-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´p.

]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn-bpsS kμ¿i-\-ßfpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw

kanXn sNb¿am≥ s{]m^.am[hv KmUvKn-ens‚ £W-{]-Imcw tUm.Sn.hn.cma-N{μ(]›n-

a-L´ I¿Ω kanX AwKhpw C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥knse lcn-ÿnXn imkv{X-tI-{μ-

Ønse kb‚n-^nIv B^o-kdpw) s{]m^. Fw.Un. kp`mjv Nμ≥ (I¿Æm-SI ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-

t_m¿Uv AwKw) {io. lcojv `´v (_mw•q-cnse HmW-ddn ssh¬Uv sse^v hm¿U≥) F∂n-

hcpw a‰v Kth-j-Icpw Dƒs∏´ kwLw 2010 BKÃv 29 apX¬ 31 hsc \n¿±n-jvS-Kp-finb Pe-

ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-{]-tZiw kμ¿in®p. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. 2010 BKÃv 31 \v kwLw slm¶-Y√ hnt√-Pn¬ \S-Ønb s]mXp-sXfnshSp-∏n¬ A\-

h[n {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw \n¿±njvS ]≤-Ynsb kw_-‘n®v Ah-cpsS ImgvN-

∏mSpw A`n-{]m-bhpw Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKnepw kanXn

AwKw {ioaXn hnZym-\m-b°pw sk]vXw-_¿ 16 \v t{]mPIvSv ssk‰v kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw 17 \v

{]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]≤Xn {]tZ-isØ ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw

lm ≥ Pn√-bnse "kIvtfjv]pc' Xmeq-°n¬ 1400 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂

Ipam-c-[mc \Zn-bpsS Hcp D]-\-Zn-bmWv Kpfin-b-\Zn.

I¿Æm-S-I-bn¬ a≤y-]-›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ ]Sn-™mtdm´vv Hgp-Ip∂ c≠v \Zn-I-fmWv t\{Xm-h-

74

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Xnbpw Ipam-c-[m-cbpw. sbó-\-tlmsf, sIºv tlmsf Acp-hn-Iƒ tN¿∂v cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Kpfin-

b-\-Zn-bn-te°v ISp-am-s\-tlmsf, slm¶-S-l≈ Acp-hn-Iƒ Hgp-In-sbØn Ch H∂mbn Hgp-Ip-I-

bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. Kpfin-b-bpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-iØv Pq¨ apX¬ sk]vXw-_¿ hsc \√ ag

e`n°pw. Cu \Zo-XSw \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ß-fp-tSbpw A¿≤-\n-Xy-l-cnX h\-ß-fp-sSbpw hoXn

Ipd™ {]tZ-i-amWv. Cu \nXy-l-cnX h\-ßsf c≠v apJy-Xcw h\-ß-fmbn Xncn°mw. 0

apX¬ 850 ao‰¿ hsc Db-c-Øn-ep-≈-hbpw 650 apX¬ 1400 hsc ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-ep-≈-hbpw. ChnsS

ImWp∂ hr£-ßƒ Fs¥-¶nepw {]mtZ-inI kz`m-h-ssh-in-jy-ap-≈-htbm ]≤-Xn-aqew sh≈-

Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip-∂-htbm A√. ChnsS G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂ hr£-ßƒ Vateria Indica,

Elaeocarpus Tuberculatus F∂n-h-bmWv. XS-Øn¬ ImWp∂ h\-Øn-te-sdbpw hf¿®-bpsS c≠mw-

L-´-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv. [mcmfw ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw ChnsS ImWmw.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Cu¿∏w \nd™ ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KsØ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-sØ-bmWv

Cu taJe {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv. ChnsS ImWp∂ hr£-e-Xm-Zn-I-fn¬ 36%hpw D`-b-Po-hn

-I-fn¬ 87%Dw a’y-ß-fn¬ 41% ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bmWv. h\y-Po-hn-kw-c-£-W-

\n-b-a-Øns‚w (1972) H∂mw sjUyq-fn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]e arK-ßfpw Chn-sS-bp≠v.

Kpfinb XS-Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn≤y khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ NphsS ]dbpw {]Imcw kw{K-

ln°mw.(kpIp-am¿ & i¶¿ 2011)

a. kky-ßƒ : 43 C\w hr£-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-amWv Cu {]tZiw. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse a‰v ag-

°m-Sp-I-fmb Ips{μ-apJv (I¿Æm-SI), sske‚ v hmen (tIcf) F∂n-h-bvs°m-∏-sa-¶nepw

Chn-SsØ h\-ssh-hn≤yw Ipf-bv°mSv˛ap≠≥Xpssd ssSK¿ dnk¿Δnse (Xan-gv\mSv)

sk¶¬tX-cn-s°m-∏-sa-Øn√. Xmgv-hm-c-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m¬ s_‰-Ip-am-cn-bnepw

slm¶-Sm-l-≈n-bnepw Kpfinb XS-Øn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn-emWv hr£-ßƒ

CS-Xq¿∂v hf-cp-∂Xv.]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb 18 C\w kky-ß-fn¬ 16 C\-ßƒ

L -́Øn-ep-S-\ofw ImWp-∂-h-bmWv. Atlantia Wightii F∂ C\w I¿Æm-S-I-bnepw tIc-f-Ønepw

am{Xhpw Pinganga dicksonii F∂ C\w I¿Æm-S-I-Øn¬ am{Xhpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. ]s£

Kpfinb XS-Ønse ssPh-hy-hÿ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse a‰v Xmc-Xay h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fmb

Ips{μ-apJv, sske‚ v-hmen F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv. Hcp ]s£

Kpfin-b-bn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ hr£-ßƒ apdn-®p-am-‰p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw CXv.

b. sNdp-{]m-Wn-Iƒ: sd\n Fw. t_m¿Pkpw kwLhpw Hcp sNdp-k-ky-Øn¬ (Humboldtia

brunonis) Is≠-Ønb, imkv{X-Øn-\p-Xs∂ ]pXnb Adn-hmb Hcn\w Cu® (Braunsapis

bislensis) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Cu h\-ß-fn¬ am{Xw I≠p-h-cp∂p.

c. a’y-ßƒ: Ipam-c-[mc, t\{Xm-h-Xn-X-S-ßƒ a’y-k-º-Øn-\m¬ kº-∂-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu

\Zn-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ henb ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂p.

d. D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ: Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ 21 C\w D`-b-Po-hn-Isf Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xn-¬ 18 FÆw

]›na L´-Øn¬am{Xw ImWp-∂-h-bmWv. 2FÆw Kpfin-b-X-S-Øn¬ am{X-ap-≈-hbpw.

e. ]£n-Iƒ: Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ 69 C\w ]£n-Isf Xncn-®-dn-™-Xn¬ 6 FÆw ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn¬ am{X-ap-≈-h-bmWv.

f. kkvX-\n-Iƒ: h\y-Pohn kwc-£-a-\-b-a-Øns‚ H∂mw sjUyq-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈

]e kkvX-\n-Ifpw Kpfinb XS-Øn¬ D≈-h-bmWv. knwl-hm-e≥ Ipcßv, {Smh≥Iq¿

AÆm≥, \oe-Kn-cn-Ip-cphn F∂nh \Zo-X-S-Ønse hoXn-Iq-Snb `mKØv I≠p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.

F∂m¬ ]≤-Xn-{]-tZ-iØv \S-Ønb ssPh sshhn-≤y-]-T-\-Øn¬ CXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

ń√. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ISp-h-I-fpsS kmao]yw Chn-sS-\n∂v dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXn-́ p≠v. I¿Æm-

S-I-bnse ssakq¿ B\ dnk¿Δn¬ D≈{X Cs√-¶nepw ]≤Xn {]tZ-iØv Gjy≥-B-\-

bpsS kmao]yw dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-ń-´p≠v. t]mPIvSv Fen-s^‚ns‚ `mK-amb ]pjv]-Kncn

h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-Øn\v ]pd-ØmWv Kpfinb XSw. ssakq¿ Fen-^‚ v dnk¿Δn\pw

lmk≥k-t¢-jv]p¿˛amwK-fq¿ \mj-W¬ sslthbv°pw CS-bv°p≈ {]tZ-isØ B\-I-

fpsS k©m-c-]-Y-Øn¬ Kpfinb XS-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m-\y-sØ-]‰n CXp-hsc At\z-jWw

75

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\S-Øn-bn-́ n√. tI{μ-k¿°m¿ AwKo-I-cn-®n-́ p-≈Xpw ' k©m-c-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ̨ C¥y-

bnse B\-bpsS k©m-c-]-Y-ßƒ' F∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-≈-Xp-amb

k©m-c-]-Y-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw CXv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√.(Menon et al. 2005)

Kpfinb XS-Ønse `qhn-\n-tbm-K-L-S\

\Zo-X-S-Ønse `qhn-\n--tbm-K-Øn¬ Gew, Im∏n-tXm-´-ßƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Cu tXm´-

ß-fn¬ XW-en-\mbn Nne X\Xp hr£-ßƒ \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-´p≠v. Ah-bpsS XW-en-emWv

Cu¿∏w btYjvSw th≠ Ge-Irjn. DW-ßnb Ge-Øn\v Intembv°v 1500 cq]-hsc hne-bp-≈-

Xn-\m¬ Cu \mWy-hn-f-bn¬ \n∂v \√ BZmbw e`n°pw. Kpfinb XS-Ønse sNdpXpw hep-

Xp-amb I¿j-I¿ Ge-Ir-jn-°m-cmWv. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Chn-SsØ Im∏n-tØm-´-ßƒ a≤y-

]-›n-a-L-´-Ønse a‰n-S-ß-fn-se-t∏mse Chn-sSbpw hen-sbmcp kmº-ØnI t{kmX- mWv. Chn-

SsØ kzIm-cy-h≥InS FtÃ-‰p-I-fpsS \s√mcp `mKw h\-am-sW-¶nepw A\-[n-IrX Itø-‰-Øn-

eqsS Chn-SsØ h≥a-c-ß-sf√mw apdn-®p-am-‰n-°-gn™p. (kpIp-am¿ & i¶¿ 2010) ChnsS A\-[n-

IrX Itø‰w hym]-I-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ hr£-ß-sf√mw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-°-gn™p.

AXp-t]mse Xs∂ hym]-I-amb h\w Itø‰w \n_n-U-h-\-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬]ns\ Xs∂ A]-

I-S-Øn-em-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

ip]m¿i

1. c≠v L´-ambn \S-∏m-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ aq∂v Xe-ß-fp≈ Kpfinb ]≤Xn \Zo-X-S-Ønse

`q{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ henb am‰-ßƒ krjvSn°pw. ]≤-Xn-aqew hen-sbmcp `q{]-tZiw sh≈-

Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip∂p F∂p am{X-a√ CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ sIń-S-ß-fp-tSbpw tdmUp-I-fp-

sSbpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw henb BLmXw krjvSn°pw.

2. \Zo-X-S-Ønse Pe-L-S-\-Xs∂ ]≤Xn am‰n-a-dn°pw. hnJymX t£{X-\-K-c-amb "kp{_-

“Wy"bnte-°p≈ apJy-Pe t{kmX- mb "Ipam-c-[mcm' \Zn s_‰-Ip-amcn AW-s°-ń-

te°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xp-aqew AhnsS Pe-£maw A\p-`-h-s∏Spw. t£{Xw kμ¿in-°p∂

`‡-P-\-ßƒ°v CXv henb _p≤n-ap-´mIpw. `q{]-Ir-Xn-bnse am‰-ßƒ hrjvSn-{]-tZiØv

krjvSn-°p∂ BLm-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Pew hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xns\ ]‰nbpw D≈ t{]mPIvSv

dnt∏m¿ńse ]cm-a¿iw hy‡-a√. Ct∏mƒ kar-≤-ambn Pe-sam-gp-Ip∂ Acp-hn-Iƒ ag-

°m-eØp am{Xw sh≈-ap-≈-h-bm-bn-amdpw. (icm-hXn \Zo-X-S-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®-Xp-t]mse)

AXp-t]mse Xmtgm-´p≈ Pe-\n¿§-a-\-Ønse hyXn-bm\w {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS PohnXw

_p≤n-ap-ń-em°pw.

3. {][m\ `qK¿` ]h¿lu-kn-te-°p≈ SW¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv {]mY-anI h\-ta-J-e-bn-emWv.

Kpfinb XS-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ {]mY-anI \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-Øn\v iey-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬

CXv A`n-e-j-Wo-b-a√.

4. ]›n-a-L´ kanXn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je˛H∂v Bbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®p≈ {]tZ-i-ØmWv

Kpfinb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤Xn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ henb tÃmtdPv

Umap-Iƒ ]mSn-s√-∂mWv kanXn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv.

5. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-\-jvShpw BLm-Xhpw KW-\o-b-am-I-bm¬ ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°-cp-sX-∂mWv kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp-∂Xv.

16. cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿§ Pn√-Iƒ

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse J\\w, Du¿÷ D¬]m-Z\w, aen-\o-

I-c-W-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS XpS¿hn-I-k-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb amXrI \n¿t±-in-°-

W-sa∂v kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp∂p. \nc-h[n J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw sshZypX ]≤-Xn-

Ifpw aen-\o-I-cW hyh-km-b-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw

krjvSn-®n-´p≈ BLmXw hfsc Kuc-h-ap-≈-XmWv. CXp-aqew aen-\-am-Ip-Ibpw Pe-\n-c∏v Xmgp-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fn-te°v amen\yw Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂p, ASn-°Sn sh≈-s∏m°w

D≠m-Ip∂p. ê-`q-bn-jvS-amb Irjn-`qan \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p. a’y-k-ºØv \in-°p∂p. h\-\-io-I-

76

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

cWw h¿≤n-°p∂p. A]q¿Δ kky-ßƒ°v hwi-\miw kw -̀hn-°p∂p. hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw, i_vZ-

a-en-\o-I-cWw, KXm-KX kwhn-[m\w, Xmdp-am-dm-Ip∂p. A]-I-S-ßƒ h¿≤n-°p∂p. izmk-tIm-i-

tcm-K-ßƒ IqSp∂p. XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Cu BLm-X-ß-fn¬ s]Spw. Cu A]-I-Sm-h-ÿ-bpsS

Kuchw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v CXv {i≤m-]q¿Δw A]-{K-Yn®v ASn-b-¥n-c-]-cn-lmcw ImtW-≠-

Xp≠v.

CXv shdp-samcp \nb-a-{]-iv\-a√. \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]iv\-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v J\-\-°m¿ Ah-cpsS i‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v hgn-X-S-bp-∂Xv XS-bp-Ibpw hgn-bn¬ henb

Ipgn-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xmbpw I¿j-I¿ ]cm-Xn-s]-Sp∂p. \nb-a-]-c-ambn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-Xn-

t\-°mƒ F{Xtbm henb Af-hn-emWv hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aen-\o-I-cWw. CXp-

aqew henb kmaq-ly-A-kz-ÿX {]tZ-iØp \ne-\n-ev°p∂p. {Ia-k-am-[m\ kwhn-[m\w \nb-

a-hn-cp≤ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kwc-£n-°m-\mbn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp∂p F∂v P\-ßƒ ]cm-Xn-

s]-Sp∂p.

16.1. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-X-bpsS \ne-hmcw

cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fpsS Hcp `mKw am{Xta ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p≈q. kan-

Xn-bpsS Um‰m-t_-kns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu `mK-ßsf taJe˛H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v F∂v Xcw

Xncn-®n-´p≠v. kan-Xn-bp-ambn hfsc kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ sIm¬lm-]q-cnse hnI-

k\ Kth-jW t_m[-h¬°-cW B£≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ nse Hcp kwLw imkv{X-⁄cpw {]h¿Ø-

Icpw "alm-cmjv{S klym{Zn ]c-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZiw' cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Hcp \n¿t±iw

apt∂m-́ p-h®p. inhmPn k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-jW hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS {]_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

Kth-j-W-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n® ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fp-sSbpw ÿe-k-μ¿i-\-ß-fp-tSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kXmc, kmKvfn, sIm¬lm-]q¿, cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse Nne

{]tZ-i-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe˛H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ip]m¿i

sNbvXp. cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cu ip]m¿i kanXn

kzoI-cn-®p. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-S-\ofw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

16.2. ]cn-ÿnXn `cW \n¿Δ-l-W-Ønse t]mcmbva

kanXn ÿe-k-μ¿i-\-th-f-bnepw A√m-sXbpw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿, hyh-kmb {]Xn-

\n-[n-Iƒ, ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fnse sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ßƒ, kwÿm\ \nb-a-

k-`mw-K-ßƒ, ]m¿e-sa‚w-K-ßƒ, imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnZ-Kv[¿, I¿j-I¿, a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,

Ic-Iu-i-e-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, hymh-km-bnI˛tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cp-ambn \S-Ønb

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-se√mw hy‡-am-sbmcp Imcyw ]cn-ÿnXn `c-W-\n¿Δ-l-W-Ønse ISpØ

t]mcm-bva-I-fmWv.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v P¿Ω-\n-bpsS kmº-ØnI˛kmt¶-XnI klm-b-tØmsS \ne-hn-ep≈

hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ `q]-S-ap-≠m-°m≥ tI{μ˛kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-c-W-

\n-b-{¥W t_m¿Up-Isf Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn. cmPysØ F√m Pn√-Iƒ°pw Hcp ÿe-]c Um‰m-

t_-kn\v Ch¿ cq]w \¬In. \ne-hnse aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-e-hmcw,]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-

ambpw D≈ Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ, aen-\o-I-cW \ne C\nbpw Db¿Øp-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-a-√mØ

{]tZ-i-ßƒ, hnhn[ \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw, Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw D≈ A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-amb hyh-km-b-ßƒ F∂nh kw_-‘n-s®√mw {]tXyI `q]-S-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≠v.

Nne ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ t]mepw CXv hfsc hne-s∏´ Hcp kw`m-h-\-bmWv. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-

c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w ssIh-cn-°m≥ CXn-eqsS km[n°pw. F∂m¬ ISpØ

kΩ¿±sØ XpS¿∂v ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v CXv ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-bn√. X¬^-e-

ambn cXv\-Kn-cn-bpsS taJ-em-`q-]Sw CXp-hsc {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n√. Bh¿Øn®v ]e

{]mhiyw Bh-iy-s∏-ń-´mWv kan-Xn-°p-Xs∂ Hcp tIm∏n e`n-®Xv. ]e-Ipdn Bh¿Øn®v Bh-

iy-s∏-ń´pw ]›n-a-L´ Pn√-I-fpsS `q]Sw CXp-hsc kan-Xn°v e`y-am-°n-bn-ń√. ]cn-ÿnXn

h\w a{¥m-ebw Ign-hXpw thKw Cu tcJ-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°Ww. cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bpsS `q]Sw

]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS ÿm\w \n¿±njvS am\-Z-fi-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-bmWv \n›-

bn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v ImWmw. CXv ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

77

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse {]I-Xn-hn-̀ -h-ß-fp-tSbpw a‰v tijn-I-fp-sSbpw {]m[m\yw

IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠pw `qhn-\n-tbmK ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ \n›-bn-®p-sIm≠pw Cu Pn√-Iƒ°mbn

alm-cmjv{S k¿°m¿ Hcp taJ-em-πm≥ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≠v. CXnse \n¿t±-i-ß-sf√mw Xs∂

Ct∏mƒ hym]-I-ambn ewLn-®p-h-cn-I-bmWv. CXpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-°Ww.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ kwhn-[m\w Xosc A]-cym-]vX-amWv. ]cn-

ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w ssPh-ssh-hn≤y˛ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-

Øp-∂-Xn¬ hfsc Zp¿_-e-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hf¿® apc-Sn® hr£-ß-

fp≈ i‡-amb Im‰p-ho-ip∂ {]tZ-i-ßsf Duj-c-`qan F∂v ap{Z-IpØn Ch¿ Xg-bp-∂p. ]s£

Cu ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ ssPh-ssh-hnZy kº-∂-amWv. s_m´m-Wn-°¬ k¿sΔ Hm^v C¥y ap≥ Ub-

d-IvS¿ tUm. k©∏-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cu ]oT-`q-an-I-fpsS hen∏w IW-°n-seSp°ptºmƒ

\ΩpsS X\Xv kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS kº-∂-am-sbmcp Ie-h-d-bm-Wn-sX-∂mWv. Pew AI-tØ°pw

]pd-tØbv°pw Hgp-Im≥ ]mI-Øn¬ sNfn-h-c-ºp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ ]cn-ÿnXn

kw`m-h-\-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. tKmhbv°v sXm´v sX°p≈ DØc I∂S

Pn√-bnse AK-\m-in\n Agn-ap-JsØ ]‰n CubnsS \S-Ønb ]T-\-{]-Imcw CXns‚ hm¿jnI

aqeyw 5.6 tImSn cq]-bmWv.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w ]e {]k‡ {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n√ . DZm-l-c-

W-Øn\v sshZypX t{]mP-IvSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnX-c-W-sse-\p-Iƒ°v Ahbv°v Iosg-bp-ff amhv,

Iip-amhv tXm´-ß-fnepw ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse h\-ß-fnepw henb BLm-X-ta-ev]n-°m≥ Ignbpw.

]s£ CXv, Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°mWv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ {S°p-I-fn¬ tdmUp-am¿§hpw Pe-

am¿§hpw I∏-ep-I-fn¬ IS¬am¿§hpw sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Abn-cp-Iƒ ISpØ ]cn-ÿnXn, kmaq-

ly-{]-iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p≠v. Chbpw th≠-hn[w ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√.

s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v thf-bn¬ e`n® hne-s∏´ hnh-c-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øn-́ n√. CXv henb

kmaq-ly-A-kz-ÿ-Xbv°pw `n∂-Xbv°pw Imc-W-am-bn-´p≠v. DZm-c-l-c-WØn\v kn‘p-Zp¿Knse

Iem-s\-hn-t√-Pn¬ Hcp J\n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v 20˛9˛2008¬ BZy-s]m-Xp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v \SØn.

Cu kabw adm-Øn-bn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ sXfn-sh-Sp∏v am‰n-sh®p. A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ v́ adm-Øn-̀ m-j-bn¬ e`y-am-°n-b-tijw 11˛10˛2008

ho≠pw s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v \SØn. J\-\sØ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v {Kma-]-©m-bØv sFIy-I-

WvtTy\ AwKo-I-cn® {]tabw sXfn-sh-Sp-∏p-th-f-bn¬ ka¿∏n®p. ]pdta Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ FXn-c-

`n-{]m-b-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h∂p.

1. "Iems\' \Zn-bnse aen-\o-I-cWw aqew tKmh-bv°-SpØ N≠-enbn¬ Cu \Zn-bnse

Pe-hn-X-cW kvIow Ah-Xm-f-Øn-embn (2) Iem-s\-bnse {]Ir-Xn-ZØ Pe-t{km-X- p-Isf B{i-

bn-®p≈ ê-h¿§-Ir-jn sshj-ay-Øn-embn. s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp-∏ns‚ an\p´vkv e`y-am-°n-bXv 57

Znhkw Ign-™mWv. J\-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb sFIy-I-WvtTy\ AwKo-I-cn® \n¿t±iw \ne-\n¬°th

2009 am¿®v 17 \v alm-cmjv{S k¿°m¿ J\-\-Øn\v ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬In. kpXm-cyhpw

]¶m-fnØ A]-{K-Y\ kwhn-[m-\hpw \ne-hn-en-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-

tºmƒ hyhÿ sNøp∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ hy]-I-ambn ewLn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-

ß-fmbn ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb ka-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kncm-tI-{μ-amWv cXv\-Kncn Pn√.

{Kma˛Xmeq°v ˛Pn√m ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn-sebpw ap\n-kn-∏m-en-I-fn-sebpw {]mtZ-inI AwK-

ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v 2002 se ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-\n-baw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p. {]mtZ-inI ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y- hn -̀h-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØpIbpw

Ahn-SsØ Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb D]-tbm-K-ßƒ°v

If-£≥ Nm¿Pv Npa-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv Cu IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bmWv. Cu IΩn-‰n-

Iƒ°v ê-{]-Z-amb Hcp s]mXp-th-Zn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°m\pw {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿnXn amt\-

Pvsa‚nepw Ah-tem-I-\-Ønepw kp{]-[m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-°m\pw Cu IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°v Ignbpw. \n¿`m-

Ky-h-im¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-\n-baw alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\Øv \S-∏n-em-°m≥ bmsXmcp \S-]-

Snbpw CXp-hsc kzoI-cn-®n-ń√. tKmh-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ CXv \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv H´pw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb

\ne-bn-e√. Cu IΩn-‰n-Iƒ F√m-X-e-Ønepw DS-\Sn {]h¿Ø-t\m∑pJ-am-°Ww.

78

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn B{i-bn-°p∂

Sqdnkw, a’y-_-‘\w, kky-^-e-Irjn, Irjn XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fp-

ambn Ct∏m-gsØ J\\w, hyh-km-b-ßƒ, sshZyp-X-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

ISpØ kwL¿j-Øn-emWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v h≥tXm-Xn¬ amºgw Ib‰n

Ab-bv°p-∂p≠v. Cu ASp-Ø-Im-eØv A¬t^m¨km amº-g-Øns‚ Ib-‰p-a-Xn°v t•m_¬

Pn.F.]n k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-am°n. Cu BtKmf \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Cu amt¥m-´-

ßƒ°p kao]w Iev°-cn-b-[n-jvTnX Du¿t÷m-Xv]m-Z\ πm‚p-Iƒ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ hmbp-a-en-\o-I-

cW hyh-km-b-ßƒ D≠m-°m≥ ]mSn√. CX-\p-k-cn®v sX¿a≥ ]Δ¿πm‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aen-

\o-I-cWw X¬°mew Cu tXm´-ßsf kmc-ambn _m[n-°n-s√-¶nepw Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wn-bn-ep-

≠m-hp∂ \jvSw kky-^-e-Ir-jnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n°pw. Cu Hcp kmaqly kwL¿jm-

hÿ IW-°n-se-SpØv `mhn kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn¬ P\-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambn hnizm-k-Øn-

se-Sp-°Ww.

hnhn[ hymh-km-bnI, hnZyp-—‡n,J\-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°p-th≠n h≥tXm-Xn¬ `qan Gs‰-Sp-

°p-∂Xv henb kwL¿j-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p≠v. "sPbvXm-]q¿' taJ-e-bn¬ Fa¿P≥kn hIp-∏p-

I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v ̀ qan Gs‰-SpØv Kpcp-X-c-amb kmaq-ly-kw-L¿j-Øn-\n-S-bm-°n-

bn-´p≠v. P\-ßsf sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n®pw Ah-cpsS CwKn-X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn \n¿_-‘n®pw {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap≠v. cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bn¬ Hcp Ct°m-Sq-

dnkw dntkm¿´v XpS-ßm-s\∂ [mcW ]cØn P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hmßnb `qan-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ Hcp

Iev°cn A[n-jvTnX Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\-\n-ebw ÿm]n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-°p∂p. a’y-_-‘-\-

ta-J-e-bn-te-°p≈ a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]c-º-cm-KX a’y-_-‘-\- co-Xn-Iƒ ^nt\m-eIvkv

_ew-{]-tbm-Kn®v AS-∏n-°p∂p. `qhp-S-a-I-fpsS ]q¿Æ-k-Ω-X-tØmsS thWw F∂ \n_-‘-\-

tbmsS BsW-¶n¬t]mepw Ahsc Adn-bn-°msX `qtc-J-I-fn¬ "a‰v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ' F∂-Xn¬

J\\w IqSn-t®¿ØXv 2006¬ am{X-amWv Ah-cpsS {i≤-bn¬ s]s´-sX∂v kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-

bnse "Xtºmfn' hnt√Pv \nhm-kn-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p. \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-amb Cu "F≥{Sn'am‰n In´m≥

2007 ¬ Ah¿°v acWw hsc D]-hmkw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ \o≠-k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-

≠n-h∂p.

aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥Ww t]mse-bp≈ \nb-a-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≠mb ]cm-P-bhpw

kmaqly Akw-Xr-]vXn°v Imc-W-am-bn-´p≠v. cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse "tems´'bnse cmk-hy-hkmb

FtÃ-‰n¬ ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ s]mXp-hmb amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-πm‚n\v Ahn-SsØ apgp-h≥ amen-\y-

ßfpw kwkvI-cn-°m-\p≈ tijn Cs√∂p am{X-a√ CXns‚ {]h¿Ø\w ]cm-P-b-hp-amWv. 2010

HIvtSm-_-dn¬ ÿew kμ¿in® ]›n-a-L-´-k-an-Xn°v Cu πm‚n¬ \n∂v kwkvI-cn-°mØ

amen-\y-ßƒ Ihn-s™m-gpIn "tIm´m-hmse' hnt√-Pn¬ IpSn-sh-≈-sa-Øn-°p∂ Acp-hn-I-fn¬

sN∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWm≥ Ign™p. Cu {]iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-Ø-Xn¬ {]Xn-tj-

[n®v tIm´m-hmsebnse "k¿]m©v' B aen-\-Pew IpSn®v Bfl-l-Xy°v {ian®p. At±-lsØ

DS≥ apwss_-bn¬ FØn®v Poh≥ c£n-s®-¶nepw "tIm´m-hmse"sb {Kkn-®n-´p≈ aen-\o-I-c-W-

{]-iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-bn√. 2000¬ 30Hmfw kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tems´-bv°-SpØv hnj-

hm-XIw izkn®v At_m-[m-h-ÿ-bn-embn. F∂m¬ CXn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-I-fmb sIan-°¬ Iº-\n-

°m¿ Cu Ipń-Isf Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ FØn-°m≥t]mepw apt∂m´v h∂n√. hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬

\n∂p≈ lm\n-I-c-amb Jc-am-en\yw aÆpambn Iqń-°p-g®v Lm´v taJ-e-bnse Ip∂n≥N-cp-hp-I-

fnse tdmUp-I-fpsS hi-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂-Xmbn P\-ßƒ Adn-bn®p. Cu ASpØ ImeØv

"tJZv' SuWnse IpSn-sh≈ t{kmX- mb"s_mdmPv' AW-s°-ń¬ lm\n-I-c-amb cmk-am-en\yw

Sm¶-dn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v X≈nb kw`-h-ap-≠mbn. CXp-aqew SuWnse Pe-hn-X-cWw BgvN-I-

tfmfw apS-ßn-sb-¶nepw CXn\v Imc-W-°m-cm-bhsc ]nSn-Iq-Sm≥ {ia-ap-≠m-bn√. tems´-bn¬

\n∂p≈ cmk-a-en-\o-I-cWw aqew "Umt_mƒ' IS-en-Sp-°nse a’y-k-º-Øn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-

hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v. a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°v henb sXmgn¬ \jvS-Øn\v CXp Imc-W-am-bn-´p≠v.

Cu {]iv\-ßƒ°p \Sp-hn¬ alm-cmjv{S aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv BsI kzoI-

cn® \S-]-Sn AXns‚ tems´ Bôkv Zqsc-bp≈ Nnπ-\n-te°v am‰n ÿm]n-®-XmWv. CXp-aqew

79

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc ê-{]-Z-amb \S-]Sn FSp-°m-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw C√m-Xmbn. aen-\o-I-

c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb {]Xn-tj-[-ßfpw ka-c-ßfpw cq]w sIm≈p-tºmƒ apwss_-t]m-

eokv \nb-a-Ønse 37(1)(3) N´-{]-Imcw Bfp-Iƒ Iq´w-Iq-Sp-∂Xv XS™v P\-Iob {]t£m-`sØ

ASn-®-a¿Øm-\mWv A[n-Ir-X¿ {ian-°p-∂Xv. 2008˛2009 ¬ cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bn¬ 191 Znh-k-amWv

Cu DØ-chv {]m_-ey-Øn¬ hcp-Øn-bXv. aen-\o-I-c-W-{]-iv\-ßƒ C{X cq£-ambn \nev°p-

tºmgpw cmk-hyhkmb irwJ-e-bnse Hcp Bô-k¿ Adn-bn-®Xv CXn-\-Sp-Øp≈ 550 slIvS-

dn¬ Hcp ]pXnb s]t{Sm˛sIan-°¬ tImwπIvkv ÿm]n-°m≥ ]≤Xn Xøm-dmbn hcp∂p F∂mWv.

hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øn\v apgp-h≥ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-

h-cp-Øm\pw CXns‚ t\´-ßƒ Nne ÿm]nX XmXv]-cy-°m¿ Xń-sb-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw `mhn

kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ]mX-\n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈ Hcp

kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 73,74 t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ Xmsg Xń-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS im‡o-I-cWw

e£y-an-s´-¶nepw AXv {]h¿Øn-]-Y-Øn-se-Øn-bn√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v cXv\-Kncn Xmeq°v ]©m-

bØv kanXn Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]e {Kma-]-©m-bXv kan-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb ]e

{]ta-b-ßfpw ]m m-°n-sb-¶nepw kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ AXv ]q¿Æ-ambn Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. Xmsg-X-ń-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS im‡o-I-cWw Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-°m≥ \mw {ian-t°-≠n-

bn-cp∂p.

cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿Kv ˛ tKmh t]mse-bp≈ h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw ae-{º-tZ-i-ß-fn-

sebpw P\-ßsf im‡o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ \nb-a-amWv 2006se ]ń-I-h¿K˛a‰v ]mc-º-cy-h-\-\n-

hmkn(h\-Øn-t∑-ep≈ Ah-Imiw) \nbaw. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ C∂sØ Ahÿ

alm-cmjv{S Dƒs∏sS F√m-bn-SØpw {]iv\-k-¶o¿Æ-amWv. Cu ASp-Ø-Im-eØv ]q¿Øn-bm-

°nb kIvtk\ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ń¬ CXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ß-fp≠v.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\mbn CXp-hsc \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Hcp kabw

Hcp {]iv\w am{Xw F∂ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Bh¿Ø\ BLm-X-ßƒ Ah-

K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv henb t]mcm-bva-bmbn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp Iev°cn A[n-jvTnX

Du¿÷ DXv]m-Z\ πm‚n¬ \n∂p≈ A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-c-WsØ H∂m-bn-I-≠m¬ AsXmcp

]s£ kzoIm-cy-am-tb°mw. F∂m¬ Nne Ime-ß-fn¬ ]e πm‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]pdw X≈p∂

]pIbpw a‰pw Hcp ae-{º-tZ-i-Øns‚ XS-Øn¬ h∂-Sn-bp-tºmƒ AXv Xo¿Øpw Ak-l-\o-b-

amhpw AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Hcp J\n-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp {S°n¬ tdmUn-eq-sS-bp≈ Abncv ISØv

henb KXm-K-X°p-cp°v D≠m-Im-Ø-Xn-\m¬ kln-°m≥ Ign-t™-°pw. F∂m¬ 5 J\n-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ Abncv ISØv H∂n-®p-\-S-∂m¬ AXv ISpØ KXm-K-X-°p-cp-°n\pw A]-I-S-ßƒ°pw

CS-bmIpw. s]mXpsh Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp LSIw ssPh sshhn-Zy-Øns‚ hnhn[ LS-

I-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-ev∏n\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS XpS¿®-bmWv. Chn-sSbpw

Ah-bpsS Bh¿Ø-\-êw Akzo-Im-cyhpw Hmtcm-∂ns‚ BLmXw kzoIm-cy-hp-amWv. CØcw

Imc-W-ß-fm¬ cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿K -Pn-√-I-fn-sebpw tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ tKmh kwÿm-\-

sØbpw hymh-km-bn-Ihpw J\-\-]-chpw, Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\-]-chpw Bb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

Bh¿Ø\ BLmXw ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.

16.3 ip]m¿i-Iƒ

J\\w, Du¿÷-D-ev]m-Z\w, aen-\o-I-c-W-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse J\\w, Du¿÷-D-ev]m-Z\w, aen-\o-

I-c-W-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS XpS¿hn-I-k-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]mX \n¿t±-in-°m≥

kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp∂p. ssPh-]-c-ambn kº-∂-sa-¶nepw Zp¿_-e-amb Cu Pn√-Iƒ

t\cn-Sp∂ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßsf hfsc {i≤m-]q¿Δw kao-]n-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu Pn√-I-

fpsS Ing-°p-`mKw am{Xta ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p≈q. kanXn Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]cn-

ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw XpS¿ hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-

80

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Iƒ°p≈ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Pn√-bnse ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-

bv°mbn kanXn NphsS ]d-bp∂ ip]m¿i-Iƒ \n¿t±-i-n-°p∂p.

a. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-Zp¿_-e-ta-Je H∂nepw c≠nepw J\-\-Øn\v ]pXnb ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv

\¬Ip-∂-Xn\v A\n-›nX Ime samd-t´m-dnbw {]Jym-]n-°pI.

b. taJe H∂n¬ \n∂v 2016- HmsS J\\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI.

c. taJe c≠n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ J\\w ISpØ \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy¬

BUn-‰n\pw hnt[-b-ambn am{Xw XpS-cpI.

d. taJe H∂nepw c≠nepw Iev°cn A[n-jvTnX Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z\ πm‚p-Iƒ Dƒ∏sS

"Nph∏v, Hmd©v' hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v A\p-aXn \¬IcpXv.

e. Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ "Nph∏v, Hmd©v' hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ hyh-km-b-ßƒ taJe H∂nepw

c≠nepw 2016 HmsS "0"aen-\o-I-cWw F∂ \ne-bn-te°v amdWw. ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy¬

BUn‰v kwhn-[m-\-Ønte Ch {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\mhq.

Bh¿Ø\ BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v shfn-bn-ep≈ cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p Zp¿K Pn√-I-fnse ka-X-e-ß-fn-sebpw

Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw ssPh-Zu¿_-ey-Øns‚ \ne-hm-csØ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ kanXn hym]-

I-ambn kam-l-cn-®n-ń√. F∂m¬ Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ kanXn \S-Ønb ]cn-an-X-amb At\z-j-W-

ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu {]tZ-i-ßƒ ISpØ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI, kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿±-Øn\v ASn-

a-s∏-ń-cn-°-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. BI-bm¬ Cu taJ-e-bnse hnhn[ hnI-k\

{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v hfsc {i≤m-]q¿Δ-ap≈ Hcp Bh¿Ø\ BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

\S-Ø-W-sa∂v kanXn \n¿t±-in-°p∂p. Cu ]T\w alm-cm-jv{S-bnse sdbvKUv Pn√-bn-sebpw

tKmh kwÿm-\-sØbpw t]mse tKmh-bnse "\mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Hmjymt\m{Km^n-

bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-XmWv \√Xv.

CsXmcp kmt¶-Xn-Im-[n-jvTnX ]T\w am{X-amIcp-Xv. ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v

Ahn-SsØ P\-ßƒ°p≈ hy‡-amb Adnhpw Ah-cpsS hnI-k\ taml-ßfpw IqSn IW-°n-

se-Sp-Øn-cn-°Ww. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]ń-I-h¿§˛a‰v ]c-º-cm-KX h\-hmkn (h\-Øn-t∑-ep≈ Ah-

Imiw)\nbaw \S-∏m-°m≥ Kncn-h¿§ t£a-h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb klmbw \¬Im≥

kwÿm\ h\w hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w- a-{¥m-ebw \n¿t±iw \¬IWw. Cu

\nb-a-Ønse kmaqly h\-hn-`-h-\n-_-‘-\-Iƒ {]tZ-isØ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn¬ P\-

ßƒ°v {]tXyI ]¶pw {]m[m\yhpw Dd-∏p-h-cpØpw. F√m Xt±i ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw ssPh-

ssh-hn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ (BMC) cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p-s≠∂v ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-\n-b-a-Øn¬ hyhÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ t]mse "If-£≥ Nm¿Pv'

Npa-Øm\pw B XpI {]mtZ-inI hnZym-̀ ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v {]mtZ-in-I-ssP-h-\nebpw

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-hn-`-h-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw _n.Fw. knIƒ°v \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. CXv

kz¥w ]cn-ÿnXn {i≤m-]q¿Δw kwc-£n-°m≥ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v DtØ-P-\-am-hp-Ibpw

\n¿±njvS Bh¿Ø\ ]cn-ÿnXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw.

\n›-b-ambpw i‡-amb Hcp imkv{Xo-b-ÿm-]\w CXns‚ ]q¿Æ-Np-a-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°p-

Ibpw CXn-te-°m-h-iy-amb imkv{Xo-bhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-amb ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ e`y-am-

°p-Ibpw thWw. Cu Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ tKmh-bnse \mj-W¬ C≥kv‰n-‰yq v́ Hm v̂ Hmjymt\m

{Km^n-tbmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw kanXn ip]m¿i-sN-øp∂p. cXv\-Kncn, kn‘p-Zp¿Kv

Pn√-I-fnse ka-X-c-ß-fnepw Xoc-tZ-iØpw J\-\-Øn\pw Nph∏v, Hmd©v hn`mKw hyh-km-b-

ßƒ°pw Du¿÷-D-ev]m-Z\ πm‚p-Iƒ°pw ]pXp-Xmbn ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v

G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ samd-t´m-dnbw Cu Pn√-I-fpsS hml-I-tijn kw_-‘n® A]-{K-Y\w

81

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc \o´-W-sa∂pw kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp∂p. Cu ]T-\-Ønse Is≠-Ø-

ep-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ samd-t´m-dnbw ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

17. tKmh-bnse J\\w

tKmh-bn¬ J\-\-Øn\v ]pXnb ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ samd-t´m-

dnbw ]p\-]-cn-tim-[n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb klm-bhpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw

kan-Xn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®n-cp∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ kan-Xn-bpsS \nK-a-\-ßfpw A]-{K-Y-\-ßfpw NphsS

]d-bp-∂-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn D≈-h-bmWv.

kan-Xn-°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb tcJ-Iƒ (R.Kerkar, 2010; N. Alvares, 2010; G Kalampavara, 2010)

2010 sk]vXw-_-dn¬ kanXn kwL-Sn-∏n® _‘-s∏-´-h-cpsS inev]-ime.

tKmh ^ut≠-j\pw tKmh Soapw kan-Xn-°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb tcJ-Iƒ

2010 sk]vXw-_-dnepw 2011 P\p-h-cn-bnepw tKmh-bnse J\\ taL-e-bn¬ kanXn \S-

Ønb kμ¿i-\-ßfpw J\n DS-a-Iƒ, amt\-P¿am¿, {Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ, k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ

F∂n-h-cp-am-bn-\-S∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ßfpw.

tKmh-bnse J\-\sØ ]‰n \S-Ønb hnhn[ ]T-\-ßƒ (TERI,1997; Goa Foundation, 2002;TERI, 2006; CSE, 2008; NCAER, 2010; GMOEA Reports; Basu, 2011; Mukhopadhyay & Kadekodi, 2011,TERI, DISHA Study on going)

\nco-£-Wßfp-sSbpw hni-I-e-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tKmh-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-ta-Je H∂v, c≠v, aq∂vIfn¬ J\-\-Øn-\mbn ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v

tamd-t´m-dnbw {]Jym-]n-°-W-sa∂v kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. ]m\¬ \n¿W-bn-®Xp {]Imcw

taJe H∂n¬ L´w L´-ambn 2016 HmsS J\\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. tKmh-bn-

sebpw _‘-s∏´ a‰n-S-ßfn-sebpw J\\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂ kmaq-lyhpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-

I-hp-amb tZmj-^-e-ßƒ C√m-bva-sN-øp-∂-Xn-te-°mbn kanXn \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ ip]m¿i-Iƒ

hnZKv[ ]m\¬ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ c≠mw hmey-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

apdbv°v tamd-t´m-dn-b-Øn¬ Abhv hcp-Øm-\p-am-Ipw.

17.1 Ah-ÿbpw am‰hpw

Sqdnkw hyh-kmbw Ign-™m¬ tKmh-bnse c≠m-asØ henb hyh-kmbw J\-\hpw

Izmdn-bnwßv hyh-km-b-hp-amWv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp∂ Ccpºv Acncv hyh-kmbw

C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-\m-W-b-h-c-hnepw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-kr-jvSn-bnepw KWy-amb ]¶v hln-°p-∂p≠v.

2009˛2010¬ CXn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\˛ tI{μ-k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v e`n® dh-\yq-h-cp-am\w bYm-{Iaw

500 tImSn cq] 2000 tImSn cq] F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv. CXn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v e`n®

hcp-am\w 1999/00 hne-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ 4.7%hpw 2007/08 \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ 10.1% hpw BWv. J\\w

Izmdn-bnßv taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\-Øn¬ {][m\w Ccpºv Abn-cns‚ J\-\-Øn¬ \n∂mWv.

1992˛2009 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tKmh-bnse Ccpºv Abncv Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤\ Nn{Xw

8 hy‡-am-°p∂p. 1992¬ 12.1 Zi-e£w sa{SnIv SÆm-bn-cp∂ Ccpºv Abncv Dev]m-Z\w 2009 Bb-

t∏m-tg°v 41.1 Zi-e£w sa{SnIv SÆn-seØn. Ign™ 5 h¿jsØ am{Xw Dev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\hvv

20 Zi-e£w sa{SnIv S¨ BWv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa GI-tZiw 10 Zi-e£w sa{SnIv SÆns‚ A\-[n-

IrX J\\w \S-∂n-´p-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw IW-°m-°p∂p. tKmh-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Ccp-º-bncv apgp-h≥

Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-I-bmWv. CXn≥ 89 iX-am\w ssN\-bn-te°pw 8 iX-am\w P∏m-\n-te-°p-amWv

Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-∂Xv.

17.2. J\-\-Øns‚ Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ

tKmh-bnse J\-\-ta-Je {][m-\-ambpw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-emWv (Nn{Xw 9) sX°p-In-g°v hS-

°p-]-Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬ 65 In.ao. \of-Øn¬ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ J\-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw

700 N.In.ao‰-dmWv. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nb-{¥W ss]Xr-I-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ Ccpºv Abncv J\n-Iƒ

82

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]m´-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ 100 slIvS-dn¬ Xmsg tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ C¥y-bnse GI kwÿm\w

tKmh-bmWv. FÆ-a‰ ]m´-J-\n-Iƒ \n¿÷o-h-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ccp-º-bncv ssN\-bn¬ \n∂p≈

Bhiyw h¿≤n-®-tXmsS Ch {]h¿Ø-\-k-÷-am-°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-∂p-h-cp∂p.tKmh-bnse J\\

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ê-amb {][m\ kpÿnc Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-°p∂p. tKmh-bpsS

taJe πm≥ 2021 epw CXv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. J\-\-Øn-\p≈ ]m´m-h-Imiw Fsdbpw h\y-

ar-K-k-t¶-X-ßƒ°pw h\-ta-J-e-Iƒ°pw Np‰n-ep-amWv D≈Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v h\y-Pohn kt¶-

X-Øn\v c≠v In.ao. Np‰-f-hn¬ 31 ]m´-ß-fp≠v. CXn¬ 7FÆw {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. Hcp-In-tem-ao-‰¿

Np‰-f-hn¬ 13 ]m´-ß-fp≠v. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ J\n-I-fp-ap≠v.

1988˛1997 Ime-L-´-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ J\\w aqew 2500 slIvS¿ h\-ß-fmWv \jvS-s∏-´Xv. F∂m-en-

∂p-hsc ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \jvS-s∏´ h\-ß-fpsS Afhv Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ bmsXmcp ]T-\hpw \S-

Øn-bn-ń√. 1940 Ifn¬ Xs∂ h≥tXm-Xn¬ J\\w XpS-ßnb "_nt°mfnw' Xmeq-°ns‚ ]e

`mK-ß-fnepw h\-ßƒ Cs√-∂p-Xs∂ ]dbmw. "kØmcn', km≥Kpw Xmeq-°p-I-fnepw J\\w

h\sØ Imcy-ambn _m[n-®n-´p≠v. J\-\sØ XpS¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-sebpw `qX-

e-Øn-sebpw am‰ßƒ Cu taJ-ebnep-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-\jvSw hfsc Kuc-h-ap-

≈-XmWv.

apIƒ∏-c-∏nse Pew

_m¿Pp-Iƒ sPń-Ifn¬ km[-\-ßƒ I‰p-Ibpw Cd-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ apIƒ∏-c-∏nse

Pew aen-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. \Zn-I-fpsS ASn-Ø-ń¬ amen-\y-ßƒ ASn-bp-∂Xpw s]mgn-Iƒ cq]-

s∏-Sp-∂Xpw (atfimhn˛kzmdn s]mgn-irw-Je) _nt°menw, kmKzenw \Zn-I-fn¬ sh≈-s∏m-°-

ap-≠m-°p∂p. Ip-∂Xpw amen-\y-ßƒ h∂p hogp-∂Xv Pe-tI-{μ-ßƒ°-Sp-Øm-I-bm¬ tKmh-bn¬

h¿j-°m-eØv Ch sh≈-Øn-te°v HgpIn FØp∂p. Xpd- mb J\\w Pe-Øns‚ KpW-Ønepw

Af-hnepw henb am‰-ap-≠m-°p∂p. am{X-hp-a√ `qkz-`m-h-Ønepw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Ønepw kky-P-

¥p-cq-]-Ønepw hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ J\-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ NphsS ]d-bp∂ c≠v {]iv\-

ßƒ {i≤-bn¬s]-ń-´p≠v.

J\n-I-fnse Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pdw-X-≈p∂ sh≈w s\¬Ir-jn°v D]

-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xpw Cu Irjn-`q-an-I-fpsS kpÿn-c-^-e-`q-bn-jvT-Xbv°v òj-Wn-bmWv.

J\n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Ipgn-I-fn¬\n∂v HgpIn Irjn-`q-an-I-fn-se-Øp∂ sh≈w aen-

\o-I-cW{]iv\w IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-Ip∂p.

Nn{Xw 8 tKmh-bnse Ccp-º-bncv Dev]m-Z\w (1992˛2009)

83

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

`qPew

J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v KWy-amb Af-hn¬ sh≈w ]ºp-sNbvXv If-tb-≠-Xp-≈-Xn-\m¬ J\-\-

{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ `qP-esØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂p. tKmh-bnse J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Ahn-SsØ {]mtZ-inI Pe \nesb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂-Xmbn ]e ]T-\-ßfpw sXfn-bn-

®n-´p≠v. (MS Swaminathan 1982; TERI, 1997; GT Marathe, IIT; BS Chawdhri & AG Chachadi; NEERI Report;

Regional Plan of Goa 2021) J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Pew C{]-Imcw Hgp-°n-°-f-bp-∂-Xp-aqew InW-dp-Iƒ

h‰p-Ibpw ho´m-h-iy-Øn\pw Irjn°pw Pew e`n-°msX hcp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXv {]tZ-i-hm-kn-

I-fpsS Pohn-XsØ kmc-ambn _m[n-°p∂p. J\\w aqe-ap≈ Pe-Zu¿e`yw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-

´p≠v.(TERI, 1997; TERI 2002). `qPe \ne-bnse am‰-ßƒ G‰hpw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂Xv

kv{XoI-fpsS Btcm-Ky-sØ-bmWv (TERI, 2006).

Ah-in-jvS-Iq-ºmcw

J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Ah-injvSw ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn¬ Ip∂p-Iƒt]m-se-bmWv Iqń-bn-Sp-

∂Xv. Cu Ah-injvSw ho≠pw J\\w sNbvXv ssN\-bn-te-bv°-bv°p-∂p≠v. Ipgn-s®-Sp-°p∂

km[\w cmPy-Øn\v ]pd-tØbv°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ J\n-I-fnse Abncv Xo¿∂p-I-gn-

™m¬ Ch Fßs\ aqSpw F∂Xv hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv.

hmbp-hns‚ KpW-ta∑

I¿Æm-S-I-bn¬ \n∂p≈ [mXp-°ƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ tdmUv am¿§hpw sdbn¬am¿§hpw tKmh-

bn-te°v sIm≠vt]mbn Ahn-SsØ {]mtZ-inI Abn-cp-ambn Iqń-°-e¿Øn \ne-hmcw Iqń-

Nn{Xw 9 tKmh-bnse J\-\m-\p-aXn

\¬Inb {]tZ-i-ßƒ (tKmh ût≠-j≥ 2010)

84

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

bmWv "a¿apKmthm' t]m¿´v {SÃv hgn Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂Xpw tKmh-bnse 5 kvt]m©v Ab¨

πm‚p-Iƒ°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xpw. Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ Hcp ]T\ {]Imcw (TERI)tKmh-

bnse PM10 \mbn sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ temUp-I-fn¬ 39 iX-am\w J\n-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw 25%

hyh-km-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-am-sW-∂mWv TERI bpsSw Ct∏m-gsØ ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv. Ccpºv

Abn-cp-Iƒ {S°p-I-fn¬ F≥.F®v. 4 F hgn DkvKm Hmbn¬ FØn®v AhnsS \n∂v _m¿°p-I-

fn¬ t]m¿´v {SnÃn-se-Øn-®mWv Ib‰n Ab-°p-∂Xv. {S°p-I-fn¬ Hmh¿temUv Ib‰n XpWn-bn´v

aqSmsX Xeßpw hneßpw ]mbp-∂Xv ISpØ KXm-K-X-°p-cp°v krjvSn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS

k©m-c-]m-X-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cu KXm-KX ]mX-

bn¬ \nc-h[n A]-I-S-ß-fmWv \nXyhpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. A¥-co-£-a-en-\o-I-cWw tKmh-bnse

J\-\-ta-J-ebnepw KXm-KX CS-\m-gn-bnepw hfsc Db¿∂ \ne-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv {]mtZ-inI

kaq-l-ß-fpsS Btcm-KysØ lm\n-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p.

Irjn

`qPew A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn NqjWw sNøp-∂Xpw hen-sbmcp {]tZ-iØv Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw

s]mSnbpw ASn-bp-∂Xpw Irjn-bn-S-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw PohnXw {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. J\-\-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ°v Xmsg-bp≈ Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂

Ahn-in-jvS-ßƒ h∂-Sn-bp-∂-Xp-aqew Irjn-tbm-Ky-a-√m-Xm-hp∂p. CXv J\-\-°mcpw I¿j-Icpw

XΩn-ep≈ \nc-¥c kwL¿j-Øn\v CS-bm-°p∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kmwKyw Xmeq-°nse

sImfw_ hnt√-Pn¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ImeØv A\p-h-Zn® J\n-Iƒ hnt√-Pns‚ 75% ÿe-

Ømbn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂p. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp-∂-h-bmWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Cu

Im¿jn-I-{Kmaw ]q¿Æ-ambn Xs∂ J\n-Iƒ hngpßpw F∂ òXn-bn-emWv. ChnsS {]mtZ-inI

kwL¿jw ]Xn-hmWv. CXp-t]m-ep≈ as‰mcp {Kma-amWv "Iudw'. ]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn°v ka¿∏n®

tcJ-bn¬ sI¿sI¿ (2010) C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p “tKmh-bnse Npcp°w Nne {Kma-ßƒ am{Xta

Z£nW tKmh-bnse Ihmsc Iyq∏-anse t]mse ssPh-ss]-Xr-I-ap≈ hnip-≤-tXm-´-ßfpw, Pe-

kp-e-̀ -amb Acp-hn-Ifpw kº-∂-h-\-ßfpw \nd-™-h-bm-bp≈p. F∂m-en∂v h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ J\\

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒaqew IhmscbpsS \ne-\n-ev]p-Xs∂ A]-I-S-Øn-emWv.'' Irjnbpw J\-\hpw,

P\-ßfpw J\-\-I-º-\n-Ifpw XΩn¬ C∂v \nXm-¥-i-{Xp-X-bn-emWv. `qanbpw Pohn-Xhpw J\n-

Iƒ Ih¿s∂-Sp-Ø-h¿°v \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-{]-Imcw \¬Ip∂ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Xocw A]-

cym-]vX-amWv.

kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw B`y-¥c Dev]m-Z-Øn¬ J\\w \¬Ip∂ kw`m-h-\sb ]‰n

tIƒ°p-∂-h¿ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Cu {]iv\-ßƒ ImWp-∂n√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

1996/97 ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tKmh-bnse J\-\-Øns‚ BLm-X-sØ-

]‰n \S-Ønb hni-Z-amb ]T-\-{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BLm-X-Øns‚ hne

Xń-°-gn-®m¬ CXv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØw B`y-¥c D¬]m-Z-\-Øn-te°v \¬Ip∂ kw`m-

h\(bYm¿∞ hcp-am\w) shdpw 15% am{X-amWv. (Noronha, 2001; TERI 2002) . NCAER dnt∏m¿ń\v

(2010) {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn Cu ASp-ØnsS ]pd-Øp-h∂ tcJ-Iƒ {]Imcw C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈

hchv˛sNehv A\p-]mXw tKmh-bnse J\-\sØ Hcp Xc-Ønepw A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n√. (Basu

2011, Mukhopadhyay & Kadekodi 2011)

17.3 `c-W-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ

h\-A-h-Imi \nb-a-Ønse kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`hw kw_-‘n® \n_-‘-\-Iƒ tKmh-bn¬

\S-∏m-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an√. tKmh-bnse "Iyqs]w' Xmeq-°n¬s]´

"Iucw' {Kma-Ønse "tZh-s]m≥ tUm¶m¿' J\n ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. "shfn]vkv' F∂-dn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cpsS hnip≤ ÿe-amb Hcp-a-e-bn-emWv. i‡-amb {]mtZ-inI FXn¿∏ns\

adn-I-S∂pw h\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn ]men-°m-sXbpw ChnsS J\-\-

Øn\v A\p-aXn \¬In-bXv A£-¥-hy-amWv.

]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-hn-cp≤ J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw tKmh-bn¬ \S-°p-∂p≠v. bmsXmcp

hn[ ¢nb-d≥kpw C√m-sXbpw sX‰mb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-Ønepw

85

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kn-\p-ap-ff hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Im‰n¬ ]d-Ønbpw ChnsS J\\w \S-°p∂p. ]cn-

ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]mtS Ah-K-Wn®v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]cn-[n°v AXo-X-

ambn Abncv J\\w sNbvsX-Sp-°p-∂-Xmbn Btcm-]n®v \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-Iƒ kan-Xn°v e`n-®n-

´p≠v.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-hy-h-ÿsb kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS tI{μ-_n-μp-hmb

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{KY\ {]{Inb ]e \ne-bnepw A_-≤-P-Sn-e-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øm≥

Ign-™n-́ p≠v.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´p-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp∏v \S-]-Sn-I-fp-tSbpw

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√m-bva-bmWv Hcp {]iv\w. sX‰mb A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´v am{X-a√,s]mXp

sXfn-sh-Sp-∏p-I-fpsS an\n-Svkn¬ t]mepw Ir{Xnaw Imń-b-Xmbn Is≠-Øm≥ Ign™p.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ I¨kƒ´‚ v {Kma-ßƒ kμ¿in-°p-Itbm icn-bmb

k¿sΔbpw ]T-\hpw \S-Øp-Itbm sNøm-Xn-cp∂ kw`-h-ßƒ Rßƒ ImWp-Itbm

tIƒ°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´p≠v. ]≤-Xn-bpsS {]tW-Xm-°ƒ \ntbm-Kn® GP≥kn-I-fmWv

]e-t∏mgpw ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬

¢nb-d≥kv e`n-°m≥ X°-hÆw ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Isf hf-s®m-Sn-°p∂ coXnbpw \ne-

hn-ep≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tKmh-bnse "Iyqs]w' Xmeq-°nse "Iucw' {Kma-Ønse sUhm-

s]m≥ tUm¶m¿ J\n-°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ń¬

hkvXp-Xbv°v hncp-≤-ambn J\-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ Hcp Pe-t{km-X pw Cs√-∂mWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. kanXn ÿew ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ Pe kar-≤n-bp≈ c≠v Acp-hn-Iƒ

ImWm≥ Ign™p.

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn-s‚bpw kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]cn-

ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-dn-t∏m¿´p-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn\v

XpS¿®-bmbn Im‰-Sn-°p∂ hf¿® apc-Sn® hr£-ß-fp≈ {]tZ-isØ "Duj-c-`qan' Bbn

ap{Z-IpØn Xg-bp-I-bmWv A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ń¬ sNømdv. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øm¬ kº-

∂-amb Cu {]tZiw \nc-h[n kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μhpw I∂p-Imen Xo‰-I-

fpsS Hcp {][m\ t{kmX pw Np‰p-ap≈ Xmgv-h-c-I-fnse P\-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Du¿÷w ]I-

cp∂ Acp-hn-I-fpsS t{kmX- p-amWv.

Xøm-dm-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ]eXpw hnizm-k-tbm-

Ky-a√. CØ-cp-WØn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-tem-I\ IΩn-‰n-bpsS ]¶v hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-

XmWv. Cu IΩn-‰n-bpsS LS-\-bnse {][m\ A]m-IX \n¿±n-jvS-]-≤Xn ÿm]n-t°≠

{]tZ-isØ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmcpw IΩn-‰n-bn¬ D≠m-Im-dn-s√-∂-XmWv. X∑qew ]cn-ÿnXn

Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn°v B {]tZ-i-sØ-]‰n icn-bmb hnh-ctam ]pXnb ]≤Xn hcp-tºmƒ

AhnsS D≠m-Im-hp∂ {]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n hy‡-amb [mc-Wtbm e`n-°p-∂n√. kan-Xn-bpsS

N¿®-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw U¬ln-bn-emWv \S-°p-∂-sX-∂-Xn-\mepw ]e-t∏mgpw ÿe-k-

μ¿i\w D≠m-Im-dn-s√-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw {]mtZ-in-I-amb kΩ¿±-ßfpw DXv°-WvT-Ifpw kan-

Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-SmsX t]mIp∂p. sX‰mb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ń-

s\bpw Ir{Xn-a-ambn Na® s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp-∏n‚ an\n-Svkn-s\bpw B{i-bn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw

Imew samsØ \nb-{¥W {]{In-bbpw hrYm-hn-em-Ip-I-tb-bp≈q.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv kw_-‘n® 2006 se hn⁄m-]\w SPCB sb shdpw t]mÃm-ô-

kmbn Xcw-XmgvØn F∂v tKmh-t]m-ep≈ kwÿm-\-ßƒ Icp-Xp∂p. Cu ¢nb-d≥kv

{]{In-b-bn¬ kwÿm\/{]mtZ-inI kzm[o\w IS-∂p-sN-∂-Xmbpw Icp-Xp∂p. a‰v Nne-bn-

S-ß-fn¬ SPCB {]mtZ-inI P\-X-bpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn\v hncp-≤-ambn ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-tem-

I\ kan-Xnsb sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-®-Xmbpw Icp-Xp∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw ¢nb-d≥kv

sImSp-°p∂ tIkp-I-fn-sem-gnsI 2006\v tijw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚tbm kwÿm\

86

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_m2Ivkv 12 : tKmh-bnse J\\w: s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-l¿Pn-Iƒ

Pew

hS-°≥ tKmh-bnse "AUv-hm¬]m¬' hnt√Pv c≠v J\\ Iº-\n-Iƒs°-Xnsc

s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-l¿Pn-Iƒ ̂ b¬ sNbvXp. ag-°m-eØv {Kma-Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn

sh≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ImcWw Cu Iº-\n-Iƒ Acp-hn-Iƒ hgnXncn-

®p-hn-Sp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\p≈ sh≈w

XS-bp∂p F∂pw Btcm-]n-®m-bn-cp∂p l¿Pn-Iƒ.

Irjn

J\\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿Øn-sh-bv°-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-hp-ambn Z£n-W-tKm-h-

bnse {Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ Ac Uk≥ s]mXp Xmev]-cy-l¿Pn-I-fmWv ^b¬

sNbvXXv. J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v ae-s©-cp-hn-eqsS Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ

ASn-hm-c-Øp≈ Irjn-`q-an-I-fn¬ h∂n-Sn™v Hmtcm h¿jhpw KWy-amb Af-

hn¬ Irjn `qan Xcn-imbn amdp∂p F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p l¿Pn-°m-[mcw.

hmbp, i_vZw, A]-ISw

{Sn°v KXm-KXw (2010)

J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ {S°p-Iƒ ]I¬ ka-bØp am{Xta HmSmhq F∂pw

AXpw \n›nX aWn-°q-dn¬ am{Xta ]mSp≈q F∂pw \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-

Øn-sIm-≠p≈ k¿°m¿ Xocp-am\w tImS-Xn- Aw-Ko-I-cn®p.

P\-hm-k-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v thK-X-\n-b-{¥Ww

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥th≠n

aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W- t_m¿Un-s‚tbm ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ CSw-]n-Sn-°m-dn-√. ]-≤Xn ÿm]n-

°m≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ A\p-aXn Bh-iy-am-sW∂ hyhÿ icn°pw C°m-cy-

Øn¬ kwÿm-\-Øn-\p≈ "hot‰m' A[n-Im-c-amWv. CXv th≠-hn[w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-

∂-sa∂p am{Xw. ¢nb-d≥kn-\p-th≠n ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn-\p-ta¬ ISpØ

kΩ¿±w ]Xn-hmWv.

t{]mP-Iv‰-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂Xp aqew Ch-bpsS Bh¿Ø\

BLmXw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°msX Xs∂ ]pXnb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v

¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥knepw aen-\o-I-c-W-t_m¿Uns‚

]pXp-°¬ tcJ-bnepw \njv°¿jn-®n-´p-≈-Xn-e-[nIw Abncv J\-\-°m¿ AhnsS \ns∂

-Sp-°p-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p.

kpXm-cyhpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-]-c-hp-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ ]cn-

ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-tºmƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw ewLn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-tºmƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-s∂mcp hyhÿ kao-]-sØ-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw

Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Ahsb iey-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw Cu Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ°v

Ccp-h-ihpw 50 ao‰¿ AI-e-Øn¬ CS-Xq¿∂v hf-cp∂ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ ImSp-Isf kwc-£n-°-W-sa-

∂p-amWv ]s£ ÿe-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™Xv. Cu \n_-‘-\-I-sf√mw ]q¿Æ-

ambn ewLn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. Acp-hn-Iƒ \n›ew, Ah-bpsS Hgn-°ns\ hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-´n-cp-

°p∂p. Acp-hn-°-c-bnse Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Iƒ \in-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. X∑qew J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-]‰n

P\-ß-fpsS a\- n¬ i‡-amb Akw-Xr]vXn \ne-\n¬°p∂p. {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv

J\-\-°m¿ Im´p∂ Ah-K-W-\-bvs°-Xnsc Db-cp∂ i‡-amb FXn¿∏ns\ ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-

XmWv J\-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb s]mXp-Xm¬∏cy l¿Pn-Iƒ(t_mIvkv 12).

87

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Hmtcm {S°nepw temUp sNøm-hp∂ Abn-cns‚ Afhv \n›b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

th≠n.

h\-ßƒ (A∏Ivkvv tImS-Xn)

c≠v h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ß-fpsS hn⁄m-]\w (amssU, t\{Xm-hmen) ]n≥h-en-®-Xns\

tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v

t\{Xm-hmen h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ \n∂v 55 J\n-Isf Hgn-hm-°n-bXv tNmZyw sNbvXp-

sIm≠v.

J\n-Iƒ°pw hyh-km-b-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw 2004 ¬ ap≥Iq¿ A\p-aXn \¬In-b-Xns\

tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v.

h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ßƒ°pw tZiob ]m¿°p-Iƒ°pw 10 Intem-ao‰dn\p-≈n¬ F√m

J\\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw tZiob h\y-Pohn t_m¿Un¬ \n∂v F≥.H.kn hmß-W-sa∂v

2006¬ kp{]nw tImSXn DØ-c-hn-ń-cp∂p.

tKmh-bnse J\\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Cu sNdnb kwÿm-\-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-

ly-hp-amb F√m koa-Ifpw ewLn-®n-cn-°p∂p. tKmh-bnse J\\w 17Zi-e£w S¨ Ihn™

1996 ¬ Ahn-SsØ 4 J\\ {Kma-k-ap-®-b-ßfnse ho´p-Im¿°v J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈

at\m-`mhw ]ńI 8¬ ImWpI. samØw k¿sΔ sNbvX ho´p-Im-cn¬ 50iX-am\w J\-\w-sIm≠v

{Kma-Øn\v bmsXmcp t\´hpw D≠m-bn-ń-s√∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. as‰mcp ]T\ k¿sΔ {]Imcw

J\-\-c-lnX taJ-e-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse P\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬

Akw-Xr-]vX-cmWv (TERI, 2002, Nanonha and Nairy, 2005). J\-\-{]-h¿Ø\ Ib-‰p-aXn 50 Zi-

e£w IS-∂n-cn-°p∂ Ct∏mƒ Cu k¿sΔ \S-Øn-bm¬ êw Gsd òI-chpw \ncm-im-P-\-I-

hp-am-bn-cn°pw.

]ńI 8 : J\-\-tØm-Sp≈ k¿sΔ {]Xn-I-cWw

J\\ kap-®bw* {Kmao-W-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw

]pXnb J\n-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ J\n-Iƒ

thWw th≠ Adn-bn√ hnI-kn ac-hn- AS-®p- Adn-bn√

∏n-°Ww ∏n-°Ww ]q-´Ww

I 33 41 26 40 42 13 8

II 33 34 33 45 24 11 16

III 36 28 36 47 40 3 10

IV 5 35 60 7 88 5 0

t{kmX v: hoSp-ho-Sm-¥c k¿sΔ ( TERI 1997), [mXp-D-ev]m-Z\w 17 Zi-e£w S¨

* kap-®bw I _nt°mfnw kap-®bw II kp¿e-]mse, III tImSven, IV SptUm˛ _mń (CXn-t∏mƒ s\‰m¿ h√n kt¶-X-Øns‚ ̀ mK-amWv.)

88

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

17.4 ip]m¿i-Iƒ

ip]m¿i˛1 : Zp¿_-e-amb ssPh-ta-J-e-bn¬ J\\w Hgn-hm-°pI.

tKmh-bn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse NphsS ]d-bp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hgn-

hm-°pI.

h\y-Po-hn-\n-b-a-Ønse (1972) hIp-∏p-Iƒ{]-Im-chpw \ne-hn-ep≈ kp{]nw tImSXn DØ-

c-hp-Iƒ {]Im-chpw tZio-b-]m¿°p-Ifpw h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-ßfpw Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ kwc-

£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

]›n-a-L´ kanXn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je˛H∂v F∂v \n›-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xp

- t]m-sebp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬.

Cu taJ-e-bnse J\n-I-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kn¬ Hcp \n_-‘\ IqSn \n¿_-‘-

am°Ww. AXm-bXv ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je˛H∂n¬ 2016 ¬ J\\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xp- hsc Hmtcm h¿jhpw {]h¿Ø\w 25 % h®v Ipd-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cWw. as‰m∂v

J\n AS-®p- ]q-ńb tijw ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\-c-[n-hmkw Dd-∏m-°Ww.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je˛c≠n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ J\\w XpScmw. ]pXnb ssek≥kv \¬Ip-

∂Xv ÿnXn-sa®s∏-´-tijw am{Xw.

ip]m¿i ˛2: [mXp-Nq-j-W-Øn\v \nb-{¥Ww

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kn¬ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ Abncv J\\w sNøp∂ F√m

J\n-Ifpw AS-®p-]q-´pI.

]cn-ÿnXn kmaqly DXv°WvT {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ""I´v Hm^v'' kwhn-[m\w Ccp-º-

bn¿ J\-\-Øn\v G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je˛H∂nse Ct∏mƒ {]h¿Ø-\-an-√m-Ø-h-bpsS ssek≥kv DS-\-

Snbpw, {]h¿Øn-°p∂ F√m J\n-I-fp-tSbpw ssek≥kv 2016 epw d±m-°pI.

h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ß-fnse J\n-I-fnse ssek≥kv ÿn-c-ambn d±m-°Ww. J\n-Iƒ AS-®p-

]q-ń-bmepw tKmh-bnse ssek≥kv \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xm-bmWv tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. BI-

bm¬ M.M.D.R \nb-a-Ønse \memw hIp-∏v{]-Imcw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww. t\{X-hmen h\y-

ar-K-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ \n∂v J\n-Isf Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v If-IvSdpw dh-\yq-B-ô-kdpw ]pd-

s∏-Sp-hn-®n-´p≈ F√m DØ-c-hp-Ifpw d±p-sN-øWw. CXv tI{μ Fw]-thUv IΩn-‰n-bpsS

ip]m¿i IqSn-bmWv.

IpSn-sh≈ Bh-iy-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ AW-s°-´p-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-Øp≈ J\n-

Iƒ AS-®p-]q-´pI.

aW¬J-\-\-Øn-\p≈ N´-ßƒ (Padmalal, 2011)

aW¬ J\-\-Øn\v BUn‰v sNøWw. \Zn-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw aW¬ J\-\-Øn\v Ah[n

G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

samØ-Øn-ep≈ amt\-Pvsas‚ \Zn amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-cn®v ImWWw.

CXn\v {]tXyI \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw Bh-iy-amWv.

\n¿Ωm-Wm-h-iy-ßƒ°v B‰p-a-W-en\v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂h Is≠Øn t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°pI.

\Zn-I-fp-sSbpw t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw Ic-bn¬ a\p-jys‚ IS-∂p-I-b‰w aqew \in®p

t]mb {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb \Zn-tbm-c-°m-Sp-Iƒ ]p\-cp-Po-hn-∏n-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.

Ignhpw kzoImcy-X-bp-ap≈ Hcp ÿm]\w \S-Øp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-

\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnse hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ°v,

A\p-a-Xn-\¬Im-\mhq.

89

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

tKmh-bn¬ J\-\-Øn\v Hcp {]tZ-iØv Hmtcm-∂nepw ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

\S-Øp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Hcp {]tZ-i-Øn\v samØ-Øn-ep≈ J\\{]h¿Ø-ß-fpsS Bh¿

Ø\ BLmXw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ A]-{KY ]T\w \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°Ww.

A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb [mXp-D-ev]m-Z\w `qP-e-Øns‚ AanXNqjWw, Irjn-bpsS ]p\

-cp-≤m-cWw sa®-s∏´ J\-\-co-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ `mKw 2¬ N¿®-sN-øp∂p.

90

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 1 : ]T-\-coXn

Methodology employed in generating and interpreting the Western GhatsDatabase and assigning ESZs

1.Data Sets :

1. Western Ghats boundary (shape file) obtained from Dr. Ganeshaiah, Member, WGEEP

2. India states, districts, talukas (shape file ) source : DIVA-GIS (http://www.diva- gis.org)

3. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data for India (TIFF) at 90 m resolution.

4. Data on endemic plants, IUCN Red list Mammals, percent forest, unique evergreenelements, forest with low edge: (from Das et al., 2006) 25k grid (shape file)

5. Forest types of India (TIFF)

6. Protected Areas of Western Ghats Cover (shape file) Source: FERAL

7. Elephant Corridors of Western Ghats Cover (shape file) Source: Prof R Sukumar, CES,and WTI.

8. Endemic vertebrate data of Western Ghats Cover (Spread sheet) Source: Ranjit Daniels

9. Endemic Odonata data of Western Ghats Cover (shape file) Source: ZSI

10. Enhanced vegetation index of MODIS for North Maharashtra and Gujarat

11. Riparian Forests derived through drainage and forest cover

12. Important Bird Areas (IBAs) as point coverages

Of these, data sets 1–5 and 8–12 were used for the geospatial analyses. For NorthMaharashtra and Gujarat, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) of MODIS was used as theforest vegetation data were not readily available.

Use of Free and Open Source Software:

Free and Open source geospatial tools (www.osgeo.org) were extensively used as givenbelow

Desktop GIS: Open jump, QGIS, SAGA, DIVA-GIS

Database: PostgreSQL/ PostGIS

Web GIS: OpenGeo Suite which is a complete web platform based upon Open GeospatialStandards (OGC) which includes GeoServer (GIS Server), PostgreSQL/PostGIS(Database),Geo Web Cache (Cache Engine), Geoexplorer (for Visualization of WMS layers), GeoEditor(Online editing geospatial data), and Styler (Online styling of the data).

A web enabled searchable database has been a major contribution of this short-termproject. In addition, through UNICODE, local language adoption has been showcasedusing Marathi as an example.

A\p-_‘ßƒ

91

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

In addition, using methods of spatial analyses on large landscape level data, an attemptwas made to arrive at the relative importance of these seven attributes. This has been doneusing a programme called Spatial analyses in Macro Ecology (SAM) . However, this hasbeen done only on a preliminary exploratory basis to showcase one possible way ofreducing the dimensionality of the factors involved. Not much headway was made withthis approach due to several operational constraints.

2. a. Data Cleaning Process:5 minute x 5 minute grid file generation for Western GhatsCover (shape file) usingVector Grid plugin of QGIS

b. 1 minute x 1 minute grid file generation for Western Ghats Cover of Goa state(shape file) using Vector Grid plugin of QGIS

c. Rasterization of each attribute of ATREE data by applying Surface methodusingRasterize (Vector to Raster) plugin of QGIS

d. Generated slope map in TIFF format using GDAL librarye. Generated shape files for following classes in Endemic Vertebrate data (RanjitDaniels,2011)

Amphibians Birds Reptiles Fish Endemic Odonata (ZSI, 2011)

3. Uploading datasets into database:

All the available and generated datasets were uploaded to the PostgreSQL/PostGISdatabase using QGIS as below. The vector datasets were uploaded to the database usingthe SPIT plugin of QGIS while raster datasets were uploaded using Load Raster toPostGIS plugin of QGIS. In case of Raster dataset, the data was stored into 64 x 64blocks.

4. Vector/Raster analysis using PG Raster of PostGIS

a. Vector/Raster analysis was done for elevation values from SRTM data using WKT RasterQueries. Following is the sample query for it.

Sample Query:

Create table <table name> as SELECT e.id,test.val, ST_Intersection(test.geom, e.geometry)AS gv FROM (SELECT (ST_DumpAsPolygons(ST_SetBandNodataValue(rast, 0))).geom,(ST_DumpAsPolygons(ST_SetBandNodataValue(rast, 0))).val FROM<Raster_table_name>) as test, <Grid_table_name> as e WHERE ST_Intersects(test.geom,e.geometry);

5. Grouping and averaging of pixel values based upon grids

Thereafter, average elevation values were calculated for each 5' x 5' grid for each state intheWestern Ghats and considered as a parameter.

The steps 4–5 were performed for parameters such as maximum slope values, endemicplants, iucn max, unique percent, comp3 percent, forest percent values, area of riparian

92

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

forest (see explanation of parameter below) for each 5' x 5' grid for each state in the WesternGhats Cover.

6 Ranking the parameters generated

Assigned ranks for the following 8 parameters

a. Endemic plants : Number of endemic plant species

b. IUCN_max: Number of IUCN Red listed mammal species

c. Unique percent: Percentage of area covered by unique evergreen ecosystems

d. Comp3 percent : Percentage of area covered by relatively undisturbed forest withlow edge

e. Forest percent: Percentage of forest area

f. Elevation

g. Slope

h. Riparian Forests/Vegetation

As there is an ecological gradient from north to south in the Western Ghats with changes indiversity and species richness as well as physical features, a normalization for every state wasdone for these parameters. Thus, scores were normalized for each state. For instance, thehighest recorded altitude in a given grid in a state was given the maximal score and all othergrids in that state were ranked in relative fashion. After normalization ranks were assignedon a scale from 1 to 10 based on the maximum value of each parameter for each state.

7. Average of the ranks for all parameters

Subsequent to the rank generation, the average of the ranks for all parameters were calculated.If, for a grid, there is data for only for 5 parameters out of 8 parameters, then dividing thesum by the number of parameters assessed took care of the problem of data available forvariable numbers of parameters per grid.

8. ESZ assignment algorithm

1. We treat Western Ghats regions of each state separately

a. Existing Protected Areas are treated as a fourth separate category

b. ESZ1, ESZ2 and ESZ3 status are assigned only to grids outside existing Protected Areas

c. ESZ1 status are assigned only to such grids as have a score at least equalling, or higherthan the lowest scoring grids falling within existing Protected Areas

d. The extent of existing Protected Areas plus ESZ1will not normally exceed 60% of thetotal area

e. The extent of ESZ3 will normally be around 25% of the total area

With these stipulations, we adopt the following procedure:

Let p be the percentage of area falling under existing Protected Areas

93

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Let x be the percentage of area assigned to ESZ1

Let y be the percentage of area assigned to ESZ2

Let z be the percentage of area assigned to ESZ3

Obviously, p+x+y+z = 100

Now, we can visualize three scenarios in terms of value of p; [1] p>75, [2] 60<p<75, and [3]p<60. Normally p<60 will hold, but logically we must allow for the first two as well.

[1] p>75: In this case, all areas outside existing Protected Areas will be assigned to ESZ3. Nogrids will be assigned to ESZ1 or ESZ2, as existing Protected Areas themselves exceed 75% ofthe region. x=0, y=0, z= (100–p);

so that x+y+z+p= 0+0+(100–p)+p=100

[2] 60<p<75: In this case, we will assign the lowest scoring 25% of grids to ESZ3 and thebalance grids to ESZ2. No grids will be assigned to ESZ1, as existing Protected Areasthemselves exceed 60% of the region. Then, x=0, y=(75–p), z=25 leading to

x+y+z+p= 0+(75–p)+25+p=100

[3a] p<60: This will be the normal case. In this case, we will assign the lowest scoring 25% ofgrids to ESZ3. The balance of (75–p) has to be assigned to ESZ1 and ESZ2 such thatp+ESZ1=60. Since we accept that existing Protected Areas and ESZ1 should not exceed 60%,we have to assign all of the top scoring 60% grids that are outside existing Protected Areas toESZ1, provided that the lowest score amongst these at least equals or is higher than thelowest score of the grids falling within existing Protected Areas.

So, in this scenario of 60<p<75; x=(60–p), y=15, z=25, and

x+y+z+p= (60–p)+15+25+p=100.

[3b] One more special case, has to be considered for this scenario of p<60, namely that equatingthe lowest score of the grids falling within existing Protected Areas to the lowest score of thegrids assigned to ESZ1 does not assign enough grids to ESZ1, so that (p+x)<60. In that case,the balance of the top scoring 75% grids that are outside existing Protected Areas, and gridsassigned to ESZ1, will be assigned to ESZ2. So, y=75–(p+x), and will be more than 15%.

Again, x+y+z+p= x+75–(p+x)+25+p=100

[4] An additional, score assignment device has been introduced. When we want to selectsome specific percentage of grids, say, lowest 25%, setting the threshold to a specific integralscore may not yield the desired result. Then, we rank the parameters used to generate thescores in the order of their importance, and rework the scores by ignoring the least importantparameters till roughly the desired percentage, say between 22 to 28, is reached.

To make administration easy, the ESZ are extrapolated and reported for talukas. The assignedESZ level to the taluka is the ESZ that covers the largest fraction of the taluka.

In the case of Goa, because of its size and the use of 1 minute x 1 minute grids, ESZs are notreported for whole talukas, but by grids within talukas.

The method is illustrated for Goa:

a. A WG database for Goa is prepared as discussed above

b. The parameters are ranked on a 1-10 scale, with lowest at 1 and highest ecologicalsignificance at 10

c. Composite scores – average for each grid- are calculated

d. For arriving at ESZs, the grid scores were treated thus:

94

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

All grids having PAs are excluded for arriving at the ESZ1. Since these grids also havescores, a guiding strategy for demarcation of ESZ1 is the range of scores for PAs of agiven state. Thus the average minimum threshold for Goa PAs is 4.92. Hence all gridshaving a score of above 4.92 get assigned to ESZ1.Thus 11 grids out of a total of 55grids make the cut (20%). The grids with PAs are 21 in number and account for 38% ofthe total grids. ESZ1 and PAs together constitute 58%.

the lowest quartile (approx. 25%) of these scores for grids was computed. For Goa , thisscore is 3.14 which means all grids below this core are assigned to ESZ 3. For Goa thereare 12 grids under ESZ3 , which constitute about 22% of the area.

The balance of grids are assigned to ESZ2. These are 11 in number (20%, a deviation of5% from the suggested 15% of area).

9. Outputs

The results obtained are presented as

a. A spatial depiction of ESZs grid-wise as well as taluka-wise and displayed on a colourpalette , with Green showing ESZ1, Red showing ESZ2 and yellow showing ESZ3.

b. Percent grids for a given score for each state both in a tabular and graphical notation

c. Riparian forest scores for each state and in different elevation zones

d. 1' x 1' grid analysis for Goa to incorporate the results of the Goa Regional plan

e. A Web GIS application

10. Information and Data Sources

a. Habitat related information in the form of shape files for parts of Mahrashtra, Karnataka,Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Mr Kiran , Arundhati Das, V Srinivasan and Dr JagdishKrishnaswamy of ATREE Additional data from Ravindra Bhalla of FERAL and BhaskarAcharya of CEPF

b. Dr RJR Daniels of Care Earth: point locations of mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibiansand fishes

c. Dr K A Subramanian , ZSI: point locations of Odonata

d. Prof R Sukumar: information on elephant corridors

e. Dr K N Ganeshiah: Western Ghats boundary

f. Dr P S Roy, Director, Indian Institute of Remote sensing, Dehra Dun: habitat informationand shape files for Gujarat and Maharashtra

g. Dr Bharucha and Shamita from BVIEER, Pune: data on parts of Maharashtra

h. Dr K S Rajan , Open Source Geospatial Foundation – India chapter and IIIT, Hyderabad: geospatial statistical analyses

i. Dr P V K Nair, KFRI: assistance in analyses for Kerala

j. Santosh Gaikwad, Siva Krishna, Ravi Kumar, Ch.Appalachari, Sai Prasad of SACON:GIS work.

95

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 2 : ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJe ˛H∂v,taJe˛c≠v, taJe˛aq∂v F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn[ ]›n-a-L-́ -Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp kw_-‘n® \n¿t±iw.

kwÿm\w Pn√ taJe 1 se taJe 2se taJe 3 se


KpP-dmØv Zn Um≥Kvkv Alvh

\hvkmcn h≥kmZv

h¬kZv [cw-]q¿

I¿Æm-SI _¬Kmw _¬Kmw

Lm\m-]q¿

Nma-cm-P-\-K¿ sIm√-K¬

Kp≠p-ep-s] v́

sbe-∂q¿

Nn°va-Keq¿ \c-knw-lcm˛ Nn°va-K-eq¿ ISq¿

P]pc,

Xcn-sIsc,

apSn-Ksc,

sIm∏,

{inwtKcn

Z£n-W-I-∂S _¬Ø-ßmSn ]pXq¿

kpey

tZh-\m-Ksc `{Zm-hXn

lm ≥ slmf-\m-

t_eq¿, Aeq¿

A°¬KpUv

sImSIv tkmwhm¿s]´v

hoh-cm-tZ-{μ-s]´v

aSn-t°cn

ssakq¿ sl§-U- ]ncn-b-]Sv\ l≥kq¿

tZ-h≥tIms´

jntamK \n¿Ø√n, kmlm¿, skmdm_v

slmkm\-Kc jntamK

DSp∏n Im¿°¬ Ip¥-]pc

DØ-c-I-∂S sl\m-h¿, IpwX

_XvI¬,

kn¿kn,

_n≤-]p¿

At¶mf

Im¿hm¿

sb√-∏q¿, kp]

96

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................



tIcfw Imk¿tKmUv tlmkvZp¿Kv

IÆq¿ Xe-t»cn

hb-\mSv sshØn-cn,

am\-¥-hmSn,

kp¬Øm≥

_tØcn

tImgn-t°mSv amln

ae-∏pdw ae-∏pdw

]me-°mSv aÆ¿°mSv Be-Øq¿

Nn‰q¿

Xr»q¿ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS Xr»q¿ hS-°m-t©cn

CSp°n sXmSp-]pg,

DSp_tNme,

tZhn-Ip-fw,

]ocp-taSv

tIm´bw Im™n-c-∏≈n ]mew (em-ew)

]Ø-\w-Xn´ dm∂n n.a (2275) a√-∏≈n

sIm√w ]p\-eq¿ sIm´m-c-°c

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw s\Sp-a-ßmSv

alm-cmjv{S Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿ ]m¿\-¿ AtIme

sIm¬lm-]p¿ cm[m-\-Kcn APvd, NμvKUv

K¿U-tKm´n KXn≥•mP

jlp-hmSn

]≥lmem,

_JvU

\¥q¿_m¿ \hm-]p¿

\mknIv \mknIv kp¿Km\ CKXv]pcn

]o‚ v

Un≥tUmcn

]ps\ tLmUv kmkv-hmSv

NuUv Pp∂m¿

t_m¿

hSvtKm¨

sdbvKm¿ akve, ]men am≥tKm¨

s]mf-Zv]q¿, na (1572)tdml na (1657)s]≥

almZv, na (1634)

97

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................



cXv\-Kncn tZhv-cpIv, Nnπ¨ afi-Km¿ tJZv

kXmc ta[, ]Xm≥ tImdn-Km-thm¨ h[qPv

alm-_-te-iz¿, Zmln-hmSn

hmbv

kn‘p-Zp¿Kv IÏuen

kmh-¥v-hmSn

Xms\ samJmU jmlm-]q¿

na (1482),ap¿_m-Zv,

Ph-l¿

Xan-gv\mSv tImb-º-Øq¿ s]m≈m®n

DSp-a¬s]´v

Znfin-K¬ sImssS-°-\m¬ Unfin-K¬

CutdmUv kXy-a-Kew

\oe-Kncn DZ-b-a-fiew Iq\q¿

KqV-√q¿

tIm´-Kncn

tX\n DØ-a-]m-fbw s]cn-bIpfw

Xncp-\¬then sNt¶m-´,

I´s_m Aw_mkap{Zw

Xan-gv\m-ńse ]›n-a-L´ Xmeq-°p-Iƒ ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

(]pXnb Xmeq-°p-Isf ]cn-k-YnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fn¬ C\nbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√)

tImb-º-Øq¿ Pn√ (-tImb-º-Øq¿ t\m¿Øv, tImb-º-Øq¿ kuØv. ta´p-]m-fbw, s]m≈m®n,

hm¬]md Xmeq-°p-Iƒ)

Un≠n-K¬ Pn√ (sImssS-°-\m¬,\ne-t°mss´, ]f\n Xmeq-°p-Iƒ)

CutdmUv Pn√ (kXy-aw-Kew Xmeq°v)

I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√ (I¬Ipfw, hnf-h≥tImSv Xmeq-°p-Iƒ)

\oe-Kncn Pn√ (Ip\q¿, KpU-√q¿, tIm´vKncn, Ip¥, ]m¥-√q¿, DZ-I-a-fiew Xmeq-°p-Iƒ)

Xncp-s\¬then Pn√ (Aw_m-k-ap{Zw, \¶p-t\cn,cm[m-]pcw, sNt¶m´, inh-Kncn, sX¶min, hoctI-

cfw, ]pØq¿, Xmeq-°p-Iƒ)

Xncp-∏q¿ Pn√- (DZp-am≥t]´v Xmeq°v)

tX\n Pn√ (B≠n-s]ń, t_mZn-\m-bv°-∂q¿, s]cn-b-Ipfw, DØw-]m-fbw Xmeq-°p-Iƒ)

hncpXp-\-K¿ Pn√ (cmP-]m-fbw, {iohn√n]pØq¿ Xmeq°v)

98

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 3 : 50 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ {]tZiw ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬ Dƒs∏-́ n-́ p≈ NphsS ]d-bp∂ Xmeq-°p-IsftaJ-e-̨ -H-∂n-epw, taJ-e-̨ -c-≠nepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-®p

Z{Zm˛kml¿˛ Z{Zm˛kml¿˛ kn¬hmkm

lthen lthen

KpP-dmØv \hvkmcn Nn¢n

kqd‰v DO¬, hymc, skm¨KmYv

_¬Kmw tImIcv, lptIcn

ssakq¿ ssakq¿, IrjvW-cm-P-\-Kc

lm ≥ lm ≥, A¿kn-Isc, Nμ-cm-b

]´Ww

jntamK jnIm¿]p¿

lmthcn l¶m¬

Nn{X-Zp¿§ tlmkvZp¿Kv, slmem¬Isc

[¿hmSv I¬Lm v́Pn

DØ-c-I-∂S len-bm¿ len-bm¿, ap≠vtKmU

_¬Kmw _bn¬slm¶¬

tZh-\m-Ksc slm∂men, N∂-Kncn

DSp∏n DSp∏n

Nma-cm-P-\-K¿ Nma-cm-P-\-K¿

tIcfw tIm´bw Nß-\m-t»cn

Fd-Wm-Ipfw s]cp-ºm-hq¿, Beph,

tImX-aw-Kew, aqhm-‰p-]pg

]me-°mSv ]me-°mSv ]me-°m-Sv, H‰-∏mew

ae-∏pdw s]cn-¥¬aÆ, Xncq¿

tImgn-t°mSv tImgn-t°mSv sImbn-em-≠n, tImgn-t°mSv

IÆq¿ Xfn-∏-dºv

Imk¿tKmUv Imk¿tKmUv

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, Nnd-b≥Iogv

sIm√w sIm√w

alm-cmjv{S \mknIv I¬h≥, Nμv hmUv, kn∂m¿, kXm\

Nμvv-hmUv,

kn∂m¿

kn‘p-Zp¿§v Ip´¬,

ssh`-hv-hmSn

kwÿm\w Pn√ taJe 1 taJe 2

99

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kmw•n jncme AXv]mSn, lhm-sX-a-lm≥I¬,

SmkvtKm¨, hns‰

Xms\ `nh≠n

[qse kwKw-t\¿ km{In

cXv\-Kncn Zmt]mfn, Kpl-l¿

tkmfm-]p¿ am¬kn-dmkv, kt¶msf

]qs\ cmPvKp-cp-\-K¿ cmPvKp-cp-\-K¿ na (1612), jncq¿

na (1612)

sIm¬lm-]p¿ ImK¬

Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿ kmwKw-t\¿, Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿

kXmcm IcmSv, jn¿hm¬, ^¬Øm≥,

kXmc

Xan-gv\mSv A\p-_‘w 2 s‚ ASn-°p-dn∏v ImWpI. ]p\: kwL-S-\sb XpS¿∂v

\ne-hn¬ h∂ ]pXnb Xmeq-°p-Isf CXp-hsc taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n√.

kwÿm\w Pn√ taJe 1 taJe 2

100

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 4: Id‚ v kb≥kv t]∏¿

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambn {]tXyI {]m[m-\y-ap-

≈Xpw Zp¿_-e-hp-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏nßv: \n¿t±-in-°-

s∏´ am\-Zfiw

am[hv KmUvKn¬: sNb¿am≥, ]›n-a-L´ ssPh-hn-cp-≤-k-anXn

B¿.sP. cRvPnXv Zm\n-tb¬: sIb¿ F¿Øv {SnÃv, sNss∂

sI.F≥. KtWiø: saº¿, ]›n-a-L´ knanXn.

Fkv. \tc-{μ-{]-kmZv˛ kenw-Aen, sslZ-cm-_mZv

Fw.Fkv.B¿. aq¿Øn :\mj-W¬ dntam´v sk≥knßv sk‚¿ , sF.Fkv.B¿.H.

kn.Fkv. Qm: \mj-W¬ dntam´v sk≥knßv sk‚¿ , sF.Fkv.B¿.H.

_n.B¿.ctajv :C≥Ãn-‰yq´v {^m≥kokv Un t]m≠n-t®cn

sI.F. kp{_-“-Wy≥: kpthm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿sΔ Hm^v C¥y, ]qsW

]T-\-kw-£n]vXw

tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw \ntbm-Kn® ]›n-a-L-´-]-cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kan-Xn-bpsS

Hcp e£yw ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn-ep-S-\o-f-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Ahsb

kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ \nb-{¥W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-I-bp-amWv. F∂m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e

{]tZ-i-ßsf \n¿Δ-Nn-°m≥ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp ka-hmbw Cs√∂pw AXn-\m¬ C°m-cy-

Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ am\-Zfiw Is≠-Ø-W-sa∂pw kan-Xn°v t_m[y-s∏´p. BI-bm¬

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏nßv \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v apºv BZy-]Sn F∂ \ne-bn¬ CXn\v

\n¿Δ-N-\hpw am\-Z-fihpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-

ß-fpsS am∏n-ßn\pw \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn\pw Hcp ka-hm-b-ap-≠m-°m≥ th≠n kanXn \S-Ønb \nc-

h[n N¿®-I-fp-tSbpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw hni-Zmw-i-ß-fm-Wn-Xn¬. Cu dnt∏m¿ńs‚ Dt±iyw

c≠mWv. H∂v kanXn FØn-t®¿∂ Bi-b-]-chpw am\-Z-fi-]-c-hp-amb hni-Zmw-i-ßn-t∑¬

hn]p-e-amb Hcp hnZKv[ kaq-l-Øns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ £Wn-°pI, c≠m-aXv Cu am\-Z-fi-

ßsf cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ a‰v ssPh-k-º-∂-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏n-ßn-\m-bp≈ ÿmbn-

bmb \S-]Sn {Ia-Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-ambn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZiw F∂ Bibw th≠ coXn-bn¬ \n¿Δ-Nn-°-s∏-ń-ń√. "ssPh-

ssh-hn≤yw' F∂ ]Z-{]-tbmKw t]mse CXn\pw AwKo-Ir-X-amb Hcp \n¿Δ-N-\-an√. ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e- {]tZ-iw, ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJe, ssPh-]-c-ambn Zp¿_-e-amb ssPh-hy-hÿ, ]cn-

ÿnXn Zp¿_e ssk-‰p-Iƒ Fs∂-√m-ap≈ {]tbm-K-ßƒ kwc-£-W-Øn-\p-th≠n kml-N-cy-

ßƒ°pw kμ¿`-ßƒ°pw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-h-bmWv. ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw

Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv {]tXyI \n¿Δ-N-\-an-√m-sXbpw ]e A¿∞-Øn-ep-am-bn-cn°pw (]ńI

H∂v ImWpI)

C°m-c-W-Øm¬ F√m kml-N-cy-ßƒ°pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-hn-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ am\-Z-fi-ß-fpsS Hcp ]ńI Xøm-

dm-°pI am{Xta t]mwh-gn-bp≈q. AØ-c-Øn-semcp am\-Z-fi-amWv ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-

ßsf ieyw sNøm≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw ]pdta \n∂p≈ iey-ßtfm kzm[o-\-ßtfm D≠m-bm¬

Ah-bpsS ]q¿Δ-ÿnXn hos≠-Sp-°pI _p≤n-ap-´m-sW∂pw D≈ \nK-a\w.

CØcw Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßsf Xncn-s®-dn-bpI F∂Xv kan-Xn-bpsS Hcp Npa-X-e-bmWv.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßsf Is≠-Øm≥ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Xs∂ hyXyÿ kμ¿`-ß-

fn¬ hyXyÿ am\-Z-fi-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX∂v kanXn Is≠Øn. {]tZ-i-Øns‚

101

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{]m[m\yw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-ctam kmº-Øn-I-]-ctam F∂Xp {][m-\-amWv. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e

{]tZ-isØ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂v {][m-\-ambpw AXns‚ kwc-£Ww Dd-∏m-°m-\m-sW-¶n¬ CXns‚

ssPh-]-chpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-tim-[n-®n-cn-°Ww. cmPy-

Øp-S-\ofw hnZ-Kv[-cp-ambpw a‰v _‘-s∏-́ -h-cp-ambpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \S-ØpI hgn ]cn-ÿnXn

Zp¿_e {]tZiw F∂ Bibw ]p\:ch-tem-I\w sNøm\pw km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ B Bi-bsØ

]p\¿\n¿Δ-Nn-°m\pw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Ch-bpsS am∏n-ßn\v Hcp ka-hm-b-Øn-se-Øm-\p-

amWv kanXn {ian-®Xv. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏n-ßn\v kanXn

\S-Ønb \nc-h[n N¿®-I-fn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn™v h∂ am\-Z-fi-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw Ah-bn-

te-s°-Ønb Bi-b-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\hpw ChnsS hnh-cn-°p∂p.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v Hcp I¿Ω \n¿Δ-N\w

s]mXp-hn¬ kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp \n¿Δ-N\w CXn\v C√m-Xn-cns° ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-

i-Øn\v amIvan-√≥ Un£vWdn \¬Ip∂ \n¿Δ-N\w"{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb, ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v hfsc

Ffp∏w D]-{Z-h-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ {]tZiw'' F∂mWv. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-sa-∂m¬

hfsc Ffp∏w \in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn LS-I-ßƒ (bqWn-‰p-Iƒ) F∂v \n¿Δ-Nn-°m-

sa-¶nepw hy‡-am-sbmcp \n¿Δ-N\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Rßƒ hn´p-\n¬°m≥ B{K-ln-

°p∂p. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-Øn\mbn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ

ssPh-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw hfsc {][m-\-sa-¶nepw hfsc sNdnb iey-ßƒt]mepw

{]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw Rßƒ Icp-Xp∂p.

ssPh-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-]-c-ambpw kº-∂hpw hne-tb-dn-bXpw A\p-]-ahpw BI-bm¬ CXn-

\p-≠m-Ip∂ \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ A]-cn-lm-cy-amWv. CXns‚ ssPh-]-c-amb kº-∂X aqew a\p-jy-

k-aq-l-Øn\pw {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ssPh-kp-ÿn-cX \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ssPh-ssh-hnZyw ]cn-

c£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw CXn\v kp{]-[m-\-amb ]¶v hln-°m≥ Ignbpw. Ah-bpsS "A\p-]-aXzw' ]e

hn[-Øn-emWv. H∂m-aXv Ah Pohn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ Zp¿√-`Xzw aqew Ah \jvS-s∏-´m¬

hos≠-Sp-°pI _p≤n-ap-´mWv. as‰m∂v am\-h-cm-in°v Ah \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ß-fnse Zp¿√-`-Xz-

amWv. Imew sX‰n-h-cp∂ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw a\p-jys‚ IS-∂m-{I-a-W-ßfpw hfsc

s]s´∂v Chsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n°pw. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßsf \n¿Δ-Nn-°m≥

ap≥]v \S-Ønb {ia-ß-fnepw Cu LS-I-ß-fpsS {]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam Bbn-´p≈ {]m[m-\y-

sØ-]‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p∂p. (]-´nI H∂v)

Hcp hyXykvX ]Zm-hen Bh-iy-apt≠m?

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ, kq£va kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂-Xn-\p-

]p-dta ssPh-]-c-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-IqSnbmWv. Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ssPh-

]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw Ah-bpsS aqeyw hfsc hep-

XmWv. am{X-hp-a√ {]Ir-Xn-]-c-ambpw ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-ap≈ kΩ¿±-ßƒ°v s]s´∂v Iogvs∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøpw. BI-bm¬ Ah-bpsS B¥-cn-I-aq-ey-sØbpw \mi-\-jvS-sØbpw Bkv]-Z-am°n ]e

L -́Øn-ep≈ kwc-£-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Bhiyw. as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-

e-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ ssPh-]-c-ambn kq£va kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ am{X-a√ Ah

Pohimkv{X-]-c-ambpw ssPh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈h IqSn-bmWv F∂v {]tbm-K-ß-

fnepw \n¿t±-i-ß-fnepw Hcp kam-hm-b-ap-≠m-IWw. ssPh-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-tb-°mƒ

hfsc hn]p-e-amWv ssPh-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZiw F∂ ]Z-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬

Rßƒ B ]Z-amWv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv. Npcp-°-t∏cv ESA F∂v Xs∂ XpScpw., hcpw t]Pp-I-fn¬

ESA F∂ ]Zw A\z¿∞-am-Ip-∂Xv "ssPh-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZiw' F∂mWv.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ F¥p-sIm≠v?

C¥y-bn¬ kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bmWv. ssPh-a-fie dnk¿Δp-Iƒ, tZiob ]m¿°p-

Iƒ, h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw IqSn ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn-s‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-ZØ

Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-W-Øn\v ̂ e-{]-Z-am-sbmcp irwJe Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep≠v. Db¿∂

Xe-Øn-ep≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn-s‚bpw A]q¿Δ C\w Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw `qhn-Xm\-Øn-

s‚bpw B{i-b-amb henb h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wnh. F∂m¬ GXm\pw ssPh-a-fie dnk¿Δp-I-

102

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

fpsS Imcy-sam-gn-®m¬ Cu kwc-£W ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°mbn {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-

°m≥ imkv{Xob ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°tbm _‘-s∏-´-h-cp-ambn N¿® \S-

Øp-Itbm D≠m-bn-ń√. adn®v t^mdÃv amt\-P¿am-cpsS _p≤n-bn¬ DZn® Imcy-ß-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øntem Hcp Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Adn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem BWv.( cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS th´-

ÿ-e-ßƒ, knwlw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ h\y-ar-K-ß-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ, Pem-i-b-ßƒ XpS-ßnb

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ) Xt±-i-hm-kn-Ifpw ]≤Xn {]W-bn-Xm-°fpw XΩn¬ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ ASn-°Sn kwL¿j-ap-≠m-Ip-Ibpw Nne kky˛Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-kw-hn-[m-\-

Øn¬ ]ng-hp-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ssPh sshhn-≤y-kw-c-£-W-

Øn-\mbn \o°n-sh-bv°-s∏´ ÿe-ßƒ kwc-£-W-e£yw t\Sm≥ ]cym-]vX-amWv.

C{]-Imcw kwc-£W ssk‰p-fpsS ê-{]-Z-amb Hcp irwJe \ne-hn-ep-s≠-¶n¬ ]ns∂'

ssPh-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ'' F∂ {]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ Bh-iysas¥∂ tNmZyw

\ne-\n¬°p∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£W ssk‰p-I-fpsS irwJe A¤p-X-I-c-amw-hn[w ê-{]-Z-

am-sW-¶nepw ap≥Iq-́ n-Im-Wm≥ Ign-bmØ ]e {]iv\-ßfpw kwc-£-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS

\ne-]m-Sp-Isf kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£W irwJe hym]n®v ap≥hn[n Hgn-hm-

°nbpw "ssPh-{]-[m\ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ kao-]-\-Øn¬' {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn®p \ne-hn-

ep≈ ]≤-Xn-Isf klm-bn®pw \ap°v apt∂dmw.

kwc-£W \S-]-Sn-I-fnse Ak-¥p-enX XXzw

tZio-b-]m¿°p-Ifpw kwc-£W Imcy-ß-fn¬ hfsc {][m-\hpw ]e-{]-Zhpw BsW-¶n¬

IqSn Ch-cpsS cq]o-I-c-W-tØmsS a‰v ]e {][m-\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw \ΩpsS {i≤-]-Xn-bmsX t]mbn.

AXy-]q¿Δ-amb ssPh-B-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp∂ kky-ßƒ, a‰v Poh-Pm-

e-ßƒ ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w sIm≈p∂ sshhn≤y tI{μo-Ir-Xhpw Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ \nd-™-Xp-

amb "tlm´vkvt]m-´p-Iƒ' F∂n-h-bvs°m∂pw \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS {i≤ In´p-

∂n√. kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ CØcw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ Is≠Øn {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

{]tXyI \S-]-Sn D≠m-IWw.

`wKn-bp-≈-Xn\v Ah-K-W\

h\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw kmaq-lnIambpw {]k-‡n-bp≈

kwc-£Ww A¿ln-°p∂ \nc-h[n sNdnb bqWn-‰p-I-fp≠v. (I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse "bm\"bnep≈

NpÆm-ºp-I√v tiJcw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£W ssk‰p-I-fpsS irwJ-e-bn-eqsS

Ahsb kwc-£n-°m≥ km[y-a√. ImcWw Ah hen-∏-Øn¬ sNdpXpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw a‰pw

BI¿j-IXzw C√m-Ø-h-bp-amWv. ssPh sshhn≤y ss]XrI ssk‰p-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø¬, kwc-

£W dnk¿Δp-Iƒ XpSßn ]e ]pXnb kwc-£W kao-]-\-ßfpw Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p≠v. DZm-l-

c-W-Øn\v 1972 se h\y-Pohn(kwc-£W)\nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]Imcw ]mc-º-cy-ambn

{]mtZ-inI kaqlw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ hr£-tXm-´-ßfpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.

Xan-gv\mSv h\w hIp∏v Xncp-s\¬th-en-bn¬ "Xmw]-c-`-cWn' \Zn-°-c-bn¬ CØ-c-samcp

DZyaw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øn-h-cp∂p F∂n-cp-∂mepw \n¿±njvS ""ESA'' kao-]\w Hcp-Iq´w kwc-

£-W-ta-J-e-Iƒs°m∏w Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp∂ Xm¬]-cy-ßƒIqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p.

ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-a-√mØ tkh-\-ßƒ hne-a-Xn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√.

\ne-hn-ep≈ kwc-£W he-b-Øn¬s]-SmØ Iptd taJ-e-Iƒ _m°n-bp≠v. Chbv°v

ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-a-√mØ F∂m¬ hne-s∏´ ]e tkh-\-ßfpw kaq-l-Øn\v \¬Im≥ Ignbpw.

s]mXpsh {i≤n-°-s∏-SmsX t]mIp∂ Cu tkh-\-ßƒ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-

Xp≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn¬ H´pw kº-∂-a-√m-Ø hnim-e-amb ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

Aß-Ise P\-ßƒ°v kpÿnc Irjnbpw Blm-c-h-kvXp-°fpw \¬Ip∂ \Zn-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-

tZ-i-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. hnip≤ ImSp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ sNdnb `q{]-tZ-i-k-aq-l-

Øn\v hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Huj[ kky-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp∂p. Chsb B{i-bn-°m-hp∂

{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßƒ°v Cu tkh-\-ßƒ hfsc {][m-\-amWv. BI-bm¬ Chsb ssPh-]-c-

ambn {][m-\-s∏´ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ kp{]-[m-\-L-S-I-ß-fmbn ImWmw.

103

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hyXykvX amt\-Pvsa‚ v X{¥-ß-fpsS Bhiyw

kwc-£nX {]tZi irwJ-e-bpsS amt\-Pvsa‚ v Ab-hn-√m-sØmcp kwhn-[m-\-amWv. Ah-

bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI P\-Xbv°v bmsXmcp ]¶p-an√. kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-irw-Je

hym]n-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-h-cp∂ h≥ sNehpw a\p-jy-k-aq-lØn\v ]pdØv h≥Im-Sp-I-fpsS A`m-

hhpw IW-°n-se-Sp-XXv hyXykvX amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\sØ ]‰n Nn¥n-°p-∂-XmWv {]mtbm-

KnIw. kwc-£-W-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ ]e ÿe-ßfpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw, kpÿn-cX/amt\-Pvsa‚ v

F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v Hcp ka-hm-b-ap-≠m°n hyXykvX \n_-‘-\-I-fm¬ \nb-{¥n-°p-ImWv

th≠Xv. AXm-bXv hyXy-kvXhpw ]g-°-ap-≈-Xp-amb amt\-Pvsa‚ v X{¥-ß-fp≈ kwc-£nX

ssk‰p-I-fpsS Hcp irwJe \ap°v thWw. NphsS ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈

ÿe-ßsf AØcw hg-°-ap≈ amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w sIm≠v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mhpw. kwc-

£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ AS-°nb kzbw t`Z-KXn sNøm-hp-\\ \nb-{¥-W-ß-tfmSv IqSnb ssPh-{]m-

[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v (ESA) cq]w \¬Im≥ Ignbpw.

BI-bm¬ kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v \ne-hn-ep≈ kwhn-[m\w

hn]p-eo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kº-∂-X-bnepw ssPh-]-c-ambn Zp¿_-e-amb {]tZ-i-

ß-fnepw tI{μo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw "ssPh {]m[m-\y-ap≈ ÿe-ßƒ' F∂ \n¿t±iw Xs∂-

bmWv IqSp-X¬ sa®w. kwc-£nX ssk‰p-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v s]mXp-hn¬ a’-c-Øn\p ]Icw

kl-I-cWw F∂ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS ImWm≥ Ign-bpI.

ssPh-{]m-[m\y {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw

A. AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ

apI-fn¬ N¿®-sN-bvX-Xp-t]mse Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ssPh {]m[m\yw \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\v

aq∂v {][m-\-L-S-I-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Imem-h-

ÿm-]-c-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, Pohimkv{X-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, kmaq-ly-kmw-KXyw (Ah-

bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m\yw Dƒ∏sS) F∂n-h-bmWv

Cu aq∂v LS-I-ßƒ, Chsb Poh-\n-√mØ LS-I-ßƒ, Poh-\p≈ LS-I-ßƒ, kmaqly kmwkvIm-

cnI LS-I-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ hn`-Pn°mw. Cu LS-I-ßƒ a‰v {]h¿Ø-Icpw \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Ct∏m-gsØ \ne-bn¬ ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ ae-{º-

{]tZ-i-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Cu LS-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb cq]-

tc-J-bn√. Ch-bn-tem-tcm-∂nepw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ LS-I-ß-fpsS Hcp sk‰pw H∏w AXns‚

am\-Z-fihpw Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p∂p. AsXm-sSm∏w ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-Øn\v {]tXy-

In®v ]›n-a-L-´-sØ-t∏mse AXn-hn-im-e-amb Hcp {]tZ-i-Øn\v AXn-cp-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥

Cu am\-Z-fi-ßƒ Iq´n-tN¿Øv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-tc-J-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-°p∂p.

1. Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb LS-I-ßƒ : ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ \n¿Æ-

bn-°p∂Xn\v NphsS ]d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw kmwkvImcn-I-hp-amb

kº-∂-Xbpw A]q¿Δ-Xbpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p∂p.

a. ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kº-∂X : Pohn-I-fpsS imkv{Xo-b-h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn-sebpw A[n-Imcw

t{iWn-bn-sebpw sshhn-≤y-Ønse kº-∂X.

b. h¿§-]-c-amb A]q¿ΔX : imkv{Xo-b-h¿§o-I-cW {]mXn-\n-Xy-Ønepw P\-kwJy-bpsS

hen∏w, hnX-cWw F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ A]q¿ΔX

c. Bhm-k-tI{μ kº-∂X : `qXe LS-I-ß-fpsS ÿe-]-c-amb sshhn-[yX.

d. Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX : samØw ssPh-a-fie Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX

e. Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw ssPh-]-c-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-bpsS FÃn-ta‰v.

f. kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m\yw : B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-amb

Ncn-{X-aq-eyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Ncn-{X-aq-eyhpw.

2. `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb X´p-Iƒ: B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ {]IrXn \n¿Æm-b-

104

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

IXzw, ]cn-ÿn-Xn- Zp¿_-eX F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ X´p-I-fpsS km[y-Xm-]-cn[n CXn-

epƒs∏-Sp∂p. Ncnhv, Db-cw, h¿j-]mXw XpS-ßn-bh Xmsg-]-d-bpw {]-Imcw ]cn-K-Wn-°-

Ww.

a. `q{]-tZ-i-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ : Ncnhv, Dbcw, kz`mhw XpS-ßn-bh.

b. Imem-h-ÿm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ : h¿j-]mXw, ag-Zn-h-k-ß-fpsS FÆw

c. Zpc-¥-km-[yX : Dcpƒs]m-´¬, Xo]n-SpØw XpS-ßnb {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßƒ.

3. _‘-s∏-´-h-cpsS aqey-\n¿Æbw: ssPh--]-c-ambpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw Zp¿_-e-am-sW∂v

Ah¿ Icp-Xp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]ńI Xøm-dm-°m-\mbn s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-

ß-fmb Pn√m-]-©m-b-Øp-Iƒ, hnt√Pv Xe cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, CXc knhn¬

skmssk-‰n-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Bcm-tb-≠Xv hfsc {][m-\-amWv. CXv {][m\

LS-I-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww.

B. ssPh-{]-[m\ ÿe-ßƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ saØ-tUm-fPn

i. ]T-\-ÿ-esØ {KnUp-I-fm-°pI : ]e-t∏mgpw ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ ÿe-ß-sf-∏‰n N¿®-

sN-øp-∂Xv H‰-s∏´ `qXe LS-I-ßƒt°m, {]tXyI ssk‰p-Iƒt°m, Bhmk tI{μ-ßƒt°m

{]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv. CXp-aqew ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ ÿe-ßsf \n›-bn-°p∂

{]{In-bbv°v Hcp Xm¬°m-enI kz`m-h-am-Wp-≈Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv ssPh-

{]-[m\ \n¿t±iw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {]{In-bbv°v hnim-e-am-sbmcp {]tZ-i-sa-SpØv Hcp s]mXp-am-

\-Z-fihpw GIo-IrX saØ-tUm-f-Pnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ssPh-

{]-[m\ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS am∏nwKv \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v AØ-c-samcp coXn Rßƒ ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

ChnsS \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ saØ-tUm-fnPn s]mXp-hmbn a‰v kam\ ÿeßƒ°pw D]-tbm-

Kn°mw.

ii) ssPh-{]-[m\ ÿe-ß-fpsS hen∏w ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-°pI, _p≤n-ap-´m-I-bm¬ \n¿±njvS

ÿesØ A\p-tbm-Py-amb hen-∏-Øn-ep≈ "{KnUp"Ifm°n Ah-bpsS hen-∏-Øn-s‚bpw e`y-

amb Um‰-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn -̀Pn-°pI. ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Rßƒ \n¿t±-

in-°p-∂X 5 an\n´v x 5 an\n´vv {KnUp-I-fmWv.ImcWw e`y-am-bn-´p≈ Um‰ Cu Af-hn-ep-≈-XmWv.

iii) {KnUp-I-fpsS aqey-\n¿Æbw : ]›n-a-L-´-ØnepS\ofw Hmtcm am\-Z-fi-Øn-\p-ap≈

ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Ifpw a‰v hnh-c-ßfpw e`y-amWv. aq∂v LS-I-ß-fmbn {Iao-I-cn-°p∂ am∏p-

Iƒ NphsS ]dbpw {]Im-c-amWv hnI-kn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv.,

1) Poh-imkv{X˛kmwkvIm-cnI ]mfn

a) hwi-]-c-amb Poim-kv{X-k-º-∂X : Poh-ssh-hn≤yw Db¿∂-X-e-Øn-ep≈ ssPh {][m\

{]tZ-i-Øp≈ sshhn≤yw Ipd-hp-≈-h-tb-°mƒ {][m-\-ambn IW-°m-°Ww. Ah-e©v

C‚Ivkv (Avalanche Index) kqNnI D]-tbm-Kn®v sshhn≤yw Af∂v Xn´-s∏-Sp-ØWw. Pohn-

I-fpsS h¿§o-I-cW t{iWn-bnse sshhn-≤ysØ Cu kqNnI GtIm-]n-∏n-°p∂p. Cu

{]tXyI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Poh-ssh-hn-≤y-Ønse aqey-ßsf G‰hpw Ip-d-hmb H∂p-ap-X¬

G‰hpw IqSnb 10 hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-°m\pw Ign-bp∂p. XpS¿∂v Hmtcm {KnUn-

s\bpw AXns‚ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v A\p-]m-XnI-ambn km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-°-s∏´

aqey-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂p.

b) h¿§-Ønse A]q¿hX

i) hnX-c-W-Ønse A]q¿ΔX : G‰hpw A]q¿Δ-amb Pohn-h¿§-ß-fp≈ {]tZ-i-ßsf hfsc

{][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-I-W-°m-°m\pw ImcWw Ch \jvS-s∏-´m¬ hos≠-Sp-°pI km[y-a√. Ah

A[n-h-kn-°p∂ samØw {KnUn\v (P1) A\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Hmtcm h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw FÆw IW-

°m°w. Hmtcm {KnUn-tebpw A]q¿Δ aqeyw B {KnUnse F√m h¿§-ß-fpsS aqey-hp-ambn

Iq´Ww. AX-\p-k-cn®v h¿§-ß-fpsS A]q¿ΔX samØ-ap≈N {KnUn¬ aq∂n¬ am{X-ap-≈-h-

bpsS sdbv©v 1/4 \pw F√m {KnUn\pw D≈-h-cpsS sdbv©v 1.00 Bbn-cn°pw. h¿§-ß-fpsS Cu

A]q¿Δ aqeyw Hmtcm {KnUn-ep-ap≈ h¿§-ß-fpsS (S) FÆ-h-pambn Iqń-bm¬ Hmtcm {KnUn-\p-

105

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ap-ff A]q¿Δ-aqeyw e`n°pw. Hmtcm {KnUn-ep-ap≈ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb X\Xv h¿§-ßsf am{Xta

]cn-K-Wn-°mhq. ASpØ ImeØv IS∂v h∂-hsb Hgn-hm-°Ww.

Hcp {KnUns‚ A]q¿Δ aqey-amb (Rvg) e`n-°m≥

S

RVg = n (Pi)

i = I

ho≠pw Cu Rvg aqey-ßsf G‰hpw Ipd™ H∂v apX¬ G‰hpw IqSnb 10 hsc km[m-c-

W-\n-e-bn-em°n {KnUp-Iƒ°v \¬IWw. hnhn[ Poh-k-º∂ taJ-e-I-fnse Pohn-h¿§-ß-fpsS

hnX-cWw kw_-‘n® Um‰m sk‰p-Iƒ e`y-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ch-bpsS FÆw IW-°m-°m≥

Ffp-∏-amWv.

ii) Pohn-I-fpsS h¿§o-I-c-W-Ønse A]q¿ΔX : h¿§-h-c-amb t{iWn D]-tbm-Kn®v e`y-am-

bn-´p-ff Um‰m sk‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂v h¿§-]-c-ambn (Hcp ]s£ ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-ambn) A]q¿Δ-am-b-

hsb Is≠Ømw. ImcWw B IpSpw-_-Øn\v GI-KW khn-ti-j-X-bp-≠mIpw. Hmtcm {KnUn-

sebpw AØcw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆ-sa-SpØv H∂n\pw 10 \w at≤y km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-

°Ww.

c) Bhmk kº-∂X : a’y-ßƒ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ Pohn-I-fpsS sshhn-≤yhpw Bhmk hyh-

ÿ-bnse kΩn-{im-h-ÿbpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. \nc-h[n Pohn-Isf kw_-

‘n® ÿnXn-hn-h-c-I-W-°p-Iƒ e`y-a-s√-¶n¬ Db¿∂-X-e-Øn-ep≈ kΩn-{i-B-hm-k-hyÿ \ne-

hn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ßsf Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn kº-∂-sa∂pw ssPh-[m\ {]tZ-i-sa∂pw IW-

°m°mw. Ct∏mƒ dntam´v sk≥kv Um‰m e`y-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ]›n-a-L´w t]mse hen-sbmcp

{]tZ-i-Øns‚ kΩn{i Bhmk hyh-ÿsb Af-°m≥ Ignbpw. Hcp {KnUns‚ Bhm-k-hy-h-

ÿ-bpsS kº-∂X (HRg) knwk¨ kqNnI D]-tbm-Kn®v IW-°m-°m≥ km[n°pw. ChnsS

h¿§-Øn-\p-]-Icw `qXe coXnbpw h¿§-Øns‚ {^oIz≥kn°p ]Icw Ah A[n-h-kn-°p∂

{]tZ-i-Øns‚ A\p-]m-Xhpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p∂p.

L

HRg = n (Pi) ^ 2

i = I

ChnsS Pi `qX-e-L-S-I-Øns‚ A\p-]m-Xhpw L {KnUnse LS-I-ß-fpsS FÆ-hp-amWv.Cu

aqey-ßƒ 1 apX¬ 10 hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em°n {KnUp-Iƒ°v \¬Ip∂p.

d) Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX : Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z\ £aX {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ h¿j-

Ønepw \of-ap≈ Bh¿Ø-\-]-®∏v B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ kky-hr-£mZn sshhn-≤y-Øns‚ {]Xo-

I-amWv. Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ {]mY-anI Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb Cu kqNnI hy‡-am-°p-sa-∂-Xn-

\m¬ Um‰m sk‰p-Iƒ e`y-a-√mØ Hcp ]‰w Pohn-I-fpsS sshhn-ZysØ CXv {]Xn-\n-[m\w

sNøpw. Chn-sSbpw Bh¿Ø\ ]®∏v Hmtcm {KnUp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn td©v 1 apX¬ 10 hsc

km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn-em-°Ww. Cu am\-Zfiw ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ t]mse-bp≈ Bhmk hyh-ÿsb

hne-Ip-d-®p-Im-Wp-Ibpw \nXy-l-cnX h\-ßƒt]m-se-bp-≈-hbv°v AanX {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. Cu ap≥hn[n adn-I-S-°m≥ NDVI (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index) sb D]-

tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]e hgn-I-fp-ap≠v. CØcw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]e

hgn-I-fp-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ NDVI bpsS Bh¿Ø\ aqey-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ \nev°m≥ Rßƒ B{K-ln-

°p∂p. ImcWw CXv Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\ Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[m\w

sNøWw.

e) Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ssPh-]-c-ambpw ]q¿Δ-ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Øm-\p≈ Ignhv: Hcp {]tZ-

i-Øn\v AXns‚ X\Xv Poh-im-kv{X-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂v F¥p-am{Xw hyXn-N-en-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-

∂Xv hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv \o≠-Im-e-b-f-hn¬ AXn\v ]q¿Δ ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿§nI

Ign-hmWv. X\Xp LS-\-bn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ hyXnNen-°p-∂-hbv°v ]q¿Δ-ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-

106

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\p≈ Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. AXp-sIm≠v ssPh-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\-£-aX IqSp-X-em-bn-cn°pw.

\ne-hn-ep≈ kky-hr-£m-Zn-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw IW-°m-°n-bm¬ AXv ssPh-L-S-I-Øns‚ ]q¿Δ-

ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿§n-I-amb Ign-hns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-cn°pw. Cu A\p-]m-XsØ

F√m {KnUp-Iƒ°p-ambn \¬IpI. F∂n´v Ahsb td©v H∂v apX¬ (G‰hpw henb hyXn-

bm\w) 10 hsc (G‰hpw Ipd™ hyXn-bm\w) km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn-em-°pI.

(f) kmwkvIm-cnI {]m[m\yw : Ncn-{Xmh-in-jvS-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-≤yhpw D≈ {]tZ-

i-ßsf ssPh {][m\ {]tZ-i-ßƒt]mse {][m-\-ambn IW-°m°mw. kmwkvIm-cnI {]m[m\yw

aqey-\n¿Æbw \S-Øm≥ Ign-bn-s√-¶nepw Rß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]g°w sN∂

Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ°v Db¿∂ aqeyhpw (10) G‰hpw ]pXn-b-hbv°v Ipd™ aqeyhpw (1), Ah-in-

jvS-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√mØ {KnUn\v 0(]qPyw) aqeyhpw BWv.

2) ùa ˛ Imem-hÿ Ań-Iƒ (Geoclimatic layers)

a) `qXe khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ : Ing-°mw-Xq-°mb Ncn-hp-Ifpw Dbcw IqSn-b-Xp-amb {]tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ IpsØm-en-∏p-I-fp-≠mIpw. AhnsS {]IrXym D≈ asÆm-en-∏n\v km[y-X-tbdpw. CØcw

{]tZ-i-ßƒ°v ]q¿Δ-ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambn

kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-≈-h-bmbn Cu {]tZ-i-ßsf IW-°m-°Ww. Hmtcm {KnUnepw 1 apX¬

(Ipd™ icm-icn Ncnhv/ Ipd™ icm-icn Dbcw) 10 hsc ( Db¿∂ Ncnhv/ henb

Dbcw) Ncnhpw Db-chpw km[m-cW \ne-bn-em°n {KnUp-Iƒ°v \¬IWw (Nn{Xw c≠pw

aq∂pw DZm-l-cWw)

b) Imem-h-ÿm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ : Db¿∂ ag-e-`y-Xbpw Npcp-ßnb ag kokWpw

D≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Hen-®p-t]m-Im≥ Gsd km[yX D≈XmWv. BI-bm¬ Chsb ]cn-ÿn-

Xn-]-c-ambn kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ambn IW-°m-°Ww. (samØw hm¿jnI ag

e`yX 3000 an.ao. IqSp-Xepw hc≠ kok¨ 6 amk-Øn¬ IqSp-X-ep-am-bm¬ hfsc \n¿Æm-

b-Ihpw ]q¿Δ-ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-\p≈ tijn hfsc Ipdhpw Bbn-cn°pw(Pascal 19988).Chsb Hmtcm-∂nepw 1 apX¬ (Ipd™ ag e`yX AYhm ag e`yX AYhm G‰hpw

Ipd™ ag Zn\-ßƒ) km[m-cW \ne-bn-em°n {KnUp-Iƒ°v \¬IWw.

c) {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßƒ: lna-]mXw, A·n-t]m-se-bp≈ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂

e`y-amb F√m ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Ifpw kam-l-cn®v {KnUp-abn _‘n-∏n®v 1 apX¬ 10

hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-°Ww.

3) _‘-s∏-´-h-cpsS aqey-\n¿Æbw (Stakeholders analysis)

]›n-a-L´ kanXn {]mtZ-inI N¿®-Ifpw s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp-∏p-Ifpw \S-Øp-Ibpw sh_v

ssk‰n-eqsS Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Xt±-

iÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw CXp-t]mse {]Xn-I-cWw £Wn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw CXv bYm¿∞

AXn¿Øn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ \n∂m-bn-cn-°n√. BI-bm¬ Ch {KnUp-Iƒ°p \¬In {]tZiw 1 apX¬

10 hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-°Ww.

ssPh {][m\ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS t{KUnßv

ta¬]-d™ aq∂v LS-I-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂n\pw F¥v {]m[m\yw \¬I-W-sa-∂-Xns\ kw_-

‘n®v ka-hm-b-Øn¬ FØm≥ Ign-™n-ń-√. AXp-sIm≠v CXv F√m-h-¿°pw kzoIm-cy-hp-a√.

aq∂v am\-Z-fi-ßƒ°pw Xpey {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°pI F∂-XmWv GI t]mwhgn. CØcw Hcp

{]{In-b-bp-ambn apt∂m-́ p-t]m-Im-\mWv Rßƒ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv. ImcWw Hcn-°¬ ̂ ew ]pdØp

h∂p Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ XpS¿ N¿®-Ifpw ]p\¿aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw ssPh-{]-[m\ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS

(ESA) ]p\: ]cn-tim-[-\bpw \S°pw. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw Ct∏m-g-tØbv°v Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw

ùa-Im-em-h-ÿm-]-chpw s]mXp-P\ ImgvN-∏mSv kw_-‘hpw Bb LS-I-ßsf NphsS ]ńI

c≠nse t]mse hnI-kn-∏n®v t{KUv \n›-bn-°Ww. Poh-im-kv{X-L-S-I-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-ÿnXn

kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-sSbpw s]mXp-P-\-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s\bpw

aq∂v LS-I-ß-fmbn Xncn®v XZ-\p-kr-X-ambn dm¶v sNøWw. Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw ùa˛Imem-h-

ÿm-]-c-hp-amb Ań-Iƒ H∂n-®p-tN¿Øv AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ s]mXp-P\ ImgvN-∏mSv kw_-‘n®

107

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ań-°qSn sh®v ssPh {][m\ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hyXykvX t{KUp-Iƒ Is≠Ømw. (]ńI2).

Hcn-°¬ Cu {KnUp-Iƒ°v t{KUv/dm¶v \¬Inbn Ign-™m¬ ssPh-{]-[m\ ÿe-ßƒ

th¿Xn-cn-°m-\mbn kam-\-t{K-Un-ep≈ {KnUp-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mIpw. ssPh-{]-[m\ ÿe-ß-fn-

embn Ahsb \nb-a-]-c-ambn {]Jym-]n°pw apºv Ch-bpsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ hfsc hy‡-ambn

\n¿Æ-bn-°p-Ibpw t^mdÃv amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ \n∂pw a‰v _‘-s∏-´-h-cn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ {]mtZ-inI

hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ahsb hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Ignbpw.

\nK-a-\-ßƒ

ssPh-{]-[m\ ÿe-ß-fpsS am∏n-ßn-\mbn ChnsS \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-

ßƒ A¥n-a-a√ F∂pw IqSp-X¬ N¿®-Iƒ°p-ti-j-a-√msX CXv t\cn´v kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-

s√∂p Rßƒ°-dnbmw. IqSp-X¬ hnZ-Kv[-cn¬ \n∂v CXp kw_-‘n®v {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-

I-W-sa∂pw AXns\ XpS¿∂p \S-°p∂ N¿®-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ ka-hm-b-Øn-\p≈ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-

ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ klm-b-am-Ip-sa∂pw Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p∂p. CsXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂

]›n-a-L-´-tØm-sSm∏w ssPh-{]-[m-\-ÿ-e-ßƒ IqSn am∏nßv \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb Um‰m-

sk-‰p-I-fpsS (datasets) kam-l-cWw IqSn kanXn \S-Øn-hcp∂p. CXp-kw-_-‘n® {Inbm-flI

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Rßƒ kzmKXw sNøp∂p.

\μn-]q¿Δw

]›n-a-L´ ssPh hnZ-Kv[- k-anXn AwK-ßsf {]tXy-In®pw tUm. B¿. kpIp-am¿,

tUm.enPnb s\mtdmW, tUm. sd\n-t_m¿Pkv F∂n-h¿ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ \¬Inb hne-s∏´

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v, Cu dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-d-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ^≠v e`y-am-°nb tI{μ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-

h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn-\v, N¿®-Ifpw a‰pw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v F√m klmb kl-I-c-W-ßfpw

\¬Inb tUm. Pnhn. kp{_-“-Wy≥, hne-s∏´ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Inb ATREE, FERAL, {^©v

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v F∂n-h-bnse kv‰m^v, _wK-fqcp SECbn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øp∂ Ipamcn Bi,

am∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ {]tXy-I-k-lmbw \¬Inb \mcm-bWn _m¿sh (I≥kmkv tÃ‰v

bqWn-th-gvkn‰n) F∂n-h¿s°√mw Rß-fpsS \n o-a-amb \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

]ńI 2 : Ań-I-fpsS (layers) aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-\p≈ \n¿ZnjvS

amXrI

{Ia-\-º¿ LS-I-ßƒ hn`mKw aqeyw

1. Poh-im-kv{X-]cw * Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Db¿∂ aqeyw 10* Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Xmc-X-tay\Db¿∂ aqeyw 5* Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Ipd™aqey-£-aX D≈Xv 0

2. ùa-Im-em-h-ÿm-]cw * ]cn-ÿnXn]c-ambpwùa-Im-em-h-ÿm-]-c-ambpwDb¿∂ kwth-Z-\-£-aX. 10* anX-amb kwth-Z-\-£-aX D≈Xv 5* Ipd™ kwth-Z-\-£-aX D≈Xv 0

3. s]mXp-P\ ImgvN-∏mSv * s]mXp-P-\-Im-gvN-∏m-Sn¬ hfsc{][m\-s∏-´Xv 10* kmam\yw {][m-\-am-bXv 5* Ipd™ {]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xv. 0

108

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]ńI 1 : ssPh-{]-[m\ ÿe-ßƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-®n-́ p≈Xpamb ]Zm-h-enbpw LS-I-ßfpw

D]-tbm-Kn®

]Zw

AS-ßnb

Poh im-kv{X

aqeyw

AS-ßnb

]cn-ÿnXn

tkh-\-aqeyw

AS-ßnbkmaq-ly-

kmw-kvIm-cnIaqeyw

AS-ßnbkwth-Z\£aX

AS-ßnbkmº-ØnI

aqeyw

]cn-ÿXn Zp¿_-e {]-tZiwkwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbp≈ ssPh-hy-hÿssPh-kw-th-Z-\-ap≈ taJe

Bhm-k-hy-hÿ,kky-ßƒ,a’y-ßƒ,Dc-K-ßƒ,]£n-Iƒ,kkvX-\n-Iƒ

Poh-ssh-hn[yw,òjWnt\cn-Sp∂h¿§-ßƒ,h\w

_‘n-∏n-°p∂ CS-\m-gn-Iƒ`qI-º-ta-J-e-Iƒ`qP-e- ]p-\-kw-`-cWw,sh≈whnX-cWw,Bhm-k-hy-hÿ

kmaqlyBh-iy-ßƒ[\-XXzimkv{Xw

Irjn-̀ qan{][m\BhmktI{μ-ßƒ

a\pjyNcn{Xw`qhn-\n-tbmKw,khn-tijIrjn-bn-S-ßƒ,{][m-\-Ir-jn-bn-S-ßƒ,hnt\m-Z-ta-Je,kwLS\,P\-kwJy,Sqdnkw,aX-]-c-ambÿe-ßƒ

aÆv,Pe-]T\ws]mXp-L-S-\,(Ncnhv, Dbcw)`qan-imkv{XwImem-hÿ

{]f-b-km-[yX,`qIºw

Duj-c-kw-th-Z\£aX

kky-hr-£Kp-W-ta∑

aÆns‚ KpW-ta∑,(C\w,Bgw, Ncnhv)Imem-hÿkqNnI(asÆm-en∏v,ag, hcƒ®)

ssPh-Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ({]W_vsk≥IΩn‰ndnt∏m¿´v)

X\Xvkz`mhwA]q¿h-X,\mi-̀ o-j-Wnbp≈h¿K-ßƒ,hoń¬ hf¿Øp∂ C\-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-tI-{μw,{]tXyI hwi-h¿[\ssk‰p-Iƒ

{]tXyIBhm-k-hy-hÿh\y-arKCS-\mgn,\Zn-Iƒ˛NXp∏v ˛]p¬ta -Sp-IfpsSD¤hw

Adn-b-s∏-SmØ Blm-c-k-ky-ß-fpsStI{μw

hnip-≤-h-\-ßƒ

]q¿Δ-ÿnXn{]m]n-°m-\p≈Ignhv Ipd™IpØ-s\-bp≈Ncn-hp≈{]tZ-i-ßƒ

109

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]´nI 3 : t{KUnßpw aqeyhpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p∂ coXn

A´n 1, 2¬ s]mXp-P-\ --Im-gvN ESA kwc-£W \ne\n∂p≈ ∏m-Snse aqeyw t{KUvsamØw aqeyw

10˛20 5˛10 t{KUv˛1 D≈n¬ bmsXmcp {]h¿Ø-\hp-an-√msX Db¿∂ kwc-£Ww

˛5 t{KUv˛2 \nb-{¥nX {]h¿Ø-\-tØmsSDb¿∂ kwc-£Ww

0-˛-10 5˛10 t{KUv˛3 \nb-{¥nX kwc-£Ww

0˛5 t{KUv˛4 \nco-£-W-Øn¬ \n¿ØpI

References:1. Saxena, M R., R Kumar, P. R. Saxena, R Nagaraja, S. C. Jayanthi, 2007 Remote sensing andGIS based approach for environmental sensitivity studies. A case study from Indian Coast.Internation Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. www.ispres.org.2. Hemkumara, G P T S, 2009, GIS Based analysis on environmental sensitive areas andidentification of the potential disaster hazardous locations in southern Sri Lanka. InternationalJournal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 9:311-315.3. MacDonald, A., 2000, Assessment of risk and identification of environmentally sensitiveareas. Interspill Marseille 2000 Conference and Exhibition, www.interspill.com4. Steiner, F., J Blair, L McSherry, S Guhathakurtha, J Marruffo, M Holm, 2000, A watershedat watershed: the potential for environmentally sensitive area protection in the upper SanPedro Drainage Basic (Mexico and USA). Landscape and Urban Planning, 49: 129-1485. Capuzucca, J., 2001, Federal Hill: An extraordinarily environmentally sensitive andhistorically significant area. Executive Summary, August 2001.6 Anon. 2008, Environmentally Sensitive Zones. (Maharastra Pollution Control Board),www.mpcb.gov.on7. Lin, M, Yu Cao, Y. Tao, J. Shih, G. Yan, Y Lee, D. Xiao, S, Wang, H Chiu, 2006, ChangingLandscapes: Monitoring Ecologically Sensitive Ecosystems in a dynamic semi-arid landscapeusing satellite imagery: A case study in Ejin Oasis, Western China. In Agricuture andHydrology Applicatoions of Remote Sensing, edited by Kuligowski, R. and J S Parihar.8. http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/subsite/guidelines/introduction9. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/environmentally-sensitive-area10. Ravikanth, G., Uma Shaanker, R., and Ganeshaiah, K.N., 2000. Conservation status offorests in India: a cause for worry? J. Indian Inst. Sci., 80: 591-60011. Gadgil, M. and Meher-Homji, V.M. 1986, Role of protected areas in conservation In : V.L.Chopra and T.N. Khoshoo ed. Conservation of Productive Agriculture, Indian Council ofAgricultural Research, New Delhi. pp. 143-159)12. Menon, V.,Tiwari, S. K., Easa P. S. and Sukumar, R. 2005, Right of Passage: ElephantCorridors of India. In (Eds.) Conservation Reference Series 3. Wildlife Trust of India, NewDelhi. Pp 287.13. Daniels, R J R and Vencatesan J (2008) Western Ghats: Biodiversity, People, Conservation.New Delhi, Rupa and Co.14. Ganeshaiah, K.N., Chandrashekara, K. & Kumar, A.R.V., 1997, Avalanche index: A newmeasure of biodiversity based on biological heterogeneity of the communities. Curr. Sci., 73(2): 128-13315. Ganeshaiah, K.N., and Uma Shaanker, R., 2000. Measuring biological heterogeneity offorest vegetation types: Avalanche index as an estimate of biological diversity. Biodiversity

110

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

and Conservation., 9: 953-96316. Ganeshaiah K N and Uma Shaanker, 2003, Sasya Sahyadri- A database on taxonomy,diversity and distribution of plants of Western Ghats. SEC, UAS Bengaluru.17. Tews, J., U. Brose, V. Grimm, K. Tielborger, M. C. Wichmann, M. Shwager, and F. Jeltsch,2003, Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance ofkeystone structures. Journal of Biogeography, 31: 79-9218. Jean-Franc¸ ois Gue´ gan, Sovan Lek & Thierry Oberdorff, 1998, Energy availability andhabitat heterogeneity predict global riverine fish diversity. Nature, 391: 382-384.19. Kamaljit Bawa, Joseph Rose, Ganeshaiah. K.N., Narayani Barve, Kiran, M.C. and UmaShaanker. R. 2002. Assessing Biodiversity from Space: an Example from the Western Ghats,India. Conservation Ecology. 6 (2): 7.20. Waring, R. H., N. C. Coops, W. Fan, J. M. Nightingale, 2006, MODIS enhanced vegetationindex predicts tree species richness across forested ecoregions in the contiguous U.S.A.,Remote Sensing of Environment 103 (2006) 218–22621 Gadgil, M. and Meher-Homji, V.M. 1986 Localities of great significance to conservation ofIndia’s biological diversity Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Animal / PlantSciences Supplement, pp. 165-180.22. Pasacal, J P (1988) Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. French Institute,Pondicherry, pp345.23. Manka-White, L, 1997, Increasing awareness and accuracy in identifying environmentallysensitive areas within Cook Inlet, Alaska. International Oil Spill Conference, 946-94724.Gad, A and A Shalaby, 2010, Assessment and mapping of desertification sensitivity usingremote sensing and GIS. Case study: Inland Sinai and Eastern Desert Wadies. In US-EgyptWorkshop on Space Technology and Geoinformation for sustainable development, Cairo,Egypt, 14-17, June 2010.25. Subramanya K A, Framework for assigning ecological sensitivity to wetlands of the WesternGhats.- a report26. http//www.westernghatsindia.org

Nn{Xw 1: ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ `qXe hnkvXrXn

(Fkv.-F≥. {]km-Zv) www.westernghatsindia.org

111

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 2: ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Dbcw

(Fkv.-F≥. {]km-Zv) www.westernghatsindia.org

Nn{Xw 3: ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse h¿j-]mXw ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°n-bp≈ {KnUv hn`-P\w

(Bi, sI.-F≥. KtW-iø)

112

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\w.1/1/2010 ˛B¿. C.(C.Fkv. CkUv)

`mcX k¿°m¿

]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw

(B¿.C. Unhn-j≥)

****

]cym-h-c¨ `h≥

kn.Pn.H. tImwπIvkv

temZn-tdmUv,

\yqU¬ln˛110003

am¿®v 4, 2010

B^okv DØ-chv

hnjbw: ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kan-Xn-bpsS \nba\w

1. ]›n-a-L´ taJe X]vXn \Zo-apJw apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc 1600 In.ao‰¿ \of-Øn¬

hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂p. Xan-gv\mSv, I¿Æm-SIw, tIcf, tKmh, alm-cmjv{S, KpP-dmØv, (Umßv

h\-Øns‚ `mK-ßƒ) F∂o 6 kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn 1.60 e£w N.In.ao‰-dmWv CXns‚

hnkvXo¿Æw.

2. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬ s]mXpsh 500 an.ao. apX¬ 7000 an.ao. hsc ag e`n-°p-∂p≠v.

C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]nse {][m-\-\-Zn-I-sf√mw D¤-hn-°p-∂Xv ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂mWv. Ch-

bn¬ tKmZm-hcn, IrjvW, Imthcn, Imfn\Zn, s]cn-bm¿ F∂nh A¥¿kw-ÿm\ {]m[m-

\y-ap-≈-h-bmWv. Cu Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\pw sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\pw

th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bpsS GI-tZiw 30 iX-am\w h\-ß-fmWv.

kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Hcp \n[n-Ipw`w IqSn-bmWv Cu taJe. cmPysØ 4 kp{]-[m\

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv ]›n-a-L´w. 1741 C\w ]pjv]n-°p∂ kky-ß-fp-

sSbpw 403 C\w ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw Bhmk tI{μw IqSn-bm-WnXv. Chn-sS-bp≈ h\y-Po-hn-

I-fn¬ ISph, B\, C¥y≥ Im´p-t]mØv, knwl-hm-e≥, Ipcßv, hb-\mSv Nm´-]£n,

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Ba, hnj-]m-ºp-Iƒ, hnhn[ C\-Øn¬s]´ Imen-√mØ D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bv°p-]p-dsa A]q¿Δ C\w hr£-ß-fp-ap≠v.

3. Chn-SsØ ]mc-ºcy kky-^e hnf-I-fn¬ Ip∂n≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ASbv°, Ipcp-ap-fIv,

Gew F∂n-hbpw Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv \mfn-tI-chpw H∏w amhv, πmhv F∂n-h-bp-ap≠v. a‰v

{][m\ tXm´-hn-f-I-fn¬ tXbne, Im∏n, d∫¿, Iip-h≠n, acn-®o\n F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb \n_nU h\-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Cu {]tZiw. t_mdn-hmen

tZiob ]m¿°v. \mK¿tlmsf, tZio-b-]m¿°v, _‘n-∏q¿ tZiob ]m¿°v, AÆm-asse

h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw, s]cn-bm¿ tZio-b-]m¿°v, F∂nh Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p.

]cn-injvS tcJ a : ]›n-a-L´ hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-bpsS

\nb-a\w

]cn-injvS tcJ-Iƒ

Annexures

113

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Cu taJ-e-bpsS ssPh ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fn¬ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS kΩ¿±w, `qan-bnepw

h\-Ønepw Sqdnkw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS IS-∂p-I-b‰w \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

aqew sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip∂ h\-ßƒ, h\-`q-an-bnse IpSn-tb‰w, J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ,

tXbne, Im∏n, d∫¿, bq°m-en-]v‰kv XpS-ßnb tXm´-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ th≠n {]Ir-Xn-ZØ

h\-ßƒ shń-\n-c-Øp-∂Xv, sdbn¬]mX, tdmUv \n¿ΩmWw t]mse-bp≈ ASn-ÿm\

hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, asÆm-en∏v, Dcpƒs]m-´¬, Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS inYn-eo-I-cWw,

AXn-thKw \in-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ssPh sshhn≤yw F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\w.

5. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\-£-aX ssPh-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw, k¶o¿Æhpw A¥¿kw-

ÿm\ kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xp-amb CXns‚ ̀ qan-imkv{Xw, Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Ønse BLmXw

F∂n-h-sb√mw IW-°n-se-SpØv Hcp ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kanXn cq]o-I-cn-

°m≥ Dt±-in-°p∂p.

6. NphsS ]d-bp∂ AwK-ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kanXn CXn-

\m¬ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂p. Cu DØ-c-hns‚ XnbXn apX¬ Hcp h¿j-amWv kan-Xn-bpsS Imem-

h[n.

1. s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn¬ sNb¿am≥

ap≥sN-b¿am≥, sk‚¿ t^m¿

Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ kb≥kv,

F˛ 18, kv{]nßv ^vfthgvkv,

]©-hSn, ]mj≥ tdmUv.

]qs\ 411008

alm-cmjv{S

2. _n.sP.IrjvW≥

ko\n-b¿ AUz-t°‰v

\o¬Kn-cokv sk‚¿

tlmkv]n-‰¬ tdmUv

Duń˛ 643001

Xan-gv\mSv saº¿

3. tUm. \μ-Ip-am¿ apIpμvv ImaXv

Akn-Ã‚ v s{^m^-k¿

Unjm-Svsa‚ v Hm^v t_mSWn

tKmh, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n

tKmh saº¿

4. tUm. sI.F≥. KtW-jø

AtimIv {SÃv t^m¿ dnk¿®v

C≥ Ct°m-fPn&F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v

(ATREE)659 5th F sab≥, sl∫m¬ saº¿

_wK-fqcp 560 024

I¿Æm-SI

tUm. \μ-Ip-am¿ ImaØv ]m\-en¬ \n∂v cmPn h®n-cp∂p. tUm.hn.Fkv. hnP-bs\ t\m¨ Hmô-jy¬ FIvkv]¿´v saº-dm-bmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv.tUm. B¿. hn. h¿Ω tIcf tÃ‰v _tbm-ssU-th-gvkn‰n t_m¿Uv sNb¿am≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ FIvkvHmôtjym saº-dm-bn-´mWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv.

114

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. tUm. hn.Fkv. hnP-b≥

sNb¿am≥, tIcf _tbm ssUth-gvkn‰n t_m¿Uv

]≈n-ap°v, t]´ ]n.H. saº¿

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 024 (FIvkv Hmôtjym)

tIcf

6. s{]m^. {ioaXn. dn\n-t_m¿Pkv

sk‚¿ t^m¿ Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ kb≥kkv

C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yqSv Hm^v kb≥kv

_wK-fqcp 560 012

I¿Æm-SI saº¿

7. s{]m^.B¿. kpIp-am¿

sNb¿am≥, sk‚¿ t^m¿ Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ kb≥kkv saº¿

C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥kv

_wK-fqcp 560 012, I¿Æm-SI

8. tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW

Ub-d-IvS¿(dntkmgvkvvkv & t•m_¬ skIyq-cnń Unhn-j≥)

Zn F\¿Pn & dntkm-gvkkv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v (TERI) saº¿

Z¿_mcn tªm°v, C¥y lm_n-Im‰v sk‚¿, temZn-tdmUv

\yqU¬ln 110 003

9. {ioaXn. hnZy Fkv. \mbIv

\K-cnI tkh {SÃv , Kp¿hm-b≥Isc 574 217 saº¿

_¬Ø-ßmSn Xmeq°v, Z£nW I∂S Unkv{SnIvSv

I¿Æm-SI

10. tUm.Un.sI kp{_-“Wyw

s{]m^. Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv &. Hmt´m-ta-j≥ & Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬

kb≥kkv, C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥kkv( dn´:)

ût≠-j≥ t^m¿ AUzm≥kvsa‚ v

Hm^v FUyp-t°-j≥ & dnk¿®v

Pn˛5, kznkv tImwπIvkv, 33. tdkv tImgvkv tdmUv

_wK-fqcp 560 001, I¿Æm-SI

11. tUm. ]n.F¬. KuXw

sNb¿am≥

\mj-W¬ _tbm-ssU-th-gvkn‰n saº¿

AtXm-dnń (NBA) (FIvkv Hôtjym)

5th ^vtfm¿, TICEL, _tbm-]m¿°v, Xmc-aWn

sNss∂ 600 113, Xan-gv\mSv

12. s{]m^. Fkv.]n. KuXw

sNb¿am≥

sk≥{S¬ s]meyq-j≥ I¨t{Smƒ saº¿

t_m¿Uv (CPCB), ]cn-thjv `h≥ FIvkv Hôtjym

kn _n Un Iw Hmôkv tImwπIvkv

CuÃv A¿Pp≥ \K¿, U¬ln 110 032

115

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

13. tUm. B¿.B¿. \h¬Kp≠v

Ub-d-IvS¿ saº¿

kvt]kv Bπn-t°-j≥ sk‚¿ ( SAC) (FIvkv Hôtjym)

Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv 380 015, KpP-dmØv

14. tUm. Pn.-hn. kp{_-“-Wy≥

AssUz-k¿ (R.E)an\nkv{Sn Hm^v F¨h-tbm¨sa‚ v

& t^mdÃvkv saº¿

\yqU¬ln FIvkv Hmôtjym

7. kanXn NphsS ]d-bp∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \nd-th‰pw

i. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse Ct∏m-gsØ ]cn-ÿnXn \ne-hmcw hne-bn-cp-ØpI

ii) ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bv°p-≈nse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ \n›-bn-

°p-Ibpw ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nba (1986){]Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn

hn⁄m-]\w sNtø-≠Xpamb ip]m¿i sNøp-Ibpw sNøpI. \ne-hn-ep≈ {]Wm_v sk≥

IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v, tUm. Sn.Fkv. hnP-b-cm-L-h≥ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v , _lp. kp{]nw tImS-

Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ, tZiob h\y-Pohn t_m¿Uns‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw

_‘-s∏´ F√m kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-ti-j-am-

bn-cn-°Ww ip]m¿i ka¿∏n-°¬.

iii) ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-c-£Ww, kwc-£Ww, ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w F∂nh kw_-‘n®

ip]m¿i-Iƒ cq]-s∏-SpØp∂Xn\v ap≥]v P\-ßfpw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cp-I-fp-

ambn hni-Z-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-Øn-bn-cn-°Ww.

iv) ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse {]tXyI \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nba ( 1986)

{]Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-

ebw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ hn⁄m-]\w ê-{]-Z-ambn {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ

\n¿t±-in-°pI.

v) taJ-e-bpsS ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm\pw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-

cp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS Ah-bpsS kpÿnc hnI-k\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw Npa-X-e-s∏´

s{]m^-j-W¬, ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nba(1986) Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ{]-Imcw cq]o-I-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ip]m¿i-sN-øpI.

vi) ]cn-ÿnXn ˛h\w a{¥m-ebw d^¿ sNøp-∂-Xpƒs∏sS ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse ]cn-

ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]k-‡-amb GXp {]iv\hpw kan-Xn°v ssIImcyw

sNømw.

8. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ sNb¿ams‚ A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS GXv hnZ-Kv[s\/ Hô-jy-ens\ thW-sa-

¶nepw kan-Xn°v tIm˛Hm]vSv sNømw.

9. kanXn cq]o-I-cW XobXn apX¬ 6 amk-Øn-\Iw kanXn AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v ]cn-

ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw apJm-¥ncw tI{μ-k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n-°Ww.A[n-I-ambn Fs¥-

¶nepw ka¿∏n-°m-\p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv Cu Imem-h-[n°v tijhpw ka¿∏n°mw.

10. kan-Xn-tbmKw U¬ln-bntem sNb¿am≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ C¥y-bnse at‰-sX-¶nepw

ÿetØm tNcm-hp-∂-XmWv.

116

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

11. tIm˛Hm]vSv sNbvX AwK-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ A\p-tZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ kan-Xn-tbm-K-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xnt\m ssk‰p-Iƒ kμ¿in-°p-∂-Xnt\m D≈ Sn F/ Un F N´-{]-Imcw ]cn-

ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw hln°pw.

12. tIm˛Hm]vSv sNbvX AwK-ßƒ Dƒ∏sS A\p-tZym-K-ÿmw-K-ßƒ°v kan-Xn-tbm-K-Øn¬

]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Znhkw 1000 cq] hoXw kn‰nßv ^o e`n°pw.

13. tImw]o-‰‚ v AtXm-dn-´n-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-tØmSpw Cu a{¥m-e-b-Ønse C‚-t{K-‰Uv

ss^\m≥kv Unhn-js‚bpw H. t\m´v DYNo. 407/AS& FA/ F0 XobXn 4˛3˛2010 {]Im-c-ap≈

A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpw IqSn-bmWv CXv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂Xv.

tUm.Pn.hn. kp{_-“Wyw

AssUz-k¿ (R.E)ToF√m AwK-ßƒ°pw, _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°pw

117

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]cn-injvS tcJ b: ]cn-tim-[n® ]T\ tcJ-Iƒ

{Ia- t]cv hnjbw

\-º¿

1 hn._n. kh¿I¿ s{]mÍvSvUv Gcn-bmkv C≥

464 cmjv{S-]Yv, ^vfm‰v ˛3 kt∏m¿´v Hm^v I¨k¿th-j≥

MSEDC enan. ]Δ¿lukv Hm^v _tbm-f-Pn-°¬ ssUth

alm-flPn tamt´m-gvkn\v FXn¿hiw gvkn‰n B‚ v AZ¿ hmeyqkv

]qs\˛411011, alm-cmjv{S Hm^v shkvt‰¨ Lm´vkv

2. taml\ Pn.Fkv Hm^v shkvt‰¨ Lm´vkv

Akn-Ã‚ v s{]m^-k¿ (P\-‰nIvkv B‚ v ssh¬Uv dnte-‰ohvkv Hm^v Iƒń

πm‚ v {_oUnwKv) th-‰Uv πm‚ vkv B‚ v t{Im]v P\

s]m∂w-t]´v 571216 --‰nIvkv dntkm-gvkkv Hm^v Zn

Iq¿Kv Pn√, I¿Æm-SI shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

C¥y, t^m¨ 08274˛249156

sam.:+91 9902273468

Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ v Hm^v t^mdÃv

_tbm-fPn B‚ v {So Cw{]q-hvsa‚ v

tImfPv Hm^v t^mdkv{Sn (UAS)_mwK-fq¿

t^m¨ : 08247 249370 EXT 215

3. ]fl-em¬ Un. Aeyq-hn-b¬ km‚ v ssa\nßv Zn

sk‚¿ t^m¿ F¿Øv kb≥kv ÃUokv tIcf FIvkv]o-cn-b≥kv

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 031, tIcf

4. F≥. `mkvI-c≥ (B¿, kpIp-am-dns‚ Zn tÃ‰v Hm^v Gjy≥

kmt¶-XnI klm-b-tØmsS) Fen^‚ vkv C≥ Zn

Gjy≥ t\®¿ I¨k¿th-j≥ shkvt‰¨

ût≠-j≥, Cs∂m-th-j≥ sk‚¿ Lm´vk ktX¨ C¥y B‚ v

C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥kv C‰vkv Cwπn-t°-j≥kv Sp

_mwK-fq¿ ˛ 560012 s{]mtam´v I¨k¿th-j≥

Hm^v ZnCt°m-fPn Hm^v _m¬kwkv (...Cwt]-j≥kv L)shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv Hm^v shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

5. hn. `mkvI¿ _m¬kwkv (Po-\kv:

s{]m^. Hm^v t^mdkv{Sn& Cwt]-j≥kv F¬)

t^m¿a¿ Ub-d-IvS¿ (dn´.) Hm^v shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

\mj-W¬ Ft^m-d-tÃ-j≥ &

Ct¥m Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v t_m¿Uv

doPn-b-W¬ sk‚¿, an\nkv{Sn

Hm^v F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v & t^mdÃv ,

Kh.Hm^v C¥ybqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v

A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬

kb≥kkv, _mwKvfq¿ 560 065

118

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. sI.F, kp{_-“-Wy≥ _tbm-ssU-ssh-gvkn‰n B‚ v

kb‚nÃv,kn -Ãm‰kv Hm^v dnh-ssd¬ Ct°m

kpthm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿sΔ Hm^v C¥y knÃwkv Hm^v shtÃ¨

{]mWn hn⁄m≥ `h≥, Fw.tªm°v Lm v́kv

\yq Aen-t]m¿, I¬°´+91 9088039540

7. B¿.sP.cRvPnXv Zm\n-tb¬kv Ct°m-f-Pn-°en sk≥kn-‰ohv

amt\-PnwK {SÃn Gcn-bmkv B‚ v t_Uvkv Hm^v

sIb¿ F¿Øv {SÃv shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv.

\w. 5˛21st kv{So‰v

Xnss√-KwK \K¿

sNss∂ 600 061

8. Fkv.sI.Jfiqcn IFS t^mdÃv amt\-Pvsa‚ v C≥ tIcf

Ub-d-IvS¿, F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v B‚ v C≥ tIm¨SmIv‰vkv Hm^v

ss¢am-‰nIv sNbn©v C≥thmƒhnwKv t^mdkv{Sn

tkmjy¬ t^mdkv{Sn tImwπIvkv B‚ v I¨k¿th-j≥

h´n-bq¿°mhv ]n.H. I¨tk≥kv t^m¿ shtÃ¨

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Lm v́kv.

tIcf˛695 013

9. C. tkma-\m-Y≥ C≥sk‚ohv t_Uvkv At{Km

C¥y≥ Ãm‰n-Ãn-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v πkv Sp t\®¿ I¨k¿th-j≥

U¬ln

10. Fw.Un. kp`mjv N{μ≥ Hm¨ A≠¿ Ãm‰nßv B‚

CES ^o¬Uv tÃj≥ tkhnßv Zn tk{IUv t{Kmhvkv

hnthIv \K¿,IpwX 581 343 Hm^v shkvt‰¨ Lm´vkv

DØc I∂S

11. A]¿W hm‰vsh tdm°n tπt‰mkv (kvs]jy¬

BIOME,3416 Kpe-hmWn alm-cmPv tdmUv t^m°kv

]qs\˛ 411004 Hm¨ shtÃ¨ Lm´v B‚ v

sIm¶¨

12. arWm-fn\n h\{io doP-\-td-j≥ Hm^v kv{Sowkv Hm^

Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ skmssk‰n shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

]qs\

13. hnt\m-ZvIp-am¿ DWn-bm¬ IFS Ct°m sUh-e∏v IΩn-‰okv:

slUv. ]n.F. s\‰v h¿°v {Sm≥tπ-‰nßv Xnbdn

WL amt\-Pvsa‚ v B‚ v I¨k¿th-j≥ C≥ Sp {]mIvSokv

ssh¬Uv sse^v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v C¥y

]n._n.\w. 18

N{μ-_m\n, sUdm-Uq¨ 248001

DØ-cm-JWvUv

119

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

14. Zneo]v _n. s_mdm¬I¿ C≥U-kv{Sn-b¬ s]meyq-j≥

t^m¿a¿ saº¿ sk{I-´dn

alm-cmjv{S s]meyq-j≥ I¨t{Smƒ t_m¿Uv

602 Aa¿ dkn-U≥kn

kntbm¨ t{Smws_ tdmUv

]©m_v Jmń, tUym\≥

apwss_˛ 400 088 C≥U-kv{Sn-b¬ s]mfyq-j≥

15. F≥. A\n¬Ip-am¿ & ssUth-gvkn‰n, bqkv]m-t‰¨

Fw.sI. kXoiv \mcm-b-W≥ B‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v Hm^v ssh¬Uv

M/s kzman-\m-Y≥ dnk¿®v ût≠-j≥ ^pUv πm‚ vkv Hm^v shtÃ¨

IΩyq-Wn‰n At{Km˛_tbm ssUth-gvkn‰n Lm´vkv : F ÃUn Sp hb-\mSv

sk‚¿, ]pØq¿ hb¬ ]n.H. Unkv{SnIvSv.

hb-\mSv 673121, tIcf

16. \mcm-b-W≥ Pn.slKvsU {So πm‚nßv Hm¨ ss{]h‰v em‚kv

BAIF Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v dnk¿®v

]qs\ 411058

17. tUm. EXv-hnIv ZØ F s{^bnw-h¿°v t^m¿ EIA,tIm I¨ho-\¿ dnt^mwkv

EIA tdmtkmgvkv & dkvt]m¨kv sk‚¿ C≥ Zn shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

F≥˛71, temh¿ {Ku≠v ^vtfm¿

t{K‰¿ ssIemkv˛1

\yqU¬ln

18. slm¥-h√n F≥ Ipamc & Unkv{Sn-_yq-j≥, Ãm‰kv B‚ v

tah knßv I¨k¿ thj≥ Hm^v {]nta‰vkv

kmen-amen sk‚¿ t^m¿ Hm^v Zn shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

Hm¿Wn-tØm-fPn & \mNz-d¬ lnÃdn

Bss\-Iń ]n.H.

tImb-º-Øq¿ 641108

Xan-gv\mSv

19. B¿.Fkv. `√. PK-Zoiv IrjvW-kzman hƒ\-d-_n-en-‰okv Hm^v {Inń-°¬

{io\n-hmkv sshZy-\m-Y≥ Ct°m-kn-Ãwkv B‚ v k¿Δo-kkv

ût≠-j≥ t^m¿ Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ C≥ Zn shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv Sp

dnk¿®v, AUz°kn & teWnßv Hmh¿em‚ ^vtemkv B‚ v sskUn-

AtimI {SÃv t^m¿ dnk¿®v sa≥j≥ UqdnwKv FIvkv{Sow sdbn¬

C≥ Ct°m-fPn & F≥h-tdm¨sa‚ v t^m¿ Ch≥ v.

20. kvt\l-eX \mYv ssehven-lpUv skIyq-cnń C≥

Io tÃ¨ ût≠-j≥ shtÃ¨ Lm´v ˛kwt\m´vkv B‚

t{Kmhvkv ln¬ tdmUv UnkvI-j≥kv

tIm´-Kncn, \oe-Kncn

Xan-gv\mSv

120

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

21. B¿.sP. cRvPnXv Zm\n-tb¬ kvs]jy¬ sl{dtdm Po\n‰n, em‚

amt\-Pnw-Kv{SÃn tÃ]vkv B‚ v Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬

sIb¿ F¿Øv {SÃv sk≥kn-‰n-hn‰n C≥ shtÃ¨

\w. 5. 21st {Ão‰v Lm v́kv.

Xnss√-Kw-K-\-K¿,

sNss∂ 6000 061

22. Fw.Fkv. hoc-cm-L-h≥ ln¬tÃ-j≥kv C≥ Zn shtÃ¨

ln¬ hyq Lm´vkv sImssS-°-\m¬˛F

t^¨ln¬ tdmUv tIkv ÃUn

sImssS-°-\m¬ 624101

Xan-gv\mSv

23. A\nX h¿§okv t\m¨ Snw_¿ t^mdkv

Xmac dnIvSn≥, kvt\l-eX \mYv t{]mUIvSvkv, FIvkv]o-cn-b≥kkv

sk¥n¬ {]kmZv C≥ I¨k¿thj≥, F‚¿ss{]kv,

kpan≥ tPm¿Pv ssehven KpUvkv

Iokvt‰m¨ ^ut≠-j≥ B‚ v {SUo-j-W¬ t\mfPv C≥ Zn

tIm´-Kncn, \oe-Kn-cn \oe-Kncn _tbm-kv]n-b¿ dnk¿Δv,

Xan-gv\mSv shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv.

24. F≥.F. Ac-hnμv Bw^n-_o-b≥kv Hm]v Zn shtÃ¨

sI.hn. Kpcp-cmP Lm v́kv

kqcn-sk-Kmƒ, sk‚¿ t^m¿ _tbm

ssUth-gvkn‰n B‚ v I¨th-j≥ ,

AtimI {SÃv

t^m¿ dnk¿®v C≥ Ct°m-fPn

B‚ v Zn F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v (ATREE)tdmb¬ F≥t¢hv

{iocm-a-]pc, Pm°q¿ ]n.H.

_mwKvfq¿ 560 064

25. Pn. chn-Im¥v I¨k¿th-j≥kv Hm^v t^mdÃv

AtimI {SÃv t^m¿ dnk¿®v P\-‰nIv dntkmgvkkv C≥ shtÃ¨

C≥ Ct°m-fPn B‚ v Zn F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v Lm v́kv

tdmb¿ F≥t¢hv, {iocmw-]p¿

Pm°q¿ t]mÃv

_mwKvfq¿ 560 0064

26. F≥.F. a≤yÿ em‚ v kvs\bn¬kv Hm^v shtÃ¨

Ac-hnμv F≥.F. Lm v́kv.

amem-tIm-fPn sk‚¿

]q¿Æ-{]-⁄-tIm-tfPv

DSp∏n 576101

121

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

27. iin-[¿ hnc-‡m-aØv, ssh¬Uv _okv Hm^v shtÃ¨

`‡n-`m-h\ cmP≥I¿ Lm´vk:v t{Im]v s]mfn-t\-j≥

Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ sU^n-kn‰vkv.

F‚-tam-fPn

bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬

kb≥kkv

[¿hmSv 580 005

28. Ieym¨ Ipam¿ N{I-h¿Øn F t{]men-tKm-ta\ Spth-Uvkv

B-15 (8th^vtfm¿) F kv‰m‰Pn

U¬ln AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j≥ Hmô-tkgvkv t^m¿ _tbm-Iƒ®-d¬ k¿ssh-h¬

^vfm‰vkv skIvS¿ Un˛2 C≥ Zn shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv.

DDA kvt]m¿´vkv tImwπ-Ivkn\p kao]w

hk¥v Ip©v

\yqU¬ln 110070

29. sI.Fkv. hm¬Unb Pntbm-f-Pn-°¬ Hm^v {^bnw h¿°v

Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp sk‚¿ B‚ v sSIvt‰m-WnIvkv Hm^v

t^m¿ AUzm≥kvUv kb‚n-^nIv shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

dnk¿®v, _mwKvfq¿ 560 064

30. Un.sP. `´v tUmIyp-sa-t‚-j≥ Hm^v ssat{Im

Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v t_m´Wn ^wK¬ ssUth-gvkn‰n C≥ Pn

tKmh bqWn-th-gvkn‰n t^mdÃvkv t#m^v shtÃ¨

tKmh˛ 403206 Lm v́kv

31. sI.B¿. {io[¿ AIzm-ńIv ^wssK C≥ Zn shtÃ¨

Un∏m¿´va‚ v Hm^v _tbm kb≥ v Lm´vkv Id‚ v Ãm‰kv B‚

amwKvfq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n ^yq®¿ I¨tk≥kv

awKf KwtKm{Xn

amwKvfq¿ 574 1994

I¿Æm-SI

32. kRvPohv \mbIv Zneo]v Ipam¿ sse°¨ ssUth-gvkn‰n C≥

Cw{]nń., en®-t\m-fPn et_m-´dn shtÃ¨

\mj-W¬ s_m´m-Wn-°¬ dnk¿®v Lm´vkv, \oUv t^m¿ Izm≠n-t‰-‰oh

C≥kn-Ãyq´v (OSIR) dmW {]Xm]v am¿Kv A -kvsa‚ v B‚ v I¨k¿th-j≥.

DØ¿{]-tZiv

33. F. kpμc •nw]vkkv Hm^v Zn lntÃm-dnIv

"Im¿Øn-tIb' 1st ^vtfm¿ B‚ v Zn

imcZ \Kc t{]mt´m-ln-tÃm-dnIv doPn-b≥ Hm^

irwtJcn 577 139 shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv B‚ v Ct°m-fPn.

I¿Æm-SI

34. cmtP{μ sI¿I¿ ssa\nßv ˛tKmh, sIm¶¨ (tkmjy¬

tIcn˛kØmcn B‚ v Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ Bkv]IvSvkv)

tKmh˛ 403505

122

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

35. •≥ Ie-hw-]md ssa\nßv ̨ Pntbm-f-Pn-°¬ B‚ v Ct°m

tKmh an\n-d¬ Hm¿ -W-anIv s]gvk-]-IvSohv

FIvkvt]m¿t´gvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥

]n.H. t_mIvkv 113

hmt•m-_n¬UnwKv

]\mPn

tKmh˛403001

36. tUm. Ptb{μ eIva-{]p-°¿ sa\nw C≥ KpP-dmØv ̨ Cw]mIvSvkv Hm¨

KpP-dmØv Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ skmssk‰n, _tbm-ssU-th-gvkn‰n

3rd ^vtfm¿, kn\¿Pn lukv

kp`≥]pc, htUm-Zc 390023

37. CtIz-j≥kv Sqdnkw C≥ t^mdÃv Gcn-bmkv Hm^v

A15 2 kn t{Kmkv 4th sabn≥ shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv

OMBR te Hu´,_\-kzmSn

_wK-fpcp 560 043

dnk¿®v Snw˛tdmkvtacn hniz-\mYv

AXnYn N¬ Nm\n hcp¨ kt¥mjv

k_nX temd≥kv

AssUz-kdn Sow ˛sI.Sn. kptcjv

38. am\kn Ic-¥n-Im¿ klym{Zn ˛shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv˛B≥

tIX-dn-Lm´ Hmh¿ Uyq∏v Hm^v ss{]h‰v HmW¿jn∏v,

HbvtImkv 210, kn≤m¿∞v Sthgvkv sImta-gvky¬ sUh-e-]vsa‚ v B‚

tIm{XpSv C‰vkv Cw]mIvSv Hm¨ Ct°m-knÃw.

]qs\˛29

39. tZh-{hXv taØ Sqdnkw sUh-e-]vsa‚ v kv{Sm‰Pn

sNb¿am≥ HIN shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv.

]©-KWn alm-_-te-iz¿

\w404, jmeI

Fw.sI.tdmUv

apwss_ 400021

40. hnizw-`¿ Nu[cn {In´n-°¬ A\m-en-knkv Hm^v F≥hn

Hbm-knkv F≥hn-tdm¨ -tdm¨sa‚¬ Cw]mIvSvkv Ask-kvsa‚

sa‚¬ ^ut≠-j≥ t{]mkkv B‚ v F¨hn-tdm¨sa‚¬

]qs\ ¢nb-d≥kv s{]mko-Un-b¿ C≥ C¥y.

41. hnPbv ]c©v ss] {Xn´vkv Sp Zn shtÃ¨ Lm´vkv Hm^

tKmapJv F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚¬ alm-cmjv{S: B≥ Hmh¿ hyp,

{SÃv t^m¿ ktÃ-\-_nƒ Uh-e-]vsa‚ v,

]qs\.

123

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ahmed B M. 1991. Man and Wild Boar, Sus scrofa cristatus (Wagner) interaction fromthe Western Ghats region of South Maharashtra. Ph.D.thesis submitted to the ShivajiUniversity, Kolhapur.Almeida S M. 1990. Flora of Sawantwadi. Jodhpur: Scientific publishers. Vol. 1, p. 129Alvares N, 2010. Political Struggle through Law The Public Interest Litigation (PIL) routeto environmental security in India with special reference to the environment movementin Goa. WGEEP Commissioned paper; http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papersAnonymous, Census of India. 2001. District census Handbook of Kolhapur ,Satara, Sangli,Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raighar District. Series 28, Govt. of MaharashtraAnonymous. 1985. The Report of the Working Group on Hill Area DevelopmentProgramme for The Seventh Five Year Plan 1985-90. Planning Commission, Governmentof India, Chapter 3.Anonymous. 2000. Report of the Committee on Identifying Parameters for DesignatingEcologically Sensitive Areas in India. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Governmentof IndiaAnonymous. 2004. Minutes of meeting Mohan Ram Committee. Meeting dated 29th June2004Anonymous. 2008. Report of The task group on, Problems of Hilly Habitations in AreasCovered by the Hill Areas Development Programme (HADP)/ Western GhatsDevelopment Plan(WGDP). Planning Commission, Government of India. Chapter 1.Anonymous. 2010. Manthan-Report National Committee on Forest Rights Act. A jointcommittee of Ministry of Environment and Forests and Ministry of Tribal Affairs, GOI.Anonymous. 2010. Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the Western Ghats Ecology ExpertPanel. Meeting held on 29th October, 2010 at Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of EnvironmentalEducation and Research (BVIEER), Pune.Anonymous. 2010. Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts: Summary report of theMaharashtra government consultation. Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, 30th Sep &study tour, 4th to 11th October, 2010.Anonymous. The Sahyadri Companion (1995). Sahyadri prakashan.Appayya M K and Desai A A. 2007. Assessment of the problems caused by elephants inHassan district, Karnataka state. Report prepared for Project Elephant, MoEF, Governmentof India and Chief Wildlife Warden, Karnataka Forest Department, Karnataka State.Awale V. Ongoing. Flora of Chandoli. Ph.D in Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.Bachulkar C. 1995. Flora of Satara District (Koyna vally). Ph.D thesis, Shivaji University,Kolhapur.Basu R. 2011. Does NCAER value rigour, independence and quality? On behalf of theGoa Foundation, Submitted to Economic and Political WeeklyBhalerao R J. 1997. Stress Effect of Environmental factors on fresh water fishes. Ph.D.thesis, Shivaji University Kolhapur.Bharucha E K, Kurne A, Shinde A, Kolte P and Patel B. 2011. Protected areas and LandscapeLinkages. Case studies from the Maharashtra Scenario.Bhushan C and H M Zeya. 2008. Rich Land Poor People. New Delhi : Centre for Scienceand Environment. 356 pp.CEPF. 2007. Report on Ecosystem Profile, Western Ghats & Sri lanka Biodiversity HotspotWestern Ghats Region.Choudri B S and A G Chachadi 2006. Status of groundwater availability and recharge in

klm-b-I-tc-J-Iƒ

References

124

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

the mining watersheds of North Goa. In Multiple Dimensions of Global Environmental Change,pp. 623 - 649, edited by S Sonak. New Delhi, India: TERI Press. 726 ppDaniels RJR, Hedge M, Joshi NV and Gadgil M. 1991. Assigning conservation value: Acase study from India. Conservation biology. 5: 464–475. Report of the WGEEPDaniels R J R. 1992. Geographical distribution patterns of Amphibians in the WesternGhats, India. Journal of Biogeography. 19 (5): 521-529Daniels R J R. 2001. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan – Western GhatsEco- region. Submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of IndiaDesai B K. 1992. Potential of Wildlife conservation in Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary(extended) in Western Ghats of South Maharashtra. Ph.D thesis, Shivaji UniversityKolhapur.Deshmukh S. 1999. Conservation and development of sacred groves in Maharashtra.Submitted to The Forest Department, Govt. of Maharashtra.Gadgil Madhav, RJR Daniels, K N Ganeshaiah, S N Prasad, M S R Murthy, C S Jha, B RRamesh and K A Subramaniam. 2011 Mapping ecologically sensitive, significant andsalient areas of Western Ghats: proposed protocol and methodology. Current Science. 100(2):175-182Ganeshaiah K N et al. 2002. A regional approach for the conservation of the biodiversityof the Western Ghats. Tropical ecosystem: Structure, diversity and human welfare. pp 552-556.Gargate A V. Ongoing. Environmental impacts of Developmental activities on the Eco-tourism potential of Sindhudurg district. Ph. D. Environmental Science, Shivaji UniversityKolhapurGargate AV, Samant J S. 2010. Environmental Impact of Tourism in the Warna Basin (Inpress)Goa Foundation. 2002. Fish Curry and Rice - a source book on Goa, its ecology and life-style.Mapusa : Goa Foundation. ISBN 81-85569-48-7Govt. of Goa. 2010. Economic Survey for Goa 2009-2010. Compiled by the Directorate ofPlanning, Statistics and Evaluation -Government of Goa. Available at http://goadpse.gov.in/publications/economicsurvey0910.pdfGunawardene N R, Daniels A E D, Gunatilleke I A U N, Gunatilleke C V S, Karunakaran P V,Nayak K G, Prasad S, Puyravaud P, Ramesh B R, Subramanian K A and Vasanthy G. 2007. Abrief overview of the Western Ghats – Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. Current Science 93:1567-1572.Gururaja K V, Sreekantha Sameer Ali, Rao G R, Mukri V D and Ramachandra T V. 2007.Biodiversity and Ecological Significance of Gundia River Catchment. CES TechnicalReport 116, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.Hegde N G. 2010. Tree Planting on Private Lands. Commissioned Paper. Western GhatsEcology Expert Panel (WGEEP). Constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of India, New Delhi. www.westernghatsindia.orghttp://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30/gtopo30.html http://edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/1KM/ (AVHRR 1 km images).Johnsingh A.J.T et al. 2010. Saving Sahyadri. Frontline, 27(24): 64-72Kale M P, Ravan S A. 2009. Patterns of Carbon Sequestration in Forests of Western Ghatsand Study of Applicability of Remote Sensing in Generating Carbon Credits

through Afforestation/ Reforestation. J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. 37: 457-471Kalavampara, G. 2010. Mining – Geological and Economic Perspective. WGEEPCommissioned paper http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Kapoor, M: K Kohli and M Menon, 2009 . India’s Notified Ecologically Sensitive Areas(ESAs):The story so far. KalpavrikshKaranth K U. 1992. Conservation Prospects for lion-tailed macaques in Karnataka, India.Zoo Biology,11: 33-41.

125

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Karanth, K U. 1985. Ecological status of the lion-tailed macaque and its rainforest habitatsin Karnataka, India. Primate Conservation, 6: 73-84.Kerkar Rajendra.2010. Mining – Goa, Konkan (social and ecological aspects). WGEEPCommissioned paper; http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Kulkarni B G. 1990. Flora of Sindhudurg. Botanical Survey of India pp. 1-625 Report of theWGEEP 2011Mohite S A and Samant J S. 2010. Fish and Fisheries of Warna River Basin (In press)Mohite S A. Ongoing. Impact of land use changes on Riparian Habitats in PanchgangaRiver System. Ph.D. Environmental Science, Shivaji University Kolhapur.Mukhopadhyay, P and G K Kadekodi, 2011. Missing the Woods for the Ore: Goa’sDevelopment Myopia. Submitted to the Economic and Political Weekly.Myers N, Mittermeier R A, Mittermeier C G, da Fonseca G A B, and Kent J. 2000. Biodiversityhotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.Noronha L. 2001. Designing tools to track health and well-being in mining regions ofIndia. Natural Resources Forum 25(1): 53-65Noronha. L and S Nairy 2005. ‘Assessing Quality of Life in a Mining Region’, Economic andPolitical Weekly, 1 January 2005, pp 72-78.Pascal J P, Sunder S S and Meher-Homji M V. 1982. Forest Map of South-India Mercara–Mysore. Karnataka and Kerala Forest Departments and The French Institute, Pondicherry.Pawar C D. 1988. Studies on fish and fisheries of river Panchganga. M. Phil dissertation, Shivaji University, KolhapurPlanning Commission. Tenth five Year Plan Government of India. Chapter 40.Ramachandra T V, Subash Chandran M D, Bhat H R Rao G R , Sumesh D, Mukri V andBoominathan M. 2010. Biodiversity, Ecology and Socio-Economic Aspects of Gundia RiverBasin in the context of proposed Mega Hydro Electric Power Project. CES Technical Report122, CES. IISc, Bangalore. [Report prepared at the invitation of Prof. Madhav Gadgil,Chairman, Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, MoEF, GoI]River Water quality implementation, GR Maharashtra, No.2009/325/61/1,dated 13th July2009.Samant J.S 1990 . The Dajipur Sanctuary and Its Potential as a National Park. InConservation in developing countries: problems and prospects : proceedings of the centenaryseminar of the Bombay Natural History Society. Edited by J.C. Daniel & J.S. Serrao. Bombay:Bombay Natural History Society; New York: Oxford University Press. 656 p.Shinde K. 1989. Impact of dam construction and agriculture practices on the animaldiversity in Koyna catchment. M. Phil dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.Shinde R V. 1992. Studies on Hydro Biology of the Panchaganga river system in theWestern Ghats. Ph.D. thesis, Shivaji University Kolhapur.Sohani S. 2009. Study on the Environmental impact on amphibians in Sindhudurg andRatnagiri districts in Maharashtra. Ph. D thesis, Shivaji University Kolhapur.Subramanian K A. 2010. Biodiversity and status of Riverine Ecosystems of the WesternGhats. Submitted to Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel.Sukumar R and Shanker K. 2010. Biodiversity of the proposed Gundia HydroelectricProject, Karnataka. Project Report for KPCL. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Instituteof Science, Bangalore.Surwase V P. 1988. Evaluation of the impact of human activities on animal diversity inthe Chandoli Wildlife Sanctuary. M. Phil dissertation, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.Sustainable Village Development. GR Maharashtra,No.2610/1/4, dated on 18th August, 2010.Swaminathan M S. 1982. Report of the task Force on Eco Development Plan for Goa.Govt. of India. Planning Commission 133 ppTERI. 1997. Area environmental quality management (AEQM) plan for the mining beltof Goa. Submitted to The Directorate of Planning Statistics and Evaluation, Govt. of Goa.Govt.of Goa/TERI: Goa. 300 pp

126

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Kulkarni Jayant, Prachi Mehta and Umesh Hiremath. 2008. Man-Elephant Conflict inSindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts of Maharashtra, India. Case Study of a State Comingto Terms with Presence of Wild Elephants, Final Technical Report. Envirosearch, Pune.Kumara, H N. 2005. An ecological assessment of mammals in non-sanctuary areas ofKarnataka. PhD Thesis, University of Mysore, Mysore.Kurane A H and Samant J. 2010. The Environmental and Social Impact of Deforestationin the Western Ghats: with Emphasis on the Warna River Basin (In press)Kurane A H. 2008. Environmental impact of shifting cultivation on Western Ghats (atGajapur and Manoli villages of Shahuwadi Taluka). M.Sc project,Shivaji University,Kolhapur.Kurane A H. Ongoing. Studies on the potential of Eco-Restoration in the Western Ghatsof south Maharashtra. Ph. D. Environmental Science, Shivaji University Kolhapur.Kurup G U. 1989. Rediscovery of the small Travancore Flying squirrel. Oryx, 23: 2-3.Lad R J and Samant J. 2010. Environmental and Social Impacts of Mining In the WesternGhats : A Case Study of Warna Basin. (In press)Lad R J. Ongoing. Studies on the impact Mining activities on Environment in Kolhapurdistrict. Ph. D. Environmental Science ,Shivaji University KolhapurLal M and Singh R. 1998. Carbon Sequestration Potential of Indian Forests. EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment, 60:315-327Mali S.1998. Plant chemical profile and its influence on food selection in Malabar GaintSquirrel, Ratufa indica, Ph. D. Thesis, (B.N.H.S) Mumbai University, MumbaiManglekar S B. Ongoing. Studies on the Environmental disasters and there mitigation:A case study of Kolhapur district. Ph. D. Environmental Science Shivaji UniversityKolhapur.Mani M S. 1974. Introduction. In Ecology and biogeography of India, edited by M S Mani.The Hague: W Junk PublishersMenon S and Bawa K S. 1997. Applications of geographic information systems, remotesensing, and a landscape ecology approach to biodiversity conservation in the WesternGhats. Current Science 73: 134-145.Menon V, Tiwari S K, Easa P S and Sukumar R. 2005. Right of Passage: Elephant Corridorsof India. Wildlife Trust of India. Conservation Series No.3.Michener C D, Borges R M, Zacharias M, and Shenoy M. 2003. A new parasitic bee of thegenus Braunsapis from India (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Allodapini). Journal of the KansasEntomological Society, 76:518-522.MoEF. 2000. Report of the Committee on identifying parameters for designatingEcologically Sensitive Areas in India (Pronab Sen Committee Report)TERI. 2006. Environmental and social performance indicators and sustainability markersin mineral development: Reporting progress towards improved ecosystem health andhuman well-being Phase III. Prepared for International Development Research Centre,Ottawa, Canada. [2002WR41]UNEP-WCMC. 2008. Carbon and biodiversity: a demonstration atlas. Eds. Kapos V,Ravilious C, Campbell A, Dickson B, Gibbs H, Hansen M, Lysenko I, Miles L, Price J,Scharlemann J P W, Trumper K. Cambridge,UK : UNEP-WCMC.Vagholikar N, Moghe K, Dutta R. 2003. Undermining India, Impacts of mining onecologically sensitive areas. Kalpavriksh.Venkatesan R, Rao Sambasiva and Kumar Siddharth. 2010. Study of Contribution of GoanIron Ore Mining Industry. NCAERVishwanath R, et.al. 2011. Tourism in Forest Areas of Western Ghats. Equations WGEEPCommissioned paper; http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Warhust A and L Noronha. (Eds) 1999. Environmental policy in Mining : CorporateStrategy and Planning for Closure, Lewis Publishers, London, 1999.Yadav S R and Sardesai M. 2000. Flora of Kolhapur district. Shivaji University, KolhapurReport of the WGEEP

127

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ ka]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ ka]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ ka]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ ka]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kanXnnXnnXnnXnnXn

dnt∏m¿´vvdnt∏m¿´vvdnt∏m¿´vvdnt∏m¿´vvdnt∏m¿´vv

`mKw 2

D≈S°w

129

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dnt∏m¿´v -˛ c≠mw `mKw

]m\¬ dnt∏m¿´v c≠v `mK-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p ˛ `mKw I Dw `mKw IIDw. dnt∏m¿ńs‚

{][m\ `mK-amb `mKw 1 ¬ hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-t°≠ hkvXp-X-I-sf-∏‰n ka-{K-ambn {]Xn-]m-

Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. `mKw 2 ¬ Bhs´, ]›n-a-L´ \nc-I-fpsS X¬ÿn-Xn, {][m\ dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]cm-

a¿in-X-amb hnhn[ taJ-e-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ F∂nh AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]›n-

a-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kpc£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, F{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn kulm¿Z-]-

chpw, kmaq-ln-Imw-Ko-Im-c-hp-ap≈ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w km[yam-°m-sa-∂pw, Ahsb ̀ c-W-kwhn-

[m-\-Ønse hnhn[ \nb-{¥-W-X-e-ß-fp-ambn F{]-Imcw _‘-s∏-SpØmw F∂nh kw_-‘n®

\n¿tZ-i-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv dnt∏m¿ńs‚ 2˛mw `mKw D]-kw-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

1. ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ ˛ X¬ÿnXn

`qan-bnsS D¬∏Øn apX-en-tßm-´p≈ kpZo¿L-amb Ime-b-f-hn¬ kw`-hn® ùa-˛-ssP-h-

]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-I-fp-tS-bpw, am\-h-kw-kvIr-Xn-bp-tSbpw hnI-k-\-L-´-ß-fp-tSbpw Hcp k¶o¿W

D¬]∂amWv ]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-Iƒ. 255 Zie£w h¿j-ßƒ°p- ap-ºv, tKm≠zm\ `qJfiw

]nf¿∂v C¥y-˛-a-U-KmkvI¿ Jfiw hS-t°m´v sX∂n-\o-ßm-\m-cw-`n-®-Xp- ap-X¬t° Cu {]{In-

b-Iƒ°v Bcw`w Ipdn-®n-cn-°mw. ]∂¬h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ sNSn-Iƒ, Pnwt\m-kvt]-ap-Iƒ, Xhf-

Iƒ, Dc-K-ßƒ XpSßnb ssPh-hn-`m-K-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s∏-ń-cp∂ tKm≠zm\ `qJ-fi-

Øn¬, ]t£, ]pjv]n-X-k-ky-ßƒ, Cu®-Iƒ, Nn{X-i-e-̀ -ßƒ, ]£n-Iƒ, kkvX-\n-Iƒ F∂nh

s]mXpsh Ah-bpsS hnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS Zi-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 90 Zi-e£w h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv

C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬\n∂v aU-Km-kvI¿ Zzo]v th¿Xn-cn-™-Xns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb kΩ¿Z-

Øn¬\n∂mWv ]›naXoc-Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn ]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xv.

65 Zie£w h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv C¥y≥ Jfiw AXns‚ hS-t°m-́ p≈ bm{X-bn¬ ̀ qh¬°-

Ønse Hcp Zp¿_e taJ-e-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im-\n-S-bm-bn. B L´-Øn-ep-≠mb A·n-]¿h-X-

kvt^m-S-\-ß-fm-Wv, U°m≥ taJ-e-bpsS ]nd-hn°v \nZm-\w. A·n-]¿h-X-kvt^m-S-\-ßsf

XpS¿∂p-≠mb I\Ø [qfo-]-S-ew aqew `q{]-Xew XWp-°m-\n-S-bm°n; F∂p am{X-a-√, Znt\m-

k-dp-IfpsS hw-i-\m-i-Øn-\pw, AXns\ XpS¿∂v ]£n-I-fp-tSbpw kkvX-\n-I-fp-tSbpw B[n-]-

Xy-Øn\pw hgn-sX-fn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 55 Zi-e£w h¿j-ßƒ°v apºv C¥y≥ Lfiw

Gjy≥ h≥I-c-bp-ambn Iqń-bn-Sn-°-s∏´p F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imc-Ww, CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂mWv

Gjy≥ h≥I-c-bn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]£n-h¿K-ßfpw kkvX-\n-Ifpw, ]pjv]n-X-k-ky-

hn-`m-K-ßfpw C¥y≥ Jfi-Øn-te°pw hym]n-°m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv.

lnam-e-b- ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm-\n-S-bm-bXpw Cu Iqń-bn-Sn-bpsS A\-¥-c-^-e-am-

sW∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. lnam-eb ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≠-Xn\p tij-am-bn-cn-°mw, Hcp

]t£, Ime-h¿j-°m-‰p-Iƒ aptJ\ C¥ybn¬ hym]-I-amb Ime-h¿jw e`n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-

bXv. ]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-Iƒ Ime-h¿°m-‰p-Isf XS-™p-\n¿Øp-∂p. X≥aqew ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-

fn-se-√m-bvt∏m-gpw-Xs∂ Z£n-W-]q¿-th-jy-bn-te-Xn\p kam-\-amb Cu¿∏w \nd™ Imem-hÿ

\ne-\n¬°p-∂p. am{X-a-√, ]q¿h-ln-am-e-b≥ {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ D≈-Xp-t]mse kº∂-amb ssPh

km∂n-[yhpw Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≠v. ]q¿h lnam-e-b-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse ssPh kº-Øn-t\m-fw-

Xs∂ sshhn-[y-an-s√-¶n¬t]mepw C¥y-bnepw {ioe-¶-bnepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ H´p-an° kky-˛-

P-¥p-hn-`m-K-ßfpw ]›na-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ am{Xw Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnhn[ cmjv{S-ßƒ°v Ah-

cpsS X\Xv P\n-X-I-k-º-Øn-t∑¬ C°m-eØv ]c-am-[n-Imcw Ds≠-∂n-cn-t°, C¥y-bpsS G‰hpw

aqey-h-Ømb ssPh-I-e-h-d-bmWv ]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-Iƒ F∂Xv AXoh {]m[m-\y-tØmsS ]cn-K-

Wn-t°≠ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

`qan-bpsS D¬]-Øn-°p-ti-jw, F{Xtbm Gsd h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™mWv B{^n-°≥ D]-`q-

J-fi-Øn¬ \c-hwiw cq]w-sIm-≈p∂-Xv. Dt±iw 60,000 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºmWv C¥y-bnse

C∂sØ Xe-a-d-bpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ Chn-tS°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿--Ø-Xv. XpS-°-Øn¬, kn‘p XpS-

ßnb \Zo-X-S-ß-tfbpw hc≠ {]tZ-i-ß-tfbpw tI{μo-I-cn-®m-bn-cp∂p a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ

130

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. CØcw Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ Dt±iw 10000 h¿jßƒ°p-apt∂ Xs∂ Irjn

hym]I-am-hp-Ibpw X≥aqew X∂n-S-ß-fnse kzm`m-hn-I -`q-{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ h≥ am-‰-ßƒ Ime-{I-

taW D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ ]›naL-´-ß-fn-em-hs´ hfsc sshIn, Dt±iw 3000

h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv am{X-amWv IpSn-tb‰w Bcw-`n-®-Xp-X-s∂. Ccp-ºp-sIm-≠p≈ Bbp-[ßƒ

hym]-I-am-bXpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wv. Ccp-ºp-sIm-≠p≈ agp (]-c-ip) Fdn™v ]c-ip-cm-a≥

krjvSn-®-XmWv ]›n-a-Xo-chpw AhnsS \ne-\n¬°p∂ kwkvIr-Xn-bp-sa∂ sFXnlyw Hcp

]t£, Cu teml-bpK-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-bn-cn-°mw. ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-ißfn¬ a\pjy Bhmkw

]ptcm-K-an-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn Xobp-tSbpw Ccp-ºnt‚bpw hym]-I-amb D]-tbmKw Ahn-S-ßfnse kky-

Pme-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m\ ]¶p-h-ln-®p.

ùa-̨ -ssPh `qhn-̀ m-K-ßƒ

]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ hnZ-Kv[ -k-an-Xn-°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ Hcp dnt∏m¿ń¬

]mkvI¬ (1988), Um\n-b¬kv (2010) F∂n-h¿ \S-Ønb ]T-\-ßƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≠v, samØw

]›n-a-L´ taJ-esb aq∂p {][m\ taJ-e-I-fn-embn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂ HºXv `q{]-IrXn hn`m-

K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kqd-‰v-˛-tKm-h, tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kn-cn, ]me-°mSv Npc-Øns‚ Z£n-W -`mKw

F∂n-h-bmWv aq∂v {][m\ taJ-e-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂, ta¬ ]cm-a¿in® HºXp

`qhn-`m-Kßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv:

1) kqd-‰n\pw _¬Km-an-\p-an-S-bn¬ hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ kqd-‰v-˛-tKmh sU°m≥ taLe ˛ L1

2) ]\m-Pn°pw Ipt{Z-ap-Jn-\p-an-S-bn-ep≈ tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn Iw{_n-b≥ ]q¿h [m¿hm¿ `qhn-

`mKw ˛ L2

3) jntam-K -̨ - Ip-S-Pm-{Zn-°pw, ssakq-cn\pw CS-bn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂, tKmh-̨ -\o-e-Kncn Imw{_n-

b≥ ]q¿h \okv (gneiss) D]-`q-J-fiw ˛ L3

4) tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn taJ-e-bnse Imw{_n-b≥ ]q¿h Nm¿tWm-ss°‰v (charnochites) `qhn-`mKw

(Im-k-d-tKm-Un\pw \oe-Kn-cn°pw CS-bn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂Xv) ˛ L4

5) tKmh˛\oe-Kncn taJ-e-bnse Ah-km-Z-inem `qhn-`mKw (a-e-_m-dn\pw Xr∏q-cn\pw CS-

bn¬) ˛ L5

6) ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v Z£nW `mK-Øp≈ Imw{_n-b≥ ]q¿h Nm¿tWm-ss°‰v `qhn-`mKw

(B-\-a-ebv°pw ]g\n Ip∂p-Iƒ°pw CS-bn-embn sNt¶m´ Npcw hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-

°p∂p) - L6

7) ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°v ̀ mK-Øp≈ Imw{_n-b≥-̨ -]q¿h \okv D]-̀ q-J-fi-hn-̀ mKw (a[pc

apX¬ I\ym-Ip-am-cn-hsc ]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw 78o °v ]Sn-™m-dmbn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p) ˛ L7

8) ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p-`m-K-Øp≈ Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h tIm≠-sse‰vkv (Khondalites)`qhn-`mKw sNt¶m´ Npc-Øn\v sX°p `mK-Ømbn Dt±iw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw hsc ]›naZn-

i-bn¬ hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂p ˛ L8

9) ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\p sX°p `mK-Øp≈ Xmc-X-tay\ ]g°w Ipd™ Ah-km-Z-in-em-

`qhn-`mKw (sIm®n apX¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ hsc) ˛ L9

]›n-a-L´ \nc-I-fnse aq∂v {]-[m\ taJ-e-I-fp-tSbpw Ah-bn¬ hym]n®v InS-°p∂ HºXv

hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw ÿm\w Nn{Xw 1¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

HºXv ùa-˛-hn-`m-Kß-fn¬ G‰hpw hepXv kqd-‰v-˛-tKmh taJ-e-bm-Wv. samØw ]›n-a-L´

\nc-I-fpsS GI-tZiw aq∂n-sem-t∂mfw hnkvXrXn hcp∂ Cu `qhn-`mKw `qan]c-ambn

GIkz`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv. (L1 -˛ Nn{Xw ImWp-I) tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn taJ-e-bm-Is´

\mev hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ßƒ AS-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv. hnkvXo¿W-Øn¬ G‰hpw sNdp-

Xv, ]me-°mSv Npcw taJ-e-bm-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bnepw \mev `q{]-IrXn taJ-e-Iƒ D≠v (L6- L9). Cu \mev ̀ qhn-̀ m-K-ßfpw H∂n-s\m∂v ̀ n∂-{]-Ir-Xn-I-fp-am-Wv. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse G‰hpw

Db¿∂ sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb B\-apSn Cu `qhn-`m-K-Øn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. ag e`y-X-

131

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sIm≠pw (DZm: hm¬--∏m-d) hfsc {lkz-amb hcƒ®m-th-f-Iƒ sIm≠pw (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-

dn¬ CXv ct≠m aqt∂m amkw am{X-amWv ̨ ]mkvI¬ ̨ 1988) khn-ti-j-X-bm¿∂ ÿeßƒ

Cu `qhn-`m-K-Øn--ep-≠v. ag hfsc°pdhp am{Xw e`n-°p∂ hc-≠p-W-ßnb Ing-°≥ ]g-\n-

ae (sIm-ssS-°-\m¬) t]mep≈ ]¿h-X-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-I-fn-ep-≠v.

Nn{Xw 1. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse aq∂v {][m\ taJ-e-Ifpw Ah-bnse HºXv `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-

ßfpw

L1 kqd-‰v-˛-tKmh sU°m≥ taJe

L2 tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h [m¿hm¿ `qta-Je

L3 tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h s]\n≥kp-em¿ \okv taJe

L 4 tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h Nm¿tWm-ss°‰v `qta-Je

L 5 tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn ˛ ]g°w Ipd™ Ah-km-Z-inem `qta-Je

L 6 ]me-°mSv Np-c-Øn\v sX°p≈ Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h Nm¿tWm-ss°‰v `qta-Je

L 7 ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p≈ Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h \okv D]-`q-J-fi-ta-Je

L 8 ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p≈ Imw{_nb≥ ]q¿h tIm≠sse‰vkvv taJe

132

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(1) Hcp {]tXyI `qhn`mK-Øn¬ A[n-h-kn-°p∂ H∂n-tesd hyXykvX Iayq-Wn-‰n-Iƒ°mbn ta¬ `qhn-`m-K-Ønse ssPh t{kmX- p-Iƒ ]¶p-h-bvt°-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ D≠m-hp∂ ]p\x-cp-÷o-h-\-ti-jnsb kqNn-∏n-°m-\mWv ÿem-flI sshhn-[yX (Spatial heterogeneity) F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ hwi-\m-iw, tZim-S-\w, IayqWn‰n Xcw-K-ßfnse (meta-community) Aÿn-cXF∂nh aqew Atem-kcw kw`-hn-°p∂ `qhn-`m-K-Øn¬ _o‰m-˛-ssU-th-gvkn‰n (Ct°m-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsSsshhn-[y-h¬°-c-Ww) kw`-hn-°m-\p≈ km[y-Xbv°v {]k-‡n-tb-Ip∂p

]´nI 1: ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn taJ-e-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂

\nXy-l-cnX kky-h¿K-ßfpw

kky-h¿Kw: L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9

ssUsS-tdm-Im¿∏kv t_m¿Un-tem-Wn + +

ssUsS-tdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°-kv

A\m-sIm-tfmk sU≥kn-^vtfmd

ssUsS-tdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°kv + + +

In≥Pntbm sU≥t{Um¨ ]ntW‰w

lwt_mƒjz {_qtWm-Wnkv

ssUsStdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°kv +

lwt_mƒjz {_qtWm n

s]mkntem \yqtdm¨ C≥Un-°kv

ssUStdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°kv +

Utbm kvss]tdmkv Im≥U-eo\

Utbm kvss]tdmkv DuIm¿∏

t]¿knb am{Im¥ +

Utbm kvss]tdmkv

tlmfnKm¿W

ssUsStdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°kv +

t]¿knb am{Im¥

Iypte-Wnb FIvkm-dn-te‰ + +sakph s^dnb

]em-°nbw Fen-]v‰n°w

sakph s^dnb +

]em-°nbw Fen-]v‰n°w

L 9 ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p≈ ]g°w Ipd™ Ah-km-Z-inem taJe

(A-h-ew_w: Um\n-b¬kv, 2010)

kky-Pmew

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ßfpsS Xcw-Xn-cnhpw Ahn-S-ß-fnse kky-

PmeßfpsS km∂n-[yhpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≈-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-i-

Øns‚ InS-∏v, D∂-Xn, XXv{]-tZ-isØ khn-tij Imem-hÿ F∂nh {]kvXpX {]tZ-isØ

kky C\-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw. XXv{]-tZ-iØv

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ hcƒ®m-th-f-I-fpsS ssZ¿Ly-amWv {][m-\-ambpw Ahn-SsØ kky-h¿K-ß-sf,

\ne-\n¬]p km∂n[yw F∂nh Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ßfn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ 11

C\w \nXy-l-cnX kky-h¿K-ßfn¬ Gsg-Æhpw L 3 `qhn-`m-K-Øn-emWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn-

\m¬ L 3 `qhn-`mKw BWv ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse G‰hpw kky-Pmesshhn-[y-am¿∂ `qta-

Je(1) ˛ (]´nI1)

133

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

saan-ssk-tem¨ Aº-te‰w +

knkn-Pnbw Iyqan\n

BIv‰n-t\m-U^vt\ BwK-Ãn-t^m-fnb

Utbm kvss]tdmkv SPP- +

ssUtkm sskew ae-_m-dn°w ˛

t]¿knb am{Im¥

s]mkntem \yqtdm¨ C≥Un°w +

]em-°nbw Fen-]v‰n°w ˛

tlm]nb s]mß

sj^vfod spp + + +tKm¿tUm-Wnb H]v‰yqk˛

saen-tbm-tkma B¿t\m-´n-bm\

BsI 1 2 7 3 1 2 0 1 1

Ah-ew_w: Um\n-tb¬kv, 2010, ]´nI 3, t]Pv 8.

L 7 `q{]-IrXn taJ-e-bn¬ \nXyl-cnX ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, ]›n-a-L-

´-Ønse Hcp {]tXyI `q{]-Ir-Xn-ta-J-e-bpw, AXn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ kky-Pm-e-ßfpw XΩn¬ At`-

Zy-amb _‘w C√mØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, hnhn[ ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ kky-C\ßƒ

H∂p-In¬ \nc-¥c ]cn-{I-a-Øn-eqsS XXv{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ AXn-Po-h\w kn≤n-®-h-bmImw; AYhm

ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn a\p-jy¿ Ir{Xn-a-ambn \´p-h-f¿Øn-b-Xp-am-Imw.

ÿe-]-c-amb h¿K-ssh-hn-[yw, D∂-X-kw-c-£-W-aq-eyw, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-tem-eX

ssPh kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ Hcp {]tZiw /AYhm Hcp Bhm-k-tI-{μ-Øn¬ Db¿∂ kwc-

£-W-aqeyw IqSn D≈-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂n-cn-°s´ B {]tXyI {]tZiw B ]cn-

ÿnXn hnteme taJe F∂ KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-Ø-cp-sX∂v Um\n-tb¬kv (2010) hmZn-°p-∂p.

(t]Pv 11). Db¿∂ kwc-£-W-aq-ey-ap-≈-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]-tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-bnse khn-

ti-j-amb kky-˛-P-¥p-h¿K sshhn-[yhpw XΩn¬ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp s]mcpØw

AYhm A\p-cq-]X \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂ \nco-£-W-Øn\v DØ-a-D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-

{]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mkvI¬ (1988) th¿Xn-cn® aq∂v taJ-e-I-fn¬

tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kn-cn-{]-tZ-iw ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p≈ {]tZ-ihpw BWv G‰hpw ssPh

sshhn[yw \nd-™-h. ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ AXn-

hn-in-jvS-amb Ht´sd {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p-`m-K-Øp≈ ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-

fn-ep-≠v. Hcp ]t£, ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ AXp-ey-amb G‰-hp-tasd {]tZi-ßƒ

Cu taJ-e-bn¬X-s∂-bm-Wv. ‘]cn-ÿn-Xn- hn-teme taJe’ F∂ KW-Øn¬ hcp-∂-hsb ap≥K-

W\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ XXv{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-ambn Ahn-SpsØ ssPh taJ-e-bv°p≈

s]mcpØw Gsd klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-Isf kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-

]m-en-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssIs°m-≈p∂ \S-]Sn{Ia-ß-fn¬ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-aq-ey-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬,

]Icw as‰m∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\n-√mØ CØcw taJ-e-Iƒ°v AXn-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≠v.

]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v Nne s]mXp-hmb {]Ir-X-ßƒ D≈-Xmbn ‘Um\n-tb¬kv’ \nco-

£n-°p-∂p. bp‡n-k-l-amb Cu \nco-£-W-ßƒ ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-́ -h-bp-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿnXn-

hn-teme taJ-e-Isf Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Xcw

Xncn-°p-hm\pw Cu \nco-£-W-ßƒ klm-b-I-hp-am-Wv.

134

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 1 : ]›n-a-L-́ -\n-cIfpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

1600 In. ao‰¿ \of-Øn¬ sX°p-h-S-°mbn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂ ]›n-a-L-́ -a-e-\n-c-Isf 3 {][m\

taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tKmhbv°v hS-°p≈ {]tZ-iw, a[y-`m-K-Øp≈ tKmh

\oe-Kn-cn-{]-tZ-iw, sX°p `mKØv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂ ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p≈ ]›n-

a-L-´-{]-tZiw F∂n-h-bm-W-h.

ta¬]-d™ Hmtcm taJ-ebnepw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam hyXy-kvX-ßfmb `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-

`m-K-ßƒ D≠v. 3 {][m\ taJ-e-I-fn-ep-am-bn, samØ-Øn¬, CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ 9 `q{]-Ir-Xn-

hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. tKmhbv°v hS-°p≈ `mKsØ L1 F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. a[y-Øn-ep≈ tKmh-˛-\o-e-Kncn taJ-esb L 2 apX¬ L 5 hsc \mev hn`m-K-ß-

fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]me-°mSv Npc-Øn\v sX°p-`m-K-Øp≈ ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßsf

L 6 apX¬ L 9 hsc-bp≈ \mev hn`m-K-ßfmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

aq∂v {][m\ taJ-e-I-fnse 9 {]Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-embn 11 C\w \nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e-

ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. L 7 hn`m-K-Øn¬ \nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e-ßƒ H´pw-Xs∂ Im-W-s∏-

Sp-∂n-√, F∂m¬, L 3 hn`m-K-Øn-em-Is´ BsI-bp≈ 11 C\-ß-fn¬ 7 C\-ßfpw D≈-

Xmbn ImWmw.

\nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e-ß-fpsS km∂n-[yw, B[nIyw F∂n-h-bn-t∑¬ Ah ImW-s∏-

Sp∂ {]tXyI `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn\v ùa-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Fs¥-¶nepw kzm[o\w D≈-

Xmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. adn-®v, ag-bpsS e`y-X, ag Xosc e`n-°mØ hc≠ thf-I-fpsS

ssZ¿Lyw, ÿe-Øns‚ {]IrXw F∂n-hbv°v h≥ kzm[o-\-ap-≠p-Xm-\pw.

ùa˛Im-em-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ aqew D≠m-hp∂ _o‰-˛-ssU-th-gvkn‰n (C-t°m-hy-h-

ÿ-I-fpsS sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-Ww) hr£-ßfpsS Iayq-Wn-‰n-tb-bm-Wv, ]£n-I-fpsS Iayq-

Wn-‰n-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn _m[n®p ImWm-dp-≈-Xv. a‰p C\-Øn¬--s∏-´-h-bn¬ CØcw

am‰-ßƒ F¥p-am{Xw _n‰m-˛-ssU-th-gvkn-‰n°v CS-bm-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xns\ ]‰n-bp≈ hnh-

c-ßƒ hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.

\nhm-k-Xe hyXn-bm-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-ti-jn-bp-ambpw XZzmc ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-

e-X-bp-tSbpw Hcp hniz-k-\ob am\-Z-fi-amWv _o‰-˛-ssh-hn[yw (C-t°m-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS

sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-Ww).

Ah-ew_w: Umbn-t\¬kv (2010, t]Pv 13).

kzm`m-hnI ]cn-ÿnXn hos≠-Sp-°¬ kw_-‘n-®m-sW-¶n¬ L 3 `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn\v

]cn-K-W-\ob ÿm\-ap-≠v. jntam-K°pw ssakq-cn\pw CS-bn-embn \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ IS¬Øocw

IqSn Dƒs∏´ Cu taJ-esb sX°≥ I¿Wm-SI ]›n-a-L´w F∂v hfn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw A`n-

Im-ay-sa∂v Um\n-tb¬kv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Db¿∂ ag e`n-°p-∂-Xp- am-{X-a-√, {lkz-amb

hcƒ®m-th-f-Ifpw hfsc Ipd™ tXmXn-ep≈ am\p-jnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-amWv Cu taJ-e-bnse

\nXy-lcnX kky-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v \nZm-\-sa∂pw At±lw Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p. L 3 taJ-e-bnse

AXn-i-b-I-c-amb \nXy-l-cn-X-k-ky-ssh-hn-[y-Øn¬\n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn L 1 taJ-e-bnepw, L 2 taJ-

e-bpsS hS-°p-`m-KØpw \nXy-l-cnX kky-hn-`m-Kßƒ Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn¬ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-`mkw hnc¬Nq-≠p-∂Xv c≠v Imcy-ß-fn-te-°mWv ˛ kpZo¿L-amb hcƒ®m-

th-f-Iƒ, a\p-jys‚ hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. C°mcyw km[q-I-cn-

°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hnhc-ßƒ th≠{X Cs√¶n¬t]mepw CØcw hkvXp-X-

Iƒ kw_-‘n®v ]mkvI-ens‚ \nco-£-W-ßƒ C\n ]d-bp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥

klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v Um\ntb¬kv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

135

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2000 an.-ao-‰tdm AXn-e-[n-Itam ag e`n-°p∂ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ßfnse

`qhn-̀ m-K-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw, hcƒ®m-th-f-I-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw IpSp-t¥mdpw CØcw

{]tZ-i-ßƒ Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI ÿnXn hos≠-Sp-°p∂ {]{Inb aμ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂p.

3000 an.-ao-‰-dntem AYhm 5000 an.-ao-‰-dntem A[n-I-ambn ag e`n-°p∂ {]IrXn taJ-e-Iƒ,

Hcp ]cn-[n-bn-tesd hcƒ®m-th-f-Iƒ \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ {]I-S-am-bn-Xs∂

hc-≠p-W-ßp-∂p. Cu taJ-e-I-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-k-ky-Pm-e-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hnI ]p\-cp-

÷o-h\w CØcw L´-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.

a\p-jym-hmk taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnf-am‰n Irjn-sN-ø¬, {]tXyI Bh-iyßƒ°m-bp≈ acw

apdn-°¬ F∂n-h-bpsS ê-ambn kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-ßƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ \in-∏n-°-s∏-

Sp∂p. IqSm-sX, Xobn-S¬, I∂p-Im-en-ta-°¬, F∂n-hbpw kzm-`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-ßƒ°v

òj-Wn-bp-b¿Øp-∂p. Nne L´-ß-fn¬ CØcw kky-Pm-e-ßƒ Fs∂-t∂-°p-am-bn-Xs∂

\in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xc-t°-Sn-√mØ ag e`n°p∂p-s≠-¶n¬Iq-Sn,

Xmc-X-tay\ sNdp hcƒ®m-th-f-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-bn-S-tØ-°mƒ kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-

ßƒ \io-I-cW òjWn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xm-bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬ Xs∂ \∂mbn ag e`n-°p-∂ `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ 6 amk-Øn-

tesd \o≠p \n¬°p∂ hcƒ® A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-]£w Ah kzm`m-hn-I-ÿnXn hos≠-Sp-

°p∂ {]{Inb aμK-Xn-bn-em-hm-dp-≠v. \nXy-l-cnX h\-ß-fnse ImX¬ D≈ hr£-ßfn¬

CØcw {]Xn-Iqe Ah-ÿ-Iƒ A]-cn-lr-X-amb am‰-ß-fmWv D≠m-°p-∂-Xv.

hcƒ®m thf-I-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw Hcp {]Ir-Xn-hn-`m-KsØ am‰na-dn-°p-∂Xv F{]-Im-c-sa∂v

]cn-tim-[n-°mw. BZy-L-́ -Øn¬ kar-≤-amb kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-ß-f-S-ßp∂ Hcp {]tZiw

(DZm; L 3), hcƒ®mthf-Iƒ \o≠p-\n¬°m-\m-cw-`n-°p-∂-tXmsS {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ ISpØ am‰-

ßƒ°vv hnt[-b-am-hp∂p (L 2 taJ-e-bn¬ CXmWv Ct∏mƒ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv).

hcƒ®m-th-f-Iƒ XpS¿∂pw \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-ßƒ

Fs∂-t∂-°pambn \in-°-s∏´ Ah-ÿbv°v hgn-am-dp∂p (DZm: L 1 taJ-e)

C∂v ImWp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ssUsStdmIm¿∏kv C\-Øn¬s∏´ \nXy-lcn-X-k-ky-ß-fpsS

B[n-]Xyw, ]›n-a-L-́ -]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ Ah-bpsS kzm-̀ m-hnI ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb hos≠-Sp-°p∂p

F∂-Xns‚ Hcp ip`-kq-N-\-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Ømw.

ssUsStdm-Im¿∏-kns‚ B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ ]›n-a-L-´-\n-c-I-fnse \nXy-l-cnX kzm`m-hnI

kky-Pmew hfsc Gsd Ime-ßƒ°v apºv, Ct∏mƒ L 2 taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-

∂ DØ-cm-Jfiv Pn√ htc-tbm, AXp-a-s√¶n¬ AXn\p adp-]p-dØv sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥

alm-cmjv{S hsctbm hym]n-®n-cp-∂p.

ssUsStdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°-kn\v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ \nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e-Øn\v \mev

hyXykvX D]-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. AXn-semcp D]-hn-`m-K-amWv ssUsS-tdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-

°kv ˛ t]¿knb am{Im¥ F∂n-h-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ kky-Pm-ew. Cu D]-hn-`m-K-

Øn¬\n∂v {ItaW t]¿knb a{Im-¥bv°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ kky-Pmew DØc I∂S

{]tZ-iØv ASp-Ø-bnsS Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu kky-Pm-e-hn-`mKØn¬ sNdnb

tXmXn¬ ssUsS-tdm-Im¿∏kv C≥Un-°kv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

ASp-ØIm-e-Ømbn L 1 hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ tKmhbv°v hS-°p≈ `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-

ßfnepw t]gvkz a{Im-¥-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-a≈ \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

F∂m¬. ]mkvI¬ (1988)s‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cu C\w kky-ß-fpsS km∂n[yw hncf-

ambn am{Xw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-sW-∂m-Wv. saan ssktem¨ Aw_-te‰w ˛ knkn-Pnbw

Iypan\n ˛ BIvSn-t\m-sU^vs\ BwK-Ãnt^m-fnb F∂o kky C\-ßƒ°v {]map-Jy-a≈

aXn-cm≥, alm-_-te-iz¿ (a-lm-cm-jv{S) F∂n-hn-S-ßfnse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ß-fn¬ Nne

kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ t]gvknb a{Im-¥-bpsS km∂n-[yhpw ImW-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.

hnf-am‰n Irjn-sN-ø¬, \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ hcƒ®m-th-f-Iƒ, F∂n-h-bmWv alm-cmjvv{S

kwÿm-\sØ \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ß-fnse kky-Pme-ßƒ°v ]msS am‰w kw`-hn-°m-\p≈

Hcp {]aJ Imc-W-sa∂v ]mkvI¬ (1988) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

136

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L´ \nc-I-fnse `p{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-ßƒ ˛kzm`m-hnI ]cn-ÿnXn hos≠-Sp-°¬

I¿ÆmS-I, tKmh, alm-cmjv{S F∂n-hn-S-ßfnse ]›n-a-L´ \nc-I-fmWv G‰hpw Ipd™

hos≠-Sp-°¬ tijn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v Um\n-tb¬kv Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. alm-cjv{S kwÿm-

\-Ønse L 1 hn`m-K-Øn-¬s∏´ ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-ißƒ CØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-Wv. Chn-S-ß-fnse

kzm`m-hnI \nXy-l-cnX ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw sam´-°p-∂p-I-fmbn amdnbn-cn-°p-∂p. I¿Æm-

S-I-bnse L 2, L 3 hn`m-K-Øn¬-s∏´ ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-ißfm-h-s´, Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI ]cn-

ÿnXn hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-em-Wv. jntam-K, IpS-Pm{Zn taJ-e-bnse ]›n-a-

L´ ae-\n-c-I-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßƒ hy‡-ambpw CØcw Hcp am-‰-Øns‚ L´-Øn-em-Wv.

anI® ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ coXn-I-fn-eqsS Cu hn`m-K-ß-fnse kzm`m-hnI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-ho-s≠-

Sp-°p-hm\pw Chsb Z£n-W-˛-]-›n-a-L´ taJ-e-I-fnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v kam-\-am-°p-hm\pw km[n-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, Aew-`m-h-]q¿W-amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-®m¬ CØcw {]tZ-ißfnse

ÿnXn IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-hm\pw Ch L 2 hn`m-K-Øn-tetbm AYhm L 1 h`m-K-Ønse Xs∂tbm

]cn-ÿn-Xn°v kam-\-amb ÿnXn-bn-te°v sNs∂-Øp-hm-\p≈ km[yX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn√

F∂pw Um\n-tb¬kv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

L 3 ̀ q{]-IrXn hn`mKw Db¿∂ _o‰mssh-hn[yw (C-t°m-hyq-lßfpsS sshhn-[yw) {]Z¿in-

∏n-°p-∂p. ÿe-]-c-ambn GI kz`m-h-ap≈ Cu `qhn-`m-K-Øn¬, ]t£, hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ßfn-

embn [mcmfw hyXykvX kzojo-kp-Isf Is≠-Øm-\m-bn-´p-≠v. ÿe-Øns‚ kzm`m-hnI ]cn-

ÿnXn hos≠-Sp°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ BZy kqN-\-bm-Wn-sX∂v Um\n-

tb¬kv Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. Db¿∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-tem-e-Xbpw CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-

bm-Wv. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v \n¿Wmb-I-amb kky-k-ar-≤nsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv ]›n-a-L-´-

Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-f-√, adn®v ag e`y-X, hcƒ®m-th-f-I-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw,

ÿe-Øns‚ {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ÿe-]-c-amb

ssPh-ssh-hn[yw Cu LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Um\ntb¬kns‚ A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ ÿe-]-c-ambn GI-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Hcp `qhn-`mKw Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ _o‰m--ssh-

hn[yw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬, B `qhn-`mKw Atß-b‰w ]cn-ÿnXn {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.

a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-epIfpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw

a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ ]Wn-bm-bp-[-ßƒsIm≠pw Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw kzm¿Y-]-c-hp-amb {]hr-Øn-

IƒsIm≠pw {]Ir-Xnsb \nc¥cw \in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. et£m-]-e£w h¿j-ßƒsIm≠v

]›n-a-L-´-ß-fn¬ cq]-sa-SpØ khn-tij ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tbbpw a\p-jy≥ shdpsX hnSp-∂n-√. Ccp-

ºp-sIm-≠p≈ Bbp-[-ßƒ Ic-K-X-am-b-tXmsS ImSp-sh-´n-sØ-fn-bn®v Irjn-bn-d-°m\pw Bcw-

`n®p. a\p-jys‚ CØcw {]hr-Øn-Iƒ \io-I-c-Wm-fl-I-am-sW-¶n¬IqSn a\x-]q¿h-amb {]Ir-Xn-

kw-c-£-W-am¿K-ßƒ ssIsIm-≈p∂ Htc Hcp Pohnh¿Khpw a\p-jy¿X-s∂-bm-Wv. Xmsg sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p∂ ]›na-L-´-\n-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-]-Sn-bmb Ncn{Xw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

137

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]´nI 2 : ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ˛ Hcp s]mXp Ah-tem-I\w

{Ia

\º¿

Ime-L´w

_n.-kn

1000 \v

apºv

_nkn 1000

apX¬

_nkn

300 hsc

_nkn 300

apX¬

FUn

300 hsc

300 FUn

apX¬ 1500

FUn hsc

1500 FUn

apX¬ 1800

FUn hsc

1800 FUn

apX¬

1860 FUn

hsc

1.

2

3

4

5

6

kp{]-[m\

kmaq-ly-amb am‰w

h\-hn-\n-tbmKw kwc-£-W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

\mbm´pw

a’y-_-‘\hpw

\Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnse

Im¿jn-I-hrØn

]ptcm-K-an-°p∂p

kap-{Zm-\-¥c

hym]mcw ]ptcmK

an°p∂p

PmXn-hy-hÿ DS-se-

Sp-°p-∂p, kwÿm-\-

ßƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-

∂p.

bqtdm-]y≥ tImf-\n-

hm-gvN-bpsS kzm[o\w

Zriy-am-Ip∂p

{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn\v

Iogn¬ ]c-º-cm-KX

kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

XI-cp∂p

ssPh-hn-`-h-ßƒ

tiJ-cn-°¬

\Zo-X-S-ßƒ

Irjn-°p-]-bp‡

am°p∂p

Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew

XpSßn kpK-‘-{Z-

hy-ßfp-sSbpw a‰v

{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßfp-

sSbpw hym]mcw

]ptcm-K-an-°p∂p

kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßƒ

kw`-cn-°p-∂p, \Zo-

X-S-ß-fn¬ kpK-‘-

{Z-hy-tXm-´-ßƒ

]ptcm-K-an-°p∂p.

kpK-‘-{Z-hy

ßfpsS hym]mcw

h¿[n-°p-∂p.

I∏¬ \n¿am-W-

Øn\p th≠n XSn

IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-

ambn hcp∂p

kzm`m-hnI tX°v

XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

A\n-b-{¥nX D]-

tbmKw

hnip-≤-h-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw,

Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,

hnip-≤-Pohn h¿K-ß-fp-

sSbpw kwc-£Ww


Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,


sSbpw kwc-£Ww


Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,


sSbpw kwc-£Ww


Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,


sSbpw kwc-£Ww.

{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-hßfpsS D]-

tbmKw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-

°p∂p

{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßfpsS D]-

tbmKw \nb-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-

°p∂p. hnip-≤-h-\-ß-fp-sS-

bpw, Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw, hnip-

≤-Pohn h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw

kwc-£Ww XpS-cp-∂p.

{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßfpsS D]-

tbmKw \b-{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-

°p∂p.hnip-≤-h-\-ß-fp-sS-

bpw, Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw, hnip-

≤-Pohn h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw

kwc-£Ww Ipd-bp-∂p.

{]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ [mcmfw

\in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-IqSn sNøp-

∂p.

138

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{Ia

\º¿

Ime-L´w kp{]-[m\

kmaq-ly-amb am‰w

h\-hn-\n-tbmKw kwc-£-W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ


Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw, hnip-≤-

Pohn h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw kwc-

£Ww ]cn-an-X-am-Ip-∂p.

{]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ [mcmfw

\in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-IqSn sNøp-

∂p.

h\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W-tI-{μ-

ßfpw tZiob DZym-\-ßfpw

ÿm]n-X-am-hp-∂p.

hnip-≤-h-\ßfpw, Imhp-

Ifpw hymh-km-bnI Bh-iy-

ßƒ°p-th≠n, hym]-I-

ambn \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ h\y-ar-K-

kw-c-£-W-tI-{μ-ßfpw

tZiob DZym--\-ßfpw

ÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂p.

h\y-ar-K-kw-c-£-W-tI-{μ-ß-

fpw tZiob DZym-\-ßfpw

kwc-£nX ssPh-afi-e-

Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

IqSmsX ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme

taJ-e-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬

{]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

hnfamdn Irjn

sNø-en\v \ntcm-

[\w; h\-`qan

Kh¨sa‚ v Gs‰-

Sp-°p∂p; h≥tXm-

Xn¬ tX°vtXm´-

ßƒ h®v ]nSn-∏n-

°p-∂p

Irjn-°pw, \Zo-X-

S-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw

th≠n-bp≈ `qhn-

\n-tbmKw; h\-hn-`-

h-hyh-km-b-

Ønepw hym-]m-c-

Ønepw h∂ {ZpX-

]p-tcm-KXn

h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS

e`y-X Ipdhv {]I-

S-am-hp-∂p. bq°m-

en]v‰vkv tXm´-

ßƒ hym]-I-am-hp-

∂p. \Zo-P-e-]-≤-

XnIƒ h≥tXm-

Xn¬ ]ptcm-K-an-

°p∂p

kzm`m-hn-I-h-\-

ßƒ A∏msS

sh´n-sØfn°p-

∂Xpw, Xnc-™v]n-

Sn-®p≈ acw-ap-

dnbpw aμ-K-Xn-bn-

em-hp-∂p.

Pe-t{km-X- p-

Ifpw `q\n-ehpw

kzIm-cy-h¬°-

cWw t\cn-Sp-∂p.

`qan Gs‰-Sp-°¬

kw_-‘n®v

h≥tXm-Xn¬

X¿°-ßƒ DS-se-

Sp-°p-∂p

{_n´ojv `cWw XpS-

cp∂p; `q{]-`p-°fpw

DtZym-Kÿ ta[m-

hnXzw ta¬t°mbva

t\Sp∂p

kzX{¥ C¥y-bn¬

]c-º-cm-K-X-amb

kmaqly ta¬t°mbva

XI-cp-∂p. hmWn-

Pyhpw hyh-km-bhpw

ta¬ss° t\Sp∂p

h\-hn-`-h-ßsf ASn-

ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈

hyh-kmbw CSn-bp∂p

hnI-k\ {]{In-b-I-

fnse sshcp[yw {]I-

S-am-hp∂p

1860 FUn

apX¬ 1947

FUn

hsc

947 FUn

apX¬ 1960

FUn

hsc

1960 FUn

apX¬ 1980

FUn

hsc

1980 apX¬

C∂v hsc

7

8

9

10

139

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{_nójv A[n-\n-thi ImeØpw ]n∂oSv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-c-Im-e-L-´-Ønepw hnI-k-\-

Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS B°hpw tXmXpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚ DØ-c-̀ m-Kßfn¬ D≠mb AXns‚ hnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn\v km£yw

\¬Ip∂p. C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI Xe-ÿm-\-amb apws_ \K-c-hp-am-bp≈ ASp∏w sIm≠mWv

C{X-ta¬ am\p-jnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ D≠m-b-sX∂v {io. hnPbv ]c©vss] (2011) ]›n-a-L´

Bhmk hyh-ÿm-]-T-\-k-anXn dnt∏m¿ń-\p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb {]tXyI teJ-\-Øn¬ Du∂n-

∏d-bp-∂p. {io. ]c-©vss]-bpsS (2011) A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ DØ-c-`m-K-ß-fn¬

apºp-≠n-ń-√mØ hn[w {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ D≠mb hnI-k-\-ßƒ°v Bkv]-Z-am-bXv 3 Imcy-ß-fmWv:

1) sdbn¬-th-bpsS \n¿amWw

2) tdmUp-I-fpsS hnI-k\w

3) AW-s°-´p-I-fpsS \n¿amWw

apws_-˛-Xm-s\, \mkn-Iv, ]qsW F∂o h≥ \K-c-ß-fnse hyh-km-b-kw-cw-`-ßƒ°m-h-iy-

amb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS kw`-c-Ww, Nqj-Ww, Iø-S-°¬ F∂n-hbv°v bYm¿Y-Øn¬

hgn Xpd-∂Xpw ta¬]d™ aq∂v kwK-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Cu ÿnXn C∂pw XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

1863 ¬ ]qsW hsc BZysØ sdbn¬]mX \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v, 1865¬ apws_ apX¬

CKXv]pcn hsc c≠m-asØ sdbn¬]mX \ne-hn¬ h∂p. C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Ønse hn]-Wn-

I-fnse A\¥-km-[y-X-I-fn-te°v Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ßfpw h\-hn-`-h-

ßfpw kpK-a-ambn sIm-≠p-sN-s∂-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v Atß-b‰w D]-I-cn®p F∂-XmWv sdbn¬-

]mX \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {][m\ t\´w. XSn apX-emb h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ sdbn¬]mX hgn

]›n-a-L´ h\-{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw cmPy-Øns‚ ap°nepw aqe-bnepw FØn-t®¿∂p. sdbn¬]m-

X-bpsS hcthmsS temWm-hm-e, Jfi-e, aXn-cm≥ ae-tbmc ]´-W-ßƒ AXn-thKw hnI-kn-

®p. F∂m¬, DØc ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ ka-bw-sIm≠v G‰hpw IqSnb

hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ Zqc-hym-]-I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ krjvSn-®Xv AW-s°-´p-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-am-

Wv. {_nójp-ImcpsS Ime-ØmWv AW-s°-´p-Iƒ \n¿an-°m-\m-cw-`n-®-Xv. 1860¬ apws_-bnse

hnlm¿ F∂ ÿe-Øm-bn-cp-∂p DØ-c-]-›n-a-L-́ -Ønse BZysØ AW-s° v́ ]Wn-X-Xv. XpS¿∂v,

1947 hsc DØ-c-̨ -]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬ am{Xw 20 AW-s°-́ p-Iƒ ]Wn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p. 1947\v tijhpw

CXv XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. 2009 Bb-t∏mƒ \n¿am-W-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-h-b-S°w BsI AW-

s°-´p-I-fpsS FÆw 1821 Bbn Db¿∂p. CXn¬X-s∂, GI-tZiw 200-˛-Hmfw henb AW-s°-´p-

Iƒ DØc ]›na-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv. h≥InS AW-s°-´p-Isf∏‰n-bp≈ tZiob dPn-Ã-dn¬

(2009)-\n∂v e`n® 165 Umap-I-fpsS hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

]ńI 3 : hS-°≥ ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse Umap-Iƒ

ae≥Km-thm¨ Imb≥I≠ NmhvSn

_pcmbv

Hmkm¿tJUv eSn-]mU PwtJUn

N\Iv]q¿ Umw

hmJUv ]ps\-Km-thm¨ Ic¨Pvhm≥

KwKm-]q¿ ]m¬tJUv Afμn (\m-kn-Iv)

ISvh aIvs\ U¿W

`¥m¿Zmc hm¬tUhn A∏¿ ss]S¿W

hSPv ]nw]m¬Km-thm¨tPmKv tbUvKm-thm¨

sXm°¬hmSn Unws` NkvIm-ta≥

h¬hm≥ `ma-˛-AkvJXv DIvkm≥

140

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ap¬jn inh-hmX ]mh\

]≥tj‰v sSwLm¿ JUIvhmkve

`SvK¿ hc-kvK-thm¨ K≥Pvhm\n

\oc-˛-Zn-tbmJ¿ a¬lm¿ km-K¿ ho¿ Umw

D¿tamSn tZmw _m¬°m\n Im≥l¿

tam¿\m Umw t\¿ Umw sImbv\

Imkcn Nt≠men ISvhn

Xpƒjn (tIm¬lm-]q¿) Ipw`n t]mws_-b¿

Ie-Ωm-hmSn Ip¿en cm[m-\-Kcn

On{Xn ]SvKm-thm¨ Nnt°m{X

cIm-kvtIm∏v P≥Kw-lń Xn√mcn

tKm≠q¿ Umw A≥Pp\ ap‡n Umw

Jp¬sS ]p¿ta-t]U Pmw^¬

It\men LÜvte tImØmcn

\≥{U tZhv`mt\ _¿kmXv

tamń-\√ c¨Kuen B⁄en

\hmØ NuKm-thm¨ emw Jm\n

lń

ho¿tJ¬ lc¨_mcn

_¿ZmJ h¿jn a¿Ifiv ]nw{]n

]≥kmc H´q¿ t`Kp

ImIv\n a¬K-thm¨ Ic≥Pvhm≥

I{_nb JSIv JncmUv kZ-K-thmë-Um®n

A≥Pvt\cn Pwte-hmWn ss\IvhmUn

t_m¿Zmbv hm‰v temh¿ ]≥kmc cmlpUv

`tS≥ Xte-K-thm¨{Sw-_Iv h¬tUhn

cmta-iz-¿ temh¿ X]n Sn≥Km¬hmUn

Zt\men aln-cm-hmWn sj≥hmUv

Jmcnb LpSn-L´v Ae≥Un (\m-kn-Iv) sbs\sc

Ihm-Xvkm¿ Ae-hm≥Un ]cp≥sU

jnhm≥ Xtemjn As\s]w-Umc

Awt_men DSvNn¬ Aw_n-Jm≥

tIm¨ hUPv t_mdn

JtJc MI _√m¬hmUn t_e-]q¿

tJUv (C-K-Xv]p-cn) el-tc-Ikmcn Pm[-hvhmUn

141

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nnte-hmUn tIte-hmUn `pK-thm¨

cRvPn-hmUn Aw_n-Up-ame hte≥

hmLvZc (Hm-´q¿) A≥{U Umw am¿s\-hmUn

aWn-IvtZmlv dntl KÕvth≥

Aw_n-Jm¬k ]nwt]men t_m¿Km-thm¨

kmIp¿ ehm¿sU a≥Umth

tKmsl Itºmen t`mkv

ap¬jn Hm¨apf A≥Up¿ lUmjn

Nn©v hmUv sItc-K-thm¨ tlmSIn

tjdn tKmh-]p¿ lmUvjn-˛2

[¿tU-Un-Km¿ \nwavKm-thm≥

FIvcpJv a¬K-thm¨

s^{_p-hcn 20 hsc Ah-ew_w : ]cn-©vss], 2011

AW-s°-´p-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v km[m-c-W- K-Xn-bn¬ tdmUp-I-fpsS \n¿am-

Whpw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp-hgn, ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse hnZqc taJ-e-Iƒ ]´-W-ß-fp-ambn

_‘w ÿm]n-°m-\n-S-bp-hp-∂p. X≥\n-an-Øw, ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse I\ym-h-\-ßƒ IqSp-

X¬ IqSp-X¬ Nqj-W-hn-t[-b-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. s]mXp KXm-KXw sa®-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, ]nt∂m-

°m-hÿ-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-iß-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈ t]cnepw \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ]mX-Iƒ

]e-t∏mgpw h\-ta-J-e-Isf Xeßpw hneßpw hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS h\-\-io-I-c-W-Øn-\p-

Xs∂ B°w Iq´p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

klym-{Zn-bpsS {]tXyI `q{]-Ir-Xn-aqew X¬{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ipd™ hnebv°v `qan hmßn

]pXnb ]pXnb hymh-km-bnI DZym-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xmbn ]c©vss] Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

alm-cmjv{S hyh-kmb hnI-k\ tIm¿∏-td-js‚ sh_vssk‰v hnh-c-ßƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≠v,

hS°≥ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ slIvS-dp-I-tfmfw hnkvXo¿W-Øn¬ hym]n-®p--In-S-°p-∂ hymh-km-

bnI DZym-\-ß-fn¬ 30-tesd {]tXyI kpc£ A¿ln-°p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn taJ-e-Iƒ Ds≠∂v

At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. CØcw hymh-km-bnI DZym-\-ß-fpsS \n¿amW L´-Ønepw \n¿amW

tij-hp-amWv ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v h≥ BLm-X-ßƒ t\cn-tS≠n hcnI; Bhmk hyhÿ F{X-

tØmfw hnkvXrX-amtWm A{X-tØmfw I\-Ø-Xm-bn-cn°pw AXn\v Xmtß-≠n-h-cp∂ ]mcn-

ÿn-XnI BLmXw F∂pw ]c©vss] Iq´n-t®¿°p∂p (t]Pv 18).

Bw_n-hm-en, ehmU ]≤-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ch Db¿Øp∂ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-˛-km-aqly {]iv\-

ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw ]c©vss] ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. CØcw ]≤XnIƒ Db¿Øp∂ Nne \b-]-c-

amb {]iv\-ßƒ At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p (t]Pv 23).

a) s]mXp-P-\ßfn¬ \n∂v an®-`qan hmßm≥ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns\ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p-t≠m? Cu an®-`qan kzImcy e£y-ßƒ°p th≠n hn¬°p-hmt\m ]W-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-

hmt\m km[n-°ptam?

142

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

b) Xt±-i-hm-kn-Isf Iq´-tØmsS ]em-b\w sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ XnI®pw

kzImcy hy‡n-I-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ sNdp-]-´-W-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-hm≥ s]mXp ÿe-

ßƒ kzImcy kwcw-̀ -I¿°v hn¬°p-∂Xv kmaq-lnI \∑ F∂ KW-Øn¬s]-SpØn \ymbo-

I-cn-°m-\m-hptam?

c) \K-c-hn-I-k-\w, ae-tbmc kpJ-hmk tI{μßƒ, dntkm¿Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnI-k-\-

Øn\p th≠n klym-{Zn-bnse I\ym-h-\-ßfpw \Zn-I-fpsS \o¿adn {]tZ-i-ßfpw hn´p-

\¬Im-\m-hptam?

d) CØcw AXn-{Zp-Xhpw ItTm-c-hp-amb hnI-k\ {]{In-b-Iƒ aqe-ap≈ ]mcnÿn-XnI

BLmXw adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ th≠{X hos≠-Sp-°¬ tijn klym-{Zn-ta-J-e-Iƒ°pt≠m?

]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw hn\m-i-Im-cn-Iƒ a\p-jy-cmWv F∂p Xs∂-

b√, a\x-]q¿h-amb Bkq-{X-W-tØmsS {]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p∂ `qan-bnse Htc-sbmcp P¥p-

hn`m-Khpw a\p-jy¿X-s∂-bm-Wv. ]›n-a-L-́ -ß-fpsS khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS X¬ÿnXn

Ah-tem--I\w sNøp-hm\pw Chbv°v BLm-X-ta¬°m-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kulm¿Z-]chpw

kmaq-ln-Imw-Ko-Im-c-hp-ap≈ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°p-hm-\p-amWv ]›n-a-L´

Bhmk-hy-h-ÿm- hn-ZvKv[-]-T-\k-anXn cq]-h¬°-cn-®-Xv. ]›naL-´-ß-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿm-

]-c-amb X¬ÿn-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]m\-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS X¬ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

]›n-a-L-´-ß-fpƒs∏sS C¥y-bn¬ Fßp-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-Isf Xncn-®-dn-

bm≥ B[m-c-am-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv {]Wm_vsk≥ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´m-Wv. “`mc-X-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn

hnteme taJ-e-Isf th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-

ßƒ” F∂-Xns\ B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. tI{μ h\w˛]-cn-ÿnXn

a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ 2000 k]vXw-_-dn¬ BWv {]Wm-_vsk≥ dnt∏m¿´v Xømdm°n ka¿∏n-

°-s∏-´-Xv. {]kvXpX IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ńse {][m\ ip]m¿i-Iƒ Ch-bmWv:

1) C¥y-bnse ùa-˛-ssPh taJ-e-Isf kw_-‘n-°p-∂ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-

°mt\m kw`-cn-°mt\m Bh-iy-amb ka{K ]≤-Xn-Iƒ C√. CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Nn´-bmbn tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-

°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

2) ]cn-ÿnXnimkv{Xw, h\y-Pohnimkv{Xw apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬ sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≈-h¿ Xptemw

]cn-an-X-am-Wv. CØcw imkv{X-im-J-I-fn¬ {]mho-Wy-ap-≈-hsc hm¿-sØ-Sp-°p-hm≥ Kth-

j-W-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ ap≥ssI FSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

3) Kh¨sa‚ v GP≥kn-Iƒ, k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ, K-hä‚ v CXc kwL-S-\-Iƒ, hy‡n-

Iƒ, Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpƒs∏´ Hcp ka{K \nco-£-W- kw-hn-[m-\hpw {]h¿Ø\

irwJ-ebpw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

4) ASn-b-¥n-c-L-´-ß-fn¬ Hcp {]tXyI ZuXy-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ta¬]-d™ Imcy-ßƒ \S-∏n-

em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

{]mY-anI am\-Z-fi-ßƒ

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ASn-ÿm\ am\-Z-fi-ß-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hs∂-¶n-ep-ap≈ ÿe-ßƒ/

{]tZ-i-ßƒ \ncp-]m-[nIw kwc-£n-°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv F∂mWv {]Wm_v sk≥ IΩn‰n ip]m¿i.

kv]ojo-kvX-e-Øn¬

1) Xt±-io-bX (endemism)

2) hnc-fX (rarity)

3) hwi-\miw kw`-hn® h¿K-ßƒ

4) \mS≥ C\ßfpsS bYm¿Y {]`-h-tI-{μ-ßƒ

143

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿm-X-e-Øn¬

5) h\y-Po-hn-˛-C-S-\mgn

6) khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

7) {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ khn-tij C\-ßƒ

8) ss\k¿KnI ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-tijn hfsc Ipd-hp≈ ÿe-ßƒ

9) Imhp-Iƒ

10) koam-h-\-ßƒ

ùa-kz-`mh khntijX-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

11) A[n-hm-k-an-√mØ kap-{Z-Zzo-]p-Iƒ

12) IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncn-hp-Iƒ

13) \Zn-I-fpsS D¬`-h-ÿm\w

ta¬]d™ Hmtcm ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-Øn\pw {]Wm-_vsk≥ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ń¬ (MOEF2000) “\n¿h-N-\-ßfpw” “ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ taJ-e-Ifpw” \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Xt±-io-bX/ÿe-X¬]-cX (Endemism)

\n¿h-N-\w:

FsX-¶n-ep-samcp Pohn hn`mKw Hcp {]tXyI ùa taJ-e-bn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏Sp-Ibpw

temIØv as‰m-cn-SØpw ImW-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-amb Ah-ÿ.

taJe :

ÿe-X¬]-cX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ {]tXyI ssPh-hn-`mKw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e.- -AXns‚ F√m

X\n-a-tbmSpw IqsS kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv. CØcw taJ-e-Isf th¿Xn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-

bpsS ssPh km{μ-X, \nhm-k-tI-{μ-Øns‚ sa®w, Nqj-W-\n-e-hm-cw, ]pXp-Xmbn h∂ptN¿∂

Pohn-h¿K-ßƒ, tcmK-hm-l-I¿, am¬k-cyw, ]cm-Z-ßƒ, aen-\o-I-c-W-Im-cn-Iƒ F∂nh F√mw

IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]›na-L-´-Ønse ÿnXn

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ 1500 kv]ojn-kn-tesd ]pjv]n-X-k-ky-ßfpw Npcp-

ßnb ]£w 500-˛-Hmfw Xt±-iob a’y-ßfpw, D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ, Cg-P-¥p-°ƒ, ]£n-Iƒ, kkvX-

\n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bp-ap-≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-́ -{]-tZ-i-ß-tfm-Sp-am{Xw {]tXyI ÿe-{]-Xn-]Øn

ImWn-°p∂ AI-ti-cn-I-Ifpw ^wK-kp-Ifpw th≠{X Ds≠-¶nepw Ch-sb-∏‰n hfsc sNdnb

tXmXn-ep≈ ]cn-⁄m-\ta D≈p. DZm-lcWØn\v {UmK¨ ^vssf F∂ Hcp C\w {]mWn-

h¿Kw HgnsI ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse H´p-an° Pe-{]m-Wn-I-sf-bpw∏-‰n-bp≈ ]cn-⁄m\w Ct∏mgpw

]cn-an-X-am-Wv. ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ H´p-an° CS-ß-fnepw CØcw Pohn-Isf ImWmw.

Nne-bn\w Im-́ p-tN-\-Iƒ, ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse a\p-jym-[n-hm-k-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ t]mepw ImWmw.

CØ-cØn¬ tZi-X¬]-cX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Ht´sd kky-˛-P¥p h¿K-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂ CS-am-

b-Xn-\m¬ ]›n-a-L´-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ Ah-bpsS X\n-a-tbmsS Xs∂ kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW∂v

\n w-ibw ]dbmw.

{]Wm-_vsk≥ IΩn‰n ip]m¿i-sNbvX {]Im-c-ap≈ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ GtIm-]n-

∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ {ia-ß-sfm∂pw 2000 apX¬ kzoI-cn-®n-ń-√. AXn-\m¬ AØcw ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-

W-°p-Iƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-°pI F∂ {iaw ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn ]m\¬

XpS-ßn-h-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]k‡ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ kan-

Xn°v Ign™p:

1. ÿe-X¬]-cX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kky-ßƒ: AØcw kky-kv]o-jo-kpI-fpsS FÆw

144

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ÿe-X¬]-cX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Iti-cp-In-Iƒ (Vertebrates)

3. ÿe-X¬]-cX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ HtUm-tW‰ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ Pohn-Iƒ.

]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-eX hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠Xp kw_-‘n-®m-sW-

¶n¬ ta¬]-d™ hnh-c-ßƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw A]q¿W-amWv F∂v hnZKv[ kanXn a\- n-em-

°p∂p.

hwi-\mi òj-Wn-bp≈ h¿K-ßƒ (Endangered)

\n¿h-N\w: kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ h\y kv]ojo-kp-I-sf-bmWv CØ-c-Øn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

taJe: hwi-\mi ̀ ojWn t\cn-Sp∂ kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ taJe Atem-kcw krjvSn-°msX kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. CØcw kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ hnhn[ Jfi taJ-e-bn-em-bmWvhkn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬, AØcw Hmtcm Jfihpw {]Y-a-]-cn-K-W\ \¬In Ah-bpsS hwi-km-

{μ-X-bpw, hmk-ssh-hn-[yhpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp∂ H´-\-h[n ssPh hn`m-K-ß-fmWv

Cu taJ-esb Hcp ssPh-ssh-hn[y Ie-hd F∂ A¥m-cmjv{S AwKo-Im-c-Øn-te°pb¿Øn-b-

Xv. hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp∂ Cu ssPh-h¿K-ßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-sbm-∂msI hym]n®p

InS-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Xh-f-bpsS H´\-h[n kv]ojo-kp-Ifpw Db¿∂ ae-{º-tZ-i-ßfn¬

hfcp∂ sNSn-h¿K-ßfpsS kv]ojo-kp-Ifpw. Ch hS-°≥ ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßfnepw Z£nW

]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse tNme-Iƒ°v kao-]-ÿ-amtbm ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fnepw Hs° BWv ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ch hwi-\mi òj-Wn-bn-emWv. AXn-\m¬ CØcw hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂

kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ [mcm-f-am-bp≈ ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ \n w-i-b-ambpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-

X-s∂-bm-Wv.- -Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]k-‡-amb ÿnXn-hn-h-c°W-°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ ]›n-a-

L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn°v Ign™p:

1. sF.-bp.-kn.-F≥ ˛ amIvkv: sF.-bp.-kn-.-F≥ Nph∂ ]ń-I-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂ kkvX\n-

kv]o-jo-kp-I-fpsS FÆw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ßfnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn- hn-tem-eX

Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn-te°v CXv hfsc A]q¿W-amb hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-am-sW∂v ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-

k-hy-hÿ hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

hnc-fX (Rarity)

\n¿h-N\w:

hfsc sNdnb AwK-kw-Jy-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw X¬k-abw hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp-∂n-s√-¶n¬t]mepw Zp¿L-S-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p.

taJe:

hnc-f-amb kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ \nh-kn-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ Ah-bpsS X\n-a-tbmsS Xs∂ kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp {]tXyI hnkvXo¿Ww ÿeØv CØcw kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS FÆw,\nhm-k-ta-J-e-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-cw, Nqj-W-tXm-Xv, ]pXp-Xmbn h∂p-tN¿∂ kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS {]`m-hw, tcmK-Im-cn-Iƒ, CXc kv]ojo-kp-I-fp-am-bp≈ a¬kcw (competitors), ]cm-Z-ßƒ, amen-\y-ßƒ F∂nh IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-thWw CØcw taJ-e-Isf th¿Xn-cn®v

ImWp-∂-Xv.


hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp-∂ kv]ojo-kp-I-fp-ambn hf-sc-tbsd kmay-ap≈ Ah-ÿm-hn-

ti-j-amWv hnc-fX t\cn-Sp∂ kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ°pw D≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬, hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-

145

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Sp∂ GXm\pw kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-

sW∂v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. CXn-te°v ]›n-a-L´ ]T\ kan-Xn°v Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂ {]k‡

hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ Ign-™p.

1. sF.-bp.-kn.-F≥. amIvkv:

sF.-bp.-kn.-F≥. Nph∂ ]´n-I-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ kkvX\n kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS FÆw.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-ißfnse ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-eX Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-te°v CXv

hfsc A]q¿W-amb hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-am-sW∂v ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ hnZKv[ kanXn

hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

\mS≥ C\-ßfpsS bYm¿Y {]`-h-tI-{μ-ßƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

\mS≥ C\ßfpsS (h-f¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fpw, hnf-I-fpw) D¬`--hhpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw kw`-hn-®-Xpw,Ct∏mgpw Ah-bpsS kZriy C\-ß-tftbm k¥n-]-c-º-c-Itfm hln-°p-∂-Xmb ÿeamWvbYm¿Y {]`h-tI-{μ-ßƒ.

taJe:

\mS≥hn-f-bn-\-ßƒ am{X-a√ \n¿h-N-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv; CØcw hnj-b-Øn¬ Ch hfsc \n¿Wm-b-I-am-sW-¶n¬t]mepw \mS≥ P¥p-h¿K-ßfpw Pe-Po-hn-IfpwAh-bpsS h\ym-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v Ct∏m-gp≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ kw`-hn® P\n-XIhyXn-bm-\-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ ]£w, AXv Ch-bpsS h\y-h¿K-ßfn¬\n∂v \mS≥P\p- p-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw C\-ßƒ Xº-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ taJ-e-Isf AXn-\m¬Xs∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-teme taJ-e-I-fmbn IW-°m-°m-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv.


Icp-ap-f-Iv, Gew, {Kmºq, amß, N° F∂n-h-bpsS \mS≥ C\-ßfpsS kp{]-[m\ D¬`-h-

tI-{μ-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-ßƒ. \mS≥ kky-C-\-ßfpsS h\y-C-\ßƒ temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-

X¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv DØ-c-I-∂S Pn√-bn-em-Wv. ]p≥Sn-bkv (puntius) hn`m-K-Øn¬-s]-Sp∂ Ae¶mc

a’y-ß-fpsS {] -̀h-tI-{μ-amWv ]›n-a-L-́ -ßƒ. Ch ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw. AXn-\m¬ apgp-h≥ ]›n-a-L´ taJ-ebpw ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-

bmbn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

h\y-Pohn CS-\mgn

\n¿h-N\w :

a) Ncn-{Xm-XoX ImeØv H∂m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Ct∏mƒ th¿s]´v InS°p-∂-Xp-amb ct≠m AXn-te-sdtbm h\y-Pohn \nhmk tI{μ-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw {]tXyI C\-Øn¬s]´ P¥p-h¿K-ßƒ°v Hcp ‘Nm¬’ Bbn h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-amb \of-Øn-ep≈ `qhn-`m-K-sØ-bmWv h\y-Po-hn-̨ C-S-\mgn F∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. H‰-Xn-cn-™ Xp≠p{]-tZiw hgn ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXn¬ kZr-iy-am-bn-´p≈ kky-Pm-e-ßƒD≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ AØcw Xp≠p-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ Hcp CS-\m-gn-bmbn h¿Øn-°pw.

b) Acp-hn-Iƒ, ]pg-Iƒ, tXmSp-Iƒ, F∂n-hbpw Ah-bpsS Ic-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS kpK-a-amb KXm-KXw km[y-am-°pI hgn kzm`m-hnI CS-\m-gn-I-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

c) ÿnctam Xm¬°m-en-Itam Bb \o¿®m-ep-Ifpw ]pg-Ifpw Nn{X-i-e-`-ßƒ, ]£nIƒ,hΔm-ep-Iƒ, AÆm≥, Ipc-ß-∑m¿ F∂n-hbv°v k©m-c-]m-X-I-fmbn h¿Øn-°m-dp-≠v.

d) XÆo¿X-S-ßƒ, tZim-S-\-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Nne-bn\w \o¿]-£n-I-fpsS k©m-c-]-Y-sa-∂-Xn-t\m sSm∏w Ah-bv°p≈ Blmcw IqSn Icp-Xn-h-bv°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. tZim-S-\-]-£n-I-fpsSk©m-c-]-Y-Øn-ep≈ CØcw XÆo¿X-S-ßƒ kwc-£n-°pI F∂Xv ]£n-kw-c-£-WsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv.

146

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

taJe :

hyXyÿ C\-ßƒ°pw Htc C\-Øn-se-Xs∂ hnhn[ D]-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw hyXyÿCS-\m-gn-I-fmWv ImW-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬Xs∂ CS-\m-gn-Isf th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂Xvhfsc {ia-I-c-am-Wv. tZim-S-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hw, e£yw F∂n-hbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, hyXykvX e£y-ß-fp≈ tZim-S-\ßƒ°v Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ k©m-c-]-Y-ß-fpsS kz`m-hhpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. th≠{X ka-b-sa-SpØv \S-Øp∂ hni-Z-amb \nco-£-W-ßƒ, CØcw CS-\m-gn-I-fpsS `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AXn-cp-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°m≥ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kΩ¿Zw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂ “Nm¿Øn-sIm-Sp-°-s∏Ć\ßƒ°v” (designated) am{X-amWv ta¬]-d™ Imcyßƒ _m[-I-am-hp-∂p≈p F∂Xv{]iv\w IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-am-°p-∂p. apsºt∂m \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ k©m-c-]-Y-ß-fn¬a\p-jys‚ IS-∂p-I-b-‰sØ XpS¿∂v {]kvXpX k©m-c-]-Y-Øm¬ _‘n-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂Bhm-k-ta-J-e-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hnt—-Zn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠mhmw F∂-XmWv Hcp km[y-X.hyXykvX kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS hf¿®, AXn-Po-h\w F∂nh Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v \nhm-k-ta-J-e-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘sØ ]‰n-bp≈ ]q¿W-amb hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈ tZim-S-\-kz-`m-hhpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ k©m-c-]-Y-ßfpw ta¬ kq-Nn-∏n-°-s∏´ Imc-W-ßƒsIm≠v Ch kw_-‘n® ]cn-]q¿W hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-a-√. Bkq-{Xn-X-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ IS-∂p-I-b‰w Ipd-bv°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn kzm`m-hnI CS-\m-gn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw ]p\-cp-±o-]n-∏n-

°p-hm\pw Ah-k-c-ßƒ D≠m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


hnc-f-am-b-tXm, hwi-\miw kw`-hn-®tXm AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ hwi-\m-i-Øns‚ h°n-se-Øn-

btXm Bb “Nm¿Øn-s°m-Sp-°-s∏´” (designated) kv]ojo-kp-I-fm¬ AXn-k-º-∂-amWv ]›n-

a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ. CØcw kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßfpsS XpS¿® {]apJ ]cn-K-W\

A¿ln-°p-∂ H∂m-Wv. h\-ta-J-eIsf Nn∂-̀ n-∂-am-°¬, ip≤-Pe Bhm-k-ta-J-e-I-fpsS XpS¿®

\jvS-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂nh ]cn-K-W-\m¿l-ß-fm-Wv. CØcw Imcy-ßƒ ]cs° \S-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-Iƒ samØ-am-bn-Xs∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-teme taJ-e-I-fmbn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv.

]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ hnZKv[ kanXn Cu hnjbw k_-‘n®v Xmsg ]d-bp-∂

Um‰-t_kv tiJ-cn-®p.

• Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-SmØ h\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnkvXo¿W iX-am\w

• \Zo-tbmc h\-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw kky-Pm-e-ßfpw

• B\-Øm-c-Iƒ

CXpw A]q¿W-amb hnh-c-ß-fm-sW∂v kanXn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

hfsc k¶o¿Whpw sshh[yw \nd-™-Xp-amb Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fmWv khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ. Cu Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnse ssPh, AssPh LS-I-ßƒ XΩn¬ AXn-kq-£va-amb ]c-kv]-cm-{in-XXzw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-epƒ--s∏´ Pohn-Iƒ°vssPthm¬]m-Z\ £a-X, {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ F∂n-hbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. C°m-c-Wßƒaqew X\-Xmb ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw k¶o¿W-amb Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ, {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw CØcwBhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-am-Wv.

taJe:

_‘-s∏´ A[n-hmk taJ-e-bnse AssPh LS-I-ßƒ°p-≠m-hp∂ hyXn-bm-\-ß-tfmSvAtß-b‰w kwth-Z-\Xzw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ. AssPhLS-I-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Aÿn-c-X-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-hm-dp≠v; ]e-t∏mgpw CXvkw -̀hn-°p-∂Xv Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-[n°pw A∏p-d-Øm-bn-cn-°mw. Hcp Bhm-

147

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

k-hy-hÿsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \n¿Wm-b-I-amb AssP-h-L-SIw GXm-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXn\v F{]-Im-c-amWv B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-∂-sX∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂Xv CØcw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS kwc-£-WsØ kw`-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Hcp kzm`m-hnI Bhm-k-hy-hÿ AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn B{i-bn-°p∂ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ, Im‰ns‚ Zni, Bhm-k--hy-h-ÿ-bpsS A[n-hm-k-ta-J-e-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb a‰v AssP-h-L-S-I-ßƒ F∂n-hsb Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂hn[-Øn¬B Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbv°v kao-]-Ømbn \S-Øp∂ GsXmcp {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfbpw \nb-{¥n-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

ip≤Pew \nd™ NXp-∏p-Iƒ (Swamps)

Zp¿_-e-amb \oscm-gp-t°m-Sp-Iq-Snb sNfn-{]-tZ-i-ßfmWv Ch. ip≤-P-e-hm-ln-I-fmb Acp-

hn-Iƒ, ]pg-Iƒ, F∂n-hbv°v ]pdta H‰-s∏´ Ipgn-I-≠-ßfpsS cq]-Ønepw Ch ImW-s∏-Sm-dp-

≠v. Ch-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kky-Pm-e-ßƒ A[n-I- ]¶pw Hu-j-[n-hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s]-´-h-bm-Wv.

tZim-S-\-{]n-b-cmb \o¿t°m-gn-I-fpƒs∏sS AXn-k-º-∂-amb P¥p-ssh-hn-[yhpw CØcw NXp-

∏p-\n-e-ß-fn¬ ImWm-dp-≠v. khn-ti-j-amb kky -̨P-¥p-Pm-e-ßsf hln-°p∂p F∂-Xn\p ]pdta

`qK¿`-P-e-hn-Xm\w ]cn-t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ A[n-I-P-esØ ]pdw-X-≈p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm≠v Pe-]-cn-{IaWw \nb-{¥n-°pI F∂ [¿ahpw Cu NXp-∏p-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.

Nne {][m-\-s∏´ NXp-∏p-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf-∏‰n Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.

i ancn-Ãn° NXp-∏p-h-\-ßƒ

tIc-f-Øn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ am{X-amWv CØcw NXp-∏p-h-\-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 300

ao‰-dn¬ Xmsg Db-c-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Acp-hn-I-fn¬, ssPhm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ \nd™ hf-

aÆv ASn-™mWv Ch cq]w-sIm≈p-∂-Xv. h¿j-Øns‚ c≠mw I\Ø ag e`n-°p-∂-Xp-

aqew an°-hmdpw sh≈-Øn-∂-Snbnemb Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv Ch ImW-s∏-Sm-dp-≈-Xv. CØcw

NXp-∏p-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ancn-Ãn° C\-Øn¬-s∏´ hr£-ß-fmWv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xv.

ii Djva-ta-J-em-]¿hX {]tZ-ißfnse NXp-∏p-h-\-ßƒ

]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS ASn-hm-c-Øn-epsS Hgp-Ip∂ Acp-hn-I-fn-emWv CØcw NXp-∏p-h-\-ßƒ

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Dcp-f≥ I√p-Itfm aWtem Bbn-cn°pw Ch-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-I. DØ¿{]-

tZ-iv, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, B mw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse lnam-e-b≥ ]¿-h-X-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv

CØcw NXp-∏p-h-\-ßƒ k[m-c-W-bmbn ImWp-∂-sX-¶nepw tIc-f-Ønse \oe-Kn-cn-bn-

ep≈ hb-\mSv t^mdÃv Unhn-j\p Iogn¬ hcp∂ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Nne `mK-ß-fnepw

Ch I≠p-h-cp-∂p.


ancn-Ãn° NXp-∏p-Iƒ Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse tNme ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ, hS-°≥ ]›n-a-L-´-

Ønse ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ F∂nh ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ khn-tij Bhmk hyh-

ÿ-I-fm-Wv. Cu Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-sf√mw Xs∂ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Iep-jn-X-am-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p-∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb `q`m-K-ßƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw ]cn-ÿnXn

hnteme taJ-e-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-Wv.

{]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ khn-tij CS-ßƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

hI-Xn-cn®v \n›-bn-°-s∏´ {]tXyI kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepwLS-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿe-ßfm-Wn-h.

taJe: hI-Xn-cn®v \n›-bn-°-s∏´ kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\w, Ip™p-ßfpsS ]cn-]m-e\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m ÿe-ßfpw, ta¬ kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂

Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬h-cp-∂p.

148

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw hwi-\m-i-`o-jWn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xp-amb ip≤-

Pe a’y-ßƒ Ah-bpsS {]Xyp¬]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øp∂ \o°-ßƒ°v h≥tXm-

Xn¬ XS- -ßƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ samØw ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-ebpw

]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-bpsS KW-Øn¬-s]-SpØn ]cn-c-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

Cu hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \Zn-tbmc h\-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw kky-Pm-e-ß-tfbpw kw_-

‘n® hnh-cßƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ hnZKv[ ]T-\-k-an-Xn°v Ign-™n-

´p≠v.

ss\k¿KnI ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-tijn Ipd™ ÿe-ßƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

t\cnb Atem-k-c-ßƒ sIm-≠p-t]mepw A]-cn-lr-X-amb tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v Ffp∏w hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ Bhm-k-hy-h-k-Y-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬--s]-Sp-∂p.

taJe:

CØcw hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS ]cn[n Ah-bpsS kpc-£n-X-\n-e-\n¬]n-∂m-h-iy-amb th≠{Xÿe-hpw, hnI-k-\-km-[y-X-I-fp-a-S-°w, ta¬ Bhmkhyh-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ AssP-

h-L-S-I-ßsf B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.


]p\-cp-÷o-h\ h\-sa-∂Xv hfsc k¶o¿Wamb Bi-b-amWv F∂v hcn-Inepw ]›n-a-L-

´ßfpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CXv F{X-am{Xw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-sW-∂-dn-bm≥ B¿.-sP.-B¿. Um\n-tb¬kv

hfsc {i≤m-]q¿h-amb Hcp {iaw \S-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, alm-cm-jv{S, tKmh,

I¿Wm-SI F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-tijn hfsc Ipd-

™-h-bm-Wv F∂m-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ch {]tXyI kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Imhp-Iƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

aXm-[n-jvTn-X-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°v A[n-jvTn-X-ambn Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn kwc-£n-®p-t]m-cp∂ h-\taJeI-tf-tbm, {]Ir-Xym-bp≈ hr£-k-aq-l-tØtbm BWv “Im-hp-Iƒ” F∂-Xp-sIm≠vhnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

taJe:

]cº-cm-K-X-ambn “Imhp-I-fpsS” `mK-ambn hcp∂ F√m ÿehpw CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬

hcp-∂p.


Imhp-I-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmWv ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßƒ. I¿Wm-S-I-bnse IpSIv {]tZ-iØv

Imhp-Isf kwc-£n-°m≥ \S∂ kwL-SnX {iawt]mse [mcmfw kwcw-`-ßƒ Ct∏m-gp-≠v.

samØw ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse Imhp-Iƒ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p-∂p.

koam-h-\-ßƒ (Frontier forests)

\n¿h-N\w:BZn-a-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ss\k¿KnI h\-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Ah-injvS iI-eßfmWvkoam-h-\-ßƒ. BZn-a-h-\-Øns‚ tijn-∏p-I-fmb Ch-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn Xmc-X-tay\ Atem-k-c-s∏-Sm-ØXpw AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ A∏msS ]cn-]m-en-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-am-b{X hnkvXm-chpw D≈-Xm-Wv. CØcw h\-{]-tZ-i-ßfpsS khn-tij {]Ir-Xn-°n-W-ßp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kv]ojo-kp-Iƒ Ch-tbmSv _‘-s∏´v Pohn-°p-∂p.taJe:

CØcw ss\k¿KnI h\-˛-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿbpw Ahsb kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-h-

iy-amb hnkvXrX ÿehpw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS hf¿®bpw CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂p.

149

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


]›n-a-L-´-ßfpsS ]Sn-™m-dp≈ Ingp°mw Xq°mb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ CØcw h\-{]-tZ-i-

ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xmc-X-tay\ Atem-k-c-hn-ap-‡-amb X\Xp h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnkvXo¿W

iX-am\w kw_-\v[n® Hcp Um‰-t_kv tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿm-hn-ZKv[

]T\ kan-Xn°p Ign-™p-sh-∂Xv Cu L´-Øn¬ {]k-‡-amWv.

IpØ-s\-bp≈ N-cn-hp-Iƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

20 Un{Kntbm AXn-te-sdtbm D≈ ss\k¿KnI Ncn-hp-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬--s]-Sp-\-\p.

taJe:

Hcp `qhn-`m-K-Øns‚ Xnc-›o-\-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂v apI-fn-tet°m Xmtgt°m D≈ Ncn-hn-t\-bmWv B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Ncnhv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv. X¬{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Xnc-›o-\-X-e-hp-am-bp≈ tImWob AI-e-amWv Ncn-hns‚ Af-hv.

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ F©n-\o-b-dnßv taJ-e-bnepw CtaPv t{]mk-knßvv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ \maIcW coXn D]-tbm-Kn®vv Ncn-hp-Isf Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]Imcw hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ncn-h-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ \maI-cWw

Ncnhv iX-am\w hni-Zo-I-cWw

˛ 0 ˛ 3 \nc-∏m-bXv

2o 3 ˛ 8 ]Xn™ Ncnhv

4o 8 ˛ 15 Ncn-hp-≈Xv

8o 15 ˛ 25 sNdp-tXm-Xn¬

14o 25 ˛ 50 IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncnhv

26o 50 ˛ 100 sN¶p-Ømb Ncnhv

45o .> 100 Iogv°mw-Xq°v

hnZKv[ kanXn ip]m¿i-sNbvX 20o”, IpØs\ F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-h-bpsS apIƒ]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp ]¿h-X-Øn\v As√-¶n¬ Hcp Ip∂n≥Ncp-hn\v hyXykvX Ncn-hp-X-e-ßfp≈ hyXykvX Jfi-ßƒ D≠m-Im-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬, ASn-hmcw apX¬ apI-f‰w hsc-bp≈ hyXykvX Ncn-hp-I-fpsS BsI XpI-bmWv FSp-t°-≠-Xv.Xs∂-bp-a√, Ncn-hns‚ tImW-Iew AXv Fhn-sS-\n-∂mtWm Af-°p-∂Xv B _nμp-hn-te-°p≈ Zqc-sØ-°qSn B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, hyXykvX _nμp-°-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Af-hp-Iƒ Htc Ncn-hn-te-°p-Xs∂ FSp-t°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-amWv. CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp _nμp-hn¬\n-∂p≈ Afhv 20o A[n-I-cn-®m¬, B _nμp-hn\v apI-fn-ep≈ ÿesØ IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncnhv F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. kwc-£Ww \¬tI≠ {]tXyI taJeIW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncn-hp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \io-I-c-W-kz-`m-h-ap≈{]IrXn LS-I-ßƒ IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. `qI-º-km-[y-X, Ah-in-jvS-ß-f-S-ßnb aW¬, IpsØm-gp-°ns‚ kΩ¿Zw, ta¬a-Æn-t∑-ep≈ I\w-IqSnb Bh-c-Ww,Ncn-hn\v Iosg-bp≈ hn≈-ep-Iƒ, I\w IqSnb hkvXp-°sf Xmßn-\n¿Øp∂ Zp¿_-e-amb{]Xew F∂nh CØ-c-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp Ncn-hn\v taepw Iogp-ap≈ ]c∂ {]Xew aÆn-Sn-®n¬ aqe-ap≈ hn]-Øn\v G‰hpw km[y-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-am-Wv. Dcp-f≥ I√p-Ifpw, sNfn-\n-d™ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Cu {]tZ-i-Øm-bn-cn°pw ASn-™p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xv. CØcw Ncn-hn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ ]c∂ {]X-e-ßƒ X∑qew kΩ¿Z-ta-J-e-I-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬Hcp Ncn-hns‚ c≠v A‰ßfn¬\n∂v Npcp-ßn-bXv 500 ao‰-dn-\p-≈n-ep≈ AIew kΩ¿Z-taJe-bpsS KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. ]¿h-X-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Hcp Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsSImcy-Øn¬ aÆn-Sn-®n¬/Dcpƒs]m-´¬ km[yX IW-°n-se-SpØv kΩ¿Z-ta-J-e-I-fpsS

hym]vXn A¬]w IqsS Iq´n IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

150

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................


IpØ-s\-bp≈ Ncn-hp-Iƒ [mcm-f-am-bn-´p≈ {]tZ-i-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e. `mKy-h-im¬,

Cu taJ-e-I-fpsS D∂Xn kw_-‘n® anI® Um-‰-t_kv \ap-°p-≈-Xn-\m¬ Ncn-hp-Ifpw D∂-Xn-

Ifpw kw_‘n® Um‰-t_kv tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hkvY hnZKv[ kan-Xn°v

Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.

\Zn-I-fpsS D¬`-h-ÿm\w

\n¿h-N\w:

Hcp lnam-\n (glacier) ]¿h-Xw, Ip∂v, \ocp-d-h-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Fhn-sS-\n-∂mtWm Hcp \o¿t®m-e-bpsS Bcw`w Ipdn-°p-∂-Xv, AXns\ \Zn-I-fpsS D¬`-h-ÿm-\-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.

taJe:

\Zn-I-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb D¬ -̀h-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßp-∂-X√ \Zo-ap-J-ßsf∂ t]cn¬kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xmb {]tZiw (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp \ocp-dh s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-Sp∂ kq£va-amb _nμp). adn-®v, \Zo-t{km-X- p-Isf \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂Pe-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-hbpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb F√m LS-I-ß-sfbpw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ \Zn-Iƒ°v Pe-k-º-∂X \¬Ip∂ lnam-\n-Ifpw a™p-]m-fn-Ifpw am{X-a√ \Zo-am¿K-Øn-ep≈ Nmep-Iƒ, hn≈-ep-Iƒ, Pe-]-cn-t]m-j-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb\ocp-d-h-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw kwc-£Ww A¿ln-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ sNdp Acp-hn-Ifpw

h¿j-°m-eØv am{Xw \nd-s™m-gp-Ip∂ \Zn-Ifpw kam-\-amb ]cn-K-W\ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.


C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]nse kam\X-I-fn-√mØ ss\k¿KnI PetKm]pc-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-]¿ΔX

\nc-Iƒ. Ing-t°m´pw ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw Hgp-Ip∂ At\Iw Acp-hn-Iƒ D¬`-hn-°p-∂Xv ]›n-a-L-

´-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv. AXn-\m¬, C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]nse Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS kpÿn-cX kw_-‘n-

®n-S-tØmfw AXn-\n¿Wm-b-I-amb ̀ ua-̨ -Pe ]cn-t]m-jI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ AS-ßn-b-XmWv ]›na-

L´ taJe F∂Xn\m¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw Cu taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fmbn ]cn-

K-Wn®v kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-bm-Wv.

klm-bI {]am-W-ßƒ

]cn-ÿnXn hntem-e-Xsb kqNn-∏n-°p∂ LS-I-ßfn-te°v {i≤-bq-∂m≥ klm-bn-°p∂

Ggv {]am-W-L-S-Ißƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.

kv]ojokv B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈h

1. A[nIw Adn-b-s∏-SmØ `£ym-h-iy-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p kky-ßƒ

Bhm-k-hy-hÿ B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈h

2. XÆo¿Ø-S-ßƒ

3. ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

`ua-̨ -k-hn-ti-j-X-I-Iƒ B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈Xv

4. D]-cn-hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ßƒ

5. A[nIw IpØs\b√mØ Ncn-hp-Iƒ

6. A[n-hrjvSn taJ-e-Iƒ

7. Bhm-k-an-√mØ a‰p Zzo]p-Iƒ

151

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A[nIw Adn-b-s∏-SmØ `£y-k-ky-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-ßƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

D∂X `£y-aq-eyhpw Im¿jn-I-aq-eyhpw D≈, F∂m¬ A[nIw Adn-b-s∏-SmØ kky-ß-fpsS D¬`-h-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-tXm, AYhm Ah-bpsS h\y-P-\p- n¬--s∏´ ap≥Km-an-IƒImW-s∏-Sp-∂tXm Bb {]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wn-h.

taJe:

ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Xcw kky-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ F√m taJ-ebpw CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬-s]-

Sp-∂p.


Ce-s®-Sn-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-h¿Kßƒ, ^e-h¿K kky-s®-Sn-Iƒ F∂o hn`m-K-Øn¬--s]-Sp-∂

]pdw temI-Øn\v ]cn-an-X-⁄m\w am{X-ap≈ \m\m-PmXn `£y-k-ky-ß-fm¬ kº-∂-amWv

]›n-a-L-´-ßƒ. CØcw kky-ßtfm AYhm Ah-bpsS h\y-P\p n¬s∏´ ap≥Km-an-Itfm

[mcm-f-ambn ImWp∂ CS-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-I-

fpsS KW-Øn¬s]Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

XÆo¿X-S-ßƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

sh≈-Øn¬ apßn-°n-S-°p-∂tXm AYhm Pew \nd-™tXm Bb {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv XÆo¿X-S-ßƒ. Ch kzm`m-hn-I-ambn D≠m-b-XmImw As√-¶n¬ a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-am-hmw. Ch ÿnc-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw Xm¬°m-enI kz`m-h-ap-≈-hbpw D≠v. XÆo¿X-S-ßfnse Pew sI´n-°n-S-°p-∂tXm Hgp-°p-≈tXm BImw. ip≤P-ew, Hmcp-P-ew, IS-tem-c-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ D∏p-sh≈wF∂n-ßs\ XÆo¿X-S-ßfnse Pe-Øn\v hnhn[ kz`mhw ImW-s∏-Spw. Ch-bnse PehnXm-\-Øns‚ Bgw then-bn-d° ka-b-ß-fn¬ Bdv ao‰-dn¬ Ihn-bm-dn-√.

taJe:

XÆo¿X-S-ßfpsS kzm`m-hnI hnkvXrXn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ apgp-h≥ taJ-ebpw CXns‚ ]cn-[n-

bn¬ hcp-∂p.


{]Ir-Xym-b-≈Xpw a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-hp-amb H´-a-h[n XÆo¿X-Sßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-

ep-≠v. Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ, tZim-S-\-kz-`m-hn-I-fmb \o¿]-£n-Iƒ, F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bmWv ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse XÆo¿X-S-ßƒ. Ch Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ H´msI

hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p. \o¿Ø-S-ß-fpsS Ie-hd F∂ \ne-bn¬ samØw ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ

]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fmbn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

{Kman-t\m-bn-Up-Iƒ, t^m¿_p-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]p¬s®Sn h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ kky-ßƒImW-s∏-Sp-∂, Ic-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fmWv ]p¬--ta-Sp-Iƒ.

taJe:

I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, h\y-ar-K-ßƒ, ]£n-h¿K-ßƒ F∂nh D]-Po-hn-°p-∂, sNdptXm H‰-s∏-´tXmAh-injvS cq]-Øn-ep-≈tXm Bb GsXmcp ]p¬ta-Sp-w Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p.DjvW-taJem ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ, antXm-jvaWta-Jem ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Chsb hn`-Pn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. antXmjvW taJem hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-bn¬ Xs∂ ss\k¿KnI ]p¬ta-Sp-I-

152

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sf∂pw A¿[-ss\-k¿KnI ]p¬ta-Sp-I-sf∂pw c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. A¿[-ss\-k¿Kn-I- hn-`mKw ho≠pw ssht°m-en-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h, tabm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbnXncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \n¿P-e-˛A¿[ \n¿Pe {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn sNdnb kzm`m-hnI]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ ImWm-dp-≠v. CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]p¬{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬]ns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ {][m\ LSIw Imem-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. anX-amb tXmXn¬ I∂p-Imen tab-en¬ \n∂pwCh-bpsS \ne-\n¬]n\v kΩ¿Zw D≠m-hm-dp-≠v. s]mXpsh ]d-™m¬, `qcn-`mKw ]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw (\n¿P-etam A¿[-\n¿P-e-tam, Pe-km-∂n[yw D≈tXm Db¿∂ taJ-e-I-fnep≈tXmantXmjvv-W-ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈tXm GXpw) Hcp-t]mse ISpØ \io-I-cW òjWn t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hfsc sNdnb H‰-s∏´ Jfi-ßtfm AYhm kzm`m-hnI]p¬ta-Sp-ItfmAh-injvS iI-e-ßtfm BWv C°m-eØv ImWm-\m-hp-∂-Xv. Cu hn`m-K-ßƒt]mepw I\ØI∂p-Imen ta®n-ens‚ ê-ambn KWy-amb am‰-ßƒ°v ASn-s∏-´p-sIm≠v Ccn-°-bm-Wv.


kzm`m-hn-Itam AYhm a\p-jy-\n¿an-Xtam Bb Ht´sd ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ ]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-

ßfn-ep-≠v. Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS Ie-hd F∂ \ne-bnepw kky-`p-°p-I-fmb arK-ßfpsS Poh-

t\m-]m[n F∂ \ne-bnepw Chbv°v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ]›n-a-L´ taJe samØw Ch

hym]n®p-In-S-°p-∂p. hnkvXr-X-amb ]p¬ta-Sp-Isf Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ apgp-h≥ ]›na-

L´ taJ-e-Ifpw ]cn-kvXnXn hnteme {]tZ-i-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

D]-cn- hrjvSn{]tZ-i-ßƒ (Upper catchment)

\n¿h-N\w:

Pew tiJ-cn®v ]pd-¥-≈m-\p-ff kw`-cWn cq]-Øn-ep≈ `q{]-tZi-amWv hrjvSn-{]-tZiw.km[m-c-W-bmbn ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ Db¿∂ `mKtØm AYhm \Zn-bpsS D¬`-h-Øn-t\m-S-SpØ`mKtØm ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu {]tZiw Hcp DØa ag-sh≈ kw`-c-Wn-bmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.ChnsS tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Pew H∂p-In¬ X¬{]-tZ-isØ aÆn¬ Du¿∂n-d-ßp-∂p; As√-¶n¬ \Zn-bn-eqsS Xmtg°v HgpIn FØp-∂p.

taJe:

\Zn-bpsS ta¬ {]tZ-i-ßfn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ D]-cn-hrjvSn {]tZiw hyXykvX \Zn-I-fn¬hyXykvX {]Ir-X-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-Wv. \Zn-bpsS D¬`-h-ÿm-\w, kw`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚Ncn-hv, \Zn-bpsS ssIh-gn-Iƒ, {]Xn-h¿jw \Zn-bn-eqsS Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip∂ sh≈w, ùa-kz-`m-hw,aÆns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, h\-hym]vXn F∂n-hsb B{i-bn-®mWv D]-cn-hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

sshhn[yw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.


ap≥ kqNn-∏n-®-t]mse ]›n-a-L-´ßƒ C¥y D]-Zzo-]ns‚ Hcp {][m\ Pe-k-ºpjvS

tKm]pcamWv. Ing-t°m´pw ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p-sam-gp-Ip-∂ [mcmfw \Zn-Ifpw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. C¥y

D]-Zzo-]nse \Zn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬]ns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXn-{]-[m-\-ßfmb D]-cn-hr-jvSn-

{]-tZ-i-ßƒ F∂ hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂-h-bm-I-bm¬ samØw ]›n-a-L-́ - ta-J-e-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw

]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-bn¬s∏-´-h-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

A[nIw IpØ-s\-b-√mØ Ncn-hp-Iƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

10O tb°mƒ IpSp-X-ep-≈Xpw F∂m-¬ 20O tb°mƒ Ipd-hp-≈-Xp-amb Ncn-hp-{]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wn-h.

taJe:

Xnc-›o\ Xe-Øn¬\n∂v 10O apI-fn-embn 20O ¬ Ihn-bmØ Ncn-thm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]tZ-i-ßƒDƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv Cu taJ-e. Ncn-hn\v apI-fnepw Xmsg-bp-ap≈ Xnc-›o\ {]X-e-ßƒaÆnSn-®n¬, Dcpƒs∏m-´¬ F∂n-h-aq-e-ap≈ `q{]-IrXn hnt£m-`-ßƒ°v km[y-X-tb-dp-∂-Xn-

153

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\m¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ kΩ¿Z km[y-Xm-ta-J-e-Iƒ Is≠Øn km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Ncn-hns‚ c≠v A{K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw 200 ao‰¿ hsc-bp≈ Zqcw kΩ¿Z km[y-Xm-ta-J-e-bmbn ip]m¿i- sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

]¿ΔX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Bhmk hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ aÆn-Sn-®n-en\v km[y-Xbp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kΩ¿Z km[y-Xm-ta-J-e-Iƒ A¬]w IqSn hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.sNcn-hns‚ sN¶p-Ømb kz`m-hw, aÆns‚ LS-\, sh≈w IpØn-sbm-en-°p-∂-Xns‚ i‡n,ta¬a-Æns‚ I\w, Ncn-hnse hn≈-ep-Iƒ, `mcw IqSnb hkvXp-°sf Xmßn-\n¿Øp∂

Zp¿_e {]Xew F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


sN¶p-ØmbtXm A{X IpØ-s\-b-√m-ØtXm Bb Ncn-hp-Iƒ [mcmfw ImW-s∏-Sp∂

taJ-e-bmWv ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e. ÿe-Øns‚ D∂Xn kw_-‘n® \s√mcp Um‰m-t_kv ssIh-

i-ap≠v. am{X-a-√, Ncn-hp-Ifpw ÿe-Øns‚ D∂-Xnbpw kw_-‘n® hnh-cßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥

]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnZ-Kv[-]-T-\-k-an-Xn°v Ign-™n-´p-ap-≠v.

AXn-hrjvSn taJ-e-Iƒ

\n¿h-N\w:

{]Xn-h¿jw 200 sk‚n ao‰-dn-tesd ag e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wn-h.

taJe:

C¥y≥ Imem-hÿm hIp-∏ns‚-tbm, hnZqc kwth-Z\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sStbm \nco-£-W-{]-Imcw km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ e`n-t°≠ ag-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßsf CuKW-Øn¬ s]Sp-Ømw. F∂m¬, bmZr-›n-I-ambn Nne L´-ß-fn¬ am{Xw I\Ø ag e`n-°p∂ ÿe-ßsf Cu KW-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.


C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]ns‚ ss\k¿KnI Pe-k-º∂ taJ-e-bmb ]›n-a-L-´-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-h¿jw

200 sk.-ao. tesd ag e`n-°p-∂p. I\Ø ag e`n-°p∂ ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse an° -ta-J-e-Ifpw

AXn-\m¬Xs∂ ]cnÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fm°n IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn-°-en-\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hyXykvX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-e-X-bpsS Bt]-£nI

\ne-hmcw hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ {ia-ß-fn-te¿s∏-´n--cn-°p-I-bmWv ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿm

-hnZKv[]T-\-k-anXn.

ta¬ {ia-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-sbm-∂msI ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme -{]-

tZ -i-ß-fm -bn -Øs∂ IW-°m-°-W-sa∂ \nK-a -\-Øn-emWv ]›n-a -L´ Bhm-k-hy -

hÿmhnZKv[]T\ kanXn FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. F∂m¬, {]W-_vsk≥ \n¿tZ-in-®-Xp-t]m-se, ]cn-

ÿnXn hntem-eX kw_-‘n® Um‰m-t_kv kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂-Xn\pth≠n Hcp tZiob

anj≥t]mepw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\m-hmsX kan-Xn°v 2010¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-

`n-t°-≠n-h∂p F∂Xv tJZ-I-c-amWvv. AXn-\p-]-cn, ]cn-ÿnXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-

\-co-Xn-Iƒ kw_-‘n® \n¿tZ-i-ßsfm∂pw Xs∂ {]W-_vsk≥ IΩn‰n apt∂m´v h®n-cp-∂n-√.

samØw ]›n-a-L-́ -ta-J-e-Iƒ°v H∂msI Hcp-t]mse A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp GIo-IrX hyhÿ

F∂Xv A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn- hn-tem-eX kw_-‘n® hnhn[ Xe-ßƒ hnhn[

taJ-e-Iƒ°v Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°pI F∂ Hcp _lp-Xe kao-]\w ssIs°m-≈p-hm≥

kanXn Xocp-am-\n-®p.

CXn-te-°m-bn, samØw ]›n-a-L´ taJ-esb kanXn 5 an\n´v X 5 an\n´v NXp-cß-fmbn

hn`-Pn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse ]cnÿnXn hntem-e-X-bpsS Bt]-£nI

\ne-hmcw kw_-‘n®v X¬k-abw Ffp∏w e`y-am-Ip∂ hnh-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itb kzm`m-hn-

I-ambpw ]T-\-k-an-Xn°v km[y-am-hp-I. Ch C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.

154

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ÿe-{]-Xn-]-Øn-bp≈ kky-ßƒ: CØcw kky-C-\-ßfpsS FÆw

2. sF.-bp.-kn.-F≥ amIvkv: sF.-bp.-kn.-F≥. Nph∂ ]ń-I-bn¬s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ kkvX-

\n-I-fpsS FÆw.

3. ]Icw as‰m-∂n-√mØh (i-X-am-\-°-W-°n¬): tNme-h-\-ßƒt]m-se-bp≈ AXp-ey-amb

\nXy-l-cnX Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS hnkvXo¿W iX-am-\w.

4. I\ym-h-\-ß-fpsS hnkvXo¿W iX-am\w

5. h\-hym]vXn iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬: h\-hn-kvXo¿W iX-am-\w.

6. D∂Xn

7. Ncnhv

8. \Zn-tbm-c-h-\-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ/ kky-Pm-e-ßƒ

F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ e`y-amb Cu ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ h\-ta-J-e-bnse ssPh-ssh-hn-

[ysØ am{Xw Du∂n-bp-≈-Xm-sW-∂pw, Bhm-k-ta-J-e-I-fpsS XpS¿® XpS-ßnb {]iv\-ßsf

Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an-√. F∂m¬ X¬k-abw e`n-°p∂ ÿnXn-hn-

hc-°-W-°p-I-fn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-°m≥ am{Xta kan-Xn°v Ct∏mƒ \n¿hm-l-ap-≈p. ]›n-

aL´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dnń C°m-cy-Øn¬ th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]n∂oSv kzoI-cn°pw F∂v

kanXn {]Xym-in-°p-∂p.

ag e`y-X, ag-°m-e-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]›n-a-L-́ -Øns‚

hS-°v-˛-sX°v taJ-e-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ h≥ A¥-c-ap-≠v. AXp-t]mse D∂-Xn, ùa-kz-`mhw F∂n-h-

bpsS Imcy-Ønepw hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-≠v. AXn-\m¬Xs∂ ]cn-ÿnXn sshin-jvSy-Øns‚ Imcy-

Øn-em-bmepw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-tem-e-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn-em-bmepw kwÿm-\m--¥c hyXn-bm\w {]Xo-

£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AtX ka-bw-Xs∂ ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn-sem-∂msI Xs∂ Bhm-k-ta-Jem

kwc-£W {ia-ßƒ Hcpt]mse HsØm-cp-a-tbmsS \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Htc

kwÿm\-sØ-Xs∂ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-eX kw_-‘n® Bt]-£n-I-X-

e-ßƒ shtΔ-sd-Xs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-XmWv A`n-Im-ayw.

]cn-K-W\m ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ h-kvXp-X-I-fpsS tIh-e-aq-ey-a-√, adn®v Bt]-£nI aqey-

amWv ta¬ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ta¬

kqNn-∏n® am\-Z-fi-ßƒ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn\pw shtΔsd {Iam-\p-k-c-W-s∏-Sp-Øn. DZm-l-c-

W-am-bn, Hcp kwÿm-\Øv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ D∂-Xn°v ]c-am-h[n kvtIm¿

10 BWv F∂n-cn-°-s´, AtX kwÿm-\-Ønse a‰v NXz-c-ß-fnepw (grids) ap≥]-d™ ]cn-K-

W\m hkvXp-X-I-fpsS \ne-hmcw 1 apX¬ 10 hsc-bp≈ dm¶p-Iƒ sImSpØv \n›-bn-°p-∂p.

AXn-\p-tijw Hcp NXz-c-Øn¬ (grids) e`y-am-bn-´p≈ ]cn-K-W\m hkvXp-X-Iƒ°v e`n®

kvtImdns‚ icm-icn \n¿W-bn-°p-∂p. Cßns\ sNøp-tºmƒ, Hcp {]tXyI NXz-c-Øn\v 10

t\mS-SpØ Db¿∂ kvtIm¿ e`n®p F∂n-cn-°-s´ B kwÿm-\sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

ap≥ kqNn-∏n® F´v ]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS km∂n[yw hfsc Db¿∂ tXmXn¬

ImW-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v thWw Icp-tX-≠-Xv. ]cn-K-W\m hkvXp-X-I-fpsS aqeyw NXz-c-ßƒ tXmdpw

Db¿∂ hyXn-bm\w ImWn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp

hn`mKw NXz-c-ß-fpsS BsI icm-icn aqeyw Xmgv∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ BZyw ]d™ DZm-

l-c-W-Øn¬ NXz-c-ß-fn¬ ]cn-KW\m hkvXp-X-I-fpsS aqey-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXn-bm\w sNdp-

Xm-b-Xn¬ (F√mw Db¿∂ kvtIm¿ ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬) kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw NXz-c-ß-fpsS BsI

aqeyw Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. KpP-dmØv kwÿm-\-Ønse ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬

C°mcyw H∂p-IqsS hy‡-am-°mw. Xmc-X-tay\ hnkvXrX taJ-e-bm-bn-´p-t]mepw ]cn-K-W\m

hkvXp-X-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kam-\-amb aqeyw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. X¬ -̂e-ambn kwÿm-\-Øns‚

kvtIm¿ \ne-hmcw 5˛7 ]cn-[nbn¬ \n¬°p∂p. F∂m¬, a‰v Nne kwÿm-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-

S-tØm-fw, kvtIm¿ \ne-hmcw 3˛5 F∂ Xmgv∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv.

Nne {][m-\-s∏´ ]£n-k-t¶-X-ßfpw CØ-c-Øn¬ Xmgv∂ kvtIm¿ {]Z¿in-∏-°p-∂-

Xmbn ImWp-∂p. hc≠ Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-Isf At]-£n®v ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse \nXy-l-cnX

155

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

h\-ßƒ Xmgv∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ ]-£n-ssh-hn[yw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn Um\n-tb¬--kv-˛-Km-UvKn¬

(1992) F∂n-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-´n-bXv Cu L´-Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-Wv.

Hcp {]tXyI NXz-c-Øns‚ kwc-£W Bh-iy-IX B NXz-c-Øn\v e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂

kvtImdns‚ am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n›-bn-°-cp-Xv. adn-®v, {]kvXpX {]tZ-i-Øp≈ a‰p NXz-

c-ßfpsS IqSn kvtIm¿ \n¿W-bn-®-Xn\p tijw am{X-am-bn-cn-°Ww X¬{]-tZ-i-Øns‚kwc-

£nX aqeyw \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv. CXn-\Iw Xs∂ kpc-£nX taJem irwJ-e-I-fn¬ (Protectedareas) Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ {]tZ-i-ßƒ D≠v ̨ h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-ßƒ, \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ F∂nh

CØcw hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw taJ-e-Isf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ NXz-c-ßƒ°pw kzm`m-hn-I-

ambpw Hcp kvtIm¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-at√m? CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L´ Bhmk hyhÿm

hnZKv[ ]T-\-k-anXn kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≠p ˛ kwc-£nX taJem irwJ-

e-bnse (Protected areas) Hcp NXz-c-Øn\v (grid) e`n-°p∂ G‰hpw Xmgv∂ kvtImsd-¶nepw e`n-

°p∂ NXz-c-ß-tfmSp (grids) IqSnb {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v am{Xta ESZ 1 (]m-cn-ÿn-XnI hnteme

taJe 1) F∂ Db¿∂ ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-eXm ]Zhn \¬Ip-I-bp-≈p.

Nn{Xw 2: KpP-dm-Ønse ]›n-a-L´ taJe

156

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 3: alm-cmjv{S-bnse ]›n-a-L-´ -ta-Je

Z£nW alm-cmjv{S- ]cn-ÿnXnteme {KnUv

DØc alm-cmjv{S

157

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 4: tKmh-bnse ]›n-a-L´ taJe

tKmh- ˛ Hcp an\n‰v x Hcp an\n‰v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme {KnUv

158

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 5: I¿Wm-S-I-bnse ]›n-a-L´ taJe

I¿Æm-SI ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme {KnUv

159

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 6: tIc-f-Ønse ]›n-a-L-´-ta-Je

tIcfw ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme {KnUv

160

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 7: tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-´p-ap≈ ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-Iƒ

tIcf ˛ Xan-gv\mSv taJe

161

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L-´-ß-fnse BhmktaJ-esb

Imem-hÿmhyXn-bm\w `mhn-bn¬ F{]-Imcw _m[n°mw?

am\p-jnI hym]m-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI {]`m-h-Øns‚ ]cn-W-X-^-e-

amWv Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw ssPh sshhn-[y-Øn≥ta¬ AtX¬]n-°p∂ BLm-X-ßfpw

F∂v temI-sam-´msI N¿®-sNø-s∏-´p-I-gn-™p. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-k-º-∂-amb ]›n-a-L´ taJ-

e-Ifpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ BLm-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v hnap-‡-am-hm≥ CSn-bn-√. AXn-

\m¬, ]›n-a-L-´-ß-fnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ßfp-tSbpw Bhmk taJ-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]cn-ÿnXn

hntem-eX kw_-‘n® hnj-b-ß-fn¬ C°mcyw IqsS ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ BLm-X-ß-fpsS tamU-enßv

C¥ybnse h\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w krjvSn-t®-°m-hp∂ BLm-X-ßsf

]‰n Nne tamU-enwKv ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p≠v (c-ho-{μ-\mYpw a‰p-≈hcpw, 2006; NXp¿th-Znbpw

a‰p-≈-hcpw, 2011). ]›n-a-L-´-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠p≈ Hcp

]T-\hpw hfsc apºv \S-∂n-´p-≠v. 1997¬ \oe-Kncn ssPh-ta-J-e, DØc I∂S h\-hn-`-h-

ßfpsS \o°w F∂n-h-bn-t∑¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øm¬ D≠m-Im-hp∂ BLm-X-ß-sf-

∏‰n cho-{μ-\mYpw a‰p-≈-hcpw \SØnb ]T-\-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ A¥-cn-£ Djvam-

hn-\-\p-k-cn®v ]¿Δ-X-ta-J-e-bn-ep≈ ]p¬°m-Sp-I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ Ipdhp hcp-∂-Xmbpw Ce-

s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I-fn-te°v apƒ°m-Sp-Iƒ AXn-{I-an®v hf-cm-\p≈ Hcp {]h-WX ImWn-°p-∂-

Xmbpw ImW-s∏-´p. Fw-]n-cn-°¬ Ãm‰n-Ãn-°¬ tamU-emWv CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® ]T-t\m-]m-[n.

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ G‰hpw ASpØ Ime-Ømbn \S-Ø-s∏´ ]T\w (N-Xp¿th-Zn, 2011) C‚-

t{K-‰Uv _tbm-kv^n-b¿ knap-te-‰¿, V.2 ssU\m-anIv knap-te-j≥ tamU¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈-Xm-

bn-cp-∂p. DjvW-ta-Jem \nXy-l-cnX h\-ßƒ, Djvv-W-ta-Lem Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-Iƒ, kmh-

∂-Iƒ, ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv Imem-hÿmhyXn-bm-\sØ AXn-Po-hn®v

\ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-sb∂v tamU¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. ]¿Δ-X-ta-J-e-bnse h\-ßƒ, ]p¬ta-Sp-

Iƒ, A¿[-\n-Xy-l-cnX h\-ßƒ, apƒ°m-Sp-Iƒ, Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-Iƒ F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ IqSp-

X¬ AXn-Po-h-\-km-[yX ImWn-®Xv ap≥]-d™ hn`m-K-am-Wv. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-I-fnse Imem-

hÿm hyXn-bm\w kw_-‘-amb ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv doPn-b-W¬ ss¢a‰v

tamU¬, lm¿Uven sk‚¿ (Had RM 3) U.K. BWv. A¥-cn-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-

Uns‚ Afhv 2085¬ 750 ]n.-]n.-F. FØpw F∂v KWn-®mWv Hcp ]T\w (A2 kn\m-cn-tbm). as‰m-

∂n¬, (B2 kn\m-cn-tbm) A¥-cn-£-Ønse CO2 seh¬ 575 ]n.-]n.-Fw. F∂pw ]cn-K-Wn-®p. 2071

apX¬ 2100 hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hnte°mWv tamU¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-®-Xv. ]T\w \S-∂Xv 1985 a[y-

hpw.

BsI ]cn-K-Wn® 51 NXz-c-ß-fn¬ (grids) 26 FÆw (51%) A2 kn\m-cn-tbm-hnepw 16 FÆw

B2 kn\m-cn-tbm-hnepw hcp-∂-Xmbn knap-te-j≥ \S-Øn-b-t∏m¬ ImW-s∏-´p.

Ct∏m-gp≈ kky-Pm-e-L-S\ A2 kn\m-cntbm {]Imcw F{X-Imew hyXn-bm-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-

sa∂v Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

162

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 8 ˛ IqSp-X-ep≈ kky-Pm-e-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse h\-ßfppw Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw ˛

hnt[-bXz km[yXm tXmXv

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-tØmSv Hcp {]tXyI h\-ta-Je F{]-Imcw {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂p F∂-

Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp hnt[-bXz km[yXmkqNIw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-́ p-≠v. CXn≥ {]Imcw

a) Imem-hÿm]c-amb hyXn-bm\ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ {]kvXpX h\-ta-J-e-bnse kky-Pm-e-

ßƒ hyXn-bm-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂pt≠m?

b) h\-ta-J-e-bnse {][m\ hr£-k-aqlw Hscm‰ C\-Øn¬s∏´XmtWm AYhm kΩn{i

KW-Øn¬ s]´-htbm?

c) B h\taJe \n_n-U-h-\-am-tWm, A√tbm? AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Hcp Jfi-h-\-amtWm F∂o

Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ta¬ kqN-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂ {]Xn-I-c-WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n B h\-ta-Je hym]n®p

InS-°p∂ NXz-c-ßƒ°v 1 apX¬ 7 hsc-bp≈ kvtIm¿ \¬Ip-∂p. ‘1’ kqN-I-ambn e`n-°p-∂h

G‰hpw Ipd™ hnt[-bXz km[yX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw (Nn-{X-Øn¬ IdpØ \n-d-Øn¬ ImWn-

®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv 7 kqN-I-ambn e`n-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw IqSnb hnt[-b-Xz-km-[yX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw

BWv

apJy kkym-h-c-W-ßƒ

163

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bpsS hS°pw a[y-̀ m-KØpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-ißfmWv Imem-hÿm

hyXn-bm-\-tØmSv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hnt[-bXz km[yX ImWn-°p-∂-sX∂v ta¬ \nco-£Ww

hy‡-am-°p∂p F∂v hcn-In-epw, Cu kqN-\-Isf Pm{K-X--tbmsS hni-I-e\w sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

h\-{]-IrXn Nne-t∏m-sgms° ip`m-h-ÿ-bn-te°pw NphSv amdm-dp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Pe-{]-

Xn-]Øn Ipd-™ kky-h¿K-ßƒ Hcp h\w Nne-t∏mƒ Cu¿∏m-[n-Iy-ap≈ kky-C-\-ß-fn-te°v

NphSv amdn-tb-°mw. kq£va {]Xn-I-cW kz`m-h-ap≈ ]¿Δ-X-ta-Jem Bhmk hyh-ÿ-I-sf

hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p-≈{X kmt¶-XnI kq£vaX Iºyq-́ ¿ knap-te-j≥ tamU-ep-Iƒ°v C√mØ

Ah-ÿ-I-fnepw C{]-Imcw kw`-hn-°mw.

]¿ΔXtaJ-e-Ifnse tNme-°m-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw

]p¬ta-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw hnteme kz`mhw

]›n-a-L-´-ß-fn¬ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-tfbpw DjvW-ta-Jem h\-ß-tfbpw A\p-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

IBIS tamU-ep-Iƒ°v [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≠v. AtXm-sSm-∏w, \oe-Kn-cn-bnepw AXn\p sX°p≈

]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ßfnepw {]map-Jy-ap≈ ]¿Δ-X-ta-Jem Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-

bm\pw CØcw tamU-ep-I-fn¬ kwhn-[m-\-an-√. AXn-\m¬ ]¿Δ-X-ta-J-e-bnse tNme-h-\ßƒ

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ß-tfbpw B\-a-e, \oe-Kn-cn, ]f\n ae-I-fnepw Ahbv°v sX°pw

hS-°p-ap≈ ]¿ΔX \nc-I-fnepw kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v 1800 ao‰-dn-tesd Db-c-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂

]p¬ta-Sp-I-tfbpw hntem-e-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

(kp-Ip-am¿ apX-em-b-h¿, 1985).

]ucm-WnI ImesØ kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ Imem-hÿm am-‰-ßƒ°v A\p-kr-X-ambn tNme-°m-

Sp-Iƒ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ, F∂n-h-bpsS hym]-\-Øn¬ kt¶mN hnIm-k-ßƒ kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠∂v

Imem-h-ÿm-]-c-amb t^mkn¬ ]T-\-ßƒ sXfnhv \¬Ip-∂p. CØcw ]¿h-X-ta-Jem Bhmk

hyh-ÿ-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw `mhn-bnse Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂

BLm-X-ßƒ F{X -Im-e-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v {]h-Nn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. \oe-Kn-cn, ]f\n XpS-ßnb

]¿ΔX {]tZ-i-ßfnse ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fn¬ sshtZ-inI C\-ß-fmb Bkvt{S-en-b≥ hm‰n¬kv (A-

Nn{Xw 9 -˛ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-tØm-Sp≈ hnt[-bXz km[yX

Imem-hÿm hnt[-bXzw

164

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t°jy kv]ojo-kv) bq°m-en-]v‰kv (bq-°m-en-∏v‰kv kv]ojo-kv) F∂o C\ßƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-®n-

´p-≠v. CØcw kky-ßƒ {]Imi kwt«-j-W-Ønse C3 ]mØv sh F∂ kwhn-[m-\-ap-]-tbm-

Kn®v A¥-cn£w Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv h≥tXm-Xn¬ BKn-cWw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ ê-

ambn Db¿∂ hf¿®m-\n-c°v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p. A¥-cn£ Dujvam-hn-t\mSv lnXw ]pe¿Øp∂

At°jy kky-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Db-cp-∂ Dujvam-hv, tNme-°m-Sp-Isf AXn-{I-an®v

At°-jym-h-\-ßƒ hym]-I-am-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Xs∂-bp-a-√, s]mXpsh aqS¬a™v

Ipd™v hcp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ X-Wp∏v IqSnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hf-cp∂ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fn-te°pw

Ch hym]n-°p-∂p. C{]-Imcw kzm`m-hnI h\-ta-J-e-Ifpw ]p¬{]-tZ-i-ßfpw sshtZ-inI kkym-

[n-]-Xy-Øn≥ Iogn-e-a-cp-∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb kqN-\-I-fp-≠p-Xm-\pw. kvtIm®v {_qw (Cystisus sco-

parius) t]mep≈ hntZi C\w kky-ßfpw ASpØ Ime-Ømbn \oe-Kncn Ip∂p-I-fn¬ hym]-

I-am-Ip-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. kzm`m-hnI ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ°v kw -̀hn-°p∂ hyXn-bm\w XZvÿe

{]Xn-]-Øn-bp≈ hc-bm-Sv, \oe-Kncn ]∏n‰v XpS-ßnb P¥p-h¿K-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏n-\mWv ̀ ojWn

Db¿Øp-I.

ASpØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L-´sØ _m[n-°p∂ Nne {][m\ taJ-e-Isf Ah-tem-

I\w sNøp-I-bpw. hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf∂ t]cn¬ X¬{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ ]cn-

ÿnXn lXy-Isf \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-hm-\p≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°p-I-bp-

amWv ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnZKv[ kan-Xn.

2. taJ-em-X-e-Øn-ep≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ

]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-tem-e-X, hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ aqew D≠m-Im-

hp∂ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI BLm-X-ßƒ F∂n-hbv°v A\p-kr-X-amb Hcp _lp-Xe kao-]-\-am-Wv,

Cu {]tZ-isØ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø\ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-hy-hÿm

hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn ssIs°m-≠n-´p-≈-Xv.

kan-Xn-bpsS ip]m¿i-{]-Imcw ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ßsf ]e taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-eX G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ taJ-e-Iƒ (ESZ 1), Db¿∂ ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-

e-X-bp≈ taJ-e-Iƒ (ESZ 2), anX ]cn-ÿnXn hntem-e-Xm-ta-J-e-Iƒ (ESZ 3). {Kma-ß-fpsS IqsS

]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp≈ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww Cu {]tZ-iß-fn¬ \S-tØ-

≠-sX∂v kanXn ip]m¿i-sN-øp-∂p. F∂p hcn-In-epw, Hcp XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ dnt∏m¿Sns‚

H∂mw `mK-Ønse 6˛m-asØ ]ń-I-bn¬ hn]p-e-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnhn[

taJ-e-Iƒ°p-th≠n Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ Cu \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ km[m-cW ]uc-∑m¿, kmaq-ly-kw-L-

S-\-Iƒ, AXm-Xp-ta-J-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[≥am¿, HutZym-Kn-I-hr-μ-ßƒ F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ hn]p-e-

amb N¿®-Iƒ°p-tijw Xøm-dm-°n-b-h-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂p hcp∂ D]-hn-`m-K-Øn¬, ]›n-a-L-´-

Ønse kp{]-[m-\-ta-J-e-Ifpw Ah kw_-‘n® ]cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-b-ßƒ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®p-sIm≠v

Ah-bv°p≈ \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw ASßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]›n-a-L´ Bhm-k-taJem AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS

]¶pw ChnsS N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

2.1 Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw

]›n-a-L-́ -ta-J-e-bnse Pe-]-cn-]m-e-\-{]-h¿Ø-\ßƒ X¬{]-tZi-ß-fnse \Zn-I-fpsS Hgp°v

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, hrjvSn {]tZ-ißsf anI® coXn-bn¬ kwc-£n-°pI F∂n-h-bp-ambn At`-Zy-

amw-hÆw _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]nse ]e {][m\ \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw D¬`-h-ÿm\w ]›n-a-L-´-amWv. Imth-cn,

IrjvW, tKmZm-hcn F∂o \Zn-Iƒ sU°m≥ ]oT-`p-an-bn-eqsS Ing-t°m-s´m-gp-Ip-∂p. icm-h-Xn,

t\{Xm-h-Xn, s]cn-bm¿, `mc-X-∏p-g XpS-ßnb Ime-h¿jm-{in-X-amb 100- Hmfw \Zn-Iƒ ]›n-a-L-

´-Øn¬ \n∂p¬`-hn®v IpØ-s\-bp-≈Xpw Xcw-Kn-X-hp-amb `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eqsS HgpIn Ad-_n-°-

S-en¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. Hcp GI-tZi IW-°p-{]-Im-cw, ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse A©v kwÿm-\-

165

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ß-fn-embn \nh-kn-°p∂ Dt±iw 245 Zi-e-£-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hyXykvX Pe-hn-\n-

tbm-K-ßƒ°p-th≠n Cu \Zn-Isf t\cn-́ m-{i-bn-°p-∂p. ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bn, ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬\n-

∂p¬`-hn-°p∂ \Zn-IfpsS samØw hrjvSn-{]-tZiw C¥y-bpsS H´msIbp≈ hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS 40

iX-am-\-tØm-f-am-Wv. ]Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip∂ sNdp-\-Zn-I-fpsS XS-{]-tZiw ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚

IpØ-s\-bp≈ ]Sn-™m-d≥ Ncn-hp-I-fn-em-bn-́ mWv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv, \Zo-X-SßfpsS 1/3 ̀ mKhpw

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]›n-a-L´w hn´pIgn-™m¬ ]ns∂ Xmgvhc-I-fn-eq-

sSbpw CS-\m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Irjn-`q-an-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Hgp-In-bm-Wnh kap-{Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu \Zn-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cp∂ F°epw Nfnbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Xoc-˛-tZ-i-˛-Hm-cp-Pe

a’y-_-‘\w \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv.

“kap{Zw ]¿h-X-Øn¬ \n∂m-cw-̀ n-°p-∂p, Xoc-tZ-i-Øns‚ ̂ e-̀ q-bn-jvTX \Zn-I-fnse kº-

Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v” F∂n-Xym-Zn-bp≈ hmbvsam-gn-Iƒ Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fnse a’y-_-‘\w \SØn Pohn-

°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ D≈Xv Cu L´-Øn¬ kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.

Xpd∂ InW-dp-I-fpw, Pe-[m-c-I-fp-amWv Pe-tk-N-\w, IpSn-sh≈w XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-

th≠n ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰v Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ. Nne-bn-S-ß-

en¬ ag-sh-≈-sImbvØpw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. knKq¿ ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw ZfnXv hn`m-K-

ßƒ°pw th≠n-bp≈ [mcmfw IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ tambm¿ \Znsb B{i-bn®v {]h¿Ø-\-

am-cw-`n-®n-´p-≠v. `qK¿`-P-e-hn-Xm\w XmWXpw hyXy-kvX-amb Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \ne-hn¬h-

∂Xpw aqew ASpØ Ime-Ømbn Ipg¬In-W-dp-Ifpw hym]-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-

®n-S-tØmfw `qK¿`-P-e-Øns‚ Afhv a‰v kwÿm-\-ßsf At]-£n®v Ipd-hm-Wv. Bgw Ipd™

InW-dp-I-fmWv ip≤-P-em-h-iy-Øn\p th≠n kwÿm-\Øv IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ign™

GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn `qK¿`-P-e-hn-Xm\w `bm-\-I-amw-hn[w Xmgv∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. \ocp-

d-h-I-fpsS timj-W-sØ-bmWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

]›n-a-L-́ -kw-ÿm-\ßfn¬ IpSn-sh-≈w, Du¿tPm¬]m-Z-\w, Pe-tk-N\w, hyh-kmbw XpS-

ßn-b-h-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Pe Bh-iy-IX Db¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂ \K-c-ßƒ°pw hyh-km-b-ßƒ°pw th≠n Pe-tk-N-\m-h-iy-ßƒ°p≈ Umap-I-fn¬\n∂v

IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ sh≈w Xncn-®p-hn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. incp-hm-Wn, I_-\n, ]o®n, ae-ºpg

F∂o- A-W-s°-́ p-Ifense Pe-tk-N-\m-h-iy-Øn-\p≈ Pew bYm-{Iaw tImb-º-Øq¿, _mwKvfq¿-

-̨ssa-kq¿, Xr∏q¿, ]me-°mSv Pn√-I-fnse IpSn-sh-≈m-h-iy-Øn-\pw Pe-tk-N-\m-h-iy-Øn\pw Xncn-

®p-hn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. apws_ \K-c-Øn-t‚bpw AXns‚ {]m¥-{]-tZ-i-ßfp-tSbpw \mƒ°p-

\mƒ h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw aqew alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\Øv ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬

]pXnb AW-s°-́ p-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ NneXv \n¿amW-Øns‚

hnhn[ L´-ßfn-ep-am-Wv. ]n™mƒ, jm-bn, Km¿Kn, Imep, sshXWn F∂o AW-s°-´p-Iƒ

ASpØ ImeØv \n¿an-°-s∏-´-hbm-Wv.

\o¿®m-ep-Iƒ°v IpdpsI XS-bW ]WnXv IpSn-sh-≈m-h-iy-ßƒ°pw Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\pw

th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Xnhv Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn \Zn-bpsS Db¿∂ hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-ß-tfm-S-

SpØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ tXbn-e, Im∏n-tXm-´-ßfn¬ ]Xn-hm-Wv. CXp-aqew \oscm-gp°v AXns‚

XpS-°-Øn¬Xs∂ XS- -s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-hp-∂p. hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-ta-J-e-bnse Bkq-{X-W-cm-ln-Xyhpw

XXz-Zo-£-bn-√m-bva-bp-amWv h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Pe-Nq-j-W-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ as‰mcp LS-Iw.

{_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS Imew-sXmt´ Imthcn \Zn-bpsS ssIh-cn-Iƒ°p IpdptI ]Wn-Xn-cn-°p∂ Pe-

kw-`-c-Wn-I-tf-bmWv Du´n-bnse hnt\m-Z-k-©mc taJe B{i-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

IrjvW, Imthcn F∂o \Zn-I-fnse D]-cn-P-e-hpw, `qK¿`-P-ehpw Hcp-t]mse Du‰n-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. I\Ø Pe-Nq-jWw aqew kap{Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc \oscm-gp°v \ne-\n¿Øm≥

Cu \Zn-Iƒ Gsd t¢in-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. \Zo-XS timjWw aqew sU¬‰m

{]tZ-i-ß-fnse a’y-_-‘-\w, Irjn, D]-Po-h-\w, Bhmk taJe F∂n-h-sb√mw Xs∂ {]Xn-

Iqe {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. 2001-̨ 2004 se hcƒ®m-h¿j-ß-fn¬ IrjvWm

\Zn-bnse {]hmlw GXm≠v \ne® a´m-bn. ]Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip∂ \Zn-bpsS Imcy-Øn-em-

hs´ Xmsg-°p≈ Hgp°v Zp¿_-e-am-b-Xp-aqew CS-\m-Sp-Iƒt]mepw Hmcp-sh-≈-°-b-‰-Øns‚ ̀ oj-

Wn-bn-em-Wv. I-SpØ th\¬ amk-ß-fn¬ Hmcp-sh-≈-°-b‰w aqew IpSn-sh-≈-Øn¬ D∏p-I-b-dp-

166

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

∂Xpw Irjn-\m-ihpw tIc-f-Øn¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. tKmh-bn¬ I\Ø J\-\-Øns‚

ê-ambn D]-cn-P-e-hn-Xm-\hpw `qK¿`-P-e-hn-Xm-\hpw Hcp-t]mse {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°-s∏-

´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmtgm-´p≈ {]hmlw Zp¿_-e-am-Ip-I-aqew \Zn-bpsS Iogv {]tZ-ißfn¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿°v Bh-iy-Øn\v Pew e`n-°p-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√ Pe-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw

tami-ambns°m≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. J\n-bn¬\n∂pw ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ \Zn-I-tfbpw

Acp-hn-I-tfbpw aen-\o-I-cn-°p-∂p. J\-\hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v Hcp DØa DZm-

l-c-W-amWv Ip{Zn-apJv J\-\-{]-iv\w.

]›n-a-L´ ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ°v a\p-jy C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS Hcp \o≠ Ncn-{X-ap-≠v. CØcw

CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS ê-ambn t\cn´pw A√m-sX-bp≈ {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse

Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ G‰p-hm-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]›n-a-L-́ -ß-fnse Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fn-t∑epw Ah-bpsS ]cn-]m-e\w kw_-‘n®pw D≠mb

Nne CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw {]Jym]\-ßfpw \o≠p-\n¬°p-∂ {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒXs∂ D≠m-°n-bn-

´p≠v. AXn¬ NneXv Npcp-°-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.

DXvI-WvTm-P-\-I-amb {]iv\-ßƒ\Zn-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse h\-\-io-I-cWw

h\-\-io-I-c-W-Øns‚ \o≠ Ncn-{X-ap≠v ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-Iƒ°v. XSn-hy-h-km-bw, \Zo-

XS-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, tXm´-ßƒ F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n \Zn-I-fpsS Db¿∂ hrjvSn{]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep≈ h\-

ßƒ hym]-I-ambn \in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. \Zn-Iƒ°v Pehpw Ddhpw \¬Ip∂ sNdp \o¿®m-

ep-Iƒ X≥aqew timjn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm \ne-bv°p-Itbm sNøm-\n-S-bm-hp-∂p. h\-\-io-I-c-W-Øns‚

ê-ambn Ime-h¿jw Ign-™m-ep-Ss\ sNdp \o¿®m-ep-Iƒ DW-ßn-h-c-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw X≥aqew

hym]-I-amb DW-°p-≠m-Ip-hm\pw D≈ {]h-WX ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn hfsc {]I-S-am-Wv. \Zn-I-

fnse {]hm-l-Øns‚ i‡n AXn-bmbn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\pw hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse h\-\-io-I-cWw

Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

]›n-a-L´ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse \Zo-]-cn-]m-e\w

]›n-a-L-´-ß-fnse H´p-an° \Zn-Ifpw H∂p-In¬ AW-sIń sh≈w XS-™p-\n¿-Ø-s∏-´-h-

tbm, As√-¶n¬ Ah-bnse Pew a‰m-h-iy-ßƒ°p-th≠n Xncn-®p-hn-S-s∏-ń-´p-≈-htbm BWv.

Nne \Zn-I-fpsS Db¿∂ {]tZ-iØv sshZyp-X-D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\v th≠nbpw Xmgv∂ {]tZiØv

Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\v th≠nbpw AW-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v, Imth-cn-bpsS Ing-t°m-

s´m-gp-Ip∂ ssIh-gn-I-fmb `hm-\n, I_-\n, tambm¿ F∂n-hbpw IrjvW \Zn-bpsS ssIh-gn-I-

fmb _oa, XpwK, `{Z F∂n-hbpw AW-s°-t´m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-Wv. ]Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip∂ \Zn-

I-fmb icm-h-Xn, s]cn-bm¿ F∂o \Zn-I-fn¬ H∂n-tesd ÿe-ß-fn¬ AW-sI-ń-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tIc-fhpw Xan-gv\mSpw I£n-I-fmb ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿, ]d-ºn-°pfw AW-s°-´p-I-fnse Pew

]q¿W-ambpw Xncn-®p-hn-ń-cn-°-bm-Wv. F√m {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ß-sfbpw ewLn-®p-sIm≠v ]Sn-

™mtdms´m-gp-Ip-∂ \Zn-Isf Ing-t°m´v Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

AW-s°-´p-Iƒ \Zo-Pe {]hm-lsØ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p F∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√. Xmtg°v Hgp-

Ip∂ sh≈-Øns‚ Af-hv, {]hm-l-th-Kw, \n›nX ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip∂ sh≈-

Øns‚ Af-hv, Pe-hn-Xm-\-\n-b-{¥-Ww, \Zn-{]-hm-l-Øn\v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn D≠m-Ip-∂ Db¿®-˛-

Xm-gvN-Iƒ F∂n-hsb I\Ø coXn-bn¬ am‰n-a-dn-°m≥ AW-s°-´p-Iƒ°v Ign-bpw. ]Sn-™m-

tdm´v Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-I-fn¬ AW-s°-´p-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-´p-≈-h-bn¬, AW-s°-´p-Iƒ°v Xmsg-bmbn

{]hm-l-th-K-X-bn¬ I\Ø hyXn-bm\w Zn\w-{]Xn kw`-hn-°m-dp-≠v. AW-s°-´p-I-fn¬ kar-≤-

ambn Pe-ap-≈-t∏mgpw (peak period) Pe-hn-Xm\w hfsc Xmgv∂n-cn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn-ep-amWv

CØcw hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ D≠m-Im-dp-≈-Xv. IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-I-fpw, sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Pe-tk-

N-\-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw am{X-a√ Pe-Ønse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbpw \Zn-tbm-S-\p-_‘n® a‰v taJ-e-Ifpw

CXns‚ BLm-X-ta‰phmßm-dp-≠v. AW-s°-ńs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw X≥aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]Xym-

Lm-X-ßfpw, {]tXy-In®v \Zn-bpsS Iogv{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬, _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ

hfsc Ipd-hmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ X≥aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ eLq-I-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-

Sn-Ifpw th≠-{X-bn-√.

167

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hyXykvX \Zn-Iƒ IqńtbmPn-∏n®v \Znsb Xncn-®p-hn-Sp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ AW-s°-ń\v

Xmsg \Zn-bpsS kzm`m-hnI Hgp°v A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-∂p. ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ AW-s° v́ CXn\v \s√mcp

DZm-l-cW-am-Wv. ]Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip∂ s]cn-bm-dns‚ ssIh-gn-bmb ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ Ing-°p-`m-

K-Øp≈ sshK \Zn-bn-te°v ]q¿W-ambpw Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-I-bm-Wn-hnsS sNøp-∂-Xv. CSp°n AW-

s°-ń-em-Is´ ag-°m-eØv e`n-°p-∂ A[n-I-Pew Hgp-°n-hn-Sm-\p≈ kv]n¬th t]mepw C√.

alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\sØ sImbv\ Pe-ssh-ZypX]≤Xn I, II, III F∂n-h-bnse Pew Du¿tPm¬]m-

Z-\-tijw ]Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp∂ sshinjvSn \Zn-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂Xv Nnπ≥ {]tZ-iØv

I\Ø sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. \Zo-Pew Xncn®v hnSp-∂-Xn\v Iosg hcp∂ \Zo-

`mKw hos≠-Sp-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w h‰n-h-c-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. CXv \Zo-Pe Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-tbbpw

\Zn-bpsS D]-cn-Xe {]hm-l-tØbpw am{X-a√ `qK¿`-Pew In\n-™n-d-ßp-∂-Xn-s\-t]mepw {]Xn-

Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.

AW-s°´v \n¿amW-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \S-Øp∂ `qan-I-tø-‰hpw h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw aqew

XmgvhmcØv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂ Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fn¬ Ime-am-hp-∂-Xn\p apsº h≥tXm-Xn¬ F°¬

ASn-™p-Iq-Sm-\n-S-bm-hp-∂p. CSp°n AW-s°´v CXn\v \√ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AW-s°´v \n¿am-

W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ `qan Itø-‰-amWv CSp°n Umans‚ hrjvSn-{]-tZ-iØv \S-

∂n-´p-≈-Xv.

\Zn-bpsS Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-tØ-°p≈ Pe Bh-iy-I-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn-®-√, adn®v Du¿tPm¬]m-

Z\w kw_-‘n® Bh-iy-ßƒ°v th≠n-bmWv Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ {]h¿Ø-\-k-÷-am-hp-

∂-Xv. X≥aqew {]Xn-Zn\w \Zo-{]-hm-l-Øn-ep-≠m-hp∂ hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ AW-s°-ń\v ta¬`m-K-

Øp≈ \Zo-{]-tZ-ihpw Xmsg-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-hp-∂p. AXp-

t]m-se, \Zo-Pew Xncn-®p-hn-Sp∂ kμ¿`-ßfn¬ Pew kzoI-cn-°p∂ \Zo-{]-tZ-iØv Znh-tk\

sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn\pw Xncn®phnS-s∏´ \Zn-bpsS XS-ß-fn¬ hcƒ®bv°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CXv

]n∂oSv \Zo-P-e-]-cn-]m-e\w kw_-‘n® Ah-Im-i-X¿°-ß-fn-te°v \ofp-∂p.

Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶n-epw AW-s°-´p-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ Pe-kw-_-‘-amb {]iv\-

ßfpw Ch-bp-≠m-°p∂ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI BLm-X-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb IrXy-

amb hnh-c-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw e`y-a-√ F∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw.

sX‰mb `qhn-\n-tbmK coXn

[mXp Abn-cp-Iƒ°pw {Kmss\-‰n\pw sh´p-I-√n\pw th≠n-bp≈ J\\w s]m°w Ipd™

{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw a≤y-`m-K-`q-an-bnepw Pe-Øns‚ e`y-X-tbbpw doNm¿Pn-t\bpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn

_m[n-°p∂p. tKmh-bn¬ am{Xw k¿°m¿ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v 300 J\\ ssek≥kv \¬In-bn-´p-

≈-Xn-\m¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-te-sdbpw Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ°-Sp-ØmWv. tKmh Akw-ªn-bn¬ tai-∏p-d-

Øp-h® tcJ-{]-Imcw 182 J\\ ssek≥kp-I-fn-te-sdbpw "skeuenw AW-s° v́' F∂ h≥InS

Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn°v Hcp Intem-ao-‰-dn-\p-≈n-emWv. tKmh-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw

hcp∂ Z£n-W-tKm-h-bnse 6 e£w P\-ßƒ°v IpSn-sh≈w \¬Ip-∂Xv Cu AW-s°-ń¬

\n∂mWv. Z£nW I¿Æm-S-I-Ønepw DØc tIc-f-Ønepw "kpcwKw' F∂ t]-cn¬ I√p-a-e-I-

fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m\w Cu ae-ap-I-fnse J\\w aqew \in-

®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ]e \Zn-I-fpsS Cu I√p-a-e-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv D¤-hn-°p-

∂Xv. ]›n-a-L-́ -\-Zn-I-fmb N{μ-Kncn, hf-]-́ Ww, t\{Xm-hXn F∂nh Cu I√p-a-e-I-fn¬ doNm¿Pv

sNøp∂ Pe-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-bmWv.

Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

hnf-I-fpsS LS\ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ°v ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse Pe-hn-̀ -h-am-t\-Pvsa‚n¬

Hcp ]¶v hln-°m-\p≠v. ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fnse d∫¿, t\{¥-hmg Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ GI-h¿§ Irjnbpw

ISpØ \new Dgp-Ip-Ibpw asÆm-en-∏n\pw {]tXy-In®pw hfsc hne-s∏´ ta¬aÆv \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xn\pw CS-bm°pw. sh≈w IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ Acn-®n-d-ßp-∂-Xn\pw CXv XS- -amWv. tXbne,

Im∏n, Gew tXm´-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ h\-\-io-I-cWw ae-I-fnse Acp-hn-Iƒ h‰n-t∏m-Im≥

Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p≠v.

168

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Xmgv-hm-c-ß-fnse NXp-∏p-Iƒ \nI-Øp-∂Xv

Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ASn-hm-c-Øp≈ NXp-∏p-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ \nI-Øp-∂-Xp-aqew Db¿∂

hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pe-£maw D≠m-Ip-∂p≠v. ]e \Zn-Ifpw CØcw sNfn-Ip-≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂m-

cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \Zn-bpsS Hgp-°p-Iq-´m≥ Ch Pew \¬Ip-∂p≠v. \oe-Kn-cn-bn¬ ^e-`q-bn-jvT-

amb Pe-k-º-∂-amb NXp-∏p-Iƒ IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Irjn°pw, {Ko≥lukv ^map-

Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m\pw `h-\-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw a‰p-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

aW¬J-\\w

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse an° \Zn-Ifpw A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb aW¬ J\-\-Øns‚ Xn‡-^-e-ßƒ

t\cn-Sp-∂-h-bmWv. Pe-\n-c∏v Xmgp-∂Xpw Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta∑ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amWv s]s´-

∂p≈ BLm-X-ßƒ. Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ \Zn-bpsS ASn-Ø´v kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ Xmsg Bb-Xn-\m¬

D∏p-sh≈w Ib-dp∂ {]iv\-ap≠v. \Zn-°-c-bn-ep≈ ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬t]mepw IpSn-sh-≈-£maw

cq£-amWv. CØcw ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ IpSn-sh≈ hnX-c-W-Øn-\mbn πm≥^≠v sNe-h-gn-t°≠n

hcp∂p. a’y-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰v Pe-Po-hn-h¿§-ß-fp-sSbpw {]P-\-\-sØbpw hf¿®-sbbpw aW¬J-

\\w kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p≠v.

ÿnXn -sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsa‚ v hntI-{μo-I-cn°pIbpw \Zo-XS Bkq-{XWw \S-

∏m-°p-Ibpw sNtø≠ kabw AXn-{I-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

sX‰mb `qhn-\n-tbm-K-co-Xnbpw am\h CS-s]-Sepw aqe-ap-≠m-bn-´p≈ BLm-X-ßƒ hfsc

hy‡-amWv. hcƒ®-°m-eØv \Zn-I-fnse Hgp°v Ipd-bp-∂Xpw, Hgp-°nse G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Ifpw

Pe-\n-c∏v Xmgp-∂Xpw, Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta∑ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sa√mw Pe-hn-`-h-B-kq-{X-W-

Ønepw amt\-Pvsa‚n-ep-sa√mw ]≤Xn A[n-jvTn-Xhpw Xm¬°m-en-I-hp-amb Hcp kao-]\w kzoI-

cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]Xy£ BLm-X-ß-fmWv. PesØ ssPh-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn

]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]I-S-am-sbmcp hyXn-bm\w \Zo-XS Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ hcp-tØ≠

ka-b-am-WnXv.

C°m-cy-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ Nne {][m\ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ NphsS hnh-cn-°p∂p.

1. Xt±i kzbw-`-c-W-ÿm-]\ Xe-Øn¬ ASpØ 20 h¿j-tØ-s°-¶n-ep-ap≈ hntI-{μo-IrX

Pe-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww. Pe-kw-c-£Ww, h\-h-ev°-cWw, hrjvSn-

{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS ssPh-]p-\-cp-≤m-cWw, ag-sh≈ kw`-cWw, {]f-b-P-e- \n¿§a\w, Pe- B-

Un-‰nßv, ]p\-cp-]-tbmKw XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°-√m-ap≈ πm\p-Iƒ Pe-hn-̀ h amt\-Pvsa‚ v πm\n¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw. \Zn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ B{in-XXzw Ipd®v doNm¿÷v sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-

XmWv e£yw.

2. Pe-kw-`-cWn {]h¿Ø\w ]p\-{I-ao-I-cn-°pI : AW-s°-´p-I-fp≈ \Zn-I-fnse Pe-kw-`-

c-Wn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w ]p\-{I-ao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰v \Zn-I-fnse Hgp°v \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXv Hgp-°ns‚ i‡n sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI. ^e-{]-Z-amb Hcp s]mXp-P\ A]-{K-Y\ kwhn-

[m-\-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-tØm-Sp-IqSn am{Xta \S-∏m-°m-\mhq.

3. ]c-º-cm-KX Pe-kw`-cWw : "kpcwKw', InW-dp-Iƒ doNm¿Pv sNøpI, XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-

KX Pe-kw`-cW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°pI.

4. Xmgv-hmc NXp-∏p-Iƒ kwc-£n-°pI : \Zn-I-fpsS D¤h ÿm\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-ap-I-

fnse Xmgv-hmc NXp-∏p-Iƒ kwc-£n-°pI. Ah C\nbpw \nI-Øp-Itbm dnb¬ FtÃ‰v,

Irjn hnI-k\w F∂n-hbv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-tbm-sN-øp-∂Xv \nb-{¥n-°pI. kmaq-ly-kw-

c-£-W-Øn-\p≈ "Ie-hd"Ifmbn Ahsb {]Jym-]n-°pI.

5. aW¬ BUn‰nßv : aW¬ BUn-‰n-ßn\v ]¶m-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿbpw I¿i-\-\n-b-{¥-W-ßfpw

G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

169

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. aW¬ "Ah[n' {]Jym-]n-°pI : aW¬ J\-\-ap≈ \Zn-I-fn¬ aW¬ BUn-‰n-s‚bpw

hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ aW¬ "Ah[n' {]Jym-]n-°pI.

7. J\\ taJ-e-bpsS ]p\-c-[n-hmkw : J\\w aqew \in® Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-

∏n-°pI F∂ {]tXyI e£y-tØmsS J\\w \S-Ønb Iº-\n-Iƒ/GP≥kn-Iƒ Xs∂

J\-\-ta-J-e-bpsS ]p\-c-[n-hmkw \S-∏m-°Ww.

8 h\-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ ssPh-]p-\-cp-≤m-cWw : tXm´w DS-a-Iƒ, Xt±i `c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ,

h\w hIp∏v F∂nh HØp tN¿∂v tXbne,Im∏n Fkvt‰-‰p-I-fnse h\w hn`-P-\-Ønse

ssPh-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw ae-ap-I-fnse Acp-hn-I-fp-sSbpw ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw km[y-am-°pI.

9. hrjvSn {]tZi ]cn--c-£W πm\p-Iƒ : Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw h≥InS Pe-tk-

N-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Bbp v h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn Ah-bpsS hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ßƒ°v ]cn-

c£W πm\p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°pI.

10. \Zo-Xoc amt\-Pvsa‚ v: \Zn-I-fnse Hgp°pw Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑bpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn

kaq-l-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \Zo-Xoc amt\-Pvsa‚ v \S-∏m-°pI.

11. Pe-kw-c-£W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ : A\p-tbm-Py-amb kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy {]tbm-Kn®pw s]mXp-P\

Ah-t_m-[-]-cn-]m-Sn-I¬ \S-∏m-°nbpw Pe-kw-c-£W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.

12. bph-P\ ]¶m-fnØw : Ipń-I-sfbpw bph-P-\-ß-sfbpw \Zn-I-fp-ambpw Pe-t{km-X- p-I-

fp-ambpw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnZym-`ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬IpI.

\n¿±njvS AtXm-dn-ń-°p≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ

taev]-d™ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n¿±njvS ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ n°v i‡-amb ip]m¿i-

Ifpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw \¬Im≥ Ignbpw. AXn-te°v AtXm-dn-ń-°p≈ Nne {][m\ ip]m¿i-Iƒ

NphsS.

1. \Zn-I-fpsS hrjvSn {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-°pI.

2. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp-∂Xpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb ]e ]≤-Xn-Ifpw

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kpw h\w ¢nb-d≥kpw ewLn-®p-sImt≠m Hcp ¢nb-d≥kpw C√m-sXtbm

BWv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Iep,jmbv AW-s°-´p-Iƒ DZm-l-cWw. hnZKv[ kan-Xn-bpsS

AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ AtXm-dnń ho≠pw ]cn-tim-[n-°Ww. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb

kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw ]cn-ÿnXn kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-sSbpw \Zo-X-S-Øns‚ kz`m-h-Øn-

s‚bpw F√mw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Cu ]cn-tim-[\.

3. AtXm-dnń \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc Pe t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ I\Ø BLmXw krjvSn-°m≥

km[y-X-bp≈ Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ AW-s°-´p-Iƒ°pw J\n-Iƒ°pw samd-t´m-dnbw

{]Jym-]n-°Ww. AtXm-dnń Cu ]≤-Xn-Iƒ kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ \SØn Ah thWtam

th≠tbm F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v hym]-I-amb _lp-P-\-Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ IqSn

\S-ØWw.

4. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \Zo-X-S-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ KXn-am‰w taen¬ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.

5. Hmtcm kwÿm-\Øpw \Zo-X-S-ß-fpsS kmw]nƒ FSpØv NphsS ]d-bp-∂h kwÿm\

k¿°m-cp-I-tfmSv ip]m¿i sNøpI.

\Zn kwc-£-W-Øn\v kmaq-ly-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ, Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, k¿°m¿ CXc

ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bvs°m∏w kaq-l-ß-sf-°qSn ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]cn-ÿnXn hn\n-

tbmK A]-{K-Y\w \S-ØpI.

\Zn ssPh-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bnepw {]f-b-Ønepw a’y-B-hmk LS-\-bnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw

AW-s°-ńs‚ Xmtgm-´p≈ Hgp-°nse BLmXw A]-{K-Yn-°pI.

D∏p-sh≈w Ib-dp-∂Xv tcJ-s∏-SpØn `mhn-bn¬ Hgp°v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

170

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

AW-s°-´p-I-fp≈ \Zn-I-fn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ P\-ß-fpsS Pe Bh-iy-ßƒ IqSn \nd-th-‰m≥

Ignbpw hn[w dnk¿thm-b¿ Hm∏-td-j≥ amt\-Pvsa‚ v sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI. _‘-s∏´ Xt±-i-

`cWÿm-]-\-ß-tfbpw a‰pw Dƒs∏-SpØn dnk¿tΔm-b¿ Hm∏-td-j≥ \nco-£n-°m≥ kwhn-

[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

\Zn-I-fnse Pe-kw-_-‘-amb tU‰m-t_-kp-Iƒ ]pXp-°p-Ibpw ]cn-ÿnXn Um‰m-t_kpw

\Zo-X-S-X-e-Ønse Adn-hp-Ifpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°pI.

Cu kwtbm-PnX tU‰m-t_-kns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \Zn-I-fn¬ Db¿∂ kwc-£-W aqey-

ap≈ `mK-ßsf ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-sa∂v {]Jym-]n®v XpS¿hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Ahsb

]q¿Æ-ambn Hgn-hm-°pI.

6 ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn hntI-{μo-IrX \Zo-XS Bkq-{XWw \S-Øm≥ kwÿm\

k¿°m-cp-I-tfmSv ip]m¿i sNøpI.

7 \Zn-Isf kz¥w \ne-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Isf GtIm-]n-∏n-

°m≥ \nb-a-]-c-ambn A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn thWw \Zo-XS

Bkq-{XWw \n¿Δ-ln-t°-≠Xv. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ ̀ c-W-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\Zo-XS kwL-S-\-Isf CXn-\mbn G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

8 AW-s°-´p-Iƒ, J\n-Iƒ,Sqdnkw, `h-\-\n¿ΩmWw XpSßn Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fn¬ BLm-

X-ta¬∏n-°p∂ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse F√m ]pXnb ]≤-Xn-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n® Bh¿Ø\

BLmX A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øp-Ibpw Ch-sb√mw Xmßm-\p≈ tijn-bn¬ Ihn-bp-∂n-s√∂v

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

9 aW¬ J\\w \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v i‡hpw I¿i-\-hp-amb \nbaw Bhn-jv°-cn-°Ww.

10 tijn ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Ign-™-htbm {]Xo-£n-X-ti-jn-tbmfw FØm≥

Ign-bm-Ø-hbpw AwKo-Ir-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ F°epw Nfnbpw ASn-™n-´p-≈-h-bp-

amb AW-s°-´p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ ip]m¿i sNøWw.

t_mIvkv 2 : Imep AW-s°´v

Imep AW-s°´v ssk‰v ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\sØ Xms\ Pn√-

bn¬ ap¿_mZv Xmeq-°nse Kncn-h¿§ D]-]-≤Xn taJ-e-bn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-Je {]tZ-i-ØmWv. Cu AW-s°-ńs‚ kw`-c-W-tijn 407.99 MCMsh≈-amWv. CXv aqew sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-hp∂ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 2100 slIvS-

dmWv. CXn¬ 1000 slIvS¿ h\-`q-an-bmWv.

Cu ]≤-Xn°v t^mdkv‰v ¢nb-d≥kv e`n-®n-ń√. em‚ v AIznknj≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-

®n-´p-an√. apwss_bv°v IpSn-sh-≈hpw a‰v hyh-km-bnI Bh-i-b-ßƒ°p-ap≈ sh≈hpw e`y-

am-°m-\p≈ ]Wn \S-∂p-h-cp∂ ]e AW-s°-´p-I-fp-sSbpw Icm-dp-Im-cmb satkgvkv F^v.

F.F‚¿ss{]-kkv (J¿, apwss_) BWv CXn-s‚bpw Icm-dp-Im¿. "_‘-s∏´ k_v Unhn-j-

W¬ F©n-\o-b-dpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Ch¿ ]Wn Bcw-`n®p. ]≤Xn A[n-Ir-X-cpsS \n¿t±-

im-\p-k-cWw Icm-dp-Im¿ ]Wn XpS-ßn-bXv XnI®pw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am-bmWv. B taJ-e-bnse

hne-s∏´ ]cn-ÿn-X°pw BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Poh-X-Øn-\pw CXv Gsd lm\n-I-c-hp-amWv.

Imep AW-s°-ńse {Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ

1. t^mdÃv ¢nb-d≥kv e`n-°msX Xs∂ ]Wn XpSßn. Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ ht\-Xc

`qan bYm¿∞-Øn¬ BZn-hmkn h\-`q-an-bmWv. h\-`q-an°pw ht\-Xc `qan°pw Bh-iy-

ap≈ ]≤-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ h\-`q-an-bnse ¢nb-d≥kv e`n-°msX ]Wn XpS-ßm≥

]mSn-s√-∂mWv kp{]nw-tIm-SXn DØ-chv.

171

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ]≤Xn A[n-Ir-X¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv t^mdÃv ¢nb-d≥kv e`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Icm-dp-

Im¿ Nne A{]-[m\ tPmen-Itf XpS-ßn-sh-®p≈p F∂mWv. A{]-[m\ ]Wn-I-fn¬

Xmev°m-enI kz`m-h-ap≈ ]Wn-Iƒ am{Xta Dƒs∏-Smhq. F∂m-en-hnsS h≥tXm-Xn¬

h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw henb K¿Ø-ßƒ krjvSn-°-ep-amWv \S-°p-∂Xv. t^mdÃv ¢nb-d≥kv

C√msX CØcw h\-\-io-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂Xv \nb-a-hn-cp-≤hpw h\kwc-£-W\nb-a-

Øns‚ ewL-\-hp-amWv. ssk‰v \nc-∏m-°¬ tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv 30tesd tUmk-

dp-Ifpw 100 tesd sP.kn._nI-fp-amWv.

AW-s°-ńs‚ ASn-Ød sI´m-\mbn AKm-[-amb Ipgn FSp-Øp-h-cp∂p.

DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw Icm-dp-Im-c\pw th≠n Hcp KÃv lukv \n¿Ωn-®p-I-gn™p. henb BUw-

_-c-ß-tfm-sS-bmWv CXv \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

A{]-[m-\-]-Wn-I-fn¬ AW-s°´v \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p≈ Xma-k-ku-

Icyw A\p-hZn®n´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ A]-I-S-I-c-amw-hn[w \Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv Ign-

bp-∂-Xv. AtX kabw Ahn-tS°v \ntbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈ kn.-B¿.-]n.-F-^v. `S-∑m¿°cn-In-ep-

amWv Xma-kw.

3. \nc-∏m-°¬ {]h¿Ø\w XpS-cp∂ ht\-Xc `qan BZn-hmknIƒ°p-≈-Xm-Wv. CXn-\m-h-

iy-amb `qan- G-s‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw CXp-hsc Bcw-`n-®n-´p-t]m-ep-an-√.

Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv e`n-®n-ń-s√∂v am{X-a√ P\-ß-fpsS

A`n-{]mbw tXSn-bn-´p-an-√.

4. ]≤-Xnaqew sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip∂ apgp-h≥ {]tZ-ihpw Kncn-h¿K D]-]-≤-Xn-ta-J-e-

bn¬s]´ ]ńI {]tZ-i-am-Wv. _‘-s∏´ \nba hyhÿ {]Imcw CXn\v {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS

A\p-aXn Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hcp {Kma-k-`bpw CXn\v A\p-aXn \¬In-bn-ń-s√∂v am{X-a√

`qcn-`mKw {Kma-k-`-Ifpw FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

5. ]≤-Xn-aqew sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip∂Xv 1000 slIvS¿ h\-`q-an-bm-Wv. ChnsS A[n-h-kn-

°p∂ ]ń-I-h¿K-°mcpw ]c-º-cm-KX h\-hm-kn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS \ymb-amb \nXy-hr-Øn-

°mbn Cu h\-sØ-bmWv ]q¿W-ambpw B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS Blm-cm-h-iy-ßƒ°pw

sNdp-InS h\w D¬]-∂-ßƒ kam-l-cn®v hn¬°m\pw Ch¿°v \nba-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-

ap-≠v. Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ°p-th-≠nbpw Ah¿ Cu h\-sØ-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

6. 2006 F^v.-B¿.-BIvSv sk£≥ 4 k_v sk£≥ 5 {]Imcw ]cn-tim-[\-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-

Ipw-hsc ]ń-I-h¿K-°m-sctbm ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn h\-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h-sctbm Ah-

cpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ h\-`q-an-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-∏n-°mt\m \o°w sNømt\m ]mSn-√.

7. ISvI-cn, Xm°q¿, alm-tZhv tImen Kncn-h¿K-°m¿°v Cu h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ 20 tesd ]c-º-

cm-KX Bcm-[-\m-ÿ-e-ßfp-≠v. CXp-ambn _-‘-s∏´v \nc-h[n hnip≤ ae-Ifpw hr£-

ß-fp-ap-≠v.

8. Cu ̀ qanbpw h\-hp-sa√mw BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ°p≈ ta®n¬]p-d-ßfm-Wv. Acp-hn-I-fnepw \Zn-I-

fnepw \n∂p e`n-°p∂ a’yw Cu BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS {][m\ t{]mó≥ `£-W-am-Wv.

9. Icm-dp-Im¿ CXn-\-Iw-Xs∂ Umw ssk‰n-\-Sp-Øp-\n∂v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ac-ßƒ apdn-®p-

I-gn-™p. h\w hIp-∏ns‚ bmsXmcp A-\p-a-Xnbpw CXn\p-th≠n hmßn-bn-ń-√. `qanIv

ap‡n kwKm-X-\-bpsS XpS¿®-bmb ka-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ê-ambn 3000 Iyp.-ao. XSnbpw

D]-I-c-W-ßfpw h\w-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. ]t£, i‡-amb \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-Xp-aqew acw-sh v́ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ \nb-a-hn-cp≤ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

\n¿_m[w XpS-cp-∂p.

BI-bm¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambn hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-ImØ h\-ßfpw \ΩpsS cmPysØ G‰hpw

Zp¿_-e-cmb Hcp hn`mKw P\-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm\ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°m-\mbn

Imep Umanse \nb-a-hn-cp≤ \n¿am-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ DS-\Sn \n¿Øn-h-bv°-W-sa∂pw sXm´-

172

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

SpØ "jmbv' t{]mPIvSv ssk‰n¬ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-tim[n-°-W-sa∂pw Rßƒ

A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p. CXp kw_-‘n® hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬ am‰w-h-cpØn "Imep', jmbv Umap-Iƒ

Dƒs∏sS F√m Umap-Iƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kpw s]m-Xp-P-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ sX-fn-sh-

Sp∏pw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°Wsa∂pw Rßƒ \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂p. \nb-a-ew-L-I¿s°-Xnsc \S-]Sn

FSp-°-W-sa∂pw CØcw \nb-a-ew-L-\-ßƒ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂n-s√∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-W-sa∂pw

IqSn Rßƒ A`y¿Yn-°p-∂p.

C≥Umhn Xp¬]p-se, kptcJ Um¬hn, ]cn-\o-I -U-t≠-°¿ F∂n-h¿ ka¿∏n-®-Xv.

2.2 Irjn

Kncn-h¿§-°mcpw Xt±i kaq-lhpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn hnf-Iƒ am‰n am‰n Irjn sNbvXXp

apX¬ Ct∏m-gsØ GI C\ hmWn-Py-hnf Irjn-bmb tXbne Im∏n, Gew, d∫¿, ss]\m-

∏nƒ, hr£-tØm-´-ßƒ hsc ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°p-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ A]-cn-lm-cy-amb \jvSw

hfsc hep-XmWv. {_nó-jp-Im¿ FØp-∂Xp hsc ae-I-fn¬ GI-hnf Irjn F∂Xv tI´p-tIƒhn

t]mep-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ImcWw Irjn {][m-\-ambpw `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°m\pw kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-

ß-fp-sSbpw a‰v h\-D-ev]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw kam-l-c-W-Øn-epsS hcp-am\w D≠m-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp-

D]m[n Bbn-cp∂p. Ign™ \q‰m≠p apX¬ Cu coXn°pw Bi-b-Øn\pw am‰-ap-≠mbn. {_nó-

jp-Im¿ XpS°w Ipdn® tXbne, Im∏n, tX°v tXm´-ßfpw XpS¿∂v kzmX{¥ C¥y-bnse Kh-

s◊‚ v AXn\v \¬In-h∂ ]n¥p-W-bp-amWv CXn\v ImcWw. Hmtcm hnf-tbbpw ]n¥p-W-bv°m\pw

Ah-bpsS Irjnbpw Dev]m-Z-\hpw hn]-W-\hpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw th≠n ]e t_m¿Up-Ifpw

cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v.

DXvI-WvTm-P-\-I-amb {]iv\-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hmWn-Py-hnf tXm´-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w h\w Xp≠p-Xp-≠mbn hn`-Pn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw asÆm-en-∏n\pw, \Zo-ssPh hyh-ÿ-bpsS A[:]X-\-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-́ p≠v. tXbne

tXm´-ß-fn¬ Un.Un.Sn t]mse-bp≈ IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw XpS-ßn-bXv {_nó-jp-Im-c≥

Xs∂-bmWv. Cu tXm´-ß-fn¬ \nc-¥cw Xfn-®n-cp∂ IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS B[nIyw aqew ]cn-

ÿn-Xnbpw ]›n-aL´ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤yhpw Ipsd-tbsd \in®p F∂p-am-{X-a√ Irjn°v kpÿn-

cX \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1990 Ifn¬ ]e DXv]-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw hne-bn-Sn™p. CXv {][m-\-

ambpw hym]m-c-\-b-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰w aqew kw`-h-n®-XmWv. CXv I¿jI Bfl-l-Xy°pw ]e

tXbn-e-tXm-´-ßƒ AS-®p-]q-´m\pw CS-bm°n. CXp-aq-e-ap-≠mb kmº-ØnI A\n-›n-XXzw hnf-

Iƒ amdn Irjn-sN-øm≥ I¿j-Isc t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXv {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.sh≈w IqSp-X¬ hen-s®-Sp-°p∂ hnf-Ifpw C\-ßfpw Irjn sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv {]iv\w

IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Æ-am-°n-. _lp`qcn-]£w I¿j-Icpw CXv a\- n-em°nbn-´p≠v. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-

Zn-Iƒ DXvIWvT Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ kpÿn-c-amb amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w thW-sa∂v

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn imkv{X-⁄cpw asÆm-en-∏n-

s‚bpw ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw {]iv\w Db¿Øn-°m-´p-∂p≠v.

G‰hpw Bi-¶m-P-\-I-amb ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\w ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ apIƒ∏-c-∏n¬ sh≈-

Øn\pw aÆn\pw kw`-hn-°p∂ A]-N-bhpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw Xmsg-X-ń-te°v HgpIn FØn a≤y-

`q-X-e-sØbpw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-sØbpw aen-\o-I-cn-°p∂p F∂-XmWv. BI-bm¬ ]cn-ÿnXn hn\m-

i-I-c-amb coXn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ kpÿn-c-amb Irjn kao-]-\-Øn-

te°v am‰p-Ibpw sNøm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ \b-]-c-amb am‰w AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv.

CXn-\mbn ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse C∂sØ Irjn hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Nph-sS-]-d-bp∂ henb am‰-

ßƒ D≠m-IWw. Cu cwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnhn[ k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw GP≥kn-I-

fp-sSbpw kwtbm-P-\-Øn-eqsS ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb ]n¥p-W-bv°p∂ Hcp \bw D≠m-IWw. h≥InS

tXm -́ß-ƒ°pw sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°pw {]tXyIw \b-k-ao-]\w thWw. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse Irjn-

hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ hmWn-Py-t_m¿Up-Iƒ hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw Ah tI{μ-hm-

173

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

WnPy a{¥m-e-b-Øn\p Iogn¬ hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw Cu taJ-e-bnse kpÿnc Irjn hnI-k-\-

Øn\v hy‡-am-sbmcp \b-k-ao-]\w D≠m-IWw. `£y kpc-£-bpsS Af-hp-tIm¬ \mw `£n-

°p∂ tKmXºv, Acn F∂o [m\y-ß-fpsS Af-hm-sW-¶n¬ t]mj-Im-lmc kpc£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm≥ ]e Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ßfpw `£n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.CØ-c-samcp \bw am‰w ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-

ep-S-\ofw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v FIvkn-Iyq-́ ohv A[n-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp GtIm-]-\-G-P≥kn thWw. CXn\v

A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-XmWv \n¿±njvS ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń.

ÿnXn -sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

1. `qXe Bkq-{XWw : `qXe khn-ti-j-X-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Bkq-{XWw \S-Øm≥

]cym-]vX-amb ÿe-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI. C{]-Imcw Is≠-Øp∂ Hmtcm ÿehpw hen-

sbmcp `q`m-KØns‚ `mK-am-sW∂ Nn¥ D≠m-hp-Ibpw hnhn[ hnf kwhn-[m-\-sØbpw

a‰v hnI-k-\-sØbpw CXn-te°v k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

2. GI hnf-bn¬ \n∂v _lp-hn-f-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w : tXbne, Im∏n, Gew XpS-ßnb GI-

hnf tXm´-ßƒ Xt±-iob hnf-I-fp-ambn {]tXy-In®v `£y-hn-f-Iƒ, ê h¿§-ßƒ F∂n-

h-bp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°pI hgn asÆm-en∏v XS-bm\pw PesØ ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p≈

aÆns‚ tijn Db¿Øm\pw, D¬]m-Z\ £aX h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw kmº-ØnI hcp-am\w

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw klm-bn°pw. Hgn®p Iq´m-\m-hmØ Cu am‰-Øn-\mbn Hmtcm kwÿm-

\hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-ØWw. `qcn-`mKw tXm´-ßfpw k¿°m-cn¬

\n∂v ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØ `qan-bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ CXv \S-∏m-°m≥ henb _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-In√.

F√m s]mXp˛kzIm-cy-ta-Je tXm´-ßfpw Hcp _lp-hnf Irjn kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°Ww

. kpÿn-c-Xbv°v th≠n-bp≈ CØ-c-samcp am‰-Øn\v s]mXp-ta-Jem tXm´-ßƒ amXrI

Im´Ww. CXn-\p-]p-dsa Hmtcm tXm´hpw AXns‚ hnkvXo¿Æ-Øns‚ \n›nX iX-am\w

{]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb ]p\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn\v {]tXy-In®v kao-]-Pe t{kmX- p-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-≤m-c-

W-Øn-\p-th≠n am‰n-sh-bv°Ww.

3. aÆp-kw-c-£-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI : ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn aÆp-kw-c-£-

W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI. CXn-\mbn tXm´-ß-fnepw sNdnb Irjn-bn-S-ß-

fnepw ]md-b-Sp-°p-I-fn-ep-ap≈ C∂sØ _≠p-\n¿Ωm-W-coXn ]mtS Dt]-£n-°Ww.

]Icw asÆm-en∏p XS-bm≥ Ign-hp≈ kky-ß-fpsS \nc hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°Ww.

4. If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°pI : ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh sshhn-≤y-Øn\v

òjWn-bmIpw hn[w ChnsS If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw h¿≤n-®n-´p≠v. am{X-hp-a√, IqSp-

X¬ {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bp≈ If-Iƒ hf¿∂p-h-cm\pw CXn-\n-S-bm-°n-bn-´p≠v. BI-bm¬

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS {]tbmKw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw {ItaW \ntcm-

[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI. I¿j-I-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ht®m bm{¥n-I-k-

lm-b-Ømtem If-\o°w sNøp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Gsd em`-Icw If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbm-K-

amWv.

BI-bm¬ If-\o°w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Iqen-sN-e-hn\v k¿°m¿ k_vknUn \¬IpI.

CXn-\mbn sNdp-InS \ma-am{X I¿j-I¿°v sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]n¥pW \¬Ip-Ibpw

h≥InS tXm´-ßƒ°v b{¥-k-lm-b-Øm¬ Cu tPmen sNøp-∂-Xn\v k_vknUn \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNøpI.

5. IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I : cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw ]›n-a-

L-´-Øn¬ Ipd-®p-sIm-≠p-h-tc-≠-Xp≠v. ae-ap-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p∂ Cu hnjw HgpIn ka-X-e-

ß-fn-seØn Ahn-SsØ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw XI¿°p∂p. ASpØ 5˛10 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬

]›na L´-Øn¬ \n∂v IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf L´w-L-´-ambn H-gn-hm-°m-\p≈ Hcp GtIm-]n-X-

I¿Ω]≤Xn D≠m-IWw. ]Icw IoS˛tcmK _m[-\n-b-{¥n-°m-\mbn ssPh-am¿§-ßƒ Bcm-

b-Ww tIc-f-Øns‚ ssPh-Ir-jn-\bw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v am{X-a√ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS kmao]yw

aqew t\´-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Bdv kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw amXr-I-bm-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. CXv

\S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°Ww. h\-ta-J-e-

174

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

tbmSpw Pe-t{km-X- p-I-tfmSpw G‰hpw tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ°mWv ap≥K-W\

\¬tI-≠Xv. ]≤Xn _‘-s∏´ ]©m-b-Øns‚ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw thWw. Cu am‰-Øns‚ kabØv I¿j-I¿°v kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-

amb ]n≥_-ehpw \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v.

6. ssPh-h-f-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww : cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw aÆnse Bh-iy-amb LS-I-

ßsf sIm√pI am{X-a√ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ^e-`q-bn-jvS-Xsb \in-∏n-°pw-hn[w aÆns‚

LS-\-sb-Xs∂ am‰n-a-dn®p. X∑qew bmsXmcp imkv{Xob ASn-Ø-d-bp-a-n√msX IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ cmk-h-f-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp∂p. cmk-h-f-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ sh≈w

Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse Pe-Øns‚ Aan-X-Nq-jWw \Zn-I-fpsS Hgp-°n-t\bpw

ae-I-fpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tbbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-®p. BI-bm¬ ssPh-hf {]tbm-K-Øn-\p≈

Hcp kwhn-[m\w ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn D≠m-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ ssPh-

hfw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnf-Iƒ amdn-amdn Irjn sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]®n-e-h-f-s®-Sn-Ir-jn°pw

k_vkn-Unbpw ]n¥p-Wbpw -\¬IWw. ssPh-hf \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Æ-ambn hm¿Uv Xe-

Øn-te°v hntI-{μo-I-cn-°Ww. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ ssPh-h-fhpw ]nÆm°pw a‰pw e`n-°m≥

sNdp-InS Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ kzbw-k-lmb {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw {]mtZ-inI Dev]m-

Z-I¿°pw ]n¥pW \¬IWw. h≥InS tXm´-ßƒ AhnsS Xs∂ ssPh-hfw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-

®m¬ IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-kcw krjvSn-°m\pw ssPh-hf {]tbmKw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw

Ignbpw.

7. ssPh-I¿j-I¿°v kmº-ØnI klmbw : ssPh- h-f-{]-tbmKw aqew BZy- c-≠p-aq∂p

h¿j-ß-fn¬ hnf-hn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ \jvSw \nI-Øm≥ k¿°m¿ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬IWw.

CXp-aqew k¿°m-cn\v A[n-I-km-º-ØnI _m[yX D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°m-\mbn

At{Km˛sIan-°¬kn\v \¬Ip∂ k_vknUn ssPh˛ ]cn-ÿnXn I¿j-I-cn-te°v Xncn-

®p-hn-SWw. ssPh-Irjn ]≤Xn samØ-ambn Xs∂ ]©m-b-Øns‚ hm¿jnI ]≤-Xn-bp-

ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v Bh-iy-amb XpI hm¿jnI _P-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw. Hmtcm h¿jhpw

Im¿jnI˛kky-̂ -e-Ir-jn-bpsS 20iX-am-\hpw tXm -́ß-fpsS 10 iX-am-\-hp-sa-¶nepw ssPh

Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-te°v am‰n-bm¬ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse `£y-hn-f-Isf ASpØ 5 h¿j-Øn-\p-

≈nepw \mWy-hn-f-Isf 10 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈nepw hnj-tam-Nn-X-am-°m≥ km[n°pw.

8. hnf-Ifpw C\-ßfpw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ : D¬∏m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-\p-th≠n Dev]m-Z-\-

£-aX IqSnb C\-ßfpw k¶-c-bn-\-ßfpw sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ C∂sØ coXn ]p\-]-cn-

tim-[n®v ]cn-ÿnXn kpÿn-cX \ne-\n¿Øp∂ amt\-Pvsa‚ v coXn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

Ct∏mƒ Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp∂ hnf-Ifpw C\-ßfpw [mcmfw sh≈hpw hfhpw Bh-iy-ap-

≈-h-bmWv. Chbv°p ]Icw sh≈hpw hfhpw a‰pw Ipd®v Bh-iy-ap-≈h Is≠-ØWw.Ch-

bpsS {]mtZ-inI \gvk-dn-Ifpw hnØp-_m-¶p-Ifpw ÿm]n®v I¿j-I¿°v Bh-iy-ap≈ hnØpw

\So¬h-kvXp-°fpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw e`y-am-°Ww. D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ Af-hn-t\-°mƒ

KpW-ta-∑bv°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ Hcp kao-]-\-amWv ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬

kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Cu Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-W-\-Øn\v {]tXyI X{¥hpw

irwJ-ebpw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw thWw. aqey-h¿≤-\bpw {]mtZ-inI sXmgn-e-h-kc krjvSnbpw

IqSn Cu X{¥-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-°n-bm¬ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w krjvSn-°m\pw {]mtZ-inI kº-

ZvL-S\ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ignbpw.

9. Im¿jnI ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£Ww : lcnX hnπ-h-Øn-eqsS cmPy-Øn\v kz¥w-]m-

c-º-cy-hnf C\-ßfpw a‰v ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-L-S-I-ßfpw hf-sc-b-[nIw \jvS-s∏-´p F∂Xv

X¿°-a‰ Imcy-amWv. [m\y-ßƒ, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-Iƒ, ^e-h¿§-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh

Gsd Irjn sNbvXn-cp∂ sshhn-≤y-Øns‚ Ie-h-d-bmb ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ CXv Gsd {]I-

S-aWv. Cu P\n-X-I-t{km-X- p-Iƒ I¿j-Is‚ Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ ]p\:ÿm]n®v kwc-

£n-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]p¿Δ-amb {iaw D≠m-IWw. H∏w hn]p-e-amb kwc-£W tI{μ-

ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m\pw {i≤n-°Ww. Hmtcm-{]-tZ-i-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb C\-ßƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m\pw ]c-º-cm-KX C\-ßƒ ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn-°m\pw h\n-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-

sS-bp≈ I¿j-Isc Dƒs∏-SpØn kky-{]-P-\-\-Øn\pw hnf-sa-®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\pw Hcp ]¶m-

175

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

fnØ ]cn-]mSn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ae-I-fnse ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbv°v {]Ir-Xn-Z-

Ø-amb sshhn-≤yhpw hnf-Iƒ°v {]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\p≈

tijn-bp-ap≠v. F∂m¬ ka-Xe {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°mbn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ hnØp-Iƒ

ChnsS \√-êw X∂p F∂v hcn√.

10. P\n-X-I-am-‰-Øn¬ \n∂v ]›na L´sØ tamNn-∏n-°p∂p : temIsØ ssPh sshhn-

≤y-I-e-h-d-I-fn-sem-∂mb ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw C∂sØ hnf-I-fpsS

bYm¿∞ Po\p-I-fpsS t{kmX- mWv. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ Ahsb kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw P\n-X-

I-am‰w hcp-Ønb hnf-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hr£-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Awi-ßƒ {]mtZ-inI C\-ß-

fn-te°v ]I-cmsX t\mt°-≠Xpw Bh-iy-amWv. P\n-X-I-hn-f-I-fn¬ \n∂v {]mtZ-inI C\-

ß-fn-te°v kz`m-h-am‰w hcp-Ønb hnf-Iƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Irjn-sN-øp-∂Xv Hcp Imc-W-

h-imepw A\p-h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-X√. Xpd- mb Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnse ]co-£-W-ßƒt]mepw A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-a√. cmPysØ P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Ønb BZy-hn-f-bmb ]cpØn ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚

]e `mK-ß-fnepw Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p≠v. CXv DS-\Sn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw Chbv°v

P\n-XI am‰w hcp-ØmØ hnØp-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøm\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°Ww. Ch-

cn¬ ssPh-Irjn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cpØn I¿j-I¿°p-th≠n

{]tXyI hn]-W-\-am¿§w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw thWw. P\n-XI am‰w hcp-Ønb hr£-

ßƒt]mse P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Ønb d∫¿ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m\pw {ia-ap≠v. CXv Hcn-°epw

A\p-h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-X√.

11. t_m[-h¬°-cWw : D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-°m¿ F∂n-h¿°v ]›n-

a-L-´-Ønse kpÿn-c-amb Irjn-hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xsb ]‰n ÿnc-ambn t_m[-

h¬°-cWw \S-tØ-≠Xv hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v hnim-e-amb kmaqly

]n¥pW Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amWv. {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ß-fpsS {Inbm-fl-I-tijn D]-

tbm-K-s∏-SpØn hnhn[ {]mtbm-KnI coXn-Iƒ CXn-\mbn ÿnco-I-cn-°Ww.

12. Ipń-Iƒ°v Adnhp ]I-cWw : ssPh-]-cn-ÿnXn Irjnsb ]‰nbpw ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse

ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah-bv°p≈ ]¶n-s\-∏-‰nbpw Ipń-Iƒ°v hnZym-

`ymkw \¬IWw. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yhpw Pe-t{km-X v F∂ \ne-bnepw ssPh-

ssh-hn≤yw kwc-£n-t°≠ Bh-iy-I-Xsb ]‰nbpw ssPh-hy-h-ÿbv°v tZmjw hcp-Øp-

∂Xv ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Irjn-°p≈ ]¶ns\ Ipdn®pw AXp-t]m-ep≈

a‰v hnj-b-ßsf ]‰nbpw ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse kvIqfp-I-fnepw a‰v hnZym-`ymk

ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw {]mtZ-inI `mj-bn¬ hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-∏n-°Ww.

13. h\ CS-\m-gn-Iƒ : h\-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ tXm´-ß-fn¬ arK-ßƒ k©m-c-Øn\v D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mK-ßƒ ho≠pw h\-am-°m≥ \S-]Sn D≠m-hWw.

14. tXm´-ß-fnse h\-ßƒ : tXm´-ßƒ°p-≈nse sNdp-h-\-ßfpw tXmSp-I-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fp-

sSbpw Ic-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ ImSp-Ifpw "ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ kz¿§""amI-bm¬ kwc-£n-

°-s∏-SWw. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ Cu Xpcp-Øp-I-fn¬ hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp-∂Xpw

AhnsS am{Xw ImWp-∂-Xp-amb ]e h¿§-ßsf Ipdn®pw dnt∏m¿´p≠v. BI-bm¬ Cu

`mK-tØm´vv tXm´-ßƒ hym]n-°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw A\p-h-Zn-°m≥ ]mSn√.

15. kmaq-ly-h-\-h¬°-cWw : hfw,Imen-Øo‰, hndIv XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn kmaq-

ly-h-\-h-ev°-c-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

16. h\y-Pohn {]iv\-ßƒ : ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Irjn-t\-cn-Sp∂ Hcp {]iv\w h\y-Po-hn-Iƒ

IqsS-IqsS Irjn \in-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv. CXn\v I¿j-I¿°v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-

s\m∏w h\y-Po-hn-Iƒ°v BI¿j-I-a-√mØ hnf-Iƒ IrjnsNøm≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw thWw.

]e ÿe-ß-fnepw Irjn°v òj-Wn-bm-bp≈ Ic-Sn-bpsS ieyw Hgn-hm-°m-\mbn hy‡-

amb am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ahsb XSbmw. hnf-Iƒ am‰n Irjn-sN-

øpI hgn kky-`p-°p-I-fmb arK-ß-fpsS ieyw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Hgn-hm-°m-sa-¶nepw B\-

I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw ]c-º-cm-KX k©m-c-]-Y-am-bn-cp∂ h\-ßƒ shń-sØ-fn®v Irjn-`q-an-bm-

°nbh Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-hcpw. Cß-s\-bp≈ I¿j-I¿°v aXn-bmb \jvS-]-cn-lmcw

176

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\¬IWw.

17. hn]-W\w : CS-\n-e-°msc Hgn-hm°n I¿j-I¿°v ]c-am-h[n em`w e`n-°m\pw, tImÃm-

dn° Im∏n-bpsS Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse kwc-£-W-{I-a-ß-fn-eqsS Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v \√

hne \n›-bn-°pI, ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-Irjn Dev]-∂-ßsf {]mtZ-inI hn]-Wn-I-fp-

ambn _‘n-∏n-°pI, CXn-s\√mw k¿°m¿ ]n¥pW Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI XpS-ß-nb hn]-W-\-

X-{¥-ßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-]-cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-´n-bpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°pI.

18. Kncn-h¿§-Irjn : Kncn-h¿§-°m-cpsS ]mc-ºcy Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw kwkvIm-chpw `£y-kw-

kvIm-c-hp-sa√mw XncnsI sIm≠p-h-cm\pw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m\pw klm-b-I-amb Hcp Irjn-

X{¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p≠v.

19. Kth-jWw : {]mtZ-in-I-ambn A\p-tbm-Pyhpw sNehv Ipd-™-Xp-amb ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-

Ifpw ]mc-º-cy-Irjn k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m≥ ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse Irjnbpw

kky-^-e-Ir-jnbpw kw_-‘n® Kth-j-W-Øn¬ ap≥K-W\ \¬IWw. ssPth-Xc Irjn-

bn¬ \n∂v ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-te°v I¿j-Isc BI¿jn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Kth-jW ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ {]mtZ-inI hnZym-̀ ymk˛Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse {]Ir-Xn-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød kwc-£n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw A\p-]-a-amb Cu ae-\n-c-I-fpsS AJ-fiX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw D≈ am¿§-ß-

fm-Wnh.

2.3. arK-]-cn-]m-e\w

I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ, tImgn-h-f¿Ø¬ F∂nh ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Hcp {][m\

D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-amWv. I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Øp-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw ]men\pw, Irjn°pw, Irjn-

°m-h-iy-amb hf-Øn\pw, KXm-K-X-Øn-\pw -th-≠nbpw BSp-am-Sp-Isf amwk-Øn\pw hnev]-\-bn-

eq-sS-bp≈ hcp-am-\-Øn\pw hf-Øn\pw th≠nbpw, tImgn-Isf D]t`mK-Øn\pw hnev]-\bv°pw

th≠nbpw BWv hf¿Øp-∂Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nc-

h[n C\w I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ Cu taJ-e-bn-ep≠v. ]s£,{]mtZ-inI C\-ß-fpsS kwJy-bn¬ KWy-

amb Ipd-hp-≠m-b-t∏mƒ k¿°m-cns‚ I∂p-Imen hnk-\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn sIm≠p-h∂

k¶-c-C-\-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ h≥h¿≤-\-hp-≠mbn. F∂m-en-Xp-sIm≠v I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°v KpW-

tØ-°m-tfsd tZmj-am-Wp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv.

I¿Æm-SI

BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ, ]∂n, Fcpa XpS-ßnb C\-ß-sf-sb√mw kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-ßƒ kam-l-cn-

®n-´p≈ GXm\pw kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv I¿Æm-SIw. kwÿm-\Øv k¶-c-bn\w I∂p-Im-en-

Iƒ 16 e£hpw G‰hpw ap¥nb C\-ßƒ 2000hpw D≠v. kwÿm-\sØ I∂p-Imen kwJy-bpsS

17 iX-am\w hcp-anXv. \nc-h[n Xt±i C\w I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ kwÿm-\-Øp≠v. l√n-Im¿, Aar-X-

a-l¬, Jnem¿, tUmWn, ae-\mSv KnÕ, IrjvW-hmen C\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv CXn¬ {][m\w.

Fcpa C\-ß-fn¬ {][m\w, apd, kp¿Øn, ]≠m¿]pcn, tal-km\n F∂n-h-bmWv. kwÿm-

\sØ IqSnb C\w BSp-I-fn¬ sadns\m, dmw_p-e‰v, sImdn-sUbv¬ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p, kwÿm-

\sØ {][m\ Xt±i C\w BSp-Iƒ _∂q¿, sU°m\n, _√mcn, lm ≥ F∂n-h-bmWv.

I¿Æm-S-I-bnse 20,000 k¶c C\w ]∂n-I-fn¬ em‚ v ssdkv, tbm¿°v sjb¿ C\-ß-fmWv IqSp-

X¬.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ sIms√-K¬-˛-k-Xy-aw-Kew td©n¬ ImWp-∂ Xt±i C\w I∂p-Im-en-I-

fn¬ tImwK, Ic-Kp-_´, lmkq¿ _´, Kp÷-amhp C\-ß-fmWv {][m\w. Chsb hf¿Øp-∂Xv

{][m-\-ambpw Imw]m-enI, tkmfnK Kncn-h¿§-k-aq-l-ß-fmWv.

2003se sk≥kkv {]Imcw cmPysØ samØw kwJy-bn¬ 5.15% I∂p-Im-en-Ifpw 4.08 %

Fcp-a-Ifpw 11.8% BSp-Ifpw 3.61 % sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-Ifpw 2.31% ]∂n-I-fpw 5.23% tImgn, Xmdmhv F∂n-

hbpw I¿Æm-S-I-Øn-emWv. 1997 \pw 2003 \pw CSbv°v I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse k¶c C\w Imen-I-

fpsS FÆw 23.9% h¿≤n-®-t∏mƒ Xt±i C\-ß-fpsS kwJy 16.80% sIm≠v Ipd™p. kwÿm-

177

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\sØ samØw Imen-I-fpsS FÆw 1992 sk≥k-kn¬ 29.57 Zi-e-£-am-bn-cp-∂Xv 1997 sk≥k-

kn¬ 28.526 Zi-e-£-ambpw 2003 sk≥k-kn¬ 25.621 Zi-e-£-ambpw Ipd™p.

tIcfw

tIc-f-Øns‚ X\Xv Imen C\-ß-fn¬ sh®q¿]ip, Imk¿tImSv Uzm¿^v C\-ßfpw ae-

_m¿ BSpw, t\°Uv s\°v tImgn-Ifpw a‰pw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

I∂p-Im-en-h-f¿Ø¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-\mbn h≥tXm-Xn¬ k¶c C\-ßsf hf¿Øm≥

k¿°m¿ klm-bn-°p-∂p≠v. k¶c C\ ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ Xt±-iob C\-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n√.

]Icw Pgvkn, tlmƒÃo≥˛{ôkn-b≥ C\-ß-sf-bmWv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hb-\mSv Pn√-

bnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 42% Kncn-h¿§-°m-cmW.v C∂v G‰hpw henb £otcm¬]m-ZI Pn√ hb-

\m-SmWv. Ign™ c≠v Zi-I-ß-fn¬ I∂p-Imen˛]uƒ{Sn kwJy-bn¬ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-≠mbn.

CXn-\p≈ {][m\ Imc-W-ßƒ Xo‰-]p-√ns‚ Zu¿e`yw,Imen-Øo-‰-I-fpsS hne-h¿≤-\hv, amwk-

Øn-\p-th≠n Xt±i C\-ßsf KWy-ambn sIm∂Xv F∂n-h-bmWv. k¿°m-cns‚ ]n¥p-W-aqew

I¿j-I-cpsS ap≥K-W-\bpw Xt±-i-C-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v k¶-c-C\-ß-fn-te°v amdn. ssht°m¬,

Xhn-Sv, ]nÆm°v F∂n-ßs\ D≈ Irjn-˛-A-\p-_‘ D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS e`yX Ipd-™Xpw Imen-

h-f¿Ø-en\p Xncn-®-Sn-bm-bn.

Xan-gv\mSv

Xan-gv\m-ńse {][m\ Xt±-iob C\-ßƒ "I¶bw Imen-Iƒ', tXmS Fcpa(\oe-Kncn)

tat®cn BSv (CutdmUv) tImb-º-Øq¿ BSv F∂n-h-bmWv. I¶-b≥ Imen-Iƒ°v Z£n-tW-

¥y≥ ssakq¿ ssS∏n-t\m-SmWv kmayw. t{Kssh‰v Hmt¶mƒ C\-ßƒ k¶-c-am-sW∂v ]T-\-

ßƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p. a‰v ssakq¿ ssS∏p-Isf At]-£n®v Chbv°v henb hep∏w D≠m-Im≥

ImcWw Cu k¶-c-kz-`m-h-hp-am-bn-cn°mw. Ch IqSp-X-embn I≠p-h-cp-∂Xv tImb-º-Øq¿ Pn√-

bpsS sX°v, sX°p-In-g°v taJ-e-bn-emWv. I¶bw Imen-Iƒ c≠v C\-ap≠v. H∂v sNdpXpw

as‰m∂v hepXpw. I¶bw, [cw-]pcw, DZp-am¬s]´v, s]m≈m®n, ]VSw, CutdmUv taJ-e-I-fn-

emWv sNdnb C\sØ [mcm-f-ambn ImWp-∂Xv. henb C\w IqSp-X-em-bp-≈Xv Icq¿, Ac-hIp-

dn-®n, Un≠nK¬, {]tZ-i-ß-fn-epw. Cu C\-Øns‚ X\-Xp-cq]w h≥In-S- Imenhf¿Øp-Im-cmb

]mfbwtIm´˛]´-K¿ t]mse-bp-≈-h-cpsS ]°se D≠m-Iq. anX-amb hen∏w am{X-ap≈ Cu C\-

Øn\v hne IqSp-X-em-Wv.

Xan-gv\m-ń¬ 1997 \pw 2003\pw CS-bn¬ k¶c C\-ß-fpsS FÆw 46.61% sIm≠v h¿≤n-®-

t∏mƒ Xt±-i-C-\-ß-fpsS FÆw 27.79% I≠v Ipd™p.

alm-cmjv{S

alm-cmjv{S ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse C\-ß-fn¬ I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ, ]uƒ{Sn F∂nh

Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

hwi-\miw kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Um¶n Imen-Iƒ°v B t]cv h∂Xv KpP-dm-Øn-

t\mSv tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ UmwKv ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv. ae-Iƒ \nd™ Db¿∂-ag e`y-X-bp≈

]›n-asIm-¶¨ Xoc-ØmWv t\°Uv s\°v ]uƒ{Sn {_oUv D≈Xv.


]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kky-ssh-hn-≤yhpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Øepw

]›n-a-L-´Ønse kº-∂-amb ssPh sshhn≤yw Imen-Øo‰, Huj[ kky-ßƒ, hnf-I-

fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Hcp apJy-t{km-X- mWv. h\-Ønepw ae-I-fnepw Xma-kn-

°p∂ BZn-hmkn kaq-lhpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßfpw BWv {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw {]mtZ-

inI Dev]m-Z\ kwhn-[m-\-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb I∂p-Imen C\-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂Xv.

BZn-hmkn kaqlw Ah-cpsS hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf NnIn-’n-°m-\mbn h\-Ønse Huj-[-s®-Sn-

I-sf-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv. ]c-º-cm-KX NnIn’ kw_-‘n® hen-sbmcp hn⁄m\ kºØv

Ch¿°v kz¥-am-bp≠v. CX-h¿ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ssIamdn kq£n-°p∂p. t_sU-Iw-]m-enI,

178

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

tkmfnK, ImWn, apfp-h-°p-dp-h¿, Im´p-\m-bI kaq-l-ßƒ DZm-l-cWw.

ChnsS hf¿Øp∂ {]mtZ-inI C\-ßƒ Chn-SsØ {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-

ambpw CW-ßn-t®-cp-∂-h-bmWv. k¶c C\-ßsf hf¿Øm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Chn-SsØ Dev]m-Z-

\-kw-hn-[m-\sØ apgp-h≥ kmc-ambn _m[n®p. arK-ßsf ]cn-]m-en-°p-Ibpw NnIn-’n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp kw_-‘n® Ch-cpsS ]c-º-cm-KX hn⁄m-\hpw \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn.

k¶c C\-ßƒ°v ]I¿® hym[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw Gsd-bmWv. X∑qew I∂p-

Im-en-h-f¿Ø-ens‚ sNehv I¿j-I¿°v henb `mc-ambn amdn.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ta®n¬ {]iv\-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]c-º-cm-KX arK-h-f¿Ø¬ coXn A\p-k-cn®v Xt±i Imen-°q-´-ßƒ

]q¿Æ-ambpw kaql˛h\ ta®n¬ ]pd-ß-sf-bmWv B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Imen-h-f¿Øp-Im¿ Ct∏mƒ

t\cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hnfn ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ tXm´-ßƒ°pw a‰v k¿°m¿ Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-ambn

hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xp-aqew ta®n¬]p-d-ß-fpsS hnkvXo¿Æw KWy-ambn Ipd™XmWv. P\-

kw-Jym-h¿[-\hpw h\-ta-®n¬ ]pd-ß-fn¬ D≠mb Ipdhpw BSp-Iƒt]m-se-bp≈ sNdnb arK-

ß-fn-te°v Xncn-bm≥ I¿j-Isc t{]cn-∏n®p. BSp-Iƒ Chn-SsØ ]p√p-I-fp-tSbpw a‰pw IS-

Ip‰n A‰w-hsc Xn∂p-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXv {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ cq£-am°n.

Im¿jn-I-cw-K-Øp-h∂ Nne am‰-ßƒ, DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v `£y-hn-f-Iƒ°p ]Icw IqSp-X¬

\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Imen-Øo-dd Dev]m-Z-\sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n®p.

If-\m-in-\n-Ifpw a‰p \mWy-hn-f-I-fn-t∑¬ A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn {]tbm-Kn-®-Xn-\m¬ Imen-

Øo-‰bv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]e ]p√n-\-ßfpw \in®p.

tXbn-e-tØm´w amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Imen--Isf tXm´w hI ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬

tabm≥ A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂ Xocp-am\w Imen hf¿Ø¬ H´pw BI¿j-I-a-√m-Xm°n.

h\-ß-fn¬ BSp-Isf tabm≥ hnSp-∂Xv I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v Xan-gv\mSv h\w

hIp∏v Cd-°nb DØ-chv h\-kw-c-£-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-®m-sW-¶nepw BSp-h-f¿Ø-en\v henb

sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn. BSp-h-f¿Ø-ens\ B{i-bn®v Ign-bp∂ {]mtZ-inI kaq-lsØ c£n-°m-\mbn

a‰v am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.

ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ

ssehvtÃm°v hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈ kpÿnc X{¥w

Xt±i C\w Imen-I-fpsS ]m¬ Dev]m-Z\w em`-I-c-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ CØcw Imen-Isf

hf¿Øm≥ Xøm-dm-Ip∂ I¿j-I¿°v Bh-iy-amb ]n≥_ew \¬IWw. Ch-cpsS ssPh Dev]-

∂-ßƒ°v Hcp {]tXyI hne-b-[n-jvTnX hn]-W\ kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Xt±i h¿§-

ßsf kwc-£n-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂-h¿°v kmº-ØnI klmbw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Ah

F{X-am{Xw ]cn-ÿnXn kº-∂X B {]tZ-i-tØbv°v XncnsI sIm≠p-hcpw F∂-Xns\ ASn-

ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn thWw kmº-ØnI klmbw \n›-bn-°m≥. {]Xn-Iqe Im¿jnI Imem-h-ÿsb

AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-hsb am{Xta, CXn-te°v ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hq.

Xt±-iob C\-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

henb {]m[m-\y-ap≠v. k¶-c-C-\-ßsf ]cn-]m-en-°m≥ I¿j-I¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Chsb

\evIn I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw c‡-k-Ω¿±w Db¿Øm-Xn-cn-°p-ImWv \√Xv.

Xt±-i-Im-en-I-fpsS \ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn Cu taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {Kq∏p-Iƒ ]e-

Xp≠v. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn¬ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn Cu {Kq∏p-

Isf AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]n¥p-W-bv°p-Ibpw thWw.

arK-ßƒ°p≈ t]mj-Im-lmcw

kwc-£nX taJ-e-Iƒ°v ]pd-Øp≈ h\w ta®n¬]p-d-ßfpw kaq-l-]p¬ta-Sp-Ifpw

]p\:ÿm]n-°m≥ {ian-°Ww. D]-tbm-Kn-°msX InS-°p∂ s]mXp ÿe-ßƒ Imen-Øo‰ hf¿Øm-

\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww. sXmgn-ep-d-∏p-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \nt∂m AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-

179

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

cp∂ a‰p ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \nt∂m Dff tPmen-°msc CXn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn°mw.

hn`-h-ß-fpsS Aan-X-Nq-jWw XS-bm\pw hn`-h-ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m\pw hnhn[ kaq-

l-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m\pw hnt√Pv Xe-Øn¬ ta®n¬ ]pd-ßƒ amdn-amdn D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂ kwhn-[m-\hpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

Imen-Øo‰ Bh-iy-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥ {Kma-k-aq-l-ßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw Xo‰-

]p¬Irjn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb amXr-I-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI. Xo‰ hkvXp-°-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ac-ßƒ, ]p√p-Iƒ, Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-hsb

{]m[m\yw \¬In kwc-£n-°pI.

£ma-Im-e-tØ-°p-th≠n Xo‰ hkvXp-°ƒ {]tXy-In®v ]p√p-Iƒ tÃm°p-sN-øm-\p≈ sa®-

s∏´ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

BSp-h-f¿Ø¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ {]mtZ-inI ta®n¬ÿ-e-ßƒ Is≠-ØWw. h\-ta-J-esb

B{i-bn-°m≥ ]mSn√. CØcw ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp {][m-\-`m-K-am-bn-cn-°Ww Xo‰-]p¬Irjn. ]cn-

ÿnXn hfsc Zp¿_-ehpw BSp-h-f¿Ø¬ Pohn-X-am¿§-am-bn-´p≈ CS-ß-fn¬ B´n≥Iq-Sp-I-fn¬

BSp-Isf hf¿Øp-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

s\¬h-b-ep-I-fn¬ Hcp c≠mw hnf F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xo‰-]p¬Irjn sNømw.

tdmUp-I-fpsS hi-ß-fn-ep≈ \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ°v IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw If-\m-in-\n-Ifpw {]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°Ww. ImcWw If-I-fmbn ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-´n-´p≈ ]e kky-ßfpw \√-Im-en-

Øo-‰-I-fmWv. am{X-hp-a√ I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ s]mXpth tabp-∂Xv tdmUp-h-°n-emWv.

h\w kwc-£-W-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Imen-I-fpsS ta®n-en¬ \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmgpw

{]mtZ-in-I-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\pw PohnX coXn°pw tIm´w X´msX t\m°p-

Ibpw h\-k-ky-ß-fpsS ]p\-cp-≤m-c-WsØ kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ £otcm¬]m-Z\w

arK-]-cn-]m-e\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kpÿn-c-X-bv°p-th≠n a‰v Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn

kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°Ww. BI-bm¬ arK-]-cn-]m-e\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ A\p-

_-‘-ta-J-e-I-sf-°qSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Hcp kwtbm-PnX kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-ambpw ssPhm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-

sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v apJy-am-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°m-\p≠v. A\n-b-{¥nX Nqj-W-

Øn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-´p≈ `qan-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw h≥tXm-Xn¬ ssPh-h-kvXp-°ƒ

Bh-iy-amWv. CXn-\p≈ kpÿn-c-amb GI t{kmX v Imen-h-f¿Ø-emWv.

£otcm-Xv]m-Z\w c≠p {][m\ taJe Bb-Xn-\m¬ arK-kw-c-£-W-ku-I-cy-ßƒ, arK-B-

tcmKy \nco-£-W-kw-hn-[m\w, Imen-Øo‰ k_vknUn XpS-ßnb klm-b-ßƒ sXmgp-Øp-I-

fn¬ hf¿Øp∂ Imen-Iƒ°v \¬IWw. \√ sXmgp-Øp-Ifpw imkv{Xob ]cn-]m-e-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°Ww.

h≥InS £otcm¬]m-ZI bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°p-]-Icw aq∂v \mev I∂p-Im-en-I-fp≈ an\n-bq-Wn-‰p-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. {]tXy-In®pw h\n-X-fpsS kzbw klm-b-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ bqWn-‰p-Isf.

s\√v, [m\y-ßƒ a‰v `£y-hn-f-Iƒ F∂nh Irjn sNøp∂ Hcp kwtbm-PnX kao-]\wkzoI-cn-°m≥ I¿j-I-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ°v t]mj-Im-lmc kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-X-∂-Xn\p ]pdtasXmgp-Øp-I-fn¬ hf¿Øp∂ Imen-Iƒ°v Bhiyw t]mse Imen-Øo-‰bpw e`y-am°pw. BI-bm-enXv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw.

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬ c≠v Id-h-am-Sp-I-sf-¶n-ep-ap≈ Hmtcm hoSn\pw _tbm-Kymkv πm‚ vÿm]n-°m-\mbn kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬IWw. CXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øm\pwhnd-Ins\ B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Ipd-bv°m\pw klm-bn°pw. am{X-hp-a√ _tbm-Kymkv πm‚n¬ \n∂p≈ Ah-injvSw hf-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn°mw. CsXmcp hnt√Pv Xe-Øn-em-

bm¬ henb _tbm-Kymkv πm‚p-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m≥ km[n°pw.

180

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

tXbne tXm´-ß-fnse ssPh D¬∏m-Z\w

Z£nW ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ÿeØv hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂Xv tXbn-e-tØm-

´-ß-fmWv. A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Øn¬ ssPh- tX-bn-ebv°v h≥ Bh-iy-am-Wp-≈Xv. Cu kml-N-cy-

Øn¬ tXbn-e-Ir-jnsb arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°Ww. tXbne tXm´-ß-fn¬ Hgn-

™p-In-S-°p∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ime-Isf hf¿Øp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ ssPh-hfw tXbne

Irjn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNømw.

ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ tXbn-e-tXm-´-ß-fnse sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ tXm´-ß-fn¬ Imen-Isf hf¿Øn-

bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂m-en-t∏mƒ amt\-Pvsa‚p-Iƒ AXv A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√. CXv ]p\-cm-cw-`n®v i‡n-

s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. CXp-hgn e`n-°p∂ ssPh-hfw tXm´-Øn¬ Xs∂ \nt£-]n®v ssPh- tX-

bn-e-bp-sSbpw ssPh- ]m-en-s‚bpw Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n°mw.

tXbne tXm´-ß-fn¬ If-\m-in-\n-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww.

arK-B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Imen-Iƒ°v ]e-tcm-K-ßfpw ]nSn-s]-Sm-dp≠v. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ NnIn-’m-

ku-I-cy-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-I-bm¬ arK-kw-c-£-W-h-Ip∏v Cu taJ-e-bn¬ NnIn-’m-ku-I-cy-ßfpw

XpS¿®-bmb hmIvkn-t\-j≥, hnc-bn-f-°¬ XpS-ßnb tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-

ØWw. hmIvkn-t\-j≥, {]Y-a-ip-{iqj, ]c-º-cm-KX arK-]-cn-]m-e\w, {]mtZ-inI kky-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ NnIn’ F∂n-h-bn¬ ]cn-io-e-\hpw ASn-b-¥n-c-k-μ¿`-ßsf ssIImcyw sNøm-

\p≈ ssh`-hhpw D≈ arK-B-tcm-Ky-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ Hmtcm hnt√-Pnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv \√-

XmWv.

Huj-[-k-ky-Irjn

hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf NnIn-’n-°p-∂-Xn\v Huj[ kky-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]c-º-cm-K-X-

amb coXn ChnsS \ne-hn-ep≠v. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse CØcw Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS A\n-b-{¥nX

NqjWw aqew Ah C∂v hwi-\mi `oj-Wn-bn-emWv. Cu kky-ß-fpsS \gvk-dn-Ifpw Huj-[-

\n¿Ωm-W-bq-Wn-‰p-Ifpw kl-I-c-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]©m-bØv Xe-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv A`n-

Im-ay-amWv. CØcw Huj-[-ßƒ e`y-am-bm¬ Zqsc-bp≈ Btcm-Ky-tI-{μ-ßsf B{i-bn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ \n∂v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v c£-t\-Sp-Ibpw sNømw.

kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v t_m[-h¬°-cWw

hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-tfbpw {]mtZ-inI I∂p-Imen sshhn-≤y-sØbpw ]‰n hnZym¿∞n-Isf A`y-

kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-amWv. Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ arK-ßƒ hln-°p∂\n¿Æm-bI ]¶v IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Ah ]p\:ÿm]n®v kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv. ]qs\-bnse "`mcXn hnZym-]oT C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v FUyp-t°-j≥ Xøm-dm-°nb "FIvkvtπm-dnßv Ah¿ F≥hn-tdm¨sa‚ v: F am\z¬ t^m¿ {Ko≥ kvIqƒ' F∂ tcJ-bn¬ {]mtZ-inI I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Ø-ens‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂p.

I∂p-Imen Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-W\w

hn]-W\w Hcp {]iv\-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂ CS-ß-fn-se√mw hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ Dev]-∂-ß-sf√mw \mtim-∑p-J-am-ImØ cq]-Øn-em°n kq£n-°Ww. \√ hne e`n-°p-∂-hsb aqey-h¿≤nX Dev]-∂-ß-fm-°Ww. A[nIw hcp∂ ]m¬ s\øpw ssXcp-sa-√m-am°n

am‰p∂ ap≥coXn Dt]-£n-°Ww. shÆbpw I´n-ssXcpw t]mse-bp≈ ]pXnb Dev]-∂-ß-fm-°n

am‰p∂ Imcyhpw ]co-£n°mw. CØcw Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-

bm¬ Ahbv°v \√ hne e`n-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√.

2.4. a’y-k-ºØv]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ a’y-k-º-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ Ipdhv Kuc-h-ap≈ Hcp {]iv\-amWv.

IS¬a’y kº-Øp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ ip≤-Pe a’y-ssh-hn≤yw ]e Imc-W-ß-

fm¬ Ipd-™p-h-cn-I-bmWv. a’y-k-º-Øns‚ kwc-£-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn

{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m-en∂v ÿnXn amdn. Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw sa®-

181

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xnepw a’y-k-º-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m\yw ]cn-K-

Wn-°p-tºmƒ kpÿn-c-X-tbmsS Cu taJe ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v \nc-h[n {]mtbm-KnI

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bh-iy-amWv. a’y-_-‘-\-h-Ip∏pw a‰v A\p-_-‘-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v

]¶m-fnØ hyh-ÿ-tbmsS kwc-£-W-\-S-]-Sn°v cq]w \¬IWw. AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Imew apX¬Xs∂

{]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`n-°p∂ a’y-ßƒ {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw kº-∂-

amb t{]mó-\ns‚ Dd-hn-S-amWv.

DXv°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

I≠¬Im-Sp-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS \io-I-cWw

IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hymh-km-bnI amen-\y-ßƒ XpS-ßnh aqe-ap≈ aen-\o-I-cWw.

D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb h-kvXp-°fpw, amen-\y-ßfpw \Zn-I-fnepw a‰pw X≈p-∂Xv

icn-bmb \Zn-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw A`mhw

a’y-_-‘-\-Ønse Aim-kv{XobX (\©v Ie-°¬, sshZypXn IS-Øn-hn-S¬, ]S°w

s]mń-°¬ XpS-ßn-bh)

\Zn-I-fn¬ sN°p-Um-ap-Ifpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn®v Hgp°v XSb¬.

hntZ-i-a’y C\-ßsf IS-Øn-hn-S¬

{]P-\\ ÿe-ß-fpsS \io-I-cWw

a’y-tcm-K-ßƒ

A\n-b-{¥nX NqjWw

A\-[n-IrX Ae-¶m-c-a-’y-hym-]mcw

aW¬ J\\w

ip≤-Pe XSm-I-ß-fnse AXn-cp-I-S∂ Sqdnkw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

hntZ-i-a-’y-C-\-ß-fpsS hc-thmsS Xt±i C\-ßƒ A[:]Xn-®p-Xp-SßnbXv.

tIc-f-Ønse DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

tIc-f-Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn≤y Ie-h-d-I-fn-sem-∂mb s]cn-bm¿ XSm-I-Øn¬ \n∂v ]nSn-

°p∂ a’y-ß-fpsS 70% Øntesd AXn¬ hf¿Øp∂ hntZ-i-a-Xvky-C-\-ß-fmWv. tIc-f-Ønse

F√m \Zn-I-fnepw "Xntem]y' th≠p-thm-f-ap≠v. Xt±-i-a-’y-ßƒ°v ̀ ojWn Db¿Øp∂ as‰mcphntZ-in-bmWv B{^n-°≥ Im‰v^njv. tIc-f-Ønse Pem-i-b-ß-fnepw Ipf-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw [mcm-

f-ambn hcp∂ hntZ-in-I-fmb ISve, tcmlp, arKmƒ F∂n-hbpw \ΩpsS \mS≥ a’y-C-\-ß-fpsS

\ne-\n¬∏n\v ISpØ òj-Wn-bmWv.

Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta∑

Pem-i-b-ß-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-isØ Irjn°v {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmkIoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Pe-a-

en-\o-I-c-WsØ cq£-am-°p∂p. hyh-km-b-ßƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb Af-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ sa¿°pdn,

kn¶v, ImUvanbw F∂nh AS-ßnb amen-\y-ßƒ ]pd-¥-≈p∂p. henb \Zn-I-fn¬ a’y-Iq-´-ßƒ Iq´-tØmsS NsØm-Sp-ßm≥ CXv Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. \Zn-I-fn-te°v ]pd-¥-≈p∂ Atam-Wn-

b-bpsS Afhpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-emWv. sIm®n-ta-J-e-bnse hyh-km-

b-ßƒ ]pd-¥-≈p∂ amen-\y-ß-fn¬ Bkn-Up-Iƒ, B¬°-en-Iƒ, ^vfqssd-Up-Iƒ tdUntbm

hnIn-cW hkvXp-°ƒ F∂nh D≈-Xmbn Xncn-®-dn-™n-´p≠v. X∑qew sIm®n Imb-ense

Geq¿˛hcm-∏pg `mKw Hcp Duj-c-a-en\ taJ-e-bmbn amdn-s°m≠n-cn-°p∂p.

ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ

a’y-ssh-hn-≤yhpw Btcm-Kyhpw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ a’y kºØv XpS¿®-bmbn Ah-tem-

I\ -hn-t[-b-am-°Ww.

182

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Pem-i-b-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-ń-e-Sn™v a’y-ß-fpsS {]P-\-\sØ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂ πmÃn-

°p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-°Ww.

ip≤-P-e-a-’y-ssPh sshhn-≤yhpw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ a’y-\-b-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-ØWw.

hn]p-e-amb kq£va˛`qan-imkv{X k¿sΔ-bn-eqsS hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ C\-ß-fp-

sSbpw Chn-sS-am{Xw ImWp∂ C\-ß-fp-sSbpw P\-kwJy, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hnX-cWw

F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® tU‰m-_m¶v i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØWw. ]cn-ÿnXn kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-

ff a’y-ß-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-

ßƒ Cu C\-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn AIzm-ńIv dnk¿Δp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬

\sΩ klm-bn°pw.

a’y-ß-fpsS IpSn-tb‰w, {]P-\-\-kz-`mhw, òjWn t\cn-Sp-∂-h-bpsS {]Xn-Iqe LS-I-

ßƒ XpSßn-b-hsb kw_-‘n® hym]-I-amb k¿sΔ-bn-eq-sSbpw A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw

kzmb-Ø-am-°Ww. AØ-c-samcp tU‰m-t_kv Ch-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amWv.

kmº-ØnI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ C\-ß-fpsS {]P-\-\-Øn\pw hnIm-k-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb am¿§-

ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

{]mtZ-in-Ihpw hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp-∂Xpw ISpØ òjWn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xp-amb C\-

ßƒ°pw th≠n am{X-ambn lm®-dn-Ifpw a‰pw ÿm]n-°Ww.

hntZ-i-a-’y-C-\-ß-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-ZØ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fn-te-°p≈ IS-∂p-I-b-‰sØ ]‰n

ka{K At\z-jWw \S-ØWw. hntZ-i-C-\-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn\pw Izmd-ss‚\pw th≠n

tI{μ- k¿°m¿ cq]o-I-cn® kan-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ ê-{]-Zhpw Ip‰-a-‰Xpw

B°Ww.

hb-ep-Ifpw NXp-∏p-Ifpw XnI-™-Xp-aqew a’y-ß-fpsS {]P-\-\-ku-Icyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv Ipd-bv°m-\mbn I¿i-\-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw A]-{K-Y-\hpw \nbaw \S-∏m-°-ep-sa√mw Dd-

∏p-h-cp-ØWw.

a’y t{kmX- p-I-fpsS kpÿn-chpw \nen-\n¬∏pw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p≈ t_m[-h¬°-cW

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

a’y-ß-fpsS {]P-\-\-Im-eØv a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\v \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-SpØpI.

a’y-k-t¶-X-ßƒ ÿm]n-°pI.

]e \mS≥ a’y-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p∂ aW¬ J\\w \nb-{¥n-°pI.

\Zn-°-c-Isf kwc-£n-°m-\mbn kztZ-in-k-ky-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Id‚ v then ÿm]n-°pI.

dnh¿am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ̂ ≠v \Zn-I-fpsS Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v am{Xta

hn\n-tbm-Kn-°mhq. a‰v \n¿Ωm-W-hn-I-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ km[y-

a√.

Ae-¶mc a’y-k-am-l-c-WsØ \nb-{¥n-°pI.

AtXm-dn-ń-°p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-ń-°p≈ Nne {]h¿Ø\ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

1. e`y-am-bn-́ p≈ hyXykvX \b-ßfpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°Ww. ip≤-Pe a’y-

ßsf kwc-£n-°m\pw Dt±-in® êw e`n-°m-\p-ambn Ch tI{μ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿

Xe-Øn-ep≈ D]-t`m‡r GP≥kn-Iƒ hgn \S-∏m-°Ww.

2. \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn Pem-i-b-ßƒ Itø-dp-∂Xpw cq]-am‰w hcp-Øp-∂Xpw XS-bm≥ Bh-iy-

amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬IWw.

183

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 3 : sshX-cW a’y-k-t¶Xw (alm-cm-jv{S) ˛ 22 tabv 2011

sshX-c-W-bn-sebpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw AW-s°-´p-I-fn¬ kμ¿i\w \S-Øp∂

thf-bn¬ Xms\-Pn-√-bnse hmS- Xm-eq-°nse Xnemkn hnt√-Pn¬ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp a’y-k-

t¶Xw ImWm-\n-S-bmbn. \nßƒ°pw Xm¬]-cy-am-bn-cn°pw F∂ Nn¥-bn-emWv CXv Fgp-Xp-

∂Xv.

Aj¿ sshX-cW AW-s°-ńs‚ Xmsg -I-ń-bp≈ ]md-bnse Acp-hn-bmWv ssk‰v.

CXns‚ Ic-bn-emWv afin-tI-iz¿ inh-t£{Xw. sXm´-SpØ Ic-bnse {]tZ-iØv Bg-ta-dnb

Ipf-ßfpw Ah-bn¬ h‰mØ sh≈-hp-ap≠v. U°m¿ alvko¿ F∂ a’y-ß-fpsS Hcp Bhmk

tI{μ-am-Wn-hnSw. {inwtKcn AYhm Nnπ-Kp-sU-bnse t]mse ChnsS a’y-ßƒ Blmcw

tXSn apIƒ∏-c-∏n-te-s°-Øm-dn√. F∂m¬ Chn-SsØ a’y-ß-fpsS hen∏w Xp≥sK-bnse

CtX C\-Øn-t‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc hep-XmWv. ChnsS ao≥]n-SnØw \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-

Wv. ChnsS a’y-ßsf Hcp Xc-Ønepw iey-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n√. AtX kabw XpWn Ae-°¬,

]m{Xw Igp-I¬ F∂nh AhnsS \S-°p-∂p≠v. 5 h¿jw ap≥]v apI-fnse dnk¿thm-b-dn¬

\n∂v Zo¿L-\m-f-tØbv°v sh≈w Xpd∂p hnSm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-aqew ChnsS a’y-ßƒ Iq´-tØmsS

NsØm-Spßn. Ct∏m ChnsS as‰mcp dnk¿thm-b¿ IqSn-bp≠v. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse G‰hpw

Dbcw IqSnb AW-s°´v CXn-\-Sp-ØmWv Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂Xv.

2.5 h\-ßfpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤yhpw

imkv{Xob ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS h\-ssPh sshhn-≤y-ta-J-esb A]-{K-Yn-°m≥ ]pXn-sbmcp

DZyaw Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ ka-b-am-WnXv. sP.Un. _¿W-ens‚ (1939) Cu \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn¬ Cu

imkv{Xob ImgvN-∏m-Sp≠v. '' imkv{Xw ktμ-lm-fl-I-Xz-Øns‚ Hcp kwL-SnX {]h¿Ø-\-

amWv.' 1972˛1980 hsc tI{μ _ln-cm-Imi hIp∏v sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ s{]m^. kXoiv [hm≥

Hcp bYm¿∞ imkv{X-⁄-\mWv. cmPy-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æ-Øns‚ 23 % h\-am-sW∂ h\w

A[n-Ir-X-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn¬ At±lw kwi-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v At±lw

D]-{K-l-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Hcp kzX{¥ At\z-jWw CXp-kw-_-‘n®v \S-Øm≥ kvt]kv

Un∏m¿´p-sa‚nse Xs‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏´p. Ah-cpsS IW-°n¬ h\-Øns‚

hnkvXo¿Æw 14% Øn¬ Xmsg Bbn-cp∂p. CXv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp X¿°-Øn-te°v hgn-Xp-

d-°p-Ibpw Hcp HØp-Xo¿∏v F∂ \ne-bn¬ CXv 19%F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ D]-{K-l-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS XpS¿∂p≈ A]-{K-Y\ Npa-Xe t^mdÃv

k¿sΔ Hm^v C¥y°v ssIam-dn-b-tXmsS Imcy-ßƒ ho≠pw ]gb ]Sn-bmbn.

KWn-X-imkv{X XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb ssh‰v slVns‚ (1927) A`n{]m-b-Øn¬ ""B[p-\nI

imkv{Xw i‡-amb hkvXp-XI-ƒ Ah bmYm¿∞yamsW-¶nepw As√-¶nepw AwKo-I-cn-°p-

∂p. AØ-c-samcp hkvXp-X-bmWv IS-emkp ISp-h-Isf kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xv. "kcnkvI'bn¬

ISp-h-Isf ImWm-\n-√m-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw AhnsS ISp-h-Iƒ Ds≠∂ HutZym-KnI shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-

ens\ ]‰n At\z-jn-°m≥ 2005 ¬ {][m\ a{¥n Hcp "ISph I¿Ω-tk\' cq]o-I-cn®p. B I¿Ω-

tk-\-bpsS ô¬Uv Ãm^n¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßƒ NphsS.

]ńI 4 : kcnkvI ISph dnk¿Δnse ISp-h-I-fpsS FÆw

h¿jw 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

ISp-h-I-fpsS FÆw 24 26 26 26 27 26 17

HutZym-KnI IW°v

ô¬Uv Ãm^ns‚ 17 6 5 3 0 1 0

IW°v

184

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

HutZym-KnI IW°v a\-]q¿Δw sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-amWv.

I¿Ω-tk\ bYm¿∞ IW-s°-Sp-Øn´pw I≈-°-W-°p-≠m-°n-b-h¿s°-Xnsc bmsXmcp \S-]-Sn-

bp-ap-≠m-bn√. Imcy-ßƒ apd-t]mse F∂ coXn t]mcm F∂m-Wn-Xn-\¿∞w.


h\˛ssPh sshhn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ns‚ imkv{Xob ASn-ÿm\w

C∂v C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w 150 h¿jw apºv {_nó-jp-

Im¿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv. kpÿnc êw Xcp∂ Hcp imkv{Xo-b-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wn-sX-∂mWv

Ah-Im-i-hmZw. F∂m¬ imkv{Xo-bhpw kpÿn-chpw F∂Xv shdpw Ah-Im-i-hmZw am{X-

amWv.hkvXp-X-I-fpsS Dd® ASn-Ø-d-bmWv imkv{X-Øn-\m-[mcw. taev]-d™ imkv{Xob h\w

amt\-Pvsa‚n\v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Um‰m-t_-kn√.

h\w A[n-Ir-X¿ 1960 Ifn¬ h\w kwc-£-W-Ønse ""{i≤n-®p-t]m-hpI'' F∂ kao-]\w

am‰n h\w-sX-fn®v tXm -́ß-fm-°p∂ “B{I-aWcoXn” sIm≠ph-∂p. bp°m-en-]v‰-kv, ss]≥ F∂nh

DZm-l-c-Ww. ]s£ F¥p-Xcw hr£-ß-fmWv A\p-tbmPyw, F¥v Dev]m-Z\w e`n°pw F∂-

Xns\ ]‰n bmsXmcp imkv{Xob Kth-j-Whpw \S-Øn-bn√. Aßs\ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse G‰hpw

\√ h\-ßƒ shń-am-‰-s∏´p. B ÿeØv bq°m-en]vSvkv tXm´-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h∂p. slIvS-dn\v

14 apX¬ 28 S¨ hsc XSn e`n-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p IW-°p-Iq-´¬. ]s£ Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ ag

e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ̂ wKkv tcmKw aqew Dev]m-Z\w 1˛3 S¨ hsc am{X-ambn ({]kmZv

1984). tIc-f-Øn-sebpw I¿Æm-S-I-Øn-sebpw ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßƒ \n¿÷o-

h-amb bq°m-en-]v‰kv sIm≠v \nd™p.

AXp-t]mse I¿Æm-S-I-bnse apf-k-º-Øns\ ]‰nbpw DuXn-s∏-cp-∏n® IW-°p-I-fmWv

\ne-\n-∂Xv. hnhn[ C\w hr£-ß-fpsS hf¿®m coXnsb kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßfpw imkv{Xo-b-

am-t\-Pvsa‚n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. hyXykvX ]cn-ÿnXn kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hyXykvX C\w hr£-ß-

fn¬ "kwc-£W tXm´-ßƒ' {ItaW Dt]-£n-°-s∏´ \ne-bn-embn (Kp]vX 1981). Hcp apfw Iq´-

Øn¬ \n∂v F{X apf-Iƒ shń-F-Sp°mw F∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n®v I¿Æm-SI h\w-h-Ip-∏n\v

hy‡-amb [mcW D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ apfw Iq´-Øn\v Np‰pw Hcp kwc-£-W-

sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kzta-[bm Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ apf-Iƒ shń-\-in-∏n-°-s∏-´Xpw hn\-bmbn. ]pXnb

apfw ssXIƒ s]mń-h-f-cm≥ th≠n-bmWv Cßs\ sNbvX-sX-¶nepw arK-ßƒ Iq´-am-sbØn

CXv \in-∏n-°m≥ Imc-W-ambn.F∂m¬ {Kmao-W¿°v CXv Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿

kz¥w Bh-iy-Øn\v apf-sh-´p-tºmƒ Nph-ń¬ Ipcp-Øp-\n¬°p∂ apf-Iƒ \o°w sNøm-dn-√m-

bn-cp∂p ({]kmZv, KmUvKn¬ 1981).

\nK-a-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

\nK-a-\-Øn-eqsS bmYm¿∞y-ß-fn-te-s°-Øp-∂-XmWv B[p-\nI imkv{Xo-b-coXn. BI-

bm¬ I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ HutZym-KnI cl-ky-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn-e√ adn®v imkv{Xob tcJ-Iƒ

F∂ \ne-bn¬ _‘-s∏´ F√m-h¿°pw ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn\v e`y-am-°p-I-bmWv bYm¿∞

imkv{Xob coXn. {]Xo-£n-°m-hp∂ Af-hn-ep≈ achpw AXv apdn-s®-Sp-Ø-tijw Ah-ti-jn-

°p∂ Ip‰nbpw BWv \nK-a-\-ßƒ°-Sn-ÿm\w. Dt±-in-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ achpw Ip‰nbpw e`n-

°msX h∂m¬ AXnse imkv{Xob \nK-a\w Fhn-sStbm sX‰p-]‰n AXp Xncp-ØWw F∂-

XmWv. Cßs\ ]‰nb sX‰v a\- n-em°n Xncp-Øp-∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ Xev]-c-cmb F√m-h-tcbpw

kmt¶-XnI hnZ-Kv[-tcbpw kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-h-tcbpw ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°Ww.

]s£, ]e-t∏mgpw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv ]pXnb I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Xømdm-°p-tºmƒ ]g-b-h-

bpsS Imcy-£-a-X-s°-Xn -sc-bp≈ Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ am{X-amWv. DZm-l-c -W-Øn\v

"sb°w_n˛tkm≠' taJ-e-bnse ‘FVn-‘’]-≤-Xn-bn¬ s]´ F Iq]pw- Km¿em‚ v ]≤-Xn-bn¬s]´

h\w shń-sØ-fn-°-epw, hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ samØw hr£-ß-fpsSbpw NqjWØn-emWv Iem-in-®-

Xv. hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ tX°pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hr£-ß-sf√mw kzbw hf¿∂p-h-cp-sa∂ sX‰mb [mc-

W-aqew kwc-£nX h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tX°pƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m ac-ßfpw apdn®v

\o°w sNbvXp. (shs… 1964)'' F∂m¬ Hcp imkv{Xob kao-]-\-Øn¬ km[m-cW sNøp-∂-Xp-

185

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t]mse Cu \nK-a\w hym]-I-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p-Itbm, ]cn-tim-[\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°p-Itbm

D≠m-bn√.

kpÿn-c-a-√mØ h\-hn-\n-tbmKw

C{]-Im-c-ap≈ hnh-c-ßƒ kam-l-cn®v t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-sbmcp Nn{X-Øn\v cq]w \¬tI-

≠Xv sUdm-Uq-Wnse h\w Kth-jW C≥Ãn-‰yq-ńs‚ Npa-X-e-bmWv. kpÿn-c-X-bn-√m-bva-bpsS

tIm´-ßƒ CXn-eqsS ]pd-Øp-hcpw. F∂m¬ CØ-c-samcp kwcw`w CXp-hsc D≠m-bn-ń√.

CXn\v A]-hm-Z-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\p-≈Xv tIc-f-Ønse Irjn kwL-S-\-bpsS B`n-

ap-Jy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse sIm√w h\w Unhn-js‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-∏‰n tUm.kn.Sn.Fkv. \mb¿ \S-

Ønb ]T-\-amWv (FAO 1984) Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ h\sØ c≠mbn hn`-Pn®p. acw sh´m-hp∂ "ske-

£≥ k¿°nfpw' ae-s©-cn-hp-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ hr£-ßƒ apdn-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ "s{]m´-£≥

k¿°nfpw.' ske-£≥ k¿°n-fnse hr£-ß-fpsS hf¿® {ItaW Ipd™p hcp-∂-Xm-bmWv

]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv. CXns\ Hcp "¢nb¿ s^√nßv k¿°nƒ' B°n apgp-h≥ hr£-ßfpw

apdn-®p-am‰n GI-hr£ C\-tXm-´-a-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p [mcW. AtX kabw ÿnc-ambn kwc-

£n-t°≠ ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fnse s{]m´-£≥ k¿°n-fn-epƒs∏-SpØn. CXv AXn-cp-I-S∂ Nqj-

W-Øn\v hgn Hcp°n. ae-s©-cp-hn¬ sh≈w XS™p \n¿Øp∂ hr£-ßƒt]mepw ]mtS apdn-

®p-am‰n. XpS¿®-bmb AXn-cp-I-S∂ Nqj-W-Øn-\p≈ DØa DZm-l-c-W-am-WnXv.

XpS¿®-bmb Aan-X-Nq-jWw

C¥y-bnse h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ XpS¿®-bmbn AanX Nqj-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-ambn hcn-I-bmWv.

t]∏¿ an√p-I-fpsS kpÿn-c-a-√mØ ]ƒ∏v XSn-bpsS hn\n-tbmKw {]kmZpw KmUvKnepw (1998)

hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p≠v. apf kssπ sNøp∂ tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿am¿ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ H´pw ]men-°m-dn√.

apf-¶q-´-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]mI-am-bh am{Xw shń FSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw tdmU-cp-In-ep≈ apf-¶q-´-

ßƒ H∂mbn Ah¿ shń-am-‰p∂p. ASpØ h¿jw ]pXnb tdmUp-shń Ahn-S∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambn

shń-am-‰p∂p. an√p-Iƒ°-Sp-Øp≈ h\-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn shń-am-‰-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AI-se-bp≈

h\-ß-tfbpw B{I-an-°p∂p. I¿Æm-S-I-bnse shÃv tImÃv t]∏¿an-√n¬ BZyw ASp-Øp≈

B{‘-bn-te°pw XpS¿∂v K¿hmƒ, Bkmw, Ah-km\w \mKm-em‚n-te°pw tNt°dn. t]∏¿

\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v G‰hpw tbmPn® apf-Iƒ Xo¿∂-tXmsS a‰v ac-ßƒ shń-sb-Sp-°m≥ XpSßn.

hn]-Wn-bn¬ SÆn\v 5000 cq] hne-bp≈t∏mƒ, an√p-Iƒ°v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ SÆn\v 1.50 cq]

k_vknUn \nc-°n-emWv apf \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv. {ItaW Icn-ºn≥ N≠nbpw bq°m-en-]vS-kp-

sams° Cu an√p-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpSßn.

hn⁄m\ amt\-Pvsa‚ v

h\w A[n-Ir-X-cpsS hnc-⁄m-\-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v ]c-kyhpw ]¶m-fnØ hyh-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-Xp-

a√. ]Icw ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-I-fpsS kam-l-c-Whpw hymJym-\hpw Nne¿ IpØ-I-bm°n

h®n-cn-°-bmWv. Hcp h\y-Pohn Kth-j-I-\mb cLp-\-μ≥ Np≠m-h-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ “\n¿`m-

Ky-h-im¬ Ign™ aq∂v Zi-I-ß-fmbn kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-I-fnse Kth-j-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°mt\m k¿°m-cn-\p-]p-dØv hf¿∂p-h-cp∂ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS kwL-S-\-I-fpsS tkh\w {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Ømt\m D]-I-cn-°p∂ bmsXmcp kwhn-[m-\hpw krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-ń√. cXv\w Im°p∂

Imh¬°m-cs‚ \ne-bn¬ \n∂v Is≠-ØmØ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ sse{_dn \S-Øp-Ibpw IqSp-

X¬ ]Tn-°m-\mbn P\-ßsf £Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp sset{_-dn-bs‚ \ne-bn-te°v \ΩpsS

amt\-Pva‚ns‚ \ne-]mSv amdWw. \ΩpsS cmPyØv kzX-{¥-amb Kth-j-W-Øn\v kwc-£-Whpw

]n¥p-Wbpw \¬Ip∂ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ kw`-hn® ]cm-P-b-amWv Cu

{]iv\-ßƒ ho≠pw ho≠pw D≠m-Im≥ ImcWw''.

Fs‚ (am[hv KmUvKn¬) kz¥w A\p-̀ hw Xs∂ Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw

D≠m-hp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v 1980 IfpsS BZyw ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ [\-Im-cy-a-{¥n-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬

]cn-ÿnXn, h\w {]iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNøm-\mbn sIm¬s°m-Ø-bn¬ tN¿∂ tbmK-Øn¬ Ahn-

SsØ No^v I¨k¿th-‰¿ ]d-™Xv I¿Ω-]-≤-Xnsb kmt¶-XnI tcJ-I-fm-sW∂pw Ah Hcn-

°epw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√-∂p-amWv. 1980 IfpsS BZyw Fs∂ Adn-bn-®Xv

186

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sUdm-Uq-Wnse h\w Kth-j-W-tI-{μ-Øn-epƒs∏sS Hcp ÿm]-\-Ønepw C¥y-bv°m-bp≈

I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]q¿Æ-]-Xn∏v e`y-a-s√-∂mWv. ]n∂oSv F\n-°Xv e`n-®Xv HmIvkvt^m-Unse

tIma¨sh¬Øv t^mdkv{Sn C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ n¬ \n∂mWv. _kvXm-dnse {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb "km¬"h\-

ßƒ shń-sh-fp-∏n®v ss]≥a-c-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-´-t∏mƒ \nc-h[n Kncn-h¿§

{Kq∏p-Iƒ AXns\ FXn¿Øp. Cu ]≤-Xnsb ]‰n ]Tn-°m≥ \nbp-‡-amb IΩn-‰n-bn¬ Rm\pw

Dƒs∏-́ n-cp∂p. ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-Ønb ss]≥ tXm -́Ønse Db¿∂ D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ss]≥ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv. F∂m¬ IΩn-‰n-bpsS ]cn-tim-[-\-

bn¬ Cu tXm´w \in-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv a\- n-em-bXv. CXp kw_-‘n® hy‡-

amb tcJ-Iƒt]mepw e`y-a-√m-bn-cp∂p. B samØw kw`-hhpw Hcp h≥ Xń-∏m-bn-cp∂p.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ h\-ßƒ/ h\y-Po-hn-Iƒ/ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

C¥ysb Iog-S-°nb ka-bØv {_nó-jp-Im¿ C¥ysb hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv hr£-ß-fpsS Hcp

kap-{Zhpw h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-hp-sa-∂mWv. Cu ss]Xr-IsØ Ań-a-dn-®Xv tImf-\n-

hm-gvN-bn¬ XpS°w Ipdn® imkv{Xo-b-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v F∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWv. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-

tijw Cu \io-I-c-W-Øn\v B°w h¿≤n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. kzIm-cy-h-\-ßƒ k¿°m¿

Gs‰-SpØp. AXp-hsc FØn-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂ Dƒh-\-ß-fn-te°v hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fpsS

t]cn¬ tdmUp-≠m°n h\m-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS h\w sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-∂Xv A\n-b-{¥n-X-

ambn XpS¿∂p. CsX√mw `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n Bbn-cp∂p. \n¿≤-\-cmb

{Kmao-W¿t°m Kncn-h¿§ kaq-l-Ønt\m CXn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶p-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. ]s£, ]gn apgp-

h≥ Ah¿°m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm\pw.

Cu hn`m-K-ßsf _en-bm-Sm-°n-b-Xn\v DØa DZm-l-c-W-amWv ap≥t_mws_ kwÿm-\-

Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂ DØ-c-I-∂S Pn√-bnse {Kmao-W-h-\-ß-fpsS IY. C¥y≥ h\ \nbaw

(1927) {]Imcw dnk¿Δv h\-ßƒ hnt√Pv h\-ß-fmbn ssIam‰w sNøm-\p≈ hIp-∏-\p-k-cn®v

1930¬ ÿm]n-®-XmWv Nn{XmKn, apdq¿˛I√m_n, le-Im¿ hnt√Pv t^md-Ãp-Iƒ. Cu 3 hnt√-Pp-

I-fp-sSbpw h¿j-ß-fm-bp≈ sa®-s∏´ kmaq-ly-Xe amt\-Pvsa‚ns\ {]Io¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v 1922se

Pn√-bnse h\w ]cmXn At\z-jW IΩn-‰n-bpsS ip]m¿i-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv.

`mjm-kw-ÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-tØmsS DØ-c-I-∂S Pn√ I¿Æm-S-I-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂-Xp-hsc Cu

kwhn-[m\w \∂mbn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p.I¿Æm-S-I-h\w \nb-a-Øn¬ hnt√Pv h\-ßƒ°v hIp-

∏n-s√∂v ]d-™p-sIm≠v hnt√Pv h\w IΩn-‰n-Isf ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ I¿Æm-SI h\w-h-Ip∏v t\mókv

\¬In. t\mókv e`n®v 15 Znh-kw- sIm≠v Nn{XmKn {Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ Ahn-SsØ CS-Xq¿∂-h\w

apgp-h≥ \in-∏n®p. le-Im-dn-sebpw apdq¿˛I√m-t_-bn-sebpw Bfp-Iƒ A∏o¬ \¬In. le-Im-

dnse P\-ßƒ 28 h¿jw tIkv \SØn hnP-bn®p. Ahn-SsØ hnt√Pv h\-ßƒ C∂pw Ah¿

\∂mbn ]cn-]m-en-°p∂p.

kcn-kvI-bnse ISp-h-Isf kw_-‘n®v 6 h¿jw ap≥]v \S∂ kn._n.sF. At\z-j-W-

Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bXv HutZym-KnI Iq´m-bva-tbmsS A√msX ISp-h-Isf th´-bm-Sm≥ Ign-bn-s√-

∂mWv. F∂m¬ H‰ DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-t∏mepw CXns‚ t]cn¬ CXp-hsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-ń√. \nc-h[n

{Kma-hm-kn-Isf AdÃv sNbvXp t]meokv X√n-®-X®p.

CubnsS h∂ Hcp hm¿Ø- NphsS tN¿°p-∂Xv ImWpI (t_m-Ivkv-˛4)

t_mIvkv 4: tjme-h\ \io-I-c-WsØ kw_-‘n®At\z-jWw

h\-kw-c-£W \nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ewLn®v sImssS-°\m-ense tjme-h-\-ß-

fpsS Hcp `mKw shń-\-in-∏n®p. Hcp dntkm¿´v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn tdmUp-sh-

´m≥ th≠n Bbn-cp∂p CXv. h\w hIp-∏ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ s]cp-amƒ asse Unhn-j-

\nse ISph tjme (\nXy-l-cnXw) dnk¿Δv h\-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw {]mtZ-inI h\w DtZym-K-

ÿ¿ Xs∂ shń-am‰n. CXp kw_-‘n®v sImssS-°-\m¬ kncp-asse t^mdÃv Unhn-j-

\nse Pn√m t^mdÃv Bô-kn¬ sI.]f-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-kwLw At\z-

jWw \SØn dnt∏m¿´p ka¿∏n®p.

187

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

dnt∏m¿´p {]Imcw ASp°w hnt√-Pnse kzIm-cy-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂v 3000 At°jy ac-ßƒ

apdn-°m≥ Un≠n-K¬ Pn√m `c-W-IqSw A\p-aXn \¬In. CXns‚ ad-hn¬ kzImcy `qD-Sa 362

In.ao. \ofhpw 3.50 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ ]pXn-sbmcp tdmUp-shń. henb b{¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

®mWv tdmUv \n¿Ωn-®Xv. XS- -am-bn-\n∂ F√m tjme-h-\-hr-£-ßfpw aqtSmsS ]ngp-Xp-am‰n.

h≥]m-d-Iƒ ssU\-an‰v h®v s]mń®p \o°n.

sImssS-°-\m¬ Akn-Ã‚ v t^mdÃv I¨k¿th-‰¿ 2011 am¿®v 24 \v ssSK¿ tjme

dnk¿Δv h\-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ am{X-amWv Cu kw`hw ]pdw-tem-I-a-dn-bp-∂Xv. At±lw

DS≥Xs∂ CXv sImssS-°-\m¬ Pn√ t^mdÃv Bô-ksd Adn-bn®p. h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-

ÿ¿ Hcp tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-Ibpw c≠v sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aPn-kvt{S-

‰ns‚ ap∂n¬ lmP-cm-°m≥ sIm≠p-t]m-Ish Ch-cn-sem-cmƒ HmSn c£-s∏´p. CXm-bn-cp∂p

CXp kw_-‘n® HutZym-KnI hni-Zo-I-cWw.

bYm¿∞ Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-aqew tIkv cPn-Ã¿ sNøm≥ sshIn.

tdmUv \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® b{¥-ßƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂Xpw CXp kw_-

‘n®v Pn√m t^mdÃv Bô-k¿°v bYm-k-abw dnt∏m¿´v \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ t^mdÃv sdbn-©¿

hcp-Ønb hogvNbpw dnt∏m¿ń¬ Nq≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p≠v. tjmf-h-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Adn-bm-am-

bn-cp-∂n´pw dnk¿hv h\-Øn-eqsS tdmUp-sh-´m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®Xpw bq°m-en-]v‰kv ac-ßƒ apdn-

°m≥ A\p-h-Zn°pw ap≥]v Pn√m t^mdÃv Bô-k¿ ÿew ]cn-tim-[n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw IrXy-

hn-tem]w Xs∂.

]cn-tim-[\ \S-Ønb kvs]jy¬ Sow Is≠-Ønb henb \nb-a-ew-L-\-ß-fn¬ Nne-

Xm-WnXv. DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn¬ hogvN hcp-Ønb h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS

t]cp-Ifpw dnt∏m¿ń¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p≠v.

""ssSK¿ tjme dnk¿Δv h\-Øn-eqsS shńb tdmUv kzImcy `qan-bn-eqsSbmWv shń-

b-sX∂v hcpØnØo¿Øv h\-`qan kzIm-cy-hy‡n°v ASn-bd hbv°m\pw {iaw \S∂p F∂Xv

A[n-t£-]m¿l-am-sW∂pw'' dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]d-bp∂p.

ChnsS 20 slIvS¿ h\ `qan-bmWv kzImcy ]´b `qan-bm-°m≥ {iaw \S-∂Xv.

kmº-ØnI Imcy-£-aX

C¥y-bpsS ]cn-an-X-amb kmº-ØnI hn`-h-ß-ƒ ]mgm-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-amWv s]mXp-ta-

Jem ÿm]-\-ßfpw k¿°mcpw \S-Øp∂Xv. CXp kw_-‘n®v Nne \n¿ÆmbI ]T-\-ßƒ \S-

∂n-´p≠v. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ H∂mWv DØ-c-J-finse hm≥ ]©m-bØv amt\-Pvsa‚pw k¿°m-

cns‚ Bt]-£nI Imcy-£-a-Xbpw kw_-‘n®v tkma-\m-Y≥ \S-Ønb ]T\w. k¿°m¿ amt\-

Pvsa‚ns\ At]-£n®v sNehv Ipdhpw Imcy-£-aX IqSp-X-ep-amWv kaq-l-am-t\-Pvsa‚n-s\-∂-

Xn\v i‡-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ th≠p-thm-f-ap≠v. hm≥ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ h\kwc-£-W-Øns‚

Imcy-£-a-X-bn¬ k¿°m-cn-t\mfw \nev°p-tºmƒ sNehv AXns‚ 1/10 am{Xw aXn. ]©m-bØv

h\ß-fn¬ hr£-ßƒ°p-≠m-Ip∂ \mi-\jvSw dnk¿hv t^md-Ãn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ KWy-amb Af-

hn¬ Ipd-hmWv F∂v ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. (Baland et al, 2008)

`c-W-]-c-amb KpW-ta∑

]oV\w

h\w˛h\y-Pohn hIp-∏ns‚ `c-W-]-c-amb KpW-ta∑ \pap-s°m∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw. h\w-h-

Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Ah-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v {Kmao-W-tcbpw Kncn-h¿§

kaq-l-sØbpw ]oVn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-∂Xv. cmPyw apgp-h≥ Cu coXn-

bnemWv Imcy-ßƒ \S-°p-∂-sX∂v F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bm-sa-¶nepw CsXm∂pw icn-bmbn tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-®n√. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse "KSvNn-tcmfn',\μ¿_m¿ Pn√-I-fnse h\m-Xn¿Øn-bn-

ep≈ {Kmao-W-cp-ambn am[hv KmUvKn¬ IqSn-°mgvN \SØn. h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Hmtcm

h¿jhpw Cu {Kma-hm-kn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]e cq]-Ønepw C\-Ønepw 1500 apX¬ 3000 cq]-hsc Xń-

188

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv dnt∏m¿´v. C¥y-bn¬ 2 tImSn-tbm-f-am-fp-Iƒ CXp-t]mse h\m-Xn¿Øn-

bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p≠v. Ch¿ Hcp h¿jw icm-icn 1000 cq] hoXw \¬In-bmepw 2 _ney¨ cq]-

bpsS Hcp At[m-temI kº-ZvL-S-\-sb-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

HutZym-KnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnse hogvN

C¥y-bn-en∂v Kncn-h¿§ `qan-I-fnepw a‰p-amWv {]IrXn Atß-b‰w I\n-™-\p-{K-ln-°p-

∂Xv. F∂m¬ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu kº-Øn-\-cn-In¬ Ign-bp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ Zmcn-{Zyhpw t]mj-

Im-lmc Ipdhpw aqew Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-°p∂p. kº-∂-X-bpsS \Sp-hnse Zmcn{Zyw F∂ Cu Ah-

ÿbv°v am‰-ap-≠m-IWw. {]Ir-Xnsb kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv

\ΩpsS kz¥w P\-Xsb i{Xp-°-fmbn I≠p-sIm-≠√. \ΩpsS kaq-l-Ønse ]e LS-I-ßfpw

\ΩpsS `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw C∂sØ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb temIØv ]e apdn-hp-Ifpw D≠m-°n-

s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. BI-bm¬ {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ A®-S-°-tØmSpw Imcy-£-a-ambpw hn\n-

tbm-Kn-°m≥ \mw ]Tn-°Ww. {]Ir-Xn-tbm-S-SpØp Ign-bp∂ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ta¬ \nb-{¥-W-

ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v CXv t\Sm≥ Ign-bn√. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øn¬ Cu

kaq-l-ßƒ°v hen-sbmcp ]¶p-h-ln-°m-\p≠v. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ {]mtZ-inI kaqlw

{i≤-h-bv°p-∂Xv C∂v hnc-f-amWv. CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS Imew apX¬ Xs∂ {]Ir-

Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fn-t∑¬ P\-ßƒ°v Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw XpS-°-Øn¬ tImf-\n-hm-gvN-

bpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn-\p-th-≠nbpw ]n∂oSv hymh-km-bnI, \K-c-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°p th≠nbpw

Ch ASn-b-d-h-®-XmWv. Hmtcm h¿jhpw \qdp-I-W-°n\v cq]-hn-e-bp≈ A®m-dp-≠m-°m≥ amß

Xcp∂ henb amhp-Iƒ ssπhpUv hyh-km-b-Øn\v \¬Ip-∂Xv shdpw 6 cq]-bv°mWv. CØcw

Xe-Xn-cn™ t{]m’m-l-\-ßfpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ P\-ß-fpsS Xmev]cyw \in-

∏n®p.

`mKy-h-im¬ Ct∏mƒ Im‰v Xncn-™-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. kwbp‡ h\w amt\-

Pvsa‚ v,]©m-bØv cmPv ]ń-I-ta-J-e-I-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-∂Xv, kky-C-\-ßfpw I¿j-Is‚

Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p∂ \nbaw, ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-\n-baw, ]ńI h¿§w a‰v ]c-º-cm-KX

h\-hmknI-fpsS h\m-h-Imi \nbaw, XpS-ßn-bh {]IrXn hn`-h-ß-fn-t∑¬ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-

Øn\v KWy-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p≠v. Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒs°m∏w Nne IS-a-I-fpap≠v.

{]IrXn kºØv kpÿn-camw hn[hpw Imcy-£-a-ambpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-

am-WXv. AtX kabw {]Ir-Xnsb kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw {]IrXn hn`-h-ßsf ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w \nXy-hr-Øn°v hI-I-s≠-Øm\pw alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob {KmaoW

sXmgnep-d∏p ]≤Xn klm-bn-°p∂p. taev]-d™ \nb-a-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Hcp kwtbm-PnX

coXn-bn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn-®m¬ henb t\´-ap-≠m-°m≥ \ap°v Ignbpw.

Cu P\m-[n-jvTnX \nb-a-sØ-]‰n ]e¿°pw ]e sX‰n-≤m-c-W-I-fp-ap≠v. Ah¿ `b-s∏-Sp-

∂Xv

Kncn-h¿§-°mcpw a‰v ]c-º-cm-K-X-h-\-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw \¬Ip∂ Ah-Imiw h≥tXm-Xn¬

acw-ap-dn-°m≥ CS-bm°pw.

Cu \nbaw h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-sØbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n°pw.

kmaq-ly-h\ hn`-h-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ tijn Kncn-P-\-ßƒ°pw

h\-hm-kn-Iƒ°p-an√.

h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS `qan ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-≈-h¿ Xń-sb-Sp-°m\pw {]IrXn kº-Øn-\m¬ kº-

∂-amb `qan Itø-dm\pw CXv CS-bmIpw.

{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v ]Icw k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Imcw \¬In-

bm¬ F¥m-bn-cn°pw kw -̀hn-°pI F∂v \mw Btem-Nn-°Ww.? Cßs\ sNbvXm¬ h\-sØbpw

h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw CXn-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ kwc-£n-°ptam? ]pdØp \n∂p-≈-h-cpsS

Itø‰w Ahkm\n-°ptam? kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-c-ap≈ Ign™ 6 Zi-I-ß-fnse \ΩpsS A\p-`hw

]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ {_nó-jp-Im¿ BZy-ambn ChnsS Imep-Ip-Øp-tºmƒ hr£-ß-fpsS kap{Zw

F∂-h¿ hnti-jn-∏n® C¥y-bnse h\-ß-fpsS C∂sØ Ahÿ F¥mWv.?

189

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kzIm-cy-h\w DS-a-I-fpsS ssIh-i-am-bn-cp∂ cmPysØ `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 11% h\w A[n-

Ir-X¿°v ssIam-dn-b-t∏mƒ Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xnse Ime-Xm-a-khpw Agn-a-Xnbpw h≥tXm-

Xn-ep≈ h\-\-io-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-ambn.

hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-fn-eqsS h∂ tdmUp-Iƒ ap≥]v FØn-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp∂ Dƒh-\-ß-

fnse k¿°m¿ h\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ XSn-sh´v Ffp-∏-am°n.

h\ A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v apfbpw ]ƒ∏n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ h≥hr-£-ßfpw shdpw

Xp—-amb hnebv°v \¬In-bXv Cu hn`-h-ß-fpsS samØw \mi-Øn-te°v hgn-sX-fn®p.

tUm. kenw Aen-bp-sSbpw {ioaXn Cμn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-tSbpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-

ß-fnse h\w hnI-k\ tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ ê-Øn¬ h\w \io-I-c-W-tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-

fmbn. Chbv°p ]Icw h\-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°msX \ne-hn-ep-ff {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb kº-

∂-h-\-ßƒ shń-\-in-∏n®p.

]e Imc-W-ßƒ ]d™v hnip≤ h\-ßƒ shń-\-in-∏n-®-Xn¬ apJy-]¶v h\w-h-Ip-∏n-

\mWv.

h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿsc P\-ßƒ i{Xp-°-sf-t∏mse ImWp-tºmgpw hoc-∏-s\-t]m-

ep≈ sImSpw-Ip-‰-hm-fn-Iƒ I¿Æm-S-I-Øn-sebpw Xan-gv\m-́ n-sebpw Nμ-\-°m-Sp-Iƒ sIm≈-

b-Sn®pw sImº-\m-\-Isf th -́bm-Snbpw \nc-h[n k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿsc h[n®pw B¿°pw

]nSn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX 2 Zi-I-ßƒ \mSns\ hnd-∏n®v Ign-™p-IqSn.

k¿°m¿ Bh-iym -\p -k-cWw kº-ØnI klmbw \¬Inb "kcnkvI ISph

kt¶X"Ønse apgp-h≥ ISp-h-I-sfbpw th´-bmSn. Poh-t\m-sS-bp≈ ISp-h-I-fpsS FÆw

kw_-‘n®v sX‰mb hnh-c-ßƒ \¬In-b-X-√msX k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m\w AXn-\-∏pdw

as‰m∂pw sNbvXn√.

h\w A[n-Ir-X-cpsS P\-hn-cp≤ \b-ßƒ aqew hfsc kº-∂-amb h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-amb

"tIymem-tZhv Lm\m'' \mj-W¬ ]m¿°vt]mepw Ah-Xm-f-Øn-embn.

XpS¿®-bmbn sX‰mb hmKvZm-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw P\-Iob kwL-S-\-Isf Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ ]c-am-h[n {ian-°p-Ibpw Agn-aXn kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°v Bfp-Isf tIm˛Hm]v‰v sNøm≥

{ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw CXns\ AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm≠v \ΩpsS P\-ßƒ Cu cwKØv F¥p

]¶v hln®p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn°pw.

cmPy-Øp-S-\ofw apJy ssPh-hn-̀ -h-ß-fmb ]e hr£-ßfpw C∂pw [mcmfw \ne-\n¬°p∂p.

P\-ßƒ Xnßn-∏m¿°p∂ tIc-f-Ønse Xoc-tZ-i-ß-fnse hnip-≤-h-\-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb ]e

]pjv] k-ky-ßfpw C∂pw \mw Is≠-Øp∂p.

Ipc-ßp-Ifpw aqß-I-fp-sa√mw C∂pw cmPy-Øns‚ ]e `mKØpw Pohn-°p∂p.

"Nn≥°mc', "ªm°v_°v' , ' \n¬Kmbv' F∂n-h-bpsS FÆw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ IqSn-s°m-≠n-

cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sp-∂-hsc ]nSn-Iq-Sp-∂-Xn¬ P\-ßƒ hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-

°p-∂p≠v.

cmP-ÿm-\n¬ "Hdm≥kv' t]mse-bp≈ kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂Xv P\-ß-

fmWv.

\mKm-em‚n¬ an° kmaq-ly-h-\-ß-fp-sSbpw \S-Øn∏v Imcy-£-a-amWv.

DØ-cm-©-en¬ hm≥ ]©m-b-Øp-I-fmWv h\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp-

∂Xv.

a[y-`m-c-X-Ønse \nc-h[n {Kma-k-aq-l-ßƒ t\csØ Ah¿°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂

h\-hn-`h-ßƒ \∂mbn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p≠v.

I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse "le-Im¿"t]mse-bp≈ hnt√-Pp-I-fn¬ k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ B{I-

a-Wßsf AXn-Po-hn®pw hnt√Pv h\-ßƒ \∂mbn kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.

190

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse I¿j-I¿ Ah-cpsS kzImcy h\-ßƒ \∂mbn kwc-£n-°p-∂p≠v.

Hdo-k-bn¬ kzbw cq]o-Ir-X-amb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v h\w kwc-£-W-k-an-Xn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-

kw-c-£-W-Øn≥ Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´p≈ h\-ßƒ \∂mbn ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n°p-∂p≠v.

(kzn‰vk¿e-≥Unse C∂sØ h\-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw kmaq-ly-h-\-`q-an-I-fn¬ ]p\-cp-÷o-

hn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂Xv {]tXyIw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p.)

{]mtZ-inI ssPh Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bpsS BtcmKyw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ {]tbm-P\w

\n›-b-ambpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°mWv. Cu ssPh-B-hmk hyh-ÿsb G‰hpw ê-{]-Z-ambn

kwc-£n-°m\pw ImØp-kq-£n-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂Xpw Ah¿°p-Xs∂. Cu ssPh Bhmk hyh-

ÿsb kw_-‘n® {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]tXyI Adn-hp-≈-h¿ Ch-cm-I-bm¬ Ah th≠-hn[w

kwc-£n®v hf¿Øm\pw Ch¿°mWv Ign-bpI.

\ΩpsS {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n®v kwc-£n-°m\pw AtX kabw Xs∂ P\-

Po-hnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ P\-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ [mcmfw Ah-kcw C∂p≠v.

h\-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS A¥-kØ A£-c-Ønepw Bi-b-Ønepw Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v {]h¿Øn-°m≥

\mw k∂-≤-cm-IWw.

h\-ß-fpsS ]cn-k-cØv Pohn-°p∂ \n¿≤-\cpw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-́ -h-cp-amb P\-ßƒ°p

IqSn h\-h-ev°-c-W-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w e`y-am-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv 20 h¿j-ßƒ°p-ap≥]v kwbp-

‡-h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]cn-]mSn Xøm-dm-°n-bXv ]s£ AXn\v t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ]e-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

Ah-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ h\-ß-fn¬ B hnt√-Pnse F√m Xma-k-°mcpw amt\-

Pvsa‚nepw h\-D-ev]-∂-ß-fnepw Ah-Imiw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n√. kwbp-‡-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v {Kq∏n¬

\n∂v \n¿≤-\cmb {Kma-hm-kn-Isf ]q¿Æ-ambn Hgn-hm-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p.

kwbp-‡-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v hy‡-am-sbmcp Imem-h[n D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. h\w hIp-

∏n\v GXp ka-bØpw Ah-cpsS \nb-{¥Ww Gs‰-Sp-°m-am-bn-cp∂p. CXp-aqew h\-Øn¬

\nt£]w \SØn hnI-kn-∏n®v kwc-£n-°m≥ Ah¿°v Xm¬]cyw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p.

amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ IqSp-X¬ \nb-{¥-W-ß-tfmsS CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Ct∏mgpw kwÿm\

h\w hIp-∏n¬ \n£n-]vX-amWv.

h\-kw-c-£Ww \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ kpXm-cy-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn-en√. BI-bm¬

kwbp‡ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ ê-{]m]vXn hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-

Iƒ \ΩpsS ssIh-i-an√. hntI-{μo-I-cW amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ sa®-s∏-s´mcp amXrI DØ-c-J-finse

"IpabqWn'¬ (Kumaun) 1930 ¬ Bcw-`n® hm≥ ]©m-bØv kwhn-[m-\-amWv. k¿°m¿ amt\-

Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\sØ At]-£n®v sNehv Ipdhpw ê-{]m-]vXn-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amWv. kmaq-ly-am-t\-

Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-sa-∂-Xn\v Ipabq-Wn¬ \n∂v i‡-amb sXfnhv e`n-®n-´p≠v. hm≥ ]©m-b-

Øp-I-fpsS h\w kwc-£-W-kw-hn-[m\w k¿°m-cn-t‚-Xn-t\mfw ê-{]-Zhpw AXns‚ ]Øn-

sem∂p am{Xw sNehv hcp-∂-Xp-amWv. Cu \nK-a\w icn-h-bv°p∂ as‰mcp ]T-\-Øn¬ Is≠-

Øn-bXv hr£-\-io-I-cWw hm≥ ]©m-bØv h\-ß-fn¬ dnk¿Δv h\-ß-fn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc

Ipd-hm-sW-∂mWv.

2006 se h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw Kncn-h¿§-°mcpw a‰v h\-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw Ah-Im-i-sa∂ \ne-

bn-emWv h\-ß-fpsS kmaq-ly-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]s£, kmaq-ly-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v

kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ LS-\bpw A[n-Im-chpw \nb-a-Øn¬ hy‡-a√. Ign™ h¿jsØ [\-X-Xz-

im-kv{X-Ønse t\m_¬tP-Xm-hmb Fen-s\m¿ Hmkvt{Sm-ans‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ kmaq-ly-am-

t\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ am{Xta h\-ß-fpsS _p≤n-

]q¿Δ-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn\v AXv t{]m’m-l-\-amIq.

C¥y-bn¬ h\-ßƒ°-SpØv P\-ßƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ apgp-h≥ {]tZ-i-ßƒ°pw th≠n

\∂mbn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX Hcp kmaqly amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w \S-∏m-°Ww. CXn-eqsS

kwc-£nX ˛ dnk¿ΔvUv h\-ß-fpsS `c-W-]-c-amb sNe-hn¬ 90% hsc em`n-°m\pw h\-ßƒ°-

cnsI Pohn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS t£aw Db¿Øm\pw Ign-bpw.

191

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwbp-‡-h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v kmaqly h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v B°n am‰p-I

tZiob h\w \b-Øn¬ 1988 apX¬ Xs∂ h\w \b-Øns‚ {][m\ e£yw {]mtZ-inI

Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-dp-I-bm-sW∂v AwKo-I-cn-®n´p≠v. dh\yq hcp-am\w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v \b-

Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\ta Iev]n-®n-cp-∂p≈q. ssPh sshhn-≤y-kw-c-£Ww, h\-Øns‚

hnkvXo¿Æw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p, D¬∏m-Z\ £aX Iq´pI XpS-ßnb e£y-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m-\mbn

kv{XoIƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ P\-ßsf ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp h≥ P-\-Iob Iq´m-bvabv°v cq]w

\¬I-W-sa-∂mWv \bw ip]m¿i sNbvXXv.

t_mIvkv 5 : kwbp-‡-h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v;

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Hc-\p-`hw

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Z£nW I∂-S-bn-ep≈ _¬Ø-ßm-Sn-bnse \mK-cnI tkh {SÃv

I¿Æm-S-I-bnse Ip¥]pc Unhn-j-\n¬ kwbp‡ h\w-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ (1993) hfsc kPo-h-am-bn-cp∂p. h\-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-Ønepw

kwc-£-W-Ønepw P\-Io-b-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm¬ Ign-bp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ I¿Æm-SI h\w

hIp-∏nse Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-cmb Fw.F¬. dmw{]-Imiv, sI.F≥. aq¿Øn F∂n-h¿ hnt√Pv

h\w kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp∂p. _¬Ø-ßmSn Xmeq-°nse "jo¿emep'

hnt√-Pn-emWv BZy-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-®Xv. "sh\pcp' td©n¬ 11 kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥

\mK-cnI {SÃv klm-bn®p. kz¥w A[n-Im-chpw \nb-{¥-Whpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-sa∂p `b∂ h\w-

h-Ip-∏nse a‰v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ CXns\ i‡-ambn FXn¿Øp. F∂m¬ taev]-d™ 2 DtZym-K-

ÿ-cpsS {]Xn-_-≤-X-aqew Ip¥-]pc Unhn-j-\n¬ Cu kΩ¿±-ß-sf-sb√mw AXn-Po-hn®v 100

kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®p. sXm´-SpØ awK-em-]pcw Unhn-j-\n¬ k¿°m-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-I-fp-

sSbpw \mK-cnI {SÃn-s‚bpw FXn¿∏v Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠pw XSn-hym-]m-cn-I-fpsS ]n¥pW

B¿÷n-®p-sIm≠pw 25 kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®p. Ah-km\w Cu kan-Xn-I-sf√mw bmsXmcp

P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-hp-an-√msX h\w hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn-embn.

hnt√Pv h\w kan-Xn-Ifpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-\n-ba {]Imcw cq]o-I-cn® ssPh-ssh-hn≤y

amt\-Pvsa‚ v kan-Xn-Ifpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp GtIm-]-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Cu c≠v kan-Xn-

I-fp-sSbpw NpX-e-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw hy‡-ambn \n¿Δ-ln-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. {]Xo-£-

bvs°mØv Db¿∂n-s√-¶n¬t]mepw ssPh sshhn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v kan-Xn-Iƒ Gsd P\m-

[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-hhpw ]¶m-fnØ kz`m-hhpw D≈-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v

kanXn hn]p-eo-I-cn®v hnt√Pv h\w kan-Xn-I-fpsS taJ-e-IqSn Ahbv°v Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-

Itbm h\w kan-Xn-Iƒ Ah-bn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøWw.

CXp-aqew IqSp-X¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw D≠mIpw.

Cu \b-Øns‚ A\-¥c ê-amWv 1990-I-fn¬ tI{μ h\w-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-ebw,

A[:]Xn® h\-ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m≥ kwbp‡ h\amt\-Pvsa‚ v kvIoap-Iƒ°v cq]w

\¬Im≥ \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm≠v kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v k¿°p-e¿ Ab-®Xv.

kwbp‡ h\amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]co-£Ww ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw ]e A\p-Iqe ê-ß-fp-≠m-

°n-sb-¶nepw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. IΩn-‰n-bpsS FIvkv Hôtjym sk{I-´-dn-bmb h\w

hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ-\mWv ssZ\w-Zn\ Imcy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. a‰v Xocp-am-\-ßƒ h\w hIp-

∏mWv ssIsIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. Ah-cpsS {][m\ {i≤ s]s´∂v hf-cp∂ C\w ac-ßƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p. Nne D`-b-I£n Icm-dp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ XpS-ßn-bh Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ AXns‚ ^≠v Xocp-∂-tXmsS ]≤-Xnbpw Ah-km-\n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p.

hnt√-Pnse hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ "D∂-X¿' B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Iø-S-°p∂ hfsc Kuc-h-ap≈

{]iv\w F√m ]¶m-fnØ k¿°m¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw (hm´¿ sjUv hnI-k\w t]mse) kw`-hn-

192

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

°p-∂-XmWv. h\w amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ {]tXy-In®pw. ImcWw, s]mXp-hmb hn`-h-ßƒ Fßs\

]¶n-S-W-sa∂v Nn¥n-°p∂ hyXykvX Xmev]-cy-°m-cm-Wn-hnsS D≈Xv. h\n-X-Iƒ, hndIv Ib-‰n-

d°v sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, h\ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-h¿, ac-hym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n∂v em`w {]Xo£n-

°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-h-sc√mw CXn-epƒs∏Spw.

D∂-X-cpsS CS-s]-S¬ sIm≠v tZmjw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ hn`m-K-

ßƒ°mW.v bYm¿Ø P\-]-¶m-fn-ØsØ adn-I-S∂v Ch-sc-s°m≠v ]≤Xn e£yw t\Sp-∂Xv,

h\w-h-Ip-∏n\pw kuI-cy-amWv.

h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse 3 (1) (i) hIp-∏p-{]-Imcw kwbp-‡ -h\amt\-Pvsa‚n\v Iogn¬

hcp∂ {]tZ-i-ßfpw hnt√Pv amt\-Pvsa‚n\v Iogn¬ hcp∂ h\-ßfpw Hcp kmaq-ly-hn-`-h-am-

bn-I≠v kaqlw ssIImcyw sNøWw. h\w hIp∏v CXn\v kwc-£-Whpw kmt¶-XnI ]n¥p-

Wbpw \¬IWw. kpÿnc hn\n-tbm-Khpw kwc-£W \n_-‘-\-Ifpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw

thWw.

h\ Ah-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw kwbp‡ h\-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v Fs‰-Sp-°m≥ {Kma-k-`tbm kaq-

ltam Xøm-dm-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ kwbp-‡- h\amt\-Pvsa‚ v kan-Xn-Isf {Kma-k-`-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-

Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ k¿°m¿ GI-]-£ob Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°Ww. Aßs\ Bbm¬ kanXn

AwK-ßsf P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ {Kma-k` sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥

Ignbpw. ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v k¿°m¿ Imcy-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-sa∂pw kwbp-‡ -h\amt\-

Pvsa‚ns\ IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-]-chpw B°p-sa∂pw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS Pohn-

Xm-h-iy-ßƒ°v ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-sa∂pw Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p∂p.

sNdp-InS h\w Dev]-∂-ß-fn-eqsS AXnPoh\-Øn\v klmbw

kmaq-ly- h\amt\-Pvsa‚n-s\bpw ]¶m-fnØ kwbp‡ h\amt\-Pvsa‚n-s\bpw t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°m≥ ]c-am-h[n {ia-ßƒ \S-Øp-tºmgpw {]mtZ-inI kaqlw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hen-sbm-

c-fhv h\-ßfpw Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-[n°v shfn-bn-emWv. CØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw amt\-

Pvsa‚ v kan-Xn-I-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw 1988 se h\\b-a-\p-k-cn®v h\ D¬∏-

∂-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w ]c-am-h[n h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ k¿°m¿ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°Ww. h\-ß-fpsS

DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw kaq-l-Øn\v ssIam-dp-∂-Xns‚ \nb-a-]-cn-c£ sIm≠p-am{Xw tiJ-cn-°p∂

h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Af-hnepw KpW-ta-∑-bn-ep-ap≈ Ipd-hp-Ifpw hcp-am-\-\-jvShpw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

Ign-bn√. h\-\-io-I-caw, kΩn{i h\-ß-fpsS ÿm\-Øp≈ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX h\-ßƒ°v ap≥K-

W\ \¬Ip-∂Xv, \nb-{¥-W-N-´-°qSv, h\-hn-`-h-ßfpw h\hpw hyh-km-b-ßƒ°mbn hn\n-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂Xv hn -̀h-ß-fpsS hn]-W-\-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Ifpw Icm-dp-Imcpw \S-Øp∂ NqjWw

XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv CXn\v ImcWw.

BI-bm¬ h\ Ah-Im-in-\n-baw \S-∏m-°p-sa∂ Dd-∏n\v ]pdsa h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ h\-hm-kn-

I-fpsS PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn ]c-kv]c _‘n-X-amb 3 {]iv\-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-l-cn-t°-≠-

Xp≠v.

1. h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Fßs\ h¿≤n-∏n°mw.?

2. Cu hn`-h-ßƒ ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v e`y-am-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?

3. Ch-bpsS hn]-W-\-Øn-eqsS Ch-cpsS hcp-am\w Fßs\ ]c-am-h[n Db¿Ømw?

]e D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw Dev]m-Z\w ]c-am-h[n h¿≤n-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v ]co-£-W-

ßfpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw D≠m-IWw. CXn\v aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX h¿≤n-∏n®v {]Ir-Xn-ZØ

h\-]p-\-cp-÷o-h\w t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ip‰n-s®-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw amt\-

Pvsa‚n¬ {i≤n-°p-Ibpw thWw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v a[y-{]-tZ-in-se-bpw, B{‘-{]-tZ-in-sebpw

"km¬' hr£-ß-fpsS Ct∏m-gsØ amt\-Pvsa‚ v sIm≠v h\w-h-Ip∏v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv XSn°pth≠n

am{X-ap-≈-XmWv. AXn-\m¬ Hcp Iqºv (shoot) am{Xta hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn°q. F∂m¬ [mcmfw

inJ-c-ßfpw Cebpw D≈ hr£-am-WnXv. \in® h\-ß-fntem hnt√-Pn-t\m-S-Sp-Øp≈ Ip∂p-I-

fntem Cu hr£w imtJm-]-im-J-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ imJ-Ifpw Cebpw C‘-

\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

193

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t^mdÃv k¿Δokv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-ahpw kwbp‡ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚pw t^md-Ã¿amcpw {]mtZ-inI h\-hm-

kn-Ifpw XΩn¬ ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xn-\m¬ h\w hIp-∏n\v IqSp-X¬ am\p-jnI ]cn-

thjw D≠m-IWw. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ h\w hIp-∏ns‚ B¥-cnI kwkvImcw DtZym-Kÿ t{iWn-

bn-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw GIm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amWv. Cμn-cm-Km‘n \mj-W¬ t^mdÃv A°m-Z-an-bnse

\√ ]cn-io-e-\hpw a‰v ÿm]-\-ß-fnse C≥k¿Δokv tImgvkp-Ifpw sIm≠v Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬

am‰w hcp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. CXpw h\w hIp-∏nse a‰v \√ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw NphsS ]d-bp∂ ê-

ßƒ e£yw hbv°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww.

h\-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn sa®-s∏´ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS kmº-Øn-Ihpw

kmaq-ly-hp-amb hnI-k\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. hIp∏v \S-∏m-°p∂ h\-h¬°-cW

]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Bkq-{X-W-Øn-s‚bpw \S-Øn-∏n-s‚bpw F√m L´-ß-fnepw Chsc ]s¶-

Sp-∏n-°Ww. kmaq-lym-[n-jvTnX h\-h¬°-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ah¿ kzbw Bkq-{XWw

sNbvXp \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xns\ ]n¥p-W-bv°Ww.

kpÿnc Im¿jnI hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Pe-kp-c-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p-ambn ASn-Ød i‡n-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬IWw.

kwtbm-PnX `qan amt\-Pvsa‚ v Bh-iy-ap≈ h\-h¬°-c-W-tØm-Sp≈ \o¿ØS, `q`m-K-k-

ao-]-\-Øns‚ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ ]¶v.

Irjn, arK-kw-c-£Ww, h\-h¬°-cWw F∂nh XΩn¬ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

h\-h¬°-c-WsØ kw_-‘n® s]mXp-P-\-A-h-t_m-[hpw h\-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬

P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Bh-iyhpw.

{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂pƒs∏sS kzX-{¥-amb sshZKv[y-Ønepw hn⁄m-\-Ønepw

Du∂n-bp≈ Kth-j-W-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]¶m-fn-Ø-]-chpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb Bkq-{XW

{]{In-b.

k¶o¿Æ-amb ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xnepw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-

ep-ap≈ {i≤. Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w,Xt±-iob ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kwc-£n-°¬,

kky˛P¥p-Pm-e-ß-fpsS òj-Wn-t\-cn-Sp∂ C\-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øm\pw ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m\pw

klm-bn-°pI XpS-ßnb \nc-h[n sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-´p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah-bpsS ]q¿Δ-

ÿnXn {]m]n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hn-s\bpw kml-N-cy-ß-tfmSv Cgp-In-t®-cm-\p≈ tijn-tbbpw

\ne-\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°Ww.

t_mIvkv 6: h\-A-h-Imi \nb-ahpw hmg-®m-ense ImScpw (Xr-»q¿ Pn√, tIc-fw)

1. hfsc {]mNo-\-amb Hcp Kncn-h¿§-hn-`m-K-amWv ImS¿.F¶nepw Ah-cpsS kmaq-lytam

Bhm-k-tI-{μ-]-ctam Bb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ H∂pw-Xs∂ N¿® sNøp-Itbm ÿm]n-s®-Sp-

°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń√.

2. Hmtcm Bhm-k-tI-{μ-Øn-\p-ap≈ h\ Ah-Imi kan-Xnsb sXc-s™-SpØXvv N´-ßƒ

]men-°m-sXbpw {Kma-k-`-Isf Hgn-hm-°n-bp-amWv.

3. h\- A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-sØbpw N´-sØbpw AXns‚ {]m[m-\y-sØbpw ]‰n ImS¿t°m,

Kncn-h¿§ hIp-∏nt\m, h\whIp-∏nt\m Imcy-amb hnh-c-an√.

4. ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬

bmsXmcp GtIm-]-\-hp-an√.

5. t_m[-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm \S-Øn-bh

Xmtg-X-ń-te°v FØm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNømw.

194

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

""C¥y-bnse PmXn-Iƒ: AXns‚ kz`mhw, {]h¿Ø\w, D¤hw F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬

sP. F®v. l´≥, ImS¿ Kncn-h¿§-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p≠v. Hcp-]s£ Z£n-

tW-¥y-bnse G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb Kncn-P-\-ß-fmWv sIm®n kwÿm-\sØ ImS¿''

ImS¿ Kncn-h¿§-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw ]e-\-c-hwi ]T-\-ß-fnepw hy‡-am-bn-´p≠v. Nme-

°pSn \Zo-X-S-Ønse h\-ß-fn¬ am{Xw I≠n-cp∂ Ch¿ {]mNo\ th´-°mcpw `£Ww kam-

l-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-amWv. sk≥kkv {]Imcw Ch-cpsS kwJy 1500¬ Xmsg-bmWv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw

h\-sØbpw sNdnb h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw \Zn-bnse a’y-ß-sfbpw Ing-ßp-Iƒ, tX≥, a‰v sNdnb

h\-D-ev]-∂-ß-tfbpw B{i-bn®v Im´n¬ Xs∂-bmWv Ch-cpsS PohnXw. tXm´-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-

bp≈ h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw AW-s°-´p-\n¿Ωm-Whpw aqew Ah-cpsS IpSn-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-

em-b-Xp-Im-cWw Ign™ H∂c \q‰m-≠mbn amdn amdn Ct∏mfh¿ \Zn-bpsS {][m\ Xmgv-h-c-

bn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-k-amWv. hmg-®m¬ t^mdÃv Unhn-j-\nse 413 NXp-c{i Intem ao‰-dn¬ 8

ImS¿ IpSn-I-fmWv Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv. Ch-bn¬ 2 FÆw -˛ hmg-®m¬, s]mI-e-∏md IpSn-Iƒ,

BXn-c-∏n≈n Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-bpsS X{¥-{]-[m-\-`m-K-Øm-Ws{X. Ah-cpsS bYm¿∞

h\ Bhmk tI{μw ]e-t∏m-gmbn \in-∏n-°-s∏-´p. ta¬∏-d™ 2 IpSn-I-fn-ep-≈-h¿ Ct∏mƒ

Pohn-°p-∂Xv kwÿm\ h\w hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ h\-kw-c-£-W-k-anXn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

klm-b-Øm-emWv.

ImS-cpsS \nba Ah-t_m[w

s]mI-e-∏md, hmg-®m¬ IpSn-I-fnse GXm\pw t]scm-gn-®m¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°m¿°pw h\-A-

h-Im-i-\n-b-asØ ]‰ntbm AXns‚ km≤y-X-Isf ]‰ntbm bmsXmcp hnh-c-hp-an√, Adn-bm-

hp∂ ct≠m aqt∂m ImS¿°v Cßs\ Hcp \nba-ap-s≠∂pw AXv Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

]p\:ÿm]n-°m\pw AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂pw am{Xta Adnbq. Ah¿°v A¿l-

X-s∏´ hnhn[ h\-A-h-Im-i-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw \nb-a-Øns‚ c≠mw A≤ym-b-Ønse aq∂mw hIp-

∏p-{]-Imcw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ßsf ]‰nbpw Ah¿°v Adn-hn√. Kncn-h¿§-h-Ip∏v

DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ B\p-Iq-ey-A-h-Imi kwhn-[m\w ]cm-P-b-amWv. h\m-h-Im-i-

\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ k_v˛Unhn-j≥ Xe kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ kw_-‘n®pw a‰pw Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn® tij-am-bn-cn-°-W-am-bn-cp∂p B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥. CXv Hcn-

°epw kw`-hn-®n-´n√.

ImS¿°v Ah-cpsS kmaq-ly-A-h-Im-isØ ]‰n Hcn-°epw Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. 8 apX¬

10 G°¿ hsc ÿew Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ Ch-tcmSv Kncn-h¿§ hIp∏v \n¿t±-in-°p∂ \nbaw

Fs¥∂v Adn-bmsX Ah¿ AXv A\p-k-cn-°p∂p.

Ct∏mƒ ÿnXn-sb¥v?

hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ImS-cn¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn® sXfn-hp-Iƒ {]Imcw {Kma-k-`-

Isf _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-sX-bmWv h\m-h-Imi kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®Xv. \nb-a-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-

ßƒ ImSsc ]d™p a\- n-em-°msX BZy-tbm-K-Øn¬ Xs∂ Kncn-h¿§-h-Ip∏v h\-A-h-

Imi kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®p. kanXn AwK-ßƒ°v CXp kw_-‘n®v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-sa-

∂mWv hIp∏v A[n-Ir-X¿ BZyw Adn-bn-®Xv. F∂m¬ Hcp ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Snbpw \S-Øn-bn-

s√-∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv. {Kma-k-̀ -bn-eqsS kanXn AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw

Pn√m-I-f-IvS-td-‰n-sebpw Kncn-h¿§ hIp-∏n-sebpw BXn-c-∏-≈n-]-©m-b-Øn-sebpw {]Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ IpSn-Iƒ kμ¿in®v tbmKw \SØn kanXn AwK-ßsf \n›-bn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

\nb-a-Øn¬ hyh-ÿ-sN-bvXn-´p≈ kmaq-ly-A-h-Im-i-ßsf ]‰n Ah¿ hnh-cn-®n√. Ipd®v h\-

`qan Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ AXv Xcm-sa-∂p-am{Xw DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Ah-tcmSv ]d™p.

Nne tImf-\n-I-fn¬ kanXn AwK-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ch¿°v t^mdw ]qcn-∏n®p \¬In-

bXv.

195

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

F∂m¬ Gsd ÿeØpw s{]mtam-´¿am-cmWv Cu tPmen sNbvXXv. Kncn-h¿§-h-Ip-

∏ns‚ \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw Ch-cpsS IpSn-Iƒ°-Sp-Øp≈ 8 apX¬ 10 hsc G°¿ ÿe-Øn\v

Ch¿ At]£ \¬In. ]qcn-∏n-®-t^m-d-ßƒ ]©m-b-Øn¬ \¬In-bXv Ah¿ Kncn-h¿§ hIp-

∏n\v ssIamdn.kanXn AwK-ßsf Adn-bn-°msX dh-\yp-h-Ip∏v Hmtcm tImf-\n-bnepw k¿sΔ

\S-Øn-bXv Nne X¿°-ßƒ°v Imc-W-ambn.

CXv \S-∏m-°p∂ {]{In-b-bn¬ \n¿Æm-bI L´-Øn-sem∂pw h\w hIp-∏ns\ _‘-s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn√. \nb-a-{]-Imcw {Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v k_vUn-hn-j≥ Xe kanXn am¿§ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

\¬IWw. h\m-h-Imi kanXn AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°p≈

At]£ hmg-®m¬ Unhn-j-\n¬ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX tij-amWv k_v ˛Unhn-j≥ Xe

kan-Xn-bpsS BZy-tbmKw tN¿∂Xv. Cu tbmK-Øn¬ Kncn-h¿§-°mtcm tªm°v ]©m-bØv

AwK-ßtfm ]s¶-Sp-Øn√. h\ Ah-Im-i-k-anXn AwK-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v h\w hIp∏pw

Adn-™n√. At]£ ^b¬ sNøpw ap≥]v h\-A-h-Imi kan-Xn-Iƒ°v k_v ˛Unhn-j≥

kanXn Fs¥-¶nepw hnh-ctam `q]-Stam \¬In-bn√. h\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS ItÃm-Un-b≥ h\w

hIp-∏m-b-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm IpSn-bn-sebpw ̀ qan-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw kq£va-πm-\p-Ifpw At]£

F{]-Imcw ]qcn-∏n®p \¬I-W-sa∂ hnh-c-ßfpw Ah-cpsS ssIh-i-ap≠v.

Kncn-h¿§ hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚p-am¿°pw tIcf C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

Hm^v tem°¬ AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j\pw CXp kw_-‘n® ]cn-io-e\w \¬In-bn-cp∂p. \n¿`m-Ky-

h-im¬ Cu ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w Kncn-h¿§-°m-cn-se-Øn-bn√.

BXn-c-∏≈n {Kma-]-©m-b-Øn¬ {Kma-k` hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ h\ Ah-Imi

\nb-a-sØ-]‰n N¿® sNømt\m h\-A-h-Imi kanXn AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-°mt\m {]tXy-

I-ambn {Kma-k-`tbm Ducp-Iq-´tam IqSn-bn-ń√. AwK-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\p-ti-jhpw Cu

\nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ßƒ {Kma-k-`-I-fn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-ń√.

ImS¿°v Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ h\-`q-an-bn¬ tcJm-aqew Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-

°m≥ Ign-™n-́ p≠v. CXp-Xs∂ icn-bmb \S-]Sn{Iaw ]men-°m-sXbpw \nb-asØ ]‰n ImS¿°v

th≠{X Adnhv ]I¿∂p \¬Im-sXbpw h\w˛Kncn-h¿§ hIp-∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ bmsXmcp GtIm-

]nX {]h¿Ø-\hpw C√m-sX-bp-amWv sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv.

kmaqly AYhm Bhmk Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ImS-cp-ambn N¿®-sN-bvXn-ń√. Unhn-j-\nse

ImS¿ IpSn-I-fn-se√mw CXp-kw-_-‘n® Kuc-h--X-c-amb N¿® \S-ØWw.

ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw

\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kulr-Z-]-c-amb Nne coXn-Iƒ°v C¥y cq]w \¬In-

bn-´p≠v. Cu ]mc-ºcyw sIm≠mWv hnip-≤-Im-Sp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ h\-ßƒ C∂pw ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv. \mń≥]p-d-ß-fn¬ Ac-bm¬ t]cm¬ hr£-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw

\K-c-ß-fnepw {Kma-ß-fnepw AÆm≥, Infn-Iƒ, F∂n-hsb Iq´-tØmsS ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw

CXp-sIm≠v Xs∂. C¥y≥ knwlw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv Ko¿ \mj-W¬ ]m¿°n-emWv. ISpØ

FXn¿∏n-\n-S-bnepw Chsb kwc-£n® Pp\-L-́ nse \hm-_ns‚ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ cmP-Iob \mbm-

´p-ÿ-e-am-bn-cp∂p. C¥y-bn-en∂v \ΩpsS `qan-bpsS 4%Øntesd hcp∂ h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-ß-fp-

tSbpw tZio-b-]m¿°p-I-fp-tSbpw _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿Δp-I-fp-tSbpw Hcp irwJe Xs∂-bp≠v.

]gb CS-Xq¿∂ h\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp cmPysØ kw_-‘n®v CXv hfsc A`n-am-\m¿l-

amWv.F∂m-en-∂sØ ssPh sshhn≤y kwc-£-W-tØm-Sp≈ k¿°m¿ klmb kao-]\w

ISpØ kΩ¿±-Øn\v hnt[-b-amWv. Hcp {][m\ kwc-£W \S-]Sn F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]mtZ-inI

kaq-l-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-\p≈ Bh-iy-ßƒt]mepw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p CXn¬

{]m[m\yw CXv Kuc-h-X-c-amb kwL¿j-ßƒ°v Imc-W-ambn. kwc-£-WsØ hnI-k-\-Øn¬

\n∂v AI‰n \n¿Øm\pw CXv {ian®p. F∂m-en∂v {]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ß-fpsS hen-sbmcp `mKw

J\-\-Øn\pw a‰v Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTnX hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ òjWn t\cn-Sp∂p.

196

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ßƒ°v ]pd-Øp≈ {]tZ-i-Øn\v CXv henb {i≤ \¬In-bn√. hf¿Øp kky-

ßƒ°pw arK-ßƒ°pw `qan-bn¬ CSw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ {]iv\-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn

Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-co-Xn-I-fmb hnip≤ h\-ßƒ C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn

hn⁄m\w kw_-‘n® hym]-I-amb {]mtbm-KnIX F∂n-h-sb√mw Ah-⁄-tbm-sS-bmWv I≠Xv.

kwc-£nX taJ-e-I-fnse I¿i\ \nb-{¥Ww aqe-ap≈ {]iv\-ßƒ

C¥y-bnse h\y-Po-hn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb òjWn {]mtZ-inI kaq-lhpw Ah-

cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw BsW∂v h\w hIp∏v A[n-Ir-Xcpw ]´-W-ß-fnse kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-

Icpw hym]-I-ambnhniz-kn-°p∂p. `c-Xv]q¿ NXp-∏nse A\p-`hw t]mse CXpw F{X henb

sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bm-sW∂v _n.B¿.Sn. ln¬knse ]T\w hy‡-am-°p∂p. BI-bm¬ h\-hm-kn-

Iƒ°v h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-ßƒ°p-≈nepw \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-I-fnepw h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw \¬Ip∂

Ah-Im-i-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-Ip∂p F∂v ]›n-a-L´

]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw.

t_mIvkv -̨ 7 `c-Xv]q-cnse ZmcpW hnVnØw

tUm. kenw Aensb t]mse ]fin-X-\mb Hcp imkv{X-⁄\pw {]iv\ßƒ Bg-

Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°msX Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-t\mSv tbmPn®p F∂Xv \n¿`m-Ky-I-c-amWv. tZim-S-

\-]-£n-I-fpsS {]apJ Xmh-f-amb `c-Xv]q¿ NXp∏p {]tZ-i-amWv kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-tijw

1950 Ifn¬ tUm.kenw Aen-bpsS {ia-^-e-ambn ÿm]n® cmPysØ BZysØ h\y-Pohn

kt¶Xw. tUm. Aen AhnsS h¿j-ß-tfmfw Xßn Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v tZim-S-\-]-£n-I-

fpsS hnhcw tiJ-cn®p. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ ]p√p-ti-J-cn-°p-Ibpw Fcp-a-Iƒ

ta™p-\-S-°p-Ibpw sNbvX {]tZ-i-amWv `c-Xv]q¿. F∂n´pw kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn≤y

Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ambn CXv \ne-\n∂p. CsXmcp Fcp-a-I-fpsS ta®n¬]pdw F∂ Ahÿ am‰-

W-sa∂v tUm. Aen°v tXm∂n. C‚¿\m-j-W¬ t{I≥ ût≠-j-\nse hnZ-Kv[cpw CXn-

s\- ]n¥p-W®p. Aß-s\-bmWv 1982 ¬ CsXmcp tZiob ]m¿°mbn {]Jym-]n-®Xv. tZio-b-

]m¿°n\v _m[-I-amb I¿i\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS PohnXw hgn-ap-ń®p. ]Icw

kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°msX Fcp-a-I-fpsS ta®n¬ \ntcm-[n®p. hym]-I-amb {]Xn-tj[w

Db¿∂p-h∂p. shSn-sh-bv∏n¬ Ggp-t]¿ sIm√-s∏´p. ]s£ \ntcm-[\w ]n≥h-en-®n√.

Cu CS-s]-S¬ Xo¿Øpw A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb ê-am-Wp-≠m-°n-bXv. Pe-Øn¬ hf-

cp∂ Hcn\w ]p√ns‚ hf¿®sb \nb-{¥n-®p-\n¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv Fcp-a-I-fpsS ta®n-emWv.

ta®n¬ \ntcm-[n-®-tXmsS Cu ]p√v A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn hf-cm≥ XpSßn. \mj-W¬ ]m¿°v

amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ apJy-e-£y-amb hm´¿ ûƒ F∂ ]£n-bpsS kwc-£Ww Ah-Xm-f-Øn-

embn. ssk_o-cn-b-bn¬ \n∂v FØn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ sIm‰n-I-fpsS FÆhpw KWy-ambn

Ipd™p. tZio-b-]m¿°n\v sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ BLm-]q¿ hnt√Pv \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v ]d-bm-\p-

≈Xv hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp kw`-h-amWv. ssk_o-cn-b≥ sIm‰n-Iƒ ap≥]v {][m-\-ambpw

`£n-®n-cp-∂Xv aÆn-\-Sn-bnse Nne [m\y-ßfpw Ing-ßp-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. {Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ Inf-

bv°p-tºmƒ aÆv Cf-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ sIm‰n-Iƒ°v Ch sImØn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp∂p.

ChnSw tZiob ]m¿°mbn {]Jym-]n-®-tXmsS aÆv Inf-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-Xmbn. CXv sIm‰n-I-

fpsS `£Ww apń®p. Cu \nK-a\w IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠-bp≠v. (Km-

UvKn¬ et al. 2000)

197

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv ˛ 8 _nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-Iƒ (BTR ae-Iƒ)

h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap≈ kmaq-ly-B-LmXw IqSn

hcp-tºmƒ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p≈ sNehpw Gdn-h∂p. Cu hkvXpX hn]p-e-

amb N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-bn-ń√. h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ tI{μo-IrX kwhn-[m\w {]mtZ-inI

]cn-ÿn-Xn-tbmSpw kμ¿`-ß-tfmSpw ¢n]vX-amb {]Xn-I-cWw krjvSn-°m≥ Imc-W-ambn. Xo

\n-tcm-[\w, Irjn-bp-sSbpw h\-hn-`h hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-s‚bpw am‰w F∂n-h-t]m-se-bp≈ GI

amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w h\-N-cn-{X-sØbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kw_-‘n® Kncn-h¿§-°m-

cpsS {]mtZ-inI [mc-Wbpw Adnhpw ]q¿Æ-ambn Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´p. CXv h\w {]h¿Ø-\-

ßsf XInSw adn®p. I¿Æm-S-I-bnse ssakq¿ Pn√-bn-ep≈ _n.B¿.Sn ae-I-fpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ CXv hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p≠v. C∂v ssPh-ssh-hn-≤ysØ hne-a-Xn-°p∂

h\-ßsf kwc-£n-®p-t]m∂ {]mtZ-in-I-co-Xn-Iƒ ho≠pw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v {]tZ-i-hm-

kn-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. h-\-Øn\pw h\-kw-c-£-W-Øn\pw Ah-

Imiw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv h\-ß-fpsS {]mtZ-in-Ihpw kμ¿t`m-Nn-X-hp-amb amt\-Pva-sa‚n\v

klm-b-I-amIpw. P\sØ h\-Øn¬ \n∂v am‰n \n¿Øn-bXpw h\-hm-kn-Isf Itø-‰-°m-cmbn

Nn{Xo-I-cn-®Xpw Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn \ntj-[n-®Xpw h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw h\-ß-sfbpw

kw_-‘n®v {]mtZ-inI P\-k-aq-l-Øn¬ {]Xn-Im-c-]-c-am-sbmcp at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°-s∏´p.

h\-ßsf kwc-£n-°m≥ k¿°m¿ \S-Ønb {ia-ßƒ°v hn]-co-X-^-e-ap-≠m-b-Xn\p DZm-l-c-

W-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-bp≠v. Ip]n-X-cmb h\-hm-kn-Iƒ DW-°p-k-a-bØv h\-ßƒ°v ]c-am-h[n

\mi-\-jvS-ap-≠m-°m-\mbn h\-ßƒ°v Xobn´p. h\w-h-Ip-∏ns\ ]‰n-°m-\mbn Akw-Xr-]vX-

cmb {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ XSn˛h\y-ar-K-am-^n-b-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v h\\b-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ \ntj-

[n-°-s∏´ Ahm¿Uv, h\w hIp-∏n¬ \n∂v Xń-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ah¿ {ian®p. A]q¿Δw Nne

kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ kwc-£Ww hnP-bn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv kwÿm\ F≥t^m-gvkvsa‚ns\ D]-

tbm-Kn®v t\Sn-b-XmWv. A√msX {]mtZ-inI kaqlw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-ambn kzbw t\Sn-b-X√.

{]mtZ-inI {]Xn-tj-[-ßsf Ãm^n\pw, C‘-\-Ønv\pw Bbp-[-ßƒ°pw IqSp-X¬ ̂ ≠v A\p-

h-Zn®v k¿°m¿ Aa¿® sNbvXp. kwc-£Ww ]´m-f-h¬°-cn-°p-∂Xv h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Hcp

BtKmf {]Xn-`m-k-amWv.

ht\-Xc Bh-iy-ßƒ aμo-̀ -hn®p

h\-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \¬Inb G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\ hnI-k-

\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-th≠n h\w hIam-dp-∂-Xns‚ B°w Ipd®p F∂-XmWv. tI{μ ]cn-

ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw 2009¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp k¿°p-e-dn¬ h\w ht\-Xc Bh-iy-

ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v _‘-s∏´ {Kma-k-`-bpsS tcJm-aq-e-ap≈ A\p-aXn hmßp-sa∂v

kwÿm\ h\w hIp-∏p-I-tfmSv \n¿t±-in®p. P\-hm-k-ap≈ h\-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ J\n-Iƒt°m

AW-s°-´p-Iƒt°m henb hnI-k-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒt°m th≠n Gs‰-Sp-°p-tºmƒ h\m-h-Imi

\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn-t∑¬ Xo¿∏p-I-ev]n-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂ hyhÿ AXp-hsc

s]s´∂v ¢nb-d≥kv e`n-®n-cp∂ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v hen-sbmcp XS- -ambn. ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv

{]{In-bbpw {Kma-k-`-bpsS A\p-aXn thW-sa∂ \n¿t±-ihpw h\- A-h-Imi \nbaw \S-∏m-

°n-bXpw hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°v A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb tImWn¬ \nt∂‰ I\Ø {]l-c-ambn.

kmaq-ly-h-\-A-h-Im-ihpw kwc-£-Whpw

h\ Ah-Imi \nb-a-sØ-]‰n hf-sc-b-[nIw ]d-™p-I-gn™p. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ _nen-

Kncn cwK-kzman t£{X-Ønse h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-Ønse A\p-`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£-W-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v \nbaw \¬Ip∂ Ah-k-c-ß-sf-

]-‰n-bmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv. h\-`q-an-bnepw h\- D-ev]-∂-ß-fnepw Ah-Im-ihpw amt\-

Pvsa‚nepw Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn \S-∂p-h-cp∂ kwc-£-W- \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep-≈ Ah-Im-ihpw e£yw

h®p≈ A]q¿Δ-am-sbmcp \nb-a-amWv h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw. h\-\bw _m[n-°p∂ h\-hm-kn-

I-fpsS h\-Ønse \ne-\n¬∏v `{Z-am-sW∂v Dd-∏n-°m≥ Cu \nbaw e£y-an-Sp∂p. hy‡n-

Iƒ°v `qan-bn-ep≈ Ah-Imiw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hcp sNdnb Awiw am{X-am-sW∂v

198

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\nbaw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. kmaq-ly-h-\-A-h-Im-i-ß-fn-t∑-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-

bmWv. h\-ß-fn-ep≈ {]mtZ-inI P\-ß-fpsS B{in-X-Xzhpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Ah-cpsS ]m¿iz-

h¬°-c-Whpw Ah-Im-i-\n-tj-[-hp-amWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

h\-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp∂ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ńI h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚

3(1) hn`m-K-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. 13 Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xn¬ cs≠Æw `qan-bn-ep≈

Ah-Im-isØ kw_-‘n-®mWv. Ct∏mƒ Irjn sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ h\-`qan , t\csØ

\nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn Hgn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h¿°v ]Icw `qan, CXmWv Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse hyhÿ.

enkv‰nse a‰n-\-ß-fmb kmaq-ly- A-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ hnf-sh-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ah-

Imiw, a’y-_-‘-\-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw , h\w dh-\yq-hn-t√-Pm-°n-am-‰m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw

F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ kpÿnc hn\n-

tbm-K-Øn-\p-th≠n ]mc-º-cy-ambn Ah¿ kwc-£n-°p∂ GXv kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw

kwc-£-Whpw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\hpw \S-Øn∏pw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw ssIImcyw sNøm-

\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ _u≤n-I-kz-Ø-h-Imiw, ssPh sshhn-≤y-hp-ambpw

kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-≤y-hp-ambpw _‘-s∏´ ]c-º-cm-KX hn⁄m\w F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p.

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`n-®p-I-gn-™-hsc h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw h\-ß-fp-sSbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚

kwc-£-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ \nbaw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. F∂m¬ CXp-

hsc h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw h\-Øn-s‚bpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚n-s‚bpw \nb-{¥-W-ap-

≠m-bn-cp∂ h\w hIp-∏p-ambpw _‘-s∏´ a‰v GP≥kn-I-fp-ambpw Cu IΩn‰n Fßs\ Bi-

b-hn-\n-abw \S-Ø-W-sa-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n \nbaw au\w ]men-°p∂p. h\w hIp∏pw IΩn-‰n-Ifpw

XΩn¬ kwL¿j-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv Imc-W-am-bn-´p≠v.h\w kwc-£W \nbaw (1980) h\y-

Pohn kwc-£W \nbaw (1972) F∂nh {]Imcw h\- `q-an-bn-ep≈ h\w hIp-∏ns‚ DØ-c-hm-

Zn-Xz-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¬°p∂p. kmaqly h\ Ah-Imiw ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-

Xn¬ C¥y-bn-ep-S-\ofw h\w-h-Ip∏pw kan-Xn-Ifpw XΩn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ X¿°-Øn\pw

kwL¿j-Øn\pw ImcWw CXmWv.

h\w amt\-Pvsa‚n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kz¥w kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬Im≥ {Kma-k-

`-Iƒ°pw _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. {Kma-

k-`-Ifpw h\w hIp∏pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Ønepw IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw hy‡-X-

bn-√m-bva°v ImcWw Hcp ÿm]-\-h¬IrX kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ A`m-h-amWv.{Kma-k-̀ -I-fp-sSbpw

h\w hIp-∏n-s‚bpw Npa-X-e-Isf ]‰n hy‡-am-sbmcp "tdmUvam∏v'' \nb-a-Øn-en√., Cu \nb-

a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ h\w hIp-∏ns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°m-\mbn tI{μ ]cn-

ÿnXn˛h\ a{¥m-ebw Hcp IΩ-‰nsb \ntbm-Kn®v C°m-cy-Øn¬ h\w-h-Ip-∏ns‚ ]¶v F¥m-

h-W-sa∂v ]p\¿\n¿Wbw \S-Øm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw ]q¿Æ-ambn hnP-bn-°m≥ Ign-™n√.

t\csØ \S-Ønb A[n-Imc hntI-{μo-I-cW {ia-ß-fpsS ê-am-bp-≠mb hni-Z-amb ÿm]-

\-L-S\ ISpØ DtZym-K-ÿ-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn\pw {]mtZ-inI ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {ia-ß-fp-sSbpw

Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]n\pw CS-bm°n. h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw {Kma-k-`-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-s≠-

¶nepw hn`-h-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ kaq-l-Øn\v AXn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-

\mWv \nbaw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv. {Kma-k-̀ -Isf {]Y-a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w

hy‡-amb hntI-{μo-I-cW {ia-ßfpw \nb-a-Øn-ep≠v. \n¿±n-jvS-ÿm-]\ kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚w

A`mhw F∂Xv sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m-[-ap≈ {Kma-k-`-Iƒ°p-am-{Xta

kz¥w hn`-h-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ignbq F∂mWv. Cu \nbaw hn⁄m-]\w sNbvX-

ti-j-ap≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ CXp-hsc Hcp {Kma-k` am{Xta kz¥w kmaq-ly-h-\-{]-tZiw kwc-

£n-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw D≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn-\mbn apt∂m´p hcp-Ibpw t\Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-´p≈p. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse KUvNn-tdmfn Pn√-bnse sa‘˛teJ {Kma k`-bm-WnXv.

kmaqly hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ Iu¨kn¬ AXns‚ dnt∏m¿ń¬ h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-

Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏ns\ Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂Xv \nb-a-Øn¬ `qan-bp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ F√m Ah-

199

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Im-i-ßfpw Ah-bn-te-sdbpw kmaqly Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv hym]-I-ambn Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏Sp

F∂mWv. tI{μ˛kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Cu \nb-asØ I≠Xpw Hcp ]´b hnX-c-W-]-

≤Xn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv. \nb-a-Ønse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ XSkw {][m-\-

ambpw kwÿm\˛{Kma-k`˛ kaq-l-X-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬

Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS hnap-J-Xbv°pa∏p-dw kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS FXn¿∏n-\m-[mcw kz¥w hn`-

h-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ Ignhv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn-\n-s√∂pw F√m-Øcw {]mtZ-

inI hn\n-tbm-K-ßfpw \ne-hm-c-Ø-I¿® D≠m-°p-sa-∂p-ap≈ ]g-©≥hm-Z-amWv. ssPh sshhn-

≤y-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\pw, h\-ß-fpsS amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw hnZ-Kv[-hn-⁄m-\w {][m-\-am-

sW∂pw ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-Iƒ Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw \ne-hm-c-an-√m-ØXpw BsW-∂pap≈ sImtfm-

Wn-b¬ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-WnXv. C°m-cy-ß-fn-se√mw kXyw hfsc AI-se-bmWv.

I¿Æm-SI ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse _nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t£{X-h-\y-Pohn kt¶-XsØ kw_-

‘n® ]T-\-Øn¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv, "tkmfn-Kmkvv' F∂ Kncn-h¿§-°m¿°v {]mtZ-inI ]cn-

ÿn-Xnsb kw_-‘n®v hy‡-amb hnh-c-ap-s≠-∂mWv.

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, {]mtZ-inI hn⁄m\w, kwkvImcw

Kncn-P-\-ß-tfbpw h\-Øn-t\bpw _m[n® \nc-h[n \b-hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ°v _nen-Kncn

h\-ßƒ hnt[-b-am-bn-´p≠v. 1975 ¬ h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS tkmfn-Kmkn s\

Ah-cpsS Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂v tImf-Wn-I-fn-te°v am‰n ]m¿∏n®p. XpS¿∂v `qhn-\n-tbmK

amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ henb am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. tkmfn-Km-kns‚ Irjn-coXn kzbw ÿew amdn-amdn

Irjn-sN-øp∂ coXn-bn¬ \n∂v H‰-ÿ-e-Øp-Xs∂ Irjn sNøp∂ coXn-bn-te°v amdn. \nc-

h[n {]tbm-P-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kok-Wns‚ BZy-L-́ -Ønse Im´p-Xo-bpsS D]-tbm-K-apƒs∏sS

Ah-cpsS h\-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v coXn-Iƒ A∏msS s]mSp-∂-\sh C√m-Xm°n. ac CXc h\-D-ev]-

∂-ßƒ kam-l-cn-°m≥ 2005 hsc A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw h\y-Pohn kwc-£W \nbaw

t`Z-KXn sNbvX-tXmsS AXpw \ntcm-[n®p. h\ Dev]-∂-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambn B{i-bn-®n-cp∂

tkmfn-Km-kns‚ \nXy-Po-hn-X-sØ-Xs∂ CXv kmc-ambn _m[n®p. h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw \ne-

hn¬ hcp-Ibpw tkmfn-Kmkv t£a-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ hym]-I-amb {]Nm-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-

Xns‚ ê-ambn ê-h¿§-ßfpw tX\pw tiJ-cn-°m≥ A\u-tZym-Kn-I-ambn h\w hIp∏v

Ah¿°v A\p-aXn \¬In. h\ Ah-Imi \nbaw tkmfn-Km-kn¬ Bfl-hn-izmkw hf¿Øp-∂-

Xn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw hnP-bn®p. h\ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hnf-sh-Sp-°m\pw `qan Irjn sNøm\pw

Ah-Imiw e`n-®-tXmsS h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-Ønse \ne-\n¬∏v IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-X-am-b-Xmbn

Ah¿ IcpXn.

Im´pXo XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ Aa¿® sNbvX-Xp-aqew _nen-Kncn cwK-kzm-an-t£-{X-ae

apgp-h≥ "em‚m\' F∂ ]mgvsNSn hf¿∂p ]¥-en®p. CXv Ahn-SsØ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚

hen-sbmcp hogvN-bmWv. tkmfn-Kmkv Ah-cpsS ]mc-ºcy coXn-I-fn-eqsS Xosb \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-

∂-Xn-\m¬ ASn-°m-Sp-I-fnse ]mgvs®-Sn-Iƒ \in-°p-Ibpw Ing-ß-p-Ifpw a‰pw kar-≤-ambn hf-

cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. kok-Wns‚ XpS-°-Øn-ep≈ Xo ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ ]mgvsN-Sn-Iƒ Ahn-

tS°v IS-∂p-I-bdn B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xns\ ê-{]-Z-am°n \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂p. tkmfn-Km-

kns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ "Awe' ac-ß-fn¬ Nne ]cm-∂-t`m-Pn-Iƒ ]S¿∂p-I-bdn hr£-ßƒ

\in-°m-\n-S-bm-bXpw CXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂. Xobpw ]mc-ssk-‰p-Ifpw hr£-ßƒ \in-°p-∂Xpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘w tkmfn-Kmkv Db¿Øn-°mń. ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn ssIhn-´-

Xp-aqew Hgn-hm-°mambn-cp∂ ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fmWv krjvSn-°-s∏-́ Xv. h\-ßƒ ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn-\p≈ Ign-hmWv CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-amb Adn-

hp-I-fpsS coXn-Ifpw h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v πm\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ h\w hIp∏v Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂p

F¶n¬ cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-bnse ÿnXn C∂-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-am-bn-

cp∂p. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn¬ {Kma-k`m IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°v \¬Ip∂ {]m[m-\yhpw amt\-Pvsa‚n¬

Ah-bv°p≈ ]¶pw \¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tkmfn-Km-kn\v h\-Øns‚

200

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kPo-hX kw_-‘n® Ah-cpsS Adnhv {]mtbm-Kn°mw. "se‚m\' sNSn-Iƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-

tS≠ BZy-{]-tZ-i-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Awe ̂ e-ß-fpsS hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-Im-eØv ]mc-ssk-

‰p-Isf \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§w kw_-‘n®pw h\w hIp-∏n\v Bh-iy-amb klmbw

\¬Im-sa∂v Ah¿ CubnsS hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.

{]mtZ-inI P\-X-bpsS ÿm\w, Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw, Adnhv F∂n-h-sb√mw ]msS

Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v B[p-\nI h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v P\-ßsf h\-Øn¬ \n∂ B´n-∏m-bn-°p-I-

bmWv. cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-bnse ImSp-Isf tkmfn-Kmkv "sb√"Ifmbn hn`-Pn-®n-´p≠v.Hmtcm

sb√-bnepw 5 hnip≤ ssk‰p-I-fp≠v. Ch-bn-tem-tcm∂pw Hmtcm Ipe-Øn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. ssZh-

ß-fp-sSbpw t{]X-ß-fp-sSbpw km∂n-≤y-amWv Chsb kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂Xv. A©v hnip≤ ssk‰p-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI Iq´m-bva-bmWv "sb√'. Xmak

ÿe-Øn-\-SpØv Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ kuI-cy-an-√mØ hn`m-K-

ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXns\ ho≠pw hn -̀Pn-°p∂p. sb√Iƒ°vv

Ipem-[n-jvTnX AXn-cp-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. h\-ßƒ°v t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xpw CXns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-emWv. X∑qew Hmtcm sb√-bp-sSbpw AXn-cp-Iƒ tkmfn-Km-kn\v ImWm-]m-T-amWv.

kt¶-X-Øn-\p-≈nse samØw h\-{]-tZ-isØ 46 sb√--I-fm°n hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn Chn-SsØ

am∏nwKv hy‡-am-°p∂p. Cu t£{X-a-e-bpsS am∏nßv C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈

BZy-{i-a-am-b-Xn-\m¬ tkmfn-Km-kn\pw CXn¬ henb Xmev]-cy-ambn. tkmfn-Kmkv Ahn-SsØ

]c-º-cm-KX kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-b-Xn-\m¬ sb√-bpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈

\o°sØ Ipe-kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cyhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\p≈

Ah-k-c-am-bmWv Ah¿ I≠Xv. tkmfn-Km-kns‚ ]c-º-cm-K-X-\n-baw ]p\-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v

Ah¿ {]Xym-in®p. tkmfn-Km-knse apXn¿∂-h-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ "tZhmcp', "I√p-KpUn',,

‘hocp’, ‘kam-[n’, ‘l∫n’ F∂nh IpSn-sIm-≈p∂ CS-amWv sbs√. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse

hyh-ÿ-Isf∏‰n Adn-bm-hp∂ tkmfn-Km-knse sNdp-∏-°m¿ Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn\pw AkvXn-

Xz-Øn\pw sXfn-hmbn hnip≤ ssk‰p-I-fpsS `q]-SsØ D]-tbm-Kn®p.

h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-bn¬

h\ -A-h-Im-i-Øns‚ N´-ßƒ 2008 ¬ hn⁄m-]\w sNbvX DS≥ cwK-kzman t£{X-a-

e-bnse tkmfn-Kmkv Nma-cm-P\K¿ Pn√-bnse h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h\ Ah-Imi kan-Xn-Iƒ

cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. \nb-a-Ønse 3(1) kn hIp∏p {]Imcw Ah¿ BZyw D∂-bn® Ah-

Imiw h\y-Po--hn-k-t¶X-Øn-\p-≈n¬ h\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m\pw hn¬°m\pw D≈ kmaqly

h\-A-h-Im-i-amWv. B kabw cmPy-Øp-S-\ofw `qan-bnse Ah-Im-i-Øn-\m-bp≈ apd-hnfn Db-

cp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. tkmfn-Kmkv CØ-c-sam-c-h-Imiw D∂-bn-°m≥ ImcWw h\y-Pohn kwc-£-

W-\n-b-a-ß-fn¬ hcp-Ønb t`Z-KXn {]Imcw cmPysØ tZiob ]m¿°p-I-fnepw kt¶-X-ß-

fnepw \n∂v h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®n-cp∂XmWv. CXv Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-

sØbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°n-bn-cp∂p. h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-

Imiw k_v˛Unhn-j≥ Xe-k-anXn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw tkmfn-Kmkv Ign™ aq∂v h¿j-

ambn CXn-\mbn \nc-¥c kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw Pn√m-Xe kanXn CXn\v A\p-

aXn \¬In-bn√. Pn√m-Xe kan-Xn-bnse h\w-h-Ip∏v {]Xn-\n[n \ntcm-[\w \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-

\m¬ CX-\p-h-Z-°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂ \ne-]m-Sn-em-bn-cp∂p. CXv h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ewL-

\-amWv. CXn-s\-Xnsc kwÿm\ No^v sk{I-´dn A≤y-£-\m-bp≈ kwÿm\ Xe kan-

Xn°v A∏o¬ \¬Im-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-Øn-emWv tkmfn-Kmkv. cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-bn-sebpw

kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw tkmfnKmkv IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ 2009¬ hym‡n-KX ̀ qan-°mbn At]£

\¬In 2011 BZyw 1438 tkmfnKmkv IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ hy‡n-K-X-A-h-Imiw

A\p-h-Zn®p. ]t£ Xma-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw e`n-®n√. tkmfnK IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw

`qc-ln-X-cmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ]´nWn AI-‰m\pw Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-h-

\-A-h-Imiw IqSntb Xocq. h\-hn-`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn-\p-]p-dta

201

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

F´v {Kma-k-`-Iƒ a’y-_-‘-\-Øn\pw Imen-ta-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£-W-Øn\pw amt\-

Pvsa‚n\pw D≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`n-°m\pw IqSn At]-£n®p.

ISph kwc-£-Whpw {]mtZ-inI Ah-Im-i-ßfpw

_nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t£{X-a-e-Iƒ Hcp ISp-h-k-t¶-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-°m≥ tI{μ ]cn-

ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw I¿Æm-SI k¿°m-cn\v 2010 sk]vXw-_-dn¬ XXz-Øn¬ A\p-aXn

\¬In-bXv tkmfn-Km-kns‚ Ah-Im-i-ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n®p. 2011 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ CsXmcp

ISp-h-k-t¶-X-ambn hn⁄m-]\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv hym]-I-amb {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-\n-S-

bm°n. tI{μ h\w a{¥n Dƒ∏sS F√m a{¥n-amcpw Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw CXn-s\-Xnsc

tkmfn-Kmkv \nth-Z\w \¬In. tZiob ISph kwc-£W AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS A¥n-a-A-\p-aXn

e`n-°msX [rXn-]n-Sn®v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Cu hn⁄m-]\w aqew h\ Ah-

Imi \nbaw aqew ssIh∂ t\´-ßƒ C√m-Xm-hp-I-bm-W∂pw tkmfn-Km-kns‚ Pohn-XsØ

CXv XInSw adn-°p-sa∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-b¿∂p. kt¶-X-Øn-\p-≈n¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ISp-h-I-

fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ambn Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv 10 t]mUp-I-fmWv. ChnsS I¿i-\-\n-b-{¥-W-

ßfpw kwc-£-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp kao-]\w tkmfn-

Km-kns‚ kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ am‰-ap-≠m°pw.

Ign™ Zi-I-Øns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ Xs∂ tkmfn-Kmkpw h\w hIp∏pw XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw

h¿≤n-®p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. GI-]-£o-b-amb kwc-£-W-\n-baw ASn-t®¬∏n-°m-\p≈ {iahpw

h\-kw-c-£-W-\n-baw \¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw h\w hIp-∏n-

t\mSpw h\-tØmSpw h\y-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ FXn¿∏v cq£-am°n.


\ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ßfpw N -́ßfpw I¿i-\-ambn ]men-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw h\w˛h\y-

Pn-hn- h-Ip∏pw dh-\yp-h-Ip∏pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°Ww.

]¶m-fnØ kao-]\w: Dt±-in-°p∂ êw e`n-°-Ø° hn[w kwbp‡ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v

{]h¿Ø\-ßƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw. kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xt±i ÿm]-\-ß-tfbpw

k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-S-\-I-tfbpw kzbw klm-b-{Kq-∏p-I-tfbpw kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v

]pdØv ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IWw.

KpP-dm-Øn-te-Xp-t]mse tPmen Dd∏pw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v em`-hn-lnXw e`n-°p-∂-

Xp-amb kmaqly kpc-£nX˛h\w˛tXm´-ßsf (Forest plantations) t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

h\-ßƒ imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xn\v Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-

Iƒ, a‰v imkv{Xob ÿm]-\-ßƒ, F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hn⁄m-\-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-ØpI.

kztZ-io-bhpw ssPh-B-hm-k-ku-lr-Z-]-c-hp-amb C\-ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn '' {Ko≥ C¥y≥

anj≥' ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

kwc-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v klmbw sNøp-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°pI.

hntZi C\-ß-fpsS IS-∂m-{I-a-WsØ sNdp-°m≥ {ZqX amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w Bhn-

jv°-cn-°pI.

apf, Cu‰, a‰v h\-hn-̀ -h-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS e`y-Xbpw hn]-W-\-sØbpw kw_-‘n® {]iv\-

ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ {Kma-hn-I-k\ hIp-∏ns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

h\w amt\-Pvsa‚n-s\ ]n¥p-W-bv°m\pw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw Ignbpw hn[w alm-flm-

Km‘n sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤Xn t`Z-KXn sNøpI.

h\ Ah-Imi \nbaw (2006) AXns‚ A¥-kØ Dƒs°m≠v \S-∏m-°pI. Cu \nbaw \S-

∏m-t°-≠Xv `mhn-bn¬ h\-ß-fpsS `c-W-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-am-sW∂v kwÿm\

202

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

h\w hIp∏ns\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

h\-ß-fn-t∑-ep≈ P\-kw-Jym-]-chpw hnI-k-\-]-c-hp-amb kΩ¿±-ßƒ t\cn-Sm\pw h\-ß-

fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-́ n°pth≠n-bp≈ I¿Ω-]-cn-]mSn

Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-X-e-Øn-ep≈ {]mtZ-in-I-Xe IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw, Cu {]{In-

b-bn-ep-S-\ofw kzoIm-cy-Xbpw kpXm-cy-Xbpw t\Sm-\p≈ kao-]-\-Øn\v ]n¥pW \¬IpI.

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y aqey-ßfpw, ]cn-ÿnXn Bhm-k-hy-hÿm tkh-\-ßfpw IrXy-ambn hne-

bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw \n¿±njvS AtXm-dn-´n-bpsS Iogn¬ sNtø≠ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-ssh-

hn-≤y-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hi-Øn-\mbn IrXy-amb amÃ¿ πm≥ Xøm-dm-°pIbpw sNøpI.

DØ-c-hm-ZnØ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚nt‚bpw hym]mc coXn-I-fp-tSbpw XXz-ßƒ \S-∏m-°pI.

h\hpw h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nb-a-ßfpw N -́ßfpw t`Z-KXn hcp-Øp-Itbm sFIy-

cq-]y-ap-≠m-°p-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ Ah \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ X{¥-ßƒ IqSn Bhn-jv°-cn-

°Ww.

2.6 kwL-SnX hyh-kmbwIgn™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn C¥y≥ kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bv°p≈

{]m[m\yw Gdn-h-cn-I-bmWv. cmPysØ samØw D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS kw`m-h-

\bpw ZznXo-b-amb taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ß-fnse ]¶pw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. ]pXnb

kmº-ØnI \bhpw AXn-t\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw,kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw, DZm-c-h¬°-

cWw XpS-ßnbh C¥y≥ hyh-km-b-ta-J-esb samØ-Øn¬ am‰n-a-dn®p. hntZ-i-\n-t£-]-Øn¬

h≥ h¿≤-\-bmWv Ct∏mƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ Xoc-

tZi kwÿm-\-ß-fmWv. ChnsS e`y-am-bn-´p≈ sh≈hpw Xpd-apJ kuI-cy-ßfpw hyh-km-b-

ßsf BI¿jn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv. Ct∏m-gm-sW-¶n¬ Ch {][m\ \nt£] e£y-ß-fmWv.

Cu Zi-I-Øn¬ 2000 \v tijw samØw hntZi {]Xy£ \nt£-]-Øns‚ 53% Cu kwÿm-\-

ß-fn-emWv. samØ-Øns‚ aq∂n-sem∂v alm-cmjv{S, Zm{Z˛\K¿l-then, Uma≥-˛Uyp F∂n-h-S-

ß-fn¬ am{X-ap≠v. sk p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xnepw Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fmWv ap∂n¬ 2010 Unkw-

_¿ 31 hsc hn⁄m-]\w sNbvX sk p-I-fpsS 55% Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv. {]h¿Ø\w

XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS 60% hpw Chn-sS-Xs∂. HutZym-Kn-I-ambpw XXz-Ønepw A\p-aXn e`n-®-h-bpsS

50% Øne-[nIw Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv. Aßs\ Cu kwÿm-\-ßƒ C¥y-bpsS hf¿®-

bpsS hymh-km-bnI F©n-\p-I-fm-sW∂v ]dbmw. (]´nI 5)

203

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]´nI 5 : {]tXyI kmº-ØnI taJe (sk v) bpsS kwÿm-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-

ep≈ IW°v

31- ˛ 12 -˛ 2010 hsc

kwÿm\w HutZym-KnI XXz-Ønep≈ hn⁄m-]\w {]h¿Ø\w

A\p-aXn A\p-aXn sNbvXh XpS-ßn-bh

tKmh 7 0 3 0

KpP-dmØv 46 13 29 13

I¿Æm-SI 56 10 36 20

tIcfw 28 0 17 7

alm-cmjv{S 105 38 63 16

Xan-gv\mSv 70 19 57 22

]›n-a-L´ kwÿm

-\-ß-fn¬ samØw 312 80 205 78

samØ-Ønse

hnlnXw (%) 54 52 55 60

C¥y-bn¬ 580 155 374 130

t{kmX v : hmWn-Py-hy-h-kmb a{¥m-ebw 5˛5-˛2010

ÿe-]-c-amb ÿm\w

Z£nW KpP-dmØv apX¬ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse sIm¶¨ hsc-bp≈ Pn√-I-fnse CSp-ßnb

CS-\m-gn-bn-emWv \nt£-]-ß-fn¬ Gsdbpw tI{μo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. KpP-dm-Ønse \nt£-]-Øns‚

knwl-`m-Khpw Xoc-tZi Pn√-I-fmb htUm-Zc, _dq®v, kqd‰v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-Wp-≈Xv. alm-cm-

jv{S-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-tZ-iØv GI-tZiw 22,000 sNdp-InS, CS-Øcw, h≥InS hyh-km-b-ß-

fp≠v. Ch-bn¬ 234 h≥InS hyh-km-b-ßƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ aen-\o-I-cWw D≠m-°p-∂-h-bmWv.

Chsb tI{μ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uv ' Nph∏v' hn`mKw hyh-km-b-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse apJy-hy-h-kmb taJe apwss_˛Xms\˛]qs\ `mK-ØmWv

kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hymh-km-bnI D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ 60 % Chn-sS-\n-∂mWv alm-cm-jv{S-bnse \nt£-

]-Øn-te-sdbpw sIm¶≥ Xoc-tZ-i-ØmWv. CXn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n¬ sdbvKdpw sXm´-SpØv cXv\-

Kncn Pn√-bp-amWv. Cu c≠v Pn√-Iƒ°pw IqSn samØw \nt£-]-Øns‚ 38% D≠v. apwss_-bn¬

am{Xw 7%hpw alm-cm -jv {S -bnse hyh-km -b -h¬°-c -W-Øns‚ Hcp {]tXy -IX

apwss_˛Xms\˛]qs\ ˛ \mknIv {]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw sIm¶≥ Xoc-tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-[n-bv°-

Xo-X-amb hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-amWv. Cu taJe AXns‚ ]c-am-h[n L -́Øn¬ FØn-°-gn™p.

(tZiv]msfi 1996, KmUvKn¬ 2010)

tKmh-bn¬ 20 hyh-kmb FtÃ-‰p-I-fn-embn 2037 hyh-kmb bqWn-‰p-I-fp≠v. Ch-bn¬ 18

FÆw aeo-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-°p-∂-h-bmWv. Cu hyh-kmb FtÃ-‰p-I-fn-te-sdbpw ]›n-a-L-´-

Øn-emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. hyh-kmb bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-bn-te-sdbpw 20 hyh-

kmb FtÃ-‰p-I-fn-em-bmWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. aen-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-°p∂ hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬

IqSp-Xepw Fkvt‰-‰p-Iƒ°v ]pd-ØmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv.

I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse hyh-km-b-ß-fn-e-[n-Ihpw ]ƒ∏v & t]∏¿, ]©-kmc, UnÃn-e-dn-Iƒ,

kna‚ v, s]t{Sm-fnbw, cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ, Huj-[-ßƒ, Ccpºv Dcp°v,Abncv kwkvI-cWw, J\\w

F∂o hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. tIm^n- ]ƒ∏nßv bqWn-‰p-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw Iq¿Kv, NnIva-K-eq¿,

lm ≥ Pn√-I-fn-emWv. ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ Ch aen-\o-I-cW {]iv\-ßƒ krjvSn-

204

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

°p-∂p≠v. \oe-Kn-cn-bnse tXbne Irjn \oe-Kn-cn-bn-sebpw Iq\q-cn-sebpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-

Øn\v lm\n-I-c-amWv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ P\-ßfpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ kwL¿j-

Øn\v apJy-Im-cWw Cu hyh-km-b-amWv.

DXv°-WvT-bp-≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

Cu ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v hyh-km-b-ßƒ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv t\´-am-sW-

¶nepw Cu hyh-km-b-ßfpw sk p-Ifpw krjvSn-°p∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]iv\-

ßƒ DXv°-WvTm-P-\-I-amWv. CXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-ßƒ {][m-\-ambpw `qan Gs‰-

Sp-°-en-s\bpw AXn-\p≈ \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p-∂-h-bmWv. ]cn-ÿnXn BLm-

X-ß-fn¬ Du¿÷ Bhiyw, ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ han-∏n-°p∂ ]pI, hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw, ^mIvS-dn-I-

fn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Ip∂ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ape-ap≈ Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw, `qan cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp

aqe-ap≈ {]iv\-ßƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. an° hyh-km-b-ßƒ°pw Ah-bpsS \n¿ΩmW

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ sh≈w Bh-iy-amWv. ho´m-h-iy-Øn\v th≠-Xn-t\-°mƒ hf-

sc-b-[nIw Pew hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v thWw.

alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ hymh-km-bnI {]{Inb aqehpw Iev°-cnbpw a‰pw h≥tXm-Xn¬ IØn-

°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw D≠m-Ip∂ hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v ]pdsa Cu hyh-km-b-ßƒ kwkvI-

cn®pw A√m-sXbpw ]pd-¥-≈p-∂Xv 6,78000 Iyp.ao‰¿ hymh-km-bnI Ah-in-jvS-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v Nph-sS-bp≈ t_mIvkn¬ cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse hmbp-hns‚ KpW-ta∑ hnh-cn-°p∂p.

t_mIvkv ˛9 cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse hmbp-hns‚ KpW-ta∑

hmbp-hns‚ KpW-ta∑ ÿew

\ne-hmcw

Kpcp-Xcw tems´ Fw.sF.Un.kn. {]tZiw

Ipdhv tJZvXm-eq-°nse Ahmjn

CS-Øcw ao¿tkmƒ,kSvtKm¨,

d≥]p¿˛sKmem]v

IqSp-X¬ tZhv-cpJv

Ah-ew_w: Fw.-]n.-kn.-_n, dXv\-Kncn (2005)

tKmh aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Uns‚ (MPCB) IW-°p-{]-Imcw tKmh-bnse hyh-

kmb bqWn-‰p-Iƒ Hcp Znhkw 8400 Iyp.ao. aen-\-Pew/hyh-kmb Ah-injvSw ]pd-¥-≈p-∂p≠v.

F√m bpWn-‰p-Iƒ°pw kz¥-ambn amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW πm‚p-I-fp≠v. KWy-amb Af-hn¬ amen-

\y-ßƒ ]pdw-X-≈p-∂h {_ph-dn-Iƒ,UnÃ-e-dn-Iƒ Huj[ \n¿Ωm-W-im-e-Iƒ, ]©-kmc ̂ mIvS-

dn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv.

tKmh-bnse DØc˛Z£nW Pn√-I-fnse hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS taJe Xncn-®p≈ Hcp `q]Sw

Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≠v. AhnsS Ipd™ ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Cs√-

∂mWv CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv. tKmh-bpsS Gdnb ]¶pw"Nph∏v', ' Hmd©v' taJ-e-bn-

emWv s]Sp-∂Xv. hmbp˛Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-W-tØmSv hfsc Db¿∂ kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-≈-h-bm-bmWv

Ch Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. a™-\ndw \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse aen-\o-I-cWw Xmgv∂ Afhp

apX¬ CS-Øcw hsc-bmWv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-Ifpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v CXv

]cn-l-cn°mw.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-B-hmk hyh-ÿ-bn-t∑¬ hyh-km-b-ß-tf-ev]n-°p∂ BLm-

XsØ kw_-‘n®v _‘-s∏-´-h¿ Db¿Øp∂ Bi¶ NphsS ]d-bp∂p.

A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw hnfhv KWy-ambn Ipdbv°pw. a\p-jys‚ Btcm-Ky-ÿn-Xn-bnepw

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fnepw lm\n-I-c-amb BLm-X-ap-≠m°pw.

205

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kpjn-c-ßƒ Gsd-bp≈ sN¶√pw Xoc-tZ-isØ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amb \o¿®m-ep-Ifpw

D≈-Xp-sIm≠v sX¿a¬ ]Δ¿ πm‚p-I-fn¬ Nmcw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Je-am-en-\y-ßƒ Cu

\o¿®m-ep-I-fn¬ ASn-™p-IqSn `qP-esØ aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

amen\y kwkvI-cW kuI-cy-ßƒ D≠-¶n¬ t]mepw {Zh-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ

kao-]-Øp≈ \Zn-I-fnepw Acp-hn-I-fnepw Hgp-In-sbØn {]tZ-isØ a’y-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-

fpsS PohnXw _p≤n-ap-ń-em-°p∂p.

sX¿a¬ ]Δ¿ πm‚p-Iƒ, t]∏¿ πm‚p-Iƒt]mse [mcmfw sh≈w Bh-iy-ap≈ hyh-km-

b-ßƒ C¥y-bnse a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬ Pe-Zu¿_eyw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-

te°v IpSn-tb-dp∂ apJy-hy-h-km-b-ß-fmb FÆ ip≤o-I-c-W-im-e-Iƒ, Du¿÷-πm‚p-Iƒ

XpS-ßn-bh Xoc-tZ-iØv thcp-d-∏n-°p-∂-tXmsS a‰v hyh-km-b-ßfpw Chn-tSbv°v BI¿jn-

°-s∏Spw.


a. t]∏dpw a‰pw Bh-iy-an-√mØ C˛tImtagvkv, C˛t]∏¿, sSen-tIm¨ -̂d≥knßv, hoUntbm

tIm¨^-sd≥knßv F∂nh t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

b. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-tI-{μ-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

c. sh¿an-Iƒ®¿, Nqc¬ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ, sIm´-s\bvØv, h\-h¬°-cWw, ASp-°-f-tØm´w XpS-

ßnb {]mtZ-inI ssPh-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb hyh-km-b-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

d. Irjn˛A[n-jvTnX ̂ e˛`£y-kw-kvI-cW hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v {]tXyI klmbw \¬IpI.

e. sNdp-InS amen-\y-c-lnX hyh-km-b-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

f. \nb-{¥W A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw s]mXp-P-\-Øn\pw hyh-km-bsØ kw_-‘n®v hnhn[ Xe-

ßfn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ambn hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS taJ-em-`q-]-SsØ

D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

2.7 J\\w]›n-a-L-´-Ønse 6 kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw KWy-amb Af-hn¬ [mXp \nt£-]-ap≠v. Ch-

bn¬ {][m\w Ccp-º-bncv, amwK-\okv,t_mIvssk‰v F∂n-h-bmWv. sdb¿ F¿Øn-s‚bpw aW-

en-s‚bpw Imcy-Ønepw Cu taJe kº-∂-amWv. (A\p-_‘w 2 ImWpI) [mXp-°-fpsS hne-

bn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤-\hv D≠m-b-Xp-aqew 2002 \ptijw Ccpºv Abn-cns‚ Dev]m-Z\w KWy-

ambn h¿≤n®p. CXv {]tXy-In®pw tKmh-bp-sSbpw I¿Æm-S-I-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬.

t\csØ Fe Awiw Ipd-™Xv 55 BbmWv \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ C∂Xv 40 BWv.

Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv

\¬In-bn-´p≠v F∂m¬ CØcw {]h¿Ø\ BLm-XsØ kw_-‘n®v bmsXmcp {i≤bpw

D≠m-bn-ń√. P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn h\w hIp-∏p-a{¥n ]pXnb ]cn-ÿnXn

¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v 2010¬ samd-t´m-dnbw G¿s∏-SpØn. tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-ńepw

\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn h≥tXm-Xn¬ aW¬ J\\w \S-Øp-∂Xv \nc-h[n ]cn-

ÿnXn˛kmaqly {]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-bn-´p≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, sIm√w, Be-∏pg, tIm´bw,

Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿ Pn√-I-fn¬ ka-Xe J\\w Kpcp-X-c-amWv. ,Imb-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂pw _o®p-I-

fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ aW¬J-\\w Xoc-tZ-i-Øp-S-\ofw k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-amWv.

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

J\\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw tZmj-^-e-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw CXv

th≠{X {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. `qX-e-sØbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-tbbp-amWv CXv hf-sc-b-[nIw tZmj-

I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂Xv. h\-ßfpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤yhpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Imem-h-ÿm-

\n-b-{¥-W-tijn t]mse-bp≈ hne-s∏´ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI tkh-\-ßfpw \jvS-am-Ip∂p. J\n-I-fn-

te-°p≈ Du‰p-aqew `qX-e-P-ehpw \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p. J\-\-{]-h¿Ø\w aqehpw Abn-cp-I-fpsS

206

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{Sm≥kvt]m¿´nßv aqehpw hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw cq£-am-Ip∂p. km[m-c-W-bmbn h\y-Po-hn-k-

t¶-X-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂mWv J\\w \S-°p-∂Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tKmh-bn¬ 31 J\-\-ßƒ h\y-

Po-hn-k-t¶-X-ßƒ°v 2 In.ao. Np‰-f-hnepw 13 GÆw Hcp Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-fhn-ep-amWv.

kmaq-ly-B-Lm-X-ßfpw hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amWv Pe˛hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw, Irjn-°p-≠m-Ip∂

\mi-\-jvS-ßƒ, IpSn-tbm-gn-∏n-°¬, tdmU-]-I-S-ßƒ, Pew kw_-‘n® Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ F∂n-

h-sb√mw CXn-epƒs∏-SpØmw. J\-\-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ hcp-am-\sØ ]‰n tIƒ°p-tºmƒ

AXn\p ]n∂n¬ C{X-b-[nIw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-c-hp-amb BLm-X-ß-fp-s≠∂v \mw

Nn¥n-°p-∂n√.

¢nb-d≥kv C√m-sXbpw hymP-¢n-b-d≥kns‚ ad-hnepw ¢nb-d≥kv hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ewLn®pw

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw A\-[n-IrX J\\w \S-°p-∂p≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿

P\-ß-fpsS Xmev]cyw ]q¿Æ-ambn kwc-£n-°p-∂n-s√∂p Xs∂-bmWv s]mXp-hn-ep≈ [mcW

C°m-cy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ hyh-km-bn-I-fp-ambn HØp-Ifn°pI-bm-sW∂ [mc-Wbpw hym]-I-amWv.

CXp-aqew J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfmSv ISpØ AXr]vXn Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fn-ep≠v. CXn¬ G‰hpw

i‡-amb AXr]vXn \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv tKmh kwÿm-\ØmWv.

Cu kan-Xn°v Xev]-c-I-£n-I-fn¬ \n∂v t\cn-tS-≠-Xmbn h∂ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ NphsS

]d-bp∂p.

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-]-c-hp-amb \jvSbpw ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Bhm-k-hy-h-

ÿ-bpsS \io-I-c-Whpw XS-bp-∂Xv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ F¥p-sIm≠v J\\w \ntcm-[n-®p-

IqSm?

`qan, Pew, h\w, `qPew F∂n-h-bv°p-]-cn-bm-bn-´p≈ Hcp ]cn-K-W\ F¥n\v J\-\-Øn\v

\¬IWw?

[mXp kºØv timj-WsØ kw_-‘n®v hcpw Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS tNmZy-ßƒ°v F¥p-Øcw

]dbpw ?

C{X-am{Xw A\-[n-IrX J\\w \S-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? CXn-s\-Xnsc Bsc-¶nepw Fs¥-

¶nepw sNøp-∂pt≠m?

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ F√m-X-c-Ønepw \S-°p∂ Agn-a-Xnsb ]‰n F¥p-]-d-bp∂p?


]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v J\\w Hgn-hm-°pI

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ NphsS ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ J\\w A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv.

kp{]nw tImSXn DØ-chpw 1972 se h\y-Pohn \nb-a-Ønse hIp-∏p-Ifpw {]Imcw

tZiob ]m¿°p-I-fnepw h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-ß-fnepw

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Db¿∂ kwth-Z\ £a-X-bp≈ ESZ-1 {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fnse J\n-Iƒ°v ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Hcp A[nI \n_-

‘\ IqSn hbv°Ww. AXm-bXv ESZ-1 {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ J\\w ]q¿Æ-ambn Ah-km-\n-∏n-

t°≠ 2016 hsc Hmtcm h¿jhpw J\-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 25 %hoXw Ipd-bv°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ESZ-2 ¬ Ct∏mƒ \S-°p∂ J\\w XpScmw. ]pXn-bh A\p-h-Zn-°m≥

]mSn√. A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ J\\w Xs∂ I¿i-\-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI˛kmaqly \nb-{¥-W-

ßƒ°v hnt[-bam-bn-cn-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse a‰v {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ J\\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv NphsS ]dbpw {]Imcw

F√m ¢nb-d≥kp-I-fp-sSbpw I¿i-\-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kmaq-ly-\n-b-{¥-W-ß-fp-tSbpw

ASn-ÿm-\ Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-{]tZ-iØv A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ J\m-\p-a-Xn-Iƒ k©nX ]cn-ÿnXn BLm-X-]-T\w

A\pk-cn-®m-I-Ww. H‰-s∏´ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmXw \S-Øp∂ coXn Dt]-

£n-°-Ww.

207

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nne {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw ]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn-

bpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-≠m-In√. AØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp {]apJ ÿm]\w ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-sØbpw ssPh-kw-th-Z\ £a-X-tbbpw ]‰n ]Tn-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw

(EIA) sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc ASpØ 5 h¿j-tØ°v J\\w \ntcm-[n-°Ww.

tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw hyXykvX \n_-‘-\-I-tfmsS ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-

J-e-Iƒ {]Jym-]n-°Ww.

[mXp Nqj-W-Øn\v \nb-{¥Ww

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ Abncv Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p∂ F√m

J\n-Ifpw AS-®p-]q-´pI.

Ccp-º-bncv J\\w sNøm-hp∂ FebpsS Afhv \nP-s∏-SpØn J\n-I-fn-ep≈ X≈n-°-b‰w

XS-bpI.

kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS taJe A‰ve-knse \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ewLn-°p∂ F√m J\n-Ifpw AS-

®p-]q-́ pI.

]›n-a-L´ kanXn \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse ESZ-1 se {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw {]h¿Ø\

cln-X-hp-amb F√m J\n-I-fp-sSbpw ssek≥kv d±m-°pI

tZiob ]m¿°p-I-fn-sebpw h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-sebpw F√m J\-\-sse-k≥kp-Ifpw

ÿnc-ambn d±p-sN-øpI.

IpSn-sh-≈-sa-Sp-°p∂ AW-s°-´p-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse F√m ssek≥kp-Ifpw

d±m-°pI.

aW¬J-\-\-Øn-\p≈ N´-ßƒ (]fl-em¬ 2011)

aW¬ J\\w BUn‰v sNøWw; \Zn-I-fn¬ aW¬ J\-\-Øn\v Ah[n G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

\Zo amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ \n∂v thdn´v samØ-Øn-ep≈ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]cn-K-Wn-°pI

CXn-\mbn {]tXyI \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw Bh-iy-amWv

\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v B‰p-a-W-en\v ]I-c-ap-≈h ]cn-tim-[n®v t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

\Zn-I-fp-tSbpw ssIh-gn-I-fp-tSbpw Xoc-ß-fnse a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S¬ aqew \in® h\-

ßƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°pI.

tbmKy-cmb Hcp AtXm-dnń \S-Øp∂ icn-bmb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p-

tijw am{Xta \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnse ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø\w \S-Ømhq

]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń°v Hcp -J\\ A]-{K-Y\ D]-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-°pI

J\-\-Øn¬\n∂v `qP-esØ kwc-£n-°pI

`qK¿` Pe-hn-Xm-\-Øn\p Xmsg {]h¿Øn-°p∂ J\n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw `qP-e-am-t\-

Pvsa‚ v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw {]tZ-isØ InW-dp-I-tfbpw Pe-hn-X-c-W-tØbpw _m[n-°msX

t\m°p-Ibpw thWw.

Pe-am-∏nßv \S-ØmsX Hcp J\-\hpw XpS-ßm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv.

\jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Pe-Øn\p ]Icw ag-sh≈ kw -̀c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw Pe-\n-c∏v Db¿ØWw.

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fmtem at‰m B[p-\nI J\-\-co-Xn-t]mepw Ah-ew-_n-°m≥

Ign-bmØ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pe-hn-Xm-\-Øns‚ Af-hn\v Xmsg J\\w A\p-h-Zn-°m≥ ]mSn√.

J\\ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ̀ qP-e-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v

J\\ taJ-e-bn¬ ]pdw-X-≈p∂ `qP-esØ kw_-‘n®v IqSp-X¬ ]T\w \S-Øp-Ibpw

ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

208

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn C¥y≥ _yqtdm Hm^v ssa≥kv, \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-

‰yq v́ Hm v̂ sslt{Um-fPn F∂nh kwbp-‡-ambn ̀ qX-esØ kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ ÿnXn-

hn-h-c-°- W-°p-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-h-bv°pI.

J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse F√m {Kma-ß-fnepw ]c-am-h[n 2 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ss]∏v hgn-bp≈

Pe-hn-X-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Pe-hn-X-cW AtXm-dn-´nbpw J\-\-I-º-\nbpw XΩn¬ [mc-

W-bp-≠m-°pI.

Dt]jn-°-s∏´ J\\ Ipgn-Iƒ Pe-kw-`-c-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°ptam F∂v

]cn-tim-[n-°pI h\-`q-an-bn¬ CXn\v Ign-bn√, ImcWw, \nb-a-{]-Imcw AXp h\w-h-Ip-

∏n\v XncnsI \¬IWw.

`qP-e-{]-iv\-ß-sf ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-´n-bn¬ Hcp {]tXyI sk¬

cq]o-I-cn-°Ww

J\\ {]tZ-iØv Irjn ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m≥

\o¿Ø-S-ß-fnse Ipgn-I-fn¬ sh≈w \nd-bm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-°pI.

Pem-i-b-ß-fnse sNfn \o°w sNøpI. XS-b-W-t]mse kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfm-cp°n sNfn

\o¿Ø-S-ß-fn-te°v HgpIn FØp-∂Xv XS-bpI

Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ HgpIn FØp∂ amen-\y-ßfpw a‰pw \o°w sNøpI.

Pew \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°pI.

]¶m-fnØ Bkq-{X-Whpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw

F√m \nb-{¥W˛hnI-k\ GP≥kn-I-fp-tSbpw GtIm-]\w.

[mXp taJ-e-bnse sa®-s∏´ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\v t{]m’m-l\w

]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ymkw

]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ kqN-I-ßƒ

kwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ lcnX A°u-≠nßv

klm-b-ßƒ e`y-am-°m≥ hn]Wn kwhn-[m\w

hn`-h-k-º-∂-amb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ h\-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw

an\-d¬ I¨k¿th-j≥ N -́ß-fn¬ \njv°¿jn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-°m≥ t_m≠p-

Itfm a‰v kmº-ØnI Dd-∏p-Itfm e`y-am-°m≥ ASn-b-¥nc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°pI.

J\-\ ta-J-e-bnse Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww

J\\ taJ-e-bnse tcmK-ßfpw a‰v Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßfpw \nco-£n-°m\pw J\-\-Øns‚

Xn‡-̂ -e-ßƒ A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb kwhn-[m\w

G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI. J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse P\-ßƒ°p-th≠n Hcp Btcm-Ky-C≥jp-d≥kv t]mfnkn

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ssa\nßv Iº-\n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-SpI.

]©m-bØv˛k∂-≤-kw-L-S\ kwbp‡ kwcw-`-Øn-eqsS Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßsf kw_-

‘n® hnZym-`ymkw \¬IpI.

J\-\-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øp∂ tcmK-\n¿Æb˛NnIn’m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

]©mb- Øp-Iƒ°pw {]mY-an-Im-tcmKy tI{μ-ßƒs°m∏w ssa\nßv Iº-\n-Isf IqSn

]¶m-fn-I-fm-°pI.

tdmUp-am¿§hpw Pe-am¿§-hp-ap≈ {Sm≥kvt]m¿t´-j-\n¬ hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bv°pI.

{S°p-I-fnepw _m¿´p-I-fnepw \n›nX Af-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ib-‰p-∂Xv I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-

°m≥ \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°pI.

209

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Af-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ib-‰p-∂n-s√∂v ssa\nßv Iº-\n-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw.

CXv ewLn-°p-∂-h-cpsS s]¿an‰v d±m-°Ww.

km[\w Ib-‰n-b-Xn-\p-tijw {S°pw _m¿Ppw Sm¿]m-fn≥sIm≠v aqSp-∂Xv \n¿_-‘-am-

°Ww. {S°p-I-fpsS thKX I¿i-\-ambn \nb-{¥n-°Ww.

A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ Af-hn¬ IqSp-X-em-bp-≠m-Ip∂ aen-\o-I-cWw C√m-Xm-t°≠ Npa-Xe

Iº-\n-bp-tS-XmWv.

{Sm≥kvt]m¿t´-j≥ td‰v ]pXp-°¬

{S°p-Iƒ°v 10 S¨ ]cn[n a\- n¬ I≠p-thWw ssa\nwKv Iº-\n-Iƒ {Sm≥kvt]m¿t´-

j≥ \nc°v IW-°p-Iq-´m≥.

10 SÆn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ib-‰p∂ {S°p-Iƒ s]mXp-\n-c-Øn¬ HmSn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv.

CXn-\mbn ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-´n°v Iogn¬ Hcp J\\ Ah-tem-I\ D]-k-anXn cq]n-I-cn-

°Ww.

Dt]-£n-°-s∏´ J\n-Iƒ

Dt]-£n-°-s∏´ J\n-Iƒ Dev]m-Z\ t{kmX- p-I-fm°n am‰Ww.

CXv skkv G¿s∏-SpØntbm, πm≥ ^≠v D]-tbm-Knt®m a‰p -am¿§-Øntem BImw.

kzImcy˛s]mXp ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-SpIqSnbpw BImw.

J\-\-{]-h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ipd™ Af-hn¬ Im¿_¨ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn®v hmbp-a-en-

\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n-°pI

J\n-I-fpsS Hmtcm hmXnenepw ho¬ hmjnßv kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn®v aen-\o-I-cWw

XS-bp-I.

Ipgn-I-fn¬ Nfn-\n-d-bp-∂Xv Pntbm-sS-IvtÃ¬kv D]-tbm-Kn®v XS-bpI.

J\-\-Øn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

Hcp `mKØv ]q¿Æ-ambn J\\w sNbvXv amdp-tºmƒ B `mKw \nIØn t]mhp∂ coXn

Ah-ew-_n-°m≥ ]pXnb Ipgn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ]g-b-Xn-en´p aqSm≥ Ignbpw.

Ipgn \nI-Øp-∂-Xn\pw IpØn-sbm-en∏v \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw imkv{Xob am¿§-ßƒ Ah-

ew-_n-°Ww.

Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ Pem-i-b-Øn-te°v sh≈w Hgp°n hnSpw ap≥]v B Pew ip≤-am°n Im\-

bn-eqsS Hgp-°n-t]m-Im-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

t_mIvkv 10 : \nb-{¥nX J\\ amXrIkn‘p-Zp¿K Pn√-bnse (alm-cmjv{S) kmh-¥v-hmSn Fw.F¬.F.

{io. Un.hn. sIkm¿°¿ \n¿t±-in-®Xv

Cu taJ-e-bnse P\-{]-Xn-\n[n F∂ \ne-bnepw Cu ÿe-sØbpw J\\ {]h¿Ø-\-

ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m-\-ap≈ Bƒ F∂ \ne-bnepw Cu Pn√bv°v

samØ-Ønepw Fs‚ \ntbm-PI afi-e-Øn\v {]tXy-In®pw _m[-I-am-°m-hp∂ J\-\-{]-

h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS amXr-I-bmWv Rm≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv. Cu taJ-e-bpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn-\mbn

\nßƒ \n›-b-ambpw CXv ]cn-l-cn-°p-sa∂v F\n-°p-d-∏p≠v.

1. Hcp hnt√-Pn¬ Hcp ssk‰v am{Xta A\p-h-Zn-°mhq

2. Hmtcm ssa\nßv kok-Wnepw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-hp∂ [mXp-°ƒ°v \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-

ØWw.

210

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp h¿jw 2 slIvS¿ ÿe-Øp-\n-∂p-am-{Xta Ipgn-sb-Sp-

°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°mhq.

4. ]e Ipgn-I-fn´v J\\w \S-Øp-∂Xpw \nb-{¥nX Dev]m-Z\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-amb J\-\-

coXn thWw kn‘p Zp¿Kn¬ D]-tbm-Kn°m≥.

5. Ipgn-sb-Sp-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ sIm≠n-Sp∂ bm¿Un\v 10 slIvS-dn-e-[nIw hnkvXo¿Æw

]mSn√. D]-tbmKw Ign™ ÿew hrØn-bm°n B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°n-W-

ßp∂ ê-hr-£-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n®v lcn-Xm-`-am-°Ww.

6. Hcp Ipgn-bn¬ \n∂v [mXp-°ƒ FSp-°p-∂Xv ]q¿Øn-bm-bm¬ ASpØ Ipgn Ipgn-°p∂

D]-tbm-K-an-√mØ hkvXp-°-fn´v BZysØ Ipgn aqSWw. A©mw h¿jw Ah-km-\n-°p-

tºmƒ samØw D]-tbm-Kn® {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 20 slIvS-dn¬ IqSmØ hn[w

Cu {]{Inb XpS¿∂p-t]m-IWw. Hcp {]tZ-isØ J\\ {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-

tXmsS Hcp Ipgn sh≈w kw`-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v F√m-bn-SØpw tXm´-ß-fp-b-

cWw.

7. ]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn[w klmbw \¬IWw.

`qan-bpsS ssIh-i-°m¿°pw, {Kmao-W¿°pw Ah¿°v \jvS-s∏´ hcp-am-\-Øn-\p≈ \jvS-

]-cn-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ samØw Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ hn]Wn hne-bpsS 2.5 iX-am\w

\¬IWw. {Kma-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ß-fmb Pe-hn-X-cWw, tdmUp-\n¿ΩmWw,

kvIqƒ \n¿ΩmWw, KXm-K-X-ku-Icyw, hgn-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, ]m¿°p-Iƒ, apX-em-b-h-bv°mbn

as‰mcp 2.5 % sNe-hn-SWw. CXn¬ Ipd-™Xv 25 iX-am\w ]cn-ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-

\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°Ww. J\\ {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-®-tijw `mhn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°m-\mbn as‰mcp 2.5 iX-am\w Icp-X¬ ^≠mbn am‰n hbv°Ww. t\m¿ho-Pn-b≥ amX-

I-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ Cu Icp-X¬^≠v Fßs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v ]›n-a-L´ kan-

Xn°v Xocp-am-\n°mw. 2 slIvS-dn¬ \n∂v 2 Zi-e£w S¨ e`n-°p-sa∂v IW-°m-°n-bm¬

hn]Wn hne-b-\p-k-cn®v Hcp h¿jw Hcp {Kma-Øn\v 45 tImSn cq] e`n°pw. 8.

kn‘p Zp¿Kv lcn-Xm-`-amb ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kº-∂-amb Hcp Sqdnkw Pn√ Bb-Xn-\m¬

NphsS ]d-bp∂ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°Ww. Ccpºv Abncv \nt£-]sØ kw_-

‘n®v F¥v A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v AXv taJ-em-πm-\n¬ hy‡-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-

°Ww. Ipgn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv {Zmh-I-cq-]-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ss]∏v sse≥ hgnbpw s]mSn-cq-]-

Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ AS-®p-aq-Snb Is≠-bv\-dn¬ tdm∏v th hgnbpw sIm≠v t]mIm-\p≈

kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-°Ww. Im¿_¨ hnIn-c-Whpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw CXp-hgn Hgn-hm°mw.

9. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuIcyw Iº-\n-Iƒ tN¿t∂m H‰-bv°mtbm G¿s∏-SpØmw.

ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw KWy-amb XpI apS-°m≥

k∂-≤-cm-Ip∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ°p am{Xta Pn√-bn¬ J\-\m-\p-aXn \¬Imhq.

10. ]T\ dnt∏m¿ń¬ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse {]tZ-iØv sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-

Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w Ign™p hcp∂ Pew Irjn°v D]-tbm-

Kn°mw. Nne ÿeØv J\\ Ipgn-Iƒ aqew `qPe \nc∏v Xmgp-∂p≠v. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬

sNdnb AW-s°-´p-≠m°n sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®m¬ Irjnbpw c£-s∏Spw.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v "]pt°cn' hnt√-Pn¬ \n¿Ωn® sNdnb AW-s°-ń¬ \n∂v sshZypXn

Dev]m-Zn-∏n® tij-ap≈ sh≈w ' Akm-lnsb', "skmemwssh, X¬°Øv' XpS-ßnb

{Kma-ßƒ°v \¬In sh≈-Øns‚ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbmKw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ {Un∏v Cdn-tK-

j≥ t]mse-bp≈ kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn°mw. sshZypXn ]≤-Xn-°p≈ sNehv Iº-\n-

Iƒ hln-°Ww.

11. Iº-\n-bpsS sNe-hn¬ J\\ {]tZ-i-Øn\v Np‰pw 2.5 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ aXn¬ \n¿Ωn-

°Ww. Np‰p-ap≈ h\-ß-fnse kpc-£-I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øm-WnXv.

211

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

12. {S°p-I-fp-tSbpw a‰v, b{¥-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fptSbpw {]h¿Ø\w Cu aXn¬s°-ń-\p-≈n¬

HXp°n \n¿ØWw. kqtcym-Zbw apX¬ kqcym-kvX-abw hsc am{Xta {]h¿Ø\w

]mSp≈q.

13. {]h¿Ø\ ka-bØv samØw {]tZ-ihpw sh≈w \\®v s]mSn Db-cm-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-

°Ww. ]≤Xn {]tZ-i-Øn\p Np‰pw Bh-iy-Øn\v ac-ßƒ hf¿Øn i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-c-W-

Øn\v XS-bn-SWw.

14. GXp {]tZ-iØpw J\\ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n°pw ap≥]v Ahn-Sp≈ hr£-ßsf kw_-

‘n®v Hcp k¿sΔ \S-Øp-Ibpw Ch am‰n \Sp-∂-Xn\pw a‰p-≈h kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

ambn Hcp \gvkdn ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

15 Hmtcm {Kma-Øn-tebpw hnip-≤-h-\-ßƒ kwc-£n-°Ww. Ch-bpsS kwc-£Ww {]mtZ-

inI kaq-lsØ G¬∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-te-°p≈ sNehv Iº-\n-Iƒ hln-°p-Ibpw

thWw.

2.8. sshZyp-Xnbpw Du¿÷hpw

]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬ IqsS-IqsS D∂-bn-°p∂ Hcp {]iv\-amWv ]›n-a-L´

kwhn-[m-\-ß-fnse sslt{Um, sX¿a¬, \yq¢n-b¿, Im‰mSn ̂ mw F∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ sshZypXn

Dev]m-Z\w. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh Bhmk hyh-ÿsb Cu ]≤-Xn-Iƒ XI¿°p-∂-Xmbn

Hcp hn`mKw hmZn-°p∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn kwth-Z-\-£-a-X- C{X-b-[n-I-ap≈ taJ-e-bn¬ C{X-tØmfw

sshZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bh-iy-apt≠m F∂mWv tNmZyw. C\nbpw hf-sc-b-[nIw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

{]tXy-In®v sX¿a¬ ]≤-XnIƒ Bkq-{XW L´-Øn-emWv. Ah-bv°m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-ßfpw

]cn-ÿnXn ]chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BLm-Xhpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ Ah Bh-iy-apt≠m?

Ch kpÿn-c-amtWm? F∂ tNmZy-ßƒ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p. CXp kw_-‘n® Hcp GI-tZ-i-

cq]w a\- n-em-°m-\mbn Rßƒ ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse sshZyp-Xn-bp-tSbpw Du¿÷-

Øn-t‚bpw ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®p. {]Xn-io¿j sshZypXn D]-tbm-K-Øns‚

Imcy-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ henb A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bmWv IW-°p-IƒkqNn-

∏n-°p-∂Xv. tKmh-bnse sshZypXn D]-tbmKw tZiob icm-i-cn-bpsS 3.5 Cc-ń-bm-sW-¶n¬ tIc-

f-Øn-teXv CXns‚ 2/3 BWv. C¥y-bpsS a‰v `mK-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ sshZyq-Xo-

I-cn-® {KmaoW `h-\-ßfpsS A\p-]mXw tIc-f-Øn¬ hftc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. ]t£, sshZyp-Xo-

I-cn-°mØ {KmaoW `h-\-ßƒ tKmh-bn¬ 8 iX-am-\-am-s-W-¶n¬ alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ AXv 35 iX-

am-\-amWv. Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fnse sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb hyh-km-b-ß-fmWv sshZyp-Xn-bpsS

G‰hpw henb D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ. h≥InS hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ Abncv kwkv°-cWw, Ccpºv˛Dcp°v,

kna‚ v, s]t{Sm-fnbw dnss^ \-dn-Iƒ, ]©-kmc UnkvSn-e-dn-Iƒ, hfw \n¿Ωm-W-im-e-Iƒ,

s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬kv F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Ch-

bmWv. sNdp-InS˛CS-Øcw hyh-km-b-ßfpw [mcm-f-ap≠v. IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-

∂-Xn-h-bmWv. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ û{≠n-Iƒ, NpSp-I¬ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ, XpWn-an-√p-Iƒ,

Ifn-a¨ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ, t]m´dn, •mkv-sh-b¿, t_°dn F∂nh IqSp-X¬ sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-h-bmWv.

sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ \√ A¥-c-ap≠v.

KpP-dm-Ønepw alm-cm-jv{S-bnepw G‰-hp-a-[nIw sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ka-bsØ IΩn

tZiob icm-i-cn-bpsS c≠n-c-ń-bmWv. h≥ssh-Zyp-Xn-I-Ωn-bp≈ kwÿm-\-amWv alm-cmjv{S.

F∂m¬, a‰v ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ßsf At]-£n®v IΩn-bm-sW-¶nepw I¿Æm-S-I-bp-tSbpw,

Xan-gv\m-Sn-s‚bpw ÿnXn Gsd t`Z-amWv. sshZypXn {]mtZ-in-I-ambn D¬∏m-Zn-°p-Itbm a‰v

kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hmßp-Itbm sNømw. ]s£ Bhiyw ap≥Iqń Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv

\oßn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Uok¬ P\-td-‰¿ sk‰p-Iƒ A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßm\pw AXv

ISpØ ]cn-X-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß¬ krjvSn-°m\pw CS-bm°pw. Ct∏m-gsØ {]k-cW˛ hnX-cW

212

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\jvSw Hgn-hm-°m\pw ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-thWw.

C‘-\ß-fpsS Km¿lnI D]-tbmKw

Nph-sS-bp≈ Nn{Xw 10¬ 2007 ˛08¬ 1000 {Kmao-W-`-h-\-ß-fnse ]mN-I-Øn\v F¬.]n.Pn

(`q]Sw˛H∂v) hndIv (`q]Sw˛ 2), hnf-°p-sX-fn-°m≥ sshZypXn (`q]Sw˛3) asÆÆ (`q]Sw 4)

F∂n-h-bpsS D]-t`mKw hy‡-am-Ip∂p. tKmh-bn¬ 41 iX-am\w hoSp-I-fn¬ ]mN-I-Øn\v F¬.]n.Pn

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ a‰v kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw _lp-`q-cn-]£w {Kmao-Wcpw hnd-In-s\-

bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv. IqSp-X¬ {Kmao-Wcpw ]mN-I-Øn\v hndIv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ I¿Æm-S-I-hp-

ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ F¬.]n.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ab¬kw-ÿm-\-amb tIc-f-Ønse

A\p-]mXw hfsc Db¿∂-XmWv. tKmh-bnse 80 ia-Xm-\-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw alm-cm-jv{S-bnse 70

iX-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw ]´-W-hm-kn-Iƒ ]mN-I-Øn\v F¬.]n.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv.

cmPy-Øns‚ a‰p `mK-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse

`qcn-`mKw ho´p-Imcpw shfn-®-Øn\v asÆ-Æ-tb-°mƒ sshZyp-Xn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.

Nn{Xw 10 hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ]mNI/Du¿÷

Bh-iy-ßƒ°p≈ Km¿lnI C‘\ D]-tbmKw (TDDEY 2010)

`q]Sw˛H∂v : 1000 {Kmao-W-̀ -h-\-ß-fnse]mN-I-Øn\v F¬.]n.Pn

`q]Sw˛c≠v: 1000 {Kmao-W-̀ -h-\-ß-fnse]mN-I-Øn\v hndIv

`q]Sw˛aq∂v : 1000 {Kmao-W-̀ -h-\-ß-fnseDu¿÷m-h-iy-ßƒ°v sshZypXn

`q]Sw˛\mev: 1000 {Kmao-W-̀ -h-\-ß-fnseDu¿÷m-h-iy-ßƒ°v asÆÆ

213

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nn{Xw 11 ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w

alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ 2012 te°v ]e sX¿a¬ ]h¿ t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-

´p≠v. tIc-f-Ønepw I¿Æm-S-I-Ønepw Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-I-fmWv Btem-N-\-bn¬. G‰hpw

X¿°-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ I¿Æm-S-I-bnse KqVy, tIc-f-Ønse BXn-c-∏n≈n ]≤-Xn-Isf ]‰n

Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ H∂mw `mKØv hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNbvXn-´p≠v.

Bkq-{X-W-L-´-Øn-ep≈ ]e ]≤-Xn-Ifpw DXv°-≠m-P-\-I-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v sdbvK-

Vnepw cXv\-Kn-cn-bnepw 33,000 saKm-hm´v tijn-bp≈ sX¿a¬ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-

d≥kn-\p-th≠n ImØn-cn-°-bmWv. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw krjvSn-°p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn˛ kmaq-ly-B-

Lm-X-ßƒ hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amWv. Ch- Hcp Iq -́ambn ÿm]n-°m-\mWv Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. Ch krjvSn-

°p∂ Bh¿Ø\ BLmXw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv. Cu sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\ πm‚p-I-fpsS

Zqjy-^-e-ßƒ Hcp hn`mKw P\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ KpWw e`n-°p-∂Xv as‰mcp

hn`m-K-Øn-\mWv.

Cu Pn√-Iƒ°v Hcp h¿jw 180 saKm-hm´v sshZyp-Xn-bmWv Bhiyw F∂m¬ ChnsS

{]Xn-h¿jw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv 4543 saKm-hm-´mWv.

apss_-bpsS Bhiyw hf-sc -h-ep-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Iev°cn A[n-jvTn-X-amb hen-sbmcp πm‚ v

ae-_m¿ ln√n¬ ÿm]n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Pn‘m¬ πm‚n-te-Xp-t]mse F√m A\p-Iqe LS-I-

ßfpw Chn-sS-bp≠v. ChnsS πm‚ v ÿm]n-®m¬ hfsc Zqtc°v hnX-c-W-sse-\p-Iƒ hen-t°-≠-

Xn√. X∑qew {]k-cW˛hnX-cW \jvSw Ipd-bp∂p. cXv\-Kncn, kn‘n-Zp¿K Pn√-I-fn¬ hnXc

sse\p-Iƒ°v Xmsg ^e-hr-£-ßfpw a‰pw h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXp aqe-ap≈ \jvShpw

Hgn-hm°mw.

2010 am¿®v 31 se ÿm]nX tijn (sa-Km-hm-´v)

214

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

D¬°WvT Db¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

hnI-k-\-Øn\v Du¿÷hpw sshZyp-Xnbpw IqSntb Xocq. Cu cmPysØ P\-ß-fpsS Hcp

BtKmf kaq-l-Øns‚ `mK-am-I-bm¬ CS-Øcw hcp-am-\-kz-`m-h-Øn-te°v IqS-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°v

IS-∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ùXnI kpJ-ku-I-cy-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Bhiyw h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-w. C¥y-bn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv hcp-am\ t{iWnbpsS apI-fn-te-bv°v IS-∂p-h-cp∂ P\-ßƒ

B[p-\nI Pohn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb LS-I-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. ]pXnb

hn`mKw Du¿÷ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ, ]pXnb cmjv{Sob kΩ¿±-ßƒ, IqSp-X¬ bm{Xm-ku-Icyw,

CXn-s\√mw IqSp-X¬ sshZyp-Xnbpw Du¿÷hpw C‘-\hpw Bh-iy-amWv. hf¿®-bv°p-th-≠n-

bp≈ Du¿÷-Øns‚ Bhiyw IqSn-h-cp-tºmgpw shfn-®-Øn\v sshZypXn e`n-°m-Ø-Xpw, shfn-

®-Øn\pw ]mN-I-Øn-\pw, Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-amb ]pI- h-an-∏n-°p∂ C‘\w D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂Xpamb henb Hcp P\-hn-`mKw ChnsS D≠v. ChnsS \mw t\cn-Sp-∂ {]Xn-k‘n hf¿®-

°m-h-iy-amb Du¿Pw Fßs\ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°mw, ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Du¿P

£maw Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn-°mw, Fs∂m-s°-bm-Wv.

\ne-hn-ep-≈Xpw ]pXn-b-Xmbn ÿm]n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xp-amb Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\-s{]m-P-

IvSp-I-fpsS ]mcn-ÿn-XnI˛kmaqly BLm-X-ß-ƒ DXv°-WvTm-P-\-I-amWv. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse kwth-

Z\ £aX IqSnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ Du¿÷ DXv]m-Z-\-πm‚p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xpw {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-

∂Xpw ssPh Bhm-k-hy-hÿ LS-\sb _m[n-°p-∂Xpw, Bhm-k- \-jvS-Øn\pw h\-ta-Je

hn -̀Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. CXv Ahn-SsØ kky-Pm-e-ß-fpsS am{X-a√, kqjva-

Im-em-h-ÿ-tbbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n°pw. Du¿÷ DXv]m-Z-\-πm‚p-Ifpw AW-s°-´p-Ifpw

ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xp-aqew hfsc henb Hcp {]tZ-isØ h\-ß-fmWv \in-∏n°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

\jvS-s∏´ A{Xbpw h\-ßƒ thsd h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m≥ \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw

\jvS-s∏´ X\Xp h\-ß-fnse ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-Po¿Æ-X-Ifpw kºØpw ]p\¿kr-jvSn-°m≥

AXn-\m-hn-√. sX¿a¬ πm‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]pdØp hcp∂ Xm]-°m‰v h\-ß-fpsS \ne-hm-c-sØ

\in-∏n-°p-Ibpw Xpd∂p hnSp∂ Ah-in-jv́ -ßƒ Pe-t{km-X- p-Isf aen-\o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

sX¿a¬ πm‚p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w aqew Pe-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂Xpw, ^vssf Bjpw

BWv ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Pe-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xp-aqew cmk-h-kvXp-

°fpw a‰v aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp-°fpw sh≈-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Aen™p tNcp-Ibpw CXv ]cn-

ÿnXn°v henb £X-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Xm]-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xn\v ]pdta XWp-∏n-°¬

{]{In-b-bn¬ cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ Ie¿∂ sh≈-amWv πm‚p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Xpd∂v hnSp-∂-Xv. Cu

sh≈-Øn¬ t¢mdn\pw a‰pw Ie¿∂n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ Pem-i-b-Ønse a’y-k-º-Øns\ CXv {]Xn-

Iq-e-ambn _m[n°-pw.

Cøw, ckw F∂nh Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ ^vssf Bjn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. CXv \Zn-I-fnepw a‰pw ASn-bp-∂Xp aqew a’y-ß-fpsS {]Xyp-ev]m-Z\ tijn Xs∂

\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

sIm¶¨ taJ-e-bnse \nbp‡ Du¿÷ πm‚p-I-fpsS Bh¿Ø\ BLm-XsØ ]‰n

]T\w \S-Ø-W-sa∂ Bhiyw Db¿∂n-´p-≠v. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse \Zo-X-S-ßƒ Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xn°pw

ip≤-P-e-hn-X-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw th≠n {Iam-Xo-X-ambn NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc ap∂-dn-

bn-∏p-b-cp-∂p-≠v. \Zn-I-fpsS {]-`h tI{μ-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp ]≤-Xnbpw ]mSn-√. {Ia-Øn-e-[nIw

hnI-k\w h∂ \Zo-X-S-ß-fnepw ]pXnb AW-s°-´p-Iƒ ]mSn-√. \Zn-I-fpsS ]cn-ÿnXn]c-amb

Hgp°v \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv hfsc {][m-\-amWv. am{X-hp-a√ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈Xpw

\n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xp-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ Bh¿Ø\

BLm-X-sØ-∏‰n CXn-\Iw Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-Øn-bn-ń√.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ kwth-Z-\-£-aX IW-°n-se-SpØv Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw Gsd Imcy-£-

a-am-°nbpw a‰pw Du¿÷ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ {ian-°-Ww. ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw ]mc-º-

tcy-Xc Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw ]c-am-h[n t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. kutcm¿P]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°mbn

hcp∂ `qan-bp-sSbpw sh≈-Øn-s‚bpw Afhpw AXv krjvSn-°p∂ {]mtZ-inI kmaqly BLm-

Xhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. th≠{X {i≤ ]Xn-®n-ń-√mØ as‰mcp A]m-IX sshZypXn

215

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hnX-c-W-Øn-\p≈ henb SΔ-dp-Iƒ IS∂p t]mIp∂XneqsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xm-Wv. ]cn-ÿnXn kwth-Z\ £aX Gdnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ SΔ¿ {KnUp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m-sX-

bp≈ ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

{]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-hn-I-k\w krjvSn-°p∂ BLm-XsØ

]‰n \mw IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v h≥ tXmXn-ep≈ Im‰mSn ]mS-ßƒ

{]mtZ-inI ssPh Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Imcyamb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬

hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Im‰mSn ]mS-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ ]e \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Nneh CXn-

\Iw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. \n›n-X-th-K-X-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Im‰-Sn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-

fntem CXv ÿm]n-°m≥ Ign-bq. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw Zp¿∫-e-amb ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-

bp≈ Ingp-°mw-Xq-°mb ]md-s°-´p-I-fmWv CØcw {]tZ-i-ßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse G‰hpw

A\p-]-a-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-L-S-I-ß-fmWv Chn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. Im‰mSn b{¥-ßƒ Db¿Øn ÿm]n-

°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ̀ oa≥ s{Ibn-\p-Ifpw a‰pw ae-ap-I-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb henb tdmUp-

I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw h\-ß-fp-tSbpw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bp-tSbpw h≥ tXmXn-ep≈ \io-I-c-W-

Øn\pw AXp hgn Dcpƒs]m-´¬, asÆm-en∏v F∂n-hbv°p Imc-Whp-am-Ip-∂p. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse

_oa-i-¶¿ h\y Pohn kt¶-X-Øn¬ \n∂v c≠v Intem-ao-‰¿ AIse ‘ENERCON’ Iº\n \S-

Ønb Hcp Im‰mSn ]mS-Øn¬ {io am[-hvKm-UvKnepw sd\o t_m¿Pkpw \S-Ønb ]T-\-Øn¬

Cu taJebnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS X\na apgp-h≥ XI¿Ø-Xmbn ImW-s∏-´p. am{X-hp-a√ Cu

]≤-Xn-bn-eqsS kz[o-\-h-ebw Iº\n {]Jym--]n-®n-´p≈Xnt\-°mƒ F{Xtbm hep-Xm-sW∂pw

a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™p. Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-Ip∂ Hcp Imcyw Im‰mSn ]mS-Øns‚ lcn-

X-km-t¶-XnI hnZybv°v ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂Xpw CXp kw_-‘n® Bh¿Ø\ BLmX A]-

{K-Y\w \S-Ønb tijw aXn F∂m-Wv. CØ-c-sam-c-]-{K-Y\ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc

Im‰mSn ]mS-]-≤-XnIƒ°v samd-t´m-dnbw {]Jym-]n-°-Ww. GXm-bmepw ESZ1 taJ-e-bn¬ Im‰mSn

]mSw A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-sX∂v ]›n-a-L-´-k-anXn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p-≠v.


Bh-iy-ap≈ Du¿÷-Øns‚ Af-hv, e`y-am-°m-hp∂ Du¿÷-Ønse h¿≤-\-hv, Dev]m-Z-\-

Øn-ep≈ ssPh-C-‘\ kmt¶-XnI ⁄m\w, Du¿÷ taJ-ebv°v Np‰p-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-

{¥Ww F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]e am¿§-ßƒ ip]m¿i sNømw.

Bh-iy-ap-ff Du¿÷-Øns‚ Afhv

]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-tebpw a‰v kwÿm-\-ß-fn-tebpw Hcp hn`m-K-am-fp-Iƒ Bh-iy-

Øn-e-[nIw ssh-ZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v AXym-h-iy-Øn\p t]mepw e`n-

°p-∂n-√. Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\hpw D]-t`m-Khpw _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-

]-chpw kmaq-ly-am-bp-ap≈ {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ kpÿn-c-Xbpw Xpey-Xbpw

{]Xn-^-en-°p∂ hy‡-amb Hcp Du¿÷ \bw \ap-°m-h-iy-am-Wv. ""BVw-_-chpw Zpcp-]-

tbm-Khpw'' ""\ymbhpw Bh-iy-Øn\pw'' XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw Du¿÷-D-]-t`m-K-Øn¬ \mw

Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. Xpey-amb {]Xn-io¿j Du¿÷ D]-t`mK \n_-‘-\-Ifpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-

Ww.

hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Du¿÷-Im-cy-£-aX Iq´m≥ k¿°m-cn-\p≈ tijn hne-bn-cp-tØ-

≠Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. _yqtdm Hm^v F\¿Pn F^n-jy≥kn-bpsS ]¶n-\mWv ChnsS

{][m\yw . Ct∏mgpw `mhn-bn-ep≈ Du¿÷-Øns‚ Bhiyw AYhm Afhv IW-°m-°p-

tºmƒ AXv bYm¿∞hpw hkvXp \njvShpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. DuXn-s]-cp-∏n® IW-°p-Iƒ

Bh-iy-an-√msX IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ kΩ¿±w Iq´p-Ibpw AXv tZmj-

I-c-amb ]cn-ÿnXn BLm-X-ßƒ°v CS-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.

Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BLm-X-

ßƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv Du¿÷ D]-t`m-‡m-°sf t_m[-h¬°-cn®v Du¿÷-Øns‚ BVw-

_c Bhiyw Ipd-bv°-Ww.

216

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Du¿÷ Dev]m-Z\w

]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷ ]≤-Xn-I-tfbpw Du¿÷-Im-cy-£-a-X-tbbpw ]c-am-h[n t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°-Ww. sNdnb ]≤-Xn-I-fmWv A`n-Im-ayw.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn kwth-Z\ £aX IqSnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ {]mtZ-inI sshZypXn

Bh-iy-ßƒ am{Xw t\cn-Sm-\p≈ sNdp-InS Pe sshZypX ]≤XnIfmWv Bh-iyw. Ch

{KnUp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m-Øh Bbn-cn-°-Ww.

kvam¿´v {KnUns‚ D]-t`mKw

• Du¿÷-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-Øns‚ kzoIm-cyX sa®-s∏-SpØm≥ IW°v Iq´m-

\p≈ tijnbpw Bi-b-hn-\n--a-bhpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

• {KnUn-eqsSsshZypXn Hgp-Ip-∂Xv \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw sa®-s∏´ ap≥I-cp-X¬ sabn‚

\≥kn\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn°pI.

• {]k-cW˛hn-X-cW \jvSw Ipd-bv°p-I.

hnZyp-—‡n hnX-cWw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-ahpw hnizm-k-tbm-Kyhpw B°p-∂-Xn\ kwÿm-

\-ß-ƒ \nb-{¥-W-\-b-ßƒ kzoI-cn®v aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-≠m-°p∂ Uok¬ F©n≥ amXr-I-

Iƒ hyh-km-b-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv Ipd-bv°p-I.

Cu `mKØv kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ \qX\ {]h-W-X-Iƒ \n›-ambpw hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. DZm-

l-c-W-Øn\v tIc-f-Ønse ]Ø≥]m-d-bnse Hcp amXrIm sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-ZypX kwhn-

[m\w. CXn\v Bh-iy-amb XpI kam-l-cn-®Xv {Kma-hm-kn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]W-ambpw Dev]-∂-

ß-fm-bp-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ sshZyp-Xo-I-cn-°mØ {Kma-ß-fn¬ kutcm¿÷-sa-Øn-

°m-\mbn "sk¬sIm' amXrIm ]≤-Xn-bn-tebpw A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.

Gs‰-SpØ ̀ qan-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B\p-Iqeyw ]¶p hbv°p∂ coXn: DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

]me-°ms´ Kncn-h¿§-°m-cp-ambn tN¿∂v Hcp 80 saKm-hm´v Im‰mSn ]mSw ÿm]n-°p-∂-

Xn\v tIc-f-k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn® _nkn-\ v amXrI {]Imcw F≥.-Sn.-]n.-knbpw kwÿm\

hnZyp-—‡n t_m¿Upw ]me-°ms´ Kncn h¿§-°mcpw tN¿∂p≈ Hcp ]m¿´vW¿ jn∏mWv

Cu ]≤-Xn. Kncn-h¿§-°m-cpsS `qan-bn¬ \n∂p-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Hmtcm bqWn‰v sshZyp-Xn-

bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp \n›nX XpI Kncn-h¿§-°m¿°p e`n-°pw.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nbd≥kv

Du¿÷ πm‚p-Iƒ°v ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip∂Xn\p≈ \S-]-Sn-{Iaw ASn-apSn ]cn-

jv°-cn-°-Ww.

Hmtcm taJ-ebv°pw hln-°m-hp∂ tijn ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX ]T-\-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-

°-Ww. πm‚p-Iƒ Iq´-tØm-sSbmWv ÿm]n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Bh¿Ø\ BLmX ]T-\-

ßƒ IqSn \S-Ø-Ww.

C¥y-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\Øn\p≈ am¿§-tc-J-I-fn¬ ]mc-º-tcy-Xc

Du¿÷ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ D¬s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Ahbpw {]tXy-In®v Im‰mSn ]mS-ßƒ ]e BLm-X-

ßfpw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Chsb IqSn AXn¬ Cƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn bp.-F-kv.-

C.]n Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. I‰mSn ]mS-ßƒ°v

¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ipw ap≥]v Bh¿Ø\ BLmX A]-{K-Y\w \S-Ø-Ww.

]mc-º-tcyXj Du¿÷ ]≤Xn IqSp-X¬ {]Nmcw t\Sn hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah ap≥Iq´n

Bkq{XWw sNøp-Ibpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kmaqly BLmX ]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw thWw

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ sX¿a¬ πm‚p-Iƒ°v ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-

ebw IqSp-X¬ {i≤ sNep-Ø-Ww.

]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂Xv ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nbm≥kv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ I¿i-\-ambn

]men-®n-cn-°-Ww.

217

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Du¿÷ sshZypXn taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-ƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]›n-a-L´

AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS Iogn¬ Hcp {]tXyI sk¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww.

2.9 hnt\mZ k©mcwhnt\m-Z-k-©mcw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ AXn-thKw hf¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. Chn-SsØ

hnt\mZ k©mcw {][m-\-ambpw {]IrXn ]cn-ÿnXn h\y-Pohn, aX-ßƒ, kmaqlyw, _nkn-

\ v F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Sqdn-k-Øn-te-dnb ]¶pw

aX-]-c-amb Sqdn-k-am-Wv. sXm -́SpØ ÿm\w {]IrXn A[n-jvTnX Sqdn- -Øn-\m-Wv. ChnsS G‰hpw

IqSp-X¬ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-cn-I-sf-Øp-∂Xv cmPy-Øn-\-IØp \n∂p Xs∂. 2002\v tijw ]›n-a-L-

´-Ønse kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-bmb s]cn-bm¿, acpae, _μn-∏q¿, \mK¿tlmƒ, Ut≠en˛B≥jn

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Sqdn-Ãp-I-fpsS Hgp°v IqSn-bn-́ p-≠v. Sqdnkw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te-dnb ]¶pw

th≠{X Bkq-{X-Wtam \nb-{¥-Wtam C√m-sX-bmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. "Aw_n-hmen' ,"e-hmk-' -

t]mse temI-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-´p-f-f Sqdnkw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p t]mepw Bhiy-

amb ]cn-ÿnXn -B-LmX ]T-\tam, Bh¿Ø\ BLmX A]-{K-[-\tam \S-Øm-sX-bmWv

tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Sqdn-ksØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

DXvI-WvT-bp-≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ SqdnÃv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb hf¿®, Bhmk tI{μ-ßƒ

hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sm\pw a\p-jy\pw arK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw h¿≤n-°m\pw CS-bm°n-bn-´p-

≠v. amen-\y-ßƒ {Iam-Xo-X-ambn Ip∂p IqSp-∂Xp aqew IoS-ßƒ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sm\pw tcmK-

ßƒ h¿≤n-°m\pw CS-bp-≠v. kwkv°-cn-°mØ sh≈w ]pd-tØ°v Hgp°n hnSp-∂Xp aqew

kky-Pm-e-ßfpw `qP-ehpw aen-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. h\-Øn¬ Xo]n-SpØw D≠m-Im-\p≈ km≤y-

Xbpw Gsd-bm-Wv. Sqdn-k-Øns‚ as‰mcp kzm`m-hnI ̂ e-amWv sh≈-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ h¿≤n®

Bh-iyw.

kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kv°m-cnI cwKØv {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn¬

Sqdnkw am‰w hcp-Øp∂-Xm-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v `qan-bpsS hn\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ h∂

am‰hpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Zu¿e-`yhpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn\v Ah-cpsS `qan-bnepw hn`-h-

t{km-X- p-I-fnepw FØm≥ Ign-bm-ØXpw Irjn Akm-≤y-am-°p-∂p. {]IrXn kwc-£-WsØ

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp Bi-b-ambn Ct°m Sqdnkw t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p hcp-∂Xv icn-bmb

coXn-bn-e-√. {]IrXn kwc-£-W-sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw {]tZi-hm-kn-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-˛-km-

º-ØnI ]¶m-fnØw Dd∏p hcp-Øm-\p-amWv Ct°m Sqdnkw {ian-t°-≠-Xv.

NphsS ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \b-]-c-amb {i≤ Bh-iy-amWv

Sqdnkw hf-cp∂ thKX

h¿≤n®p hcp∂ Sqdn-k-Øns‚ _mly Bh-iy-ßƒ

SqdnÃv ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsS ÿm\w.

hnt\mZ k©m-cn-Iƒ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ i_vZ-i-eyw, amen-\y-°q-ºmcw XpS-ßn-b-h.

amen\y amt\-Pvsa‚n-t‚bpw aen-\-Pe amt\-Pvsa‚n-t‚bpw A`mhw

{]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw kwkv°m-c-Øn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßƒ

* t\´w ]¶n-Sp∂ kwhn-[m-\-an-√m-bva.


]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hnt\mZ k©mcw {]tXyI {i≤ A¿ln-°p-∂p. CØcw ssk‰p-Isf

"Dev]m-Z-\-˛-D-]-t`m-‡r' kw-hn-[m-\-ambn thWw a\- n-em-°m≥.

kpÿnc Dev]m-Z-\-˛-D-]-t`m‡r kwhn-[m\w

i‡-amb kpÿnc N´ß-fn-eqsS A\n-›n-XXz-sØbpw a‰v {]Xn-k-‘n-I-sfbpw XcWw

sNøp-I.

218

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hymh-km-bnI ]cn-ÿnXn XXz-ßfpw ssPh kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-I.

Hcp {]tZ-i-Øn\v Xmßm-\p≈ tijn, aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{¥-Ww, aen-\o-I-cWw, kr„n-°p-

∂-h¿ AXns‚ sNehv hln-°Ww XpS-ßn-bh {]h¿Øn ]Y-Øn¬ sIm≠p hcn-I.

]cn-ÿnXn ]c-ambn Hcp {]tZ-i-Øn\v Xmßm-\p≈ tijn-bpsS Afhv hsc am{Xta

Sqdnkw A\p-h-Zn-°m-hq. kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]cn[n Ihn-bp-∂Xv ]›n-a-L-

´-Ønse kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v tN¿∂-X-√.

Hcp taJ-e-bpsS Xmßm-\p≈ tijn Db¿Øm≥ th≠n \nt£]w A\p-h-Zn-°mw.

kmt¶-XnI ⁄m\-]-ctam \b-]-ctam Bb Imcy-ßƒ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Itbm hn`-h-

ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£-a-am-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂Xv aqew ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb

]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ am‰n FSp-°mw.

ESZ H∂n¬

Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ BLmXw krjvSn-°p∂ Sqdn-ksØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°m≥ th≠n ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn‰n ip≤o-I-cn-s®-Sp-°p∂ Ct°m-˛-Sq-dnkw \bw thWw

]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-h\w a{¥m-ebw ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥.

amen\y amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw, {Sm^n-°n\pw Pe D]-tbm-K-Øn\pw I¿i-\-\n-b-{¥Ww thWw.

ESZ c≠n¬

Hcp Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm\ns‚bpw tkmjy¬ BUn-‰n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ I¿i\

\nb-{¥Wßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Xmßm-\p≈ tijn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw kmaq-lyhpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-

]-c-hp-amb sNe-hp-Iƒ IW-°n-se-SpØpambn-cn-°Ww Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm\n\v cq]w \¬Im≥

ESZ aq∂n¬

SqdnÃv t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS tkmjy¬ BUn‰pw \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw I¿i-\-am-°Ww

Sqdnkw amÃ¿ πm\n\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂Xv Hcp {]tZ-i-Øn\v Xmßm-\p≈ tijn hne-bn-cp-

Ønbpw kmaq-lyhpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-hp-amb sNe-hp-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-hp-ambn t\´w ]¶p hbv°p∂ sNdp-InS Sqdnkw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.

Sqdn-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\ LS-I-ßƒ {]tXy-In®v Xma-k-ku-Icyw {]-IrXn kulr-Z-]-

chpw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-am-bn-´pff hkvXp-°ƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈Xpw Bbn-

cn-°-Ww. CXn\v k_vknUn cq]-Øn¬ t{]m’m-l\w \¬I-Ww.

Acp-hn-Iƒ, XSm-I-ßƒ a‰v Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v Np‰pw tIm¨{Io‰v sNøp-∂Xv

\ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Sqdnkw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fn¬ {i≤n-°-Ww.

Sqdnkw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W\ \¬IWw

kwc-£nX taJ-e-bpsS Icp-X¬ {]tZ-kØv Sqdnkw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-sam-cp-°p-∂Xv

ssk‰n\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb F√m Sqdnkw ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy hnI-k-\-

Ønepw ag-sh≈w kw`-cn-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±iw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°Ww

hml-\-ß-fn¬ \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw

πmÃnIv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ I¿i\ \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hmWnPy ÿm]-\-

ßfpw a‰pw πmÃnIv _mKv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

219

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn® tijw Ip∏n-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°m≥ {]tXyI kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww. SqdnÃv ssk‰p-I-fnse amen\y amt\-Pvsa‚n\v IqSp-X¬ {]mtZ-inI ]¶m-fnØw t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°-Ww.

Sqdn-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn‰n Hcp

{]tXyI sk¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. Sqdnkw hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ƒ ssek≥knßv Dƒs∏-sS-

bp≈hbpsS \nb-{¥Ww ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-‰n-°m-bn-cn-bv°-Ww.

2.10. KXm-KXw

cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß¬ XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw k¥p-enX taJe hnI-k-

\-Øn\pw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab irw-Je hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw kwÿm-\-Øn-\-IØpw kwÿm-\-ßƒ

XΩnepw D≈ hmWn-Py-˛-hy-h-km-b-ß¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw KXm-KX ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-

ßƒ {][m-\-am-Wv.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ kpZo¿L-amb ]›na XocsØ a‰v `mK-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v KXm-KX ASn-ÿm\ kuIcyw Hgn®p IqSm-\m-hmØXmWv. Ct∏mƒ ]me-°mSv

Npcw am{X-amWv CØ-c-Øn-semcp ]mX Hcp-°p-∂-Xv. ]›n-a-L´ ae-\n-c-I-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂

tdmUp-Iepw dbn¬thIfpw sslth-I-fp-amWv AXns‚ ssPh-\n-e-hm-csØ _m[n-°p∂ am‰-

Øns‚ apJy D]m-[n-Iƒ. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ KXm-KX ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k-\-Øn\p th≠n Db-cp∂

apd-hn-fn-Iƒ DXvI-WvT-tbm-sS-bmWv Cu kanXn ImWp-∂-Xv.ImcWw CXv ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse

h\-ß-tfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-sØ-bpw h\y Pohn-I-sfbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pw.

DXvIWvT Df-hm-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

tdmUp-Ifpw sdbn¬sh sse\p-I-fp-sa√mw a\pjy Bhmk tI{μ-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\pw

`qan-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm\pw CS-bm°pw. KXm-KX ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]Xy£ BLm-

X-tØ-°mƒ Cu hnI-k-\-amWv ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v Gsd tZmj-Icw. KXm-KX ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ß-

fpsS hnI-k\w Bhmk tI{μ-ßsf Iodn apdn-°p-Ibpw ssPh-ssh-hn≤y \jvS-Øn\v CXv CS-

bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw ssPh-ssh-hn≤y Ie-h-dbv°pw CXv henb

DXvIWvT D≠m-°p-∂p. ae-I-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂ tdmUp-Iƒ°p th≠n h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]md

s]mń®v amt‰≠n hcp-∂p.

CXp aqew s]s´-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ i_vZ-i-ey-Øn\pw a‰pw ]pdta ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ ]e-bn-

SØpw kw`-hn-®Xp t]mse i‡-amb ag-bn¬ Dcpƒs]m-´¬ D≠m-Im\pw km≤y-X-bp-≠v. DZm-l-

c-W-Øn\v \oe-Kn-cn-bnse ta´p-]m-f-bw-˛-Duń tdmUn¬ IqsS-Iq-sS- Dcpƒs]m-´¬ D≠m-Im-dp-≠v.

AXp t]mse-Xs∂ ae-ap-dn®v IpØn-d-°-ambn IS∂p t]mIp∂ tdmUn-eqsS apdn®p IS-°m≥

B\-sb-t∏m-ep≈ henb arK-ßƒ°v km≤y-a√ X∑qew Ah-bpsS k©mcw Acp-hn-Iƒ°pw

\Zn-Iƒ°pw kao-]Øp IqSn-bp≈ CSp-ßnb hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmIpw. ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ henb thK-

X-bn¬ ]mbp∂ hml-\-ßƒ Xń arK-ßƒ NmIp-∂Xpw k¿Δ-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. ÿnc-am-bp≈

hgn-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, hml-\-ß-fpsS thK-X, h\-Ønse arK-ßƒ°p-≠m--Ip∂ ieyw F∂n-h-bmWv

Kpcp-X-c-amb a‰v {]iv\-ßƒ.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn-eqsS am{X-a√ h\y-ar-K-ß-fpsS \S-h-gn-Iƒ Iodn-ap-dn®pw tdmUp-]Wn

]ptcm-K-an-°-bm-Wv. F∂n´pw ]pXnb tdmUp-Iƒ°p th≠n-bp≈ apd-hn-fn°v Adp-Xn-bn-√. IqSp-

X¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]Wn-]p-c-bn-em-Wv. BI-bm¬ C°mcyw hfsc Kuc-h-]q¿Δw ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v.

]c©v ss]bpsS IW-°-\p-k-cn®v 90Ifn¬ hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Lń\v Ipdp-sI-bp≈

tdmUp-IfpsS FÆw shdpw 13 Bbn-cp-∂p. 2011¬ CXv 21 Bbn. (t_mIvkv 11) Cu enÃv ]q¿Æ-

a-√. Cu taJ-e-bnse tdmUp hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Hcp kqPnI am{Xw. Ch-bn¬ ]qsW-˛-apwss_

\mep-hcn FIvkv{]kv sslthbpw Ct∏mƒ ]Wn \S∂p hcp∂ \mkn-Iv-˛-apwss_ sslthbpw

Dƒs∏-Spw. apwss_-˛-]q-s\-F-Ivkv{]kv sslth-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw temWm-hm-e-bv°-Sp-Øp≈

\n¿±njvS ^m: im¥-∏mhp h\y-arK kt¶-X-Øn\v D≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ \nI-Øm-

\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. 1990Ifn¬ tdmUv F-∂m¬ ]´-W-ß-fp-sSbpw {Kma-ß-fp-sSbpw hnI-k-\-Øn\p

220

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

th≠nbp≈ am¿§-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. h\ Dev]-∂-ß-fmb XSn, [mXp-°ƒ XpS-ßn-bh shfn-bn¬

sIm≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hgn-I-fmbpw Ch D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m-en∂v 3 sat{Sm s]mfn-‰≥

kn‰n-Iƒ°v (]q-s\, apwss_, \mkn-Iv) a≤y-Øn-ep≈ Cu {]tZiw hyh-km-b-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw

\K-c-hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw Cc-bmbn Xocp-∂-Xp-aqew h\-ßƒ AXn-thKw XpS®p \o°-s∏-´psIm-≠n-

cn°p-∂p.

2001˛2002¬ ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bmb sIm¶¨ dbn¬th ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw XΩnepw

Xoc-tZ-ihpw h\-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿbpw XΩnepw D≈ a’-c-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ]›n-a-L-´-

Ønse 6 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 4 eneq-sSbpw an°-hmdpw F√m Pn√-I-fn-eq-sSbpw dbn¬th IS∂p

t]mIp-∂p-≠v. h\-Øn-t∑epw Xoc-tZi Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-t∑epw dbn¬th henb BLm-X-am-

Wv krjvSn-®n´p≈Xv. Cu dbn¬th-bn¬ SW-ep-Iƒ XI-cp-∂Xpw Dcpƒs]m-´epw ae-bn-Sn-bnepw

]e-t∏mgpw kw`-hn-°m-dp-≠v. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ `mK-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp∂ Cu dbn¬sh

h\-`qan Hgn-™mWv t]mIp-∂-Xv.

AXp t]mse ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ sX°p`mK-Øp≈ taP¿ tdmUp-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-

ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ssakq-dn¬ \n∂v kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-fmb \K-c-tlm-sf,

_μn-∏q¿, apXp-a-sse, hb-\mSv hgn-bp≈ sslsh-bnse KXm-K-X-Xn-c°v h\y-Po-hn-Iƒ°v \nc-

¥-c-i-ey-am-Wv. Cu ]mX-bn-eqsS cm{Xn hml-\-tam-Sn-°p-∂Xv 2010¬ I¿Æm-SI sslt°m-SXn

\ntcm-[n-®p. ssX¶m-in-˛-sIm√w dbn¬th sse\pw sNt¶m-´-]p-c-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ sslshbpw

sX°pw (I-f-bv°m-Sv, ap≠≥Xp-ssd-˛-s\-øm¿) hS°pw ({io-hn√n ]pØq¿, dm∂n, tIm∂n Unhn-

j-\p-Iƒ) XΩn-ep≈ B\-I-fpsS bm{X ]q¿Æ-ambpw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ sX°p-`m-KØp IqSn IqSp-X¬ dbn¬ ]mXbv°p th≠n-bp≈ apd-hnfn

Db¿∂p Ign-™p. \n¿±njvS lp_vfn,˛ At¶mf sse≥, Xm¬Kp-∏-̨ -slm-∂m-hm¿ sse≥, ssakq¿

˛I-Æq¿ sse≥, Nma-cm-P-\-K¿-˛-k-Xy-aw-Kew sse≥, i_-cn-ae sse≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw CXn-

epƒs∏-Spw. \n¿±njvS Nma-cm-P-\-K¿-˛-k-Xy-aw-Kew sse≥ kXy-aw-Kew \n_n-V-h-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw

Xe-asse ae-©-cn-hn-eq-sSbpw B\-I-fpsS h≥ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-amb tambm¿ \Zo-X-S-Øn-eq-sS-bp-

amWv IS∂p t]mtI-≠-Xv. ChnsS B\-Iƒ aqew s{Sbn≥ A]-ISw D≠m-Im-\p≈ km≤yX

hfsctbsd-bm-Wv. ]›n-a-L-´hpw ]q¿Δ-L-´hpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Htc HcnSw Acn™p

\o°n sIm≠p thWw Cu sse≥ IS∂p t]mtI-≠-Xv. Nne imkv{Xob sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu dbn¬ ]mXbv°v CXp hsc ¢nb-d≥kv \¬In-bn-´n-√.


]cn-ÿnXn BLmX ]T-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-ambn G‰hpw AXym-h-iy-ap≈hsbm-gn®v ESZ1¬]pXnb sdbn¬sh sse\p-Itfm taP¿ tdmUp-Itfm ]mSn-√. tKmh-bptSXv Hcp {]tXyI

tIkm-Wv, ImcWw sIm¶¨ sdbn¬th Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Ahn-SsØ hnI-k\w XoctZi-

ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. k¥p-enX hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-°m\pw Xoct-ZisØ kΩ¿±w Ipd-bv°m\pw

hnI-k\w ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Xmeq-°p-I-fn-te°v hym]n∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu {]tZ-

i-ßsf kanXn ESZ1emWv Dƒs∏SpØn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. tKmhbpw I¿Æm-S-Ihpw XΩn-ep≈

AXn¿Øn Xs∂ ESZ1emWv. AXp sIm≠v Xs∂ tKmh-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Nne DZm-c-k-

ao-]\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. tKmh-bpsS taJem πm≥ 21¬ hnI-k\w Dƒ Xmeq-°p-I-fn-te°v

hym]n-∏n-°m≥ ]≤-Xn-bp-≠v. CXn\v KXm-K-X-A-Sn-ÿm\ hnI-k\w Bh-iy-am-Wv.

ESZ-1¬ ]pXnb sslsh-Ifpw FIvkv{]kv shIfpw Hgn-hm-°-Ww.

ESZ-2¬ G‰hpw Hgn®p IqSm-\m-hmØ kμ¿ -̀ß-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX ]T-\-Øn-s‚bpw

I¿i\ \n_-‘-\-I-fp-sSbpw tkmjy¬ BUn-‰n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√msX ]pXnb

dbn¬th sse\p-Itfm taP¿ tdmUp-Itfm ]mSn-√.

Nne I¿i\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn ESZ 2¬ AXym-h-iy-ap≈ tdmUp-Ifpw dbn¬sh

sse\p-Ifpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°mw.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v samØ-ambn KXm-K-X-ta-J-ebv°p th≠n Hcp amÃ¿ πm≥ Xøm-dm-°Ww.

221

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{]tZ-isØ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn-s‚bpw ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw aqey-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏-SpØn ]›naL´ {]tZ-iØv Bfp-I-sfbpw km[-\-ß-sfbpw sIm≠p t]mIm\pw

hcm-\p-ap≈ Ct∏m-g-sØbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw Bh-iy-ßƒ IW-°n-se-SpØp thWw πm≥

Xøm-dm-°m≥. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbv°v Imcy-amb iey-ap-≠m-°mØ AXym-hiyw th≠ dbn¬

]mXtbm tdmtUm kw_-‘n® ip]m¿i Cu amÃ¿ πm\n-ep-≠m-I-Ww.

dbn¬ ]mXbvt°m tdmUnt\m th≠n-bpff `mhn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-h-\y-arK

BLmX ]T-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. kº∂ h\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw h\y-

arK Bhmk tI{μ-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw h\y-arK CS-\m-gn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw KXm-KX ASn-ÿm\

kuI-cy-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw ssPh-B-hm-k-]-c-hp-

amb BLmXw A]-{K-Yn-°m≥ ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn‰n Hcp D]-k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-Kn-°Ww.

t{]mP-IvSn\v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v arK-ßƒ°v IS∂p t]mIm≥ ]mI-Øn¬

SW-ep-Itfm ]me-ßtfm ta¬]m-e-ßtfm Db¿Ønb tdmUp-Itfm ]≤-Xn-tc-J-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-

L-S-I-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. arK-ßƒ°p IS-∂p-t]m-Im≥ ]mI-Øn¬ SW-ep-I-tfm, ]me-ß-tfm,

ta¬]m-e-ß-tfm, Db¿Ønb tdmUp-Itfm ]≤-Xn-tc-J-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww.

t_mIvkv 11 : DØc ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ tdmUp-I-fpsS ]´nI

km{In ˛ ]nw]m¬\¿

km{In ˛ Uln-th¬

I¬hm≥ ˛ [qse

\mjnIv ˛ Ikmc

kwKw-t\¿ ˛ `WvU¿[mc

Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿ ˛ Ieym¨

]qs\ ˛ \mjnIv

]qs\ ˛ apwss_ (HmƒUv)

]qs\ ˛ apwss_ FIvkv{]kv

]qs\ ˛ kØmc (I-{Xn-Pv)

]qs\ ˛ apwss_ (Iqºm¿en)

IcmSv ˛ Nn]ve≥

kXmc ˛ alm-_-te-iz¿˛ s]mem-Sv]q¿

sIm¬lm-]q¿ ˛ jlp-hmSn ˛ cXv\-Kncn

cmPm-]q¿ ˛ sIm¬lm-]q¿

_¬Kmw ˛ IpS¬

\n]m\n ˛ Ip-S¬

]≥Pn ˛ _¬Kmw

]qs\ ˛ t_m¿ ˛ almSv

B[mcw: ]c-©-ss], 2011

2.11. a\pjy A[n-hm-k-ßƒ DS-a-ÿ-X-bnepw

Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw am‰w

Ign™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn {Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS `qan hn‰v AhnsS Xs∂ sXmgn-em-

fn-I-fmbn XS-cp-Itbm sa®-s∏-s´mcp PohnXw tXSn ASp-Øp≈ ]´-W-Øn-tebv°v IpSn-tb-dp-

Itbm sNøp∂ {]h-WX I≠p hcp-∂p. Cu I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v `qan hmßp∂ ]´-W-hm-kn-Iƒ

AXv Hcp ^mw lukmtbm dntkm¿´mtbm am‰p-∂p. Cu `qan- Nn-e-t∏mƒ amt¥m-´-amtbm tXbn-

222

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

e, Im∏n tXm´-amtbm am‰-s∏-Smw. F∂m¬ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-se√mw X\Xv kkyssh-hn≤yw

A∏msS \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse \nc-h[n ÿe-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ cmjv{So-b-°m-

cp-sSbpw dnb¬ FtÃ-‰p-Im-cp-sSbpw km[m-c-W-°m-cp-tSbpw tIm¿∏-td-‰p-I-f-sSbpw hyh-km-bn-I-

fp-tSbpw ssIh-i-am-Wv. 0.5 G°¿ apX¬ 1000Øntesd G°¿ hsc Ch-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-≠v.

c≠mw hoSv

]´-W-ß-fnse P\-_m-lp-eyhpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw h¿≤n-®-tXmsS P\w hmcm-¥y-Øn¬

kzÿ-am-sbm-cnSw tXSm≥ XpS-ßn.-A-ß-s\-bmWv ̂ mw lukp-Ifpw dntkm¿´p-Ifpw F∂ Bibw

DZn-®-Xv. Ign™ c≠v Zi-I-ßfmbn kº-∂-cmb \K-c-hm-kn-Isf BI¿jn-°p∂ \n-c-h[n ^mw

lukp-Ifpw dntkm¿´p-Ifpw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Db¿∂p h∂p. ae-I-fpsS Iq´-tØm-sS-bp≈ Cu

hnI-k\w {]Ir-Xnsb am‰n adn-°m\pw Iog-S-°m\pw XpS-ßn. ]´-W-hm-kn-Iƒ ae-I-fn-te°v

BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ {Kmao-W¿ ]´-W-ß-fnse PohnXw sImXn-®p. Aßs\ Ah¿ `qan hn‰v

]´-W-Øn-te°v tNt°-dn.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]´-W-ssÃ¬

]›n-a-L-´-Øn-se-Ønb \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ°v AhnsS B[p-\nI kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-sf√mw

thWw. hmcm-¥y-h-k-Xn°v \√ tdmUp-Iƒ, ip≤-P-ew, sshZypXn XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw thWw.

kna‚pw Iºnbpw I´bpw ]mdbpw F√mw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hoSp-I-fmWv Db-cp-∂-Xv. Fb¿I-≠o-

j-W¿, Sn.-hn., am¿_nƒ XpSßn F√m B[p-\nI kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-ap≈ sIm´m-c-k-a-amb hoSp-

I-fpb¿∂p. ] -́W-Ønse kpJ-ku-I-cy-ßƒ°p ]pdta Ahn-SsØ ]qt¥m-́ -ßfpw ae-I-fn-te°v

]dn®p \´p. Cu ]qt¥m-´-ßƒ°v \nXyhpw [mcmfw sh≈hpw hfhpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw Bh-

iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS hf¿Ønb ]pØ≥ sNSn-I-fn¬ ]eXpw {]mtZ-inI ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-

ÿbv°v lm\n-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. CsXms° \nb-{¥n-°m≥ hy‡-amb am¿§-tc-J-Itfm \n_-‘-\-

Itfm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

ae-Iƒ hnI-knX e£y-ÿm-\-ßƒ

DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `qan-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ BLm-X-ßfpw hyXym-k-s∏´p sIm≠n-cn-°pw.

hy‡n-I-fmb DS-a-Iƒ -˛ ^mw lukv, dntkm¿´v, ^mw em‚ v, tlm¿ń-Iƒ®¿

`qhn-I-k-\-°m¿ ˛ ^mw lukv kv°ow, dntkm¿´v, Su¨jn∏v

hyh-km-b-ßƒ ˛ sF.-Sn.-]m¿°v, t{]mk-knßv bqWn-‰p-Iƒ, ^vtfmdnIƒ®¿

]›naL´-Øn¬ 10 G°¿ apX¬ 500 G°¿ hsc-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n ^mw

lukp-Ifpw dntkm¿´p-Ifpw Db¿∂p hcp-∂p-≠v. ehm-k, Aw_n-hmen XpSßnb h≥InS t{]mP-

IvSp-Iƒ°v ]pdta BWn-Xv. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ p≈ hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse tdmUp \n¿Ωm-

Ww, ̀ qan Hcp-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Ch ho≠pw ]q¿Δ

ÿnXn-bn-se-Øn-°pI km≤y-a-√.

DXvIWvT Df-hm-°p∂ {]ivßƒ

Cu ]pXnb hmk-ÿe LS-\bpw hnI-k-\hpw ae-Iƒ CSn®p \nc-Øp-∂-Xn\pw tdmUp-

Ifpw \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ae-©-cn-hp-I-fpsS LS-\-bnepw BIr-Xn-bnepw am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-

Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Pe-L-S-\-bnse am‰-ßfpw {i≤-bn¬ s]ń-´p-≠v. apIƒ`mKw sNØn

\nc-∏m-°p-∂Xv kky-Pm-e-ßfpw aÆpw \o°w sNø-s∏-Sm\pw ae-I-fpsS LS-\-bn¬ am‰w hcp-

Øm\pw CS-bm-°p-∂p. \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p th≠n I√pw aÆp-sa√mw J\\w sNbvsX-

Sp-°p-∂Xp t]mse D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb I√pw aÆpw I´-bp-sa√mw Iqń-bn-Sp-∂Xpw {]iv\-am-Wv.

hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]n≥_-e-am-Ip∂ A\p-_-‘-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ssPh-B-hm-

k-hy-h-ÿbv°v lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Ah NphsS ]d-bp-∂p.

te_¿ tImf-\nbpw Xmev°m-enI Bhmk tI{μ-ßfpw ÿm]n-°p-tºmƒ

• Jc-˛{Zh-am-en\y kwkv°-c-W-{]-iv\-ßƒ

223

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

• hnd-In\pth≠n ac-ßƒ apdn-°p-∂Xv IqSpw

• h\y-ar-K-ßsf th´-bm-Sp-∂Xv IqSpw

• Xmev°m-enI hgn-I-fpsS FÆw IqSpw

Izmdn-Ifpw {Ij-dp-Ifpw

• ae-©-cn-hp-Iƒ°pw XSm-I-ßƒ°pw ieyw.

• I√pw aÆpw a‰pw Xmev°m-en-I-ambn tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ {]tZiw \nc-∏mt°≠n

hcpw.

• ]md-s∏m-Snbpw a‰pw hmbp, aÆv, Pew F∂nh aen-\-am-°p-∂p.

• ]md-s∏mSn Ce-I-fn¬ Iń-bmbn ]‰n-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew hr£-ßƒ \in-°p-∂p.

Pe-L-S-\-bnse am‰-ßƒ

• I\m¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww, KXn-am-‰w, ]md-°q-´-ßƒ \o°w sNø¬, \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-Iƒ \in-∏n-

°¬, hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ F∂nh Acp-hn-I-fpsS ssPh-hy-h-ÿbv°pw AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-

\-Øn\pw òjWn Db¿Øp-∂p.

• {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Acp-hn-I-fpsS KXn-am-‰w.

• Acp-hn-I-fnse ImSp-Iƒ, Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb {]tXyI ssPh-ssh-hn≤y \jvSw.

• {]IrXn ZØ-amb Acp-hn-I-fpsSbpw \o-scm-gp-°p-I-fp-sSbpw \io-I-c-Ww.

• aÆn-\-Sn-bnse Hgp-°ns‚ KXn-am-‰w.

• `qPe Afhnse am‰-ßƒ

• Pem-i-b-ß-fn-te°v aen-\-Pew Hgp-°p-∂Xv

• `qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew Smdn´pw kna‚ v ]qinbpw I√-Sp-°nbpw a‰pw Iń-bm-°p-∂-Xp-aqew

`qan-bn¬ hogp∂ Pew thK-Øn¬ Hgp-In t]mhp-Ibpw aÆn-te°v Xmgp∂ Pe-Øns‚

Afhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

aÆv

• asÆm-en∏v IqSp-∂p.

• \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hn`-h-ßƒ ]mgm-°p-∂p.

kky-Pm-e-ßƒ

• A]q¿Δ-k-kyPme-ßƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

• tXm´-ß-fn¬ Xt±-io-b-a-√mØ C\-ßƒ h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p-∂p.

• aÆn-\-Sn-bn-ep≈ Ing-ßp-Iƒ \o°w sNøp-∂p.

• aÆn-t\mSp tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂ sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

• tZim-S\ ]£n-I-fp-tSbpw a‰pw IqSp-Ifpw CS-\m-gn-Ifpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.


NphsS ]d-bp-∂h kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p.

Pe-]m-X-Iƒ, Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ, Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I

D≈ CS-ßƒ, ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-k-º∂ taJ-e-Iƒ, hnip-≤-h-\-ßƒ, XpS-ßn-bh bmsXmcp

hn[ \n¿ΩmW Xmak Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv.

{]tXyI kmº-Øn-I taJ-e-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.

224

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]pXp-Xmbn ae-ap-Iƒ kpJ-hm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.

s]mXp ÿe-ßƒ kzImcy ÿe-ß-fm-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.

ESZ1epw ESZ 2epw

h\-`qan ht\-Xc Bh-iy-ßƒt°m Irjn-`qan Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-ßƒt°m A\p-h-Zn-

°-cp-Xv. F∂m¬ Irjn`qan h\-`qan B°m\pw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS P\-kwJy h¿≤-\-hn-

\-\p-k-cn®v Ahsc Dƒs°m-≈m-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ {Kma-hmk tI{μ-ßƒ hn]p-eo-I-cn-

°m\pw A\p-aXn \¬Imw.

\ne-hn-ep≈ tlm´-ep-Iƒ, dntkm¿´p-I¬ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®v Sqdnkw \b-Øn¬ ]cn-

ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw A\p-tbm-Py-amb t`Z-KXn hcp-Ø-Ww.

Ão¬, kna‚ v, aW¬ F∂nhbpsS D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipd®v ssPh-ku-lr-Z-]-c-amb

\n¿ΩmW kma-{Kn-Ifpw \n¿ΩmW ssien-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ Hcp _n¬Unßv

tImUn\v ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dnń cq]w \¬I-Ww. ag-sh≈ kw`-c-W-Øn\pw ]mc-º-tcy-

Xc Du¿÷ D]-tbm-K-Øn\pw Pe kwkv°-c-W-Øn\pw CXn¬ hyh-ÿ-bp-≠m-I-Ww.

{]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-ßƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-amb hn[-ambncn-°Ww N´-°qSv cq] Iev]\ sNtø-

≠Xv.

ta¬aÆv kwc-£-Ww, hr£-kw-c-£Ww XpS-ßnb lcn-X-am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ°\p-cq-]-

amb hn[w AwKo-IrX A\p-I-cW amXr-I-Iƒ°\p-kr-ambn thWw \n¿ΩmW˛hn-I-k\

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

NXp-∏p-Ifpw sh≈-s°-´p-Ifpw \nI-ØpI, hntZi kky-Pme C\-ßƒ hf¿ØpI F∂n-

h-sbm∂pw A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv.

kna‚n´pw a‰pw tamSn Iq´p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnkvXo¿Æw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, ag-sh-f-

fhpw a‰pw `qan-bn¬ Xmgm-\p≈ ]c-am-h[n kuIcyw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

2.12. imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-XnI imkv{Xhpw

]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI im-kv{X-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂v

Imcy-amb kw`m-h-\-I-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-ń-√. hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ssPh-ku-lr-Z-km-t¶-XnI

hnZy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-Itbm e`y-am-bn-´p-f-f-h th≠ hn[w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń-

√. ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ Fhn-sS-sbms° lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy {]tbm-Kn-°mtam Ahn-sS-

sbms° AXn-\p≈ {ia-ap-≠m-I-Ww.

Nne Kth-j-W-˛hn-I-k\ ÿm]-\-ßfpw k¿Δ Iem-im-e-Ifpw ssPh kulrZ

kmt¶XnI hnZy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ahbv°v Dt±-in® {i≤bpw {]m[m-\yhpw

e`n-°p-Itbm Ah th≠-hn[w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm D≠m-bn-ń-√.

sF.Fkv.B¿.H/ Un.-F-kv.Sn/Un.-_n.ń F∂nht]se cmPysØ anI-hns‚ tI{μ-ßƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn\v ssIam‰w sNøm-\p≈ ÿm]-\-kw-hn-

[m\w i‡-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

DXvIWvT Df-hm-°p∂ {]iv\-ßƒ

]cn-ÿnXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsa‚nepw hn`-h-ß-fpsS kpÿnc hn\n-tbm-K-Ønepw imkv{Xob

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.

]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ tI{μ kwÿm\ Xe-Øn-ep≈ Kth-j-W-˛-hn-

I-k-\- tI-{μ-ßƒ, k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ, a‰v imkv{X kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂nh XΩn¬ GtIm-

]-\-an-√.

]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß¬ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kmt¶-XnI hnZy {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpambn _‘-

s∏´v Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ßƒ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-ep≈ kmt¶-XnI

225

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, {]_-‘-ßƒ F∂nh {]mtbm-KnI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ e`y-

am-°m-dn-√.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-{]-iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n√.

\n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßƒ°v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂h Is≠-

Øm≥ Kth-jWw \S-Øp-∂n-√.

hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-Itbm

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√.

Irjn-bnepw km[-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xnepw b{¥-h¬°-cWw th≠-{X-

bn-√.

{]Ir-Xn-hn-̀ -h-am-t\-Pvsa‚n¬ dntam v́ sk≥knßv t]mse-bp≈ B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-

Iƒ th≠-hn[w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√.

Jc-am-en\y kwkv°-c-Ww, πmÃnIv dossk-¢n-ßv, XpS-ßnb ]≤-Xn-Ifpw A]-cym-]vX-

amWv.

hnhc kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-bn¬ C˛amen\y amt\-Pvsa‚pw th≠-{X-bn-√.


hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw Cu taJ-e-bnse

\nt£]w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

NphsS ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-Itbm \ne-

hn-ep≈h hym]n-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp-I.

(i) πmÃn-°n¬ \n∂v s]t{Sm-fnbw hos≠-Sp-°m≥

(ii) C‘\ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-\mbn XSn Kymkn-^n-t°-j≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pnbpw ssPh-

C-‘-\-ti-jnbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

(iii) IoS-ßƒ°pw tcmK-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ssPh-\n-b-{¥Ww

(iv) {]IrXn hn`h amt\-Pvsa‚n\v dntam´v sk≥knßpw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw {]mtZ-

inIXe -πm-\p-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

(v) {]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-ßƒ°v tbmPn® hn[w \ne-hn-ep≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ t`Z-KXn

sNøp-I.

Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bnse Du¿÷ D]-t`mKw Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw Du¿÷w, Pew, {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-

ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-t`mKw ]c-am-h[n Imcy-£-a-amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-

°pI.

ag-sh≈ kw`-c-Whpw km≤y-am-bn-S-sØ√mw kutcm¿÷ hn\n-tbm-Khpw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-

°pI.

]cn-ÿn-Xn kw_-‘-amb imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI imkv{X {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bn-t∑-ep≈ ÿnXn-

hn-h-c-ßƒ kam-l-cn®v Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v {]mtZ-inI Xe-Ønse

tijn kam-l-cWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°-Ww.

imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI imkv{X-Øns‚ t\´-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ Db¿∂ hn`-K-

Øn\p am{Xta e`n-°p-∂p-≈q. Cu t\´-ßƒ hn]p-e-am-sbmcp hn`m-K-Øn\v e`y-am-°m≥

{ian-°-Ww.

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ b{¥-h¬°-c-W-ta¿s∏-SpØn sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse kΩ¿±w Ipd-

bv°p-Ibpw AXv {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ e`y-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.

hyh-kmb bqWn-‰p-Ifnepw J\n-I-fnepw sa®-s∏´ kmt¶-XnI hnZy G¿s∏-SpØn Ah

]pd-tØ°v han-∏n-°p∂ Ah-in-jvS-ßsf sNdp-°p-I.

226

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hmbp, Pew, `qan F∂n-h-bpsS aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤ysØ kwc-

£n-°m\pw \ne-hn-ep≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI

]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń-°p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse hyXykvX cwK-ß-fn¬ lcnX kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ssIam-‰-Øn\pw ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-‰n-

°p-≈n¬ Hcp {]tXyI sk¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww.

aen-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-°p-∂-h¿ AXp ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ sNehv hln-°Ww F∂ XXzw

kzoIcn®v ssPh-ku-lrZ kmt¶-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ Kth-jW tI{μ-

ßƒ°mh-iy-amb XpI kam-l-cn-°p-I.

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£-W-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ins°m≠v ssPh-]-c-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-

ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ e`y-am-°m≥ imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-Xn-I-

im-kv{X-Øn-\p≈ tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn Hcp hnj≥ tÃ‰vsa‚n\v cq]w \¬Ip-I.

lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

]uc imkv{XsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

Bkvt{S-en-b≥ dnh¿ hm®v amXrI kzoI-cn-°p-I.

hn⁄m\ hnX-cWw

hyXykvX GP≥kn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hn⁄m\w kam-l-cn®v Hcp Pn sF Fkv tU‰m

t_kn\v cq]w \¬Ip∂ tKmh-bpsS taJe πm≥ 2021 A\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-Wv. ]e Imcy-ßƒ°pw

CXv D]-Im-c-s∏Spw DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v J\-\-ta-J-ebv°v ]pdsØ \ne-hm-c-an-√mØ J\n-Iƒ Xncn-

®-dn-bm\pw \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fnse `qan Itø-‰-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw a‰pw CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

hnh-cm-h-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-k-cn®v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ Ign-

bp∂{X bYm-k-abw \¬I-Ww.-

kp-{]-[m-\-amb ]e {]iv\-ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw e`y-a-√.

hnZym¿∞n ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS \n¿Æmb ]¶v.

]cn-ÿnXn hn`-h-ß-sf-kw-_-‘n® s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw kpXm-cyhpw ]¶m-

fn-Ø-]-chpamb tU‰m-t_kv krjvSn-°Ww..

2.13. t]mj-Im-lm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw tijw kw`-hn® kmwkv°m-cnI

sshtZ-io-I-c-Whpw PohnX ssien-bn¬ h∂ am‰hpw aqew PohnX ssien- tcmK-ßƒ P\sØ

Ae-´m≥ XpS-ßn.

h\Ønse kky-hn-`-h-ßƒ \ap°v ]mc-º-cyhpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw Btcm-Ky-I-chpw ssPh

kulr-Z-]-c-hp-amb \nc-h[n ssZ\w-Zn\ `£y hn`-h-ßƒ°p≈ Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ

{]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. CV-en, tZmi, hS, t_m≠, s]mtdm-´, Nń-Wn, Idn, kmºm¿, ckw, A®m¿,

l¬h, ]g-®m-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

temI-Ønse G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-I-e-h-d-I-fn-sem-∂mWv ]›n-a-L-´w. ]›n-

a-L-´hpw tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ ]›n-a-Xo-chpw IqSn C¥y-bnse G‰hpw {][m\ ssPh taJ-

ebv°v cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. ssPh-]-chpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb LS-I-ßƒ {][m-\-ambpw Du∂¬

\¬Ip-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS tkh-\-ß-fnepw km[-\-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv. ip≤-hm-bp, sh≈w, ê-`q-bn-

jvT-amb ̀ qan, Imen-Xo-‰, hnd-Iv, apf, Nqc¬, Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ, tX\o-®, a’yw, arK-kw-c-£Ww

XpSßn a\p-jys‚ ùXn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hpw, kmwkv°m-cn-Ihp-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-

\p≈sX√mw CXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Imem-Im-e-ß-fm-bp≈ a\p-jy-{]-{In-b-Iƒ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu

Zm\-Øns‚ e`y-Xbpw Bkzm-Zy-Xbpw ]cn-an-X-s∏-SpØn. BI-bm¬ hnI-k\ {]{Inb {]Ir-Xn-

227

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

bpsS tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw km[-\-ß-fp-tSbpw kpÿnc hn\n-tbmKw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn ]cn-

an-X-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw a\pjy \n¿Ωn-X-amb tdmUp-Iƒ, Ipg¬In-W-dp-Iƒ, cmk-h-

fw, IoS-\m-in-\n, sSe-t^m¨, samss_¬, C‚¿s\‰v, tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. F∂n-hsb F√mw AXv

t{]m’m-ln∏n-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw kpÿn-c-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw

Xmsg Xń-ep≈ LS-I-ßƒ {][m\ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p. {Kma-ß-fn¬ P\-ß-fpsS PohnX KpW-

ta∑ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ Ch-bpsS ÿm\w \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Wv. Acp-hn-I-fnse Pew Ah¿ Irjn-

`qanbn¬ Pe tkN-\-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. a’yw Blm-c-am-Wv. apfbpw Nqcepw sXmgp-Øp-

Iƒ tabm\pw Ip´-Iƒ s\øm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hndIv Blmcw ]mIw sNøm\pw Huj[

kky-ßƒ tcmK-Nn-In-’°pw D]-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]c-º-cm-KX hnf-hp-Isf ]‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-ßfpw

h\-Ønse `£y-k-ky-ßƒ, kuμ-cy-h¿≤I hkvXp-°ƒ, Huj-[-sN-Sn-Iƒ, F∂nh kw_-

‘n® Adnhpw {KmaoW P\-X-bv°m-Wp-≈-Xv. hym]m-c-B-tKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw t]‰‚n-

ßn-s‚bpw Cu bpK-Øn¬ Cu ssPh-hn-`-h-ßfpw hn⁄m-\hpw kwc-£n®v hmWnPy D]-tbm-

K-Øn-eqsS t\´-ap-≠m-t°-≠Xv hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. {]mtZ-inIamb aqey-h¿≤nX ssPh-h-kvXp-

°-fn¬ ]mb-Iƒ, hń-Iƒ, A®m-dp-Iƒ, Nnc-´-X-hn-Iƒ, ta®n-tem-e-Iƒ, ]mep-ev]-∂-ßƒ, ]\-

tbm-e-]m-{X-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

h\-Ønse ]g-ßƒ, Ipanƒ, a‰v Ce h¿§-ßƒ, sh≈-cn, aØ≥, XÆn-a-Ø≥ XpSßn

Pemwiw IqSnb ]®-°dn C\-ßƒ a\p-jys‚ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v apX¬°q-´m-Wv. sh≈cn kuμ-

cy-h¿≤I hkvXp-hm-Wv, \mcp≈ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ae-_-‘hpw sImf-kvt{Smfpw Hgn-hm-°pw.

]g-h¿§-ß¬, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, [m\y-ßƒ,-]-b-dp-h¿§-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw \mcp-≠v.

Imew Ignbpw tXmdpw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw Irjn-bp-sSbpw LS-\-bn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂

am‰w ssPh-hy-hÿm tkh-\-ß-tfbpw _m[n-°p-∂p-≠v. s\√v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-≠v. BZm-b-Øns‚

Imcy-Øn¬ s\√mWv G‰hpw tami-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ s\√ns‚ ÿm\w a‰v [m\y-ßƒ Iø-S-°p-∂p.

CXn\p ]pdta ]pXnb Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ cmk-h-f-Øn-s‚bpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Pe-tk-N-\-

Øn-s‚bpw Afhv KWy-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. AS-bv°, \mfn-tI-cw, Iip-h≠n XpS-ßnb GI

hnf-tXm-´-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ {]tZiw Iø-S-°p-∂-Xp-aqew `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-∂p.

ap≥]v {Kma-ß-fnse s]mXp-ÿ-e-ßfpw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Ifpw ta®n¬]p-d-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂ ÿe-ßƒ

Im‰mSn, At°-jy, d∫¿ tXm´-ß-fmbn amdn-b-tXmsS Imen-h-f¿Ø¬ KWy-ambn Ipd-™p.

ssPh-h-f-Øns‚ e`y-X-bnepw CXv Ipd-hp-≠m-°n.

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ, hnip-≤-h-\w, hnip-≤-\-Zn, ]pWy-Xo¿∞w, Imhv,

hnip-≤-k-ky-ßƒ, hnip-≤-ar-K-ßƒ XpSßn \nc-h[n kmwkm-°m-cnI ,kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ \ne-

\n¿Øp∂p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw h\y-ar-K-ß-tfbpw k¿∏-ß-tfbpw a’y-ß-tfbpw kky-ß-

tfbpw hr£-ß-tfbpsa√mw ImØp kq£n-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fm-Wv. ssZhnIw Iev]n°s∏ń-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Chsb Bcpw \in-∏n-°p-∂n-√. {]tXyI kmº-ØnI taJ-e-Iƒ°p th≠n

h≥tXm-Xn¬ Irjn-`qan Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂Xv Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb hf-sc-tbsd tZmj-I-c-

ambn _m[n-°p-∂p. CXp aqew \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnip-≤-h-\-ßƒ \nc-h[n Xt±-iob hr£-ß-

fp-tSbpw kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fp-tSbpw hwi-\m-i-Øn\v CS-bm-°p∂p.

ssPh-hy-h-ÿm-tk-h-\-ßfpw km[-\-ßfpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw Bh-

iy-ßƒ k^-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Chsb \nXy-hrØn tkh-\-ßƒ AXm-bXv Blmcw,

sh≈w, \mcp-Iƒ, C‘\w a‰v Dev]-∂-ßƒ F∂pw, "]n¥pW tkh-\--ßƒ' AXm-bXv ssPh-

ssh-hn≤yw, aÆv cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]cm-K-Ww, amen-\y-kw-kv°-c-Ww. t]mj-I-kw-{I-a-Ww, F∂pw

"kw]p-jvSo-I-cW tkh\w' AXm-bXv kmaqly _‘-ßƒ, kmwkv°m-cnI ss]XrIw F∂pw

Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.

t]mjI Bh-iy-ßƒ hy‡n-K-X-am-Wv. CXv {]mbw, kvXo˛-]p-cp-j-hy-Xym-kw, A≤zm-\w,

B¥-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-\n-e, Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn F∂n-hsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ°v Hcp Znhkw

Bh-iy-ap≈ Du¿÷w Ipd-™Xv 1500 Item-dn-bm-sW-¶nepw, IqSn-bXv 3000 Item-dn-bm-sW-

¶nepw Blm-c-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw Gsd-°psd H∂p Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. hnhn[ Blm-c-ßƒ

bp‡n kl-amb A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Ign-®m¬ \√ BtcmKyw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-h-iy-amb t]mjIw

228

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

e`n-°pw. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]mc-ºcy Blm-c-hn-`-h-ßfpsS sshhn-≤ysØ kwc-£n-®m¬

t]mjI kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Btcm-Kyhpw Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

3. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse _lp-Xe `cWw

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ̀ cWw k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. CXn\v _lpXe-Ønepw _lp LS-I-ßƒ Dƒs∏-

´-Xp-amb ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXm-bXv Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈

\nc-h[n tI{μ-ßƒ \ap-°m-h-iy-am-Wv. Ch hn⁄m-\-tI-{μ-ßsf ]‰n Nn¥n-°m\pw kmaqly

_‘-ßƒ°pw a’c Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.

\nb-{¥-W-ß-fpsS AanX tI{μo-I-cWw \∂-√. A]-cym-]vX-amb Ah-tem-I-\w, ]cn-ÿnXn

\nb-{¥-W-ßsf kw_-‘n® A]q¿Æ-amb [mcW F∂nh A]-cym-]vX-amb ]cn-ÿnXn ê-

ßƒ°nS-bm-°n. hntI-{μo-IrX ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A]-cym-]vX-amb \nb-{¥-W-ti-

jn°p ]pdsa \nb-{¥-Icpw \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ Xmev]-cy-kw-L¿jw ]cn-ÿn-

Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√mØ ê-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. \mw Dt±-in-°p∂ êw

t\Sn FSp-°p-hm≥ th≠n \nb-a-]-c-amb N´-ßƒ°Xo-X-amb `c-W-co-Xnbpw {]{In-b-Ifpw am\-

Z-WvU-ß-ƒ°pw H∏w, IqSp-X¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-°Wsa∂v CXv \tΩm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

k¶o¿Æ-X-I-sf ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Np‰p-ap≈ am‰-ß-tfmSpw kΩ¿±-ß-tfmSpw CgpIn

tNcp∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ \ap-°m-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ hn`-h-

ßfpw ]cn-ÿnXn sÛ-d-en-khpw i‡n-s∏-S-W-sa∂v Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. _lp-hn[

tI{μo-IrX `c-W-co-Xnbpw Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ssIs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nh-c[n tI{μ-ßfpw D≠m-

I-Ww. {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw ]T-\hpw kl-I-c-Whpw kΩ¿±-

ß-tfmSpw am‰-ß-tfmSpw ssPh hyh-ÿbv°v HØp t]mIm-\p≈ Ignhpw CXp aqew ssIh-cpw.

""a\p-jy-\nse \∑ ]pdØp sIm≠p hcm≥ th≠ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sS hnI-k-\sØ klm-bn-°p-

I-bm-Wv' ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS apJy ISa F∂v Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

kanXn dntjm¿ńs‚ Cu `mKØv `c-W-kw-_-‘-amb {]iv\-ßƒ°mWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip-

∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v h¿≤n® kmaq-ly-ku-lm¿±w t\Sm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb _lp tI{μo-IrX `c-W-kw-

hn-[m-\-Øn\v th≠ {]tXyI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ bp‡-

amb kwc-£W hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈

{]tXyI ]¶pw ChnsS N¿® sNøp-∂p. ]›n-L-´-Ønse ssPh sshhn-≤ysØ kwc-£n-°m≥

P\-ß-tfbpw kaq-l-tØbpw Iº-\n-I-tfbpw Fßs\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n°mw F∂ \n¿t±-i-tØmSp

IqSn CXv Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Ønse t]mcm-bva-Iƒ

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßfn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-s≠∂v

kan-Xn°v t_m≤y-am-bn. kan-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]ecpw CXv Nq≠n-°m-ń-bn-

´p-≠v. ASn-b-¥nc {i≤ Bh-iy-ap≈ Nne {][m\ taJ-e-I-fmWv ChnsS N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\hpw ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \S-]-Sn-Ifpw

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-hÿsb kwc-£n-°p∂ {]{In-b-bpsS tI{μ-_n-μp

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-b-bm-Wv. F∂m-enXv ]e-X-e-ß-fnepw icn-bmb hn[-a-s√-

∂mWv ]›n-a-L´ kanXn \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

1. ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{KY\ dnt∏m¿-´p-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sXfnhv tiJ-cn-

°p∂ {]{In-bbpw th≠{X \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂n-√. dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hymPhpw

sXfn-sh-Sp-∏ns‚ an\n-Svkv `m-h\mkrjvSn-bp-am-Wv. A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øp∂ I¨kƒ´‚ v

{Kma-ßƒ kμ¿in-°p-Itbm icn-bmb k¿sΔ \SØp-Itbm BLm-X-]-T\w \S-Øp-Itbm

sNøm-sX-bmWv dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-sX∂pw Bt£-]-ap-≠v.

229

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ńs‚ hnizm-kyX tNmZyw sNø-s∏´ \nebv°v

]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ kan-Xn-bpsS ]¶v {][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kanXnbnse {]mXn-\n[yw A]-cym-]vX-amWv ImcWw \n¿±njvS ]T\ ÿe-Øn\v kan-Xn-

bn¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√. kanXn°v {]tZ-isØ ]‰ntbm ]pXnb ]≤Xn hcp-tºmƒ BLmXw

krjvSn-t®-°m-hp∂ CX-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-]-‰ntbm th≠{X ⁄m\-an-√m-ØXv \nc-h[n

{]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. ]e-t∏mgpw t{]mPIvSv ssk‰v kμ¿in-°pI t]mepw

sNømsX ]ncn-ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kan-Xn-bpsS N¿®-Iƒ U¬ln-bn-emWv \S-°p-∂-

sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn-ep≈ kΩ¿±-ßfpw DXvI-WvT-Ifpw th≠ hn[w a\- n-

em-°m-dn-√. sX‰mb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ńs\ B{ibn-°p-∂Xp aqew

\nb-{¥W {]{Inb apgp-h≥ ]mgv the-bmbn Xocp-∂p.

3. tKmh t]mep≈ kwÿm-\-ßƒ Icp-Xp-∂Xv C.-kn. 2006¬ hn⁄m-]\w Fkv.-]n.-kn.-

_nsb (tÃ‰v s]mfyq-j≥ I¨t{Smƒ t_m¿Uv) Hcp t]mÃm-ô-kmbn Xcw XmgvØn-sb-

∂m-Wv. ]cnÿn-Xn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xnsb sX‰n-≤-cn-

∏n-°pI hgn Fkv.-]n.-kn.-_n. {]mtZ-inI P\-ß-fpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn {]h¿Øn-

s®∂ Bt£-]-ap-≠v.

4. 2006\v tijw samØw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßfnepw {]{InbIfnepw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚bpw

kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{¥-W-t_m¿Un-s‚bpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v ÿm\w e`n-®n-s√-

∂mWv kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ [mc-W. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ ¢nb-d≥kv

e`n®p Ign™ tijw am{Xta t{]mPIvSv ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ A\p-aXn e`n°q F∂-Xn-\m¬

CsXm-gn-sI-bp≈ Ah-ÿ-bmWv ta¬]-d-™-Xv.-ÿm-]n-°m-\p≈ A\p-a-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬

kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v "hot‰m'-A-[n-Im-c-ap-≠v, ]s£ AXv \√ coXn-bn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°-W-

sa∂p am{Xw. A\p-a-Xn°p th≠nbp≈ kΩ¿±w i‡-am-Ip-∂Xv AXn¬ \n∂p≈ t\´w

hfsc hep-Xm-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv.

5. ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂Xv hy‡n-K-X-t{]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ°m-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS

Bh¿Ø\ BLmXw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

6. ap≥t{]m-P-IvSp-I-fn¬ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°m≥ s{]mtam-´¿am¿°p t]mepw ]pXnb ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ°v ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂p.

7. ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-b-bn¬ \n∂v t{]mP-IvSp-Isf Hgn-hm-°¬: 2006 hn⁄m-

]\w \nc-h[n t{]mP-IvSp-Isf ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv t\Sp∂Xn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw

{]{Inb eLq-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb BLm-X-ßƒ

krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. 25 saKm-hm-ń¬ Xmsg-bp≈ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, Im‰mSn ]mS-ßƒ,

Sqdnkw t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ, Su¨jn-∏p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-cWw. ta¬]-d™hbn¬ H∂v

as‰m-∂n-\-Sp-Ømbn ÿm]n-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ Bh¿Ø\ BLm-X-amWv {]iv\w IqSp-

X¬ Kpcp-X-c-am-°p-∂-Xv. lcn-X-km-t¶-XnI ⁄m\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv an° t{]mP-

IvSp-I-tfbpw ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-cWw Im‰mSn ]mS-

ßƒ.

lcn-X-t{]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ°pw sNdp-InS t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX B]-{K-Y-

\hpw Bh¿Ø\ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX hne-bn-cp-Øepw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

\n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°mØ t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ

1. ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kns‚ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw ]men-°m-dn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-amb StÆ-Pn¬ IqSp-X¬ J\\w \S-Øp∂ J\n-I-sf-\n¿∫m[w XpS-cm-\-\p-h-Zn-

°p-∂p.

t{]mPIvSpIsf hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Fkv.-]n.-kn._n Xe-Øn¬ th≠{X tijn-bn-√.

tXm -́ß-fnepw h\-ß-fnepw hmX-I-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ BLm-XsØ ]‰n th≠{X Adnthm

Ah-tem-I-\tam C√.

230

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-ßfpw a‰pw th≠ hn[w \S-∏m-°p-∂n-√.

]©m-bØv (]-ńI taJebnte°v Zo¿Ln-∏n-°¬) \nb-aw. 1996 (PESA)

C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 1996¬ ]m m-°nb ]©m-bØv (]ńIta-J-e-Zo¿Ln-∏n-°¬) \nbaw,

]ńI V¬ s]´ taJ-e-I-fnse kaq-l-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw kzbw ̀ c-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xns‚ Bhiyw cmjv{Sob kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-®-

Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. Cu \nb-a-Øn\v cq]w \¬Inb kan-Xn-bpsS sNb¿am≥ Zneo]v knßv

_qcn-b-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""Kncn-h¿§-°m-cpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øns‚

XpS-°-amWv Cu \nb-aw.''

Cu \nbaw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v thdn´v \n¬°p-∂Xv Fßs\? \nbaw {Kma-k-`bv°v

ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p. (Hcp Bhm-k-tI-{μ-amWv B kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb LS-Iw.

Ahn-SsØ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb AwK-ßƒ Dƒs∏-´-XmWv {Kma-k`. sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ {Kma-]-

©m-b-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-Wn-Xv.) \nbaw NphsS ]d-bp∂ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ {Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v

\¬Ip-∂p.01]ń-I-ta-J-e-bnse ̀ qan a‰p≈h¿°v ssIam-dp-∂Xv XS-bm\pw AXn-t∑¬ DNnX-amb

\S-]Sn FSp-°m-\pap≈ A[n-Im-cw.

]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cpsS `qan \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn A\ym-[o\s∏Sp-Øn-bm¬ AXv Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-

\p-ap≈ A[n-Im-cw.

sNdp-InS h\-D-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw.

el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-bpsS hnev]-\bpw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw \ntcm-

[n-°m\pw D≈ Ah-Im-iw.

]ń-I-h¿§-°m¿°v ]Ww ISw sImSp-°p-∂Xv \n{¥n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-cw.

F√m kmaq-ly-ta-J-e-I-fn-sebpw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw {]h¿ØI¿°pw \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-

Sp-Øm-\pff A[n-Im-cw.

Kncn-h¿§- D-]-]-≤Xn Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p th≠n {]mtZ-inI ]≤-Xn-Ifpw hn`-h-

ßfpw \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-cw.

sNdp-InS [mXp-°ƒ tee-Øn-eqsS hnev]\ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v kuP-\y-ßƒ A\p-h-Zn-°m\pw

sNdp-InS [mXp-°-fpsS Nqj-W-Øn\v ssek≥kv \¬Im≥ ip]m¿i sNøm-\p≈ A[n-

Im-cw.

`qan Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv kw_-‘n®v IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

kz¥w hnt√-Pn¬ \S-Øp∂ k¿°m¿ h¿°p-Iƒ°v bqń-sse-tk-j≥ k¿ń-̂ n-°‰v \¬Im-

\p≈ A[n-Im-cw.

Cu \nbaw Nne {][m\ Imcy-Øn¬ Kncn-h¿§ kzbw `cW-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.

Hcp ssPh kzbw ̀ cW kaq-l-amWv kzbw ̀ c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw F∂v \nbaw A\p-

im-kn-°p-∂p. A√msX hnt√Pv t]mse-bp≈ Hcp `cW bqWn-‰-√.

Hcp Bhm-k-tI{μ-amWv {]tZ-in-I-k-aq-l-Øns‚ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb Hcp LS-I-sa∂pw AXnse

{]mb]q¿Øn-bmb AwK-ßƒ tN¿∂-XmWv {Kma-k-`-sb∂pw \nbaw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-

Ønse sk£≥ 4(d), 4(m) (ii) F∂n-h -{]-Imcw kz¥w kwkv°m-chpw ss]Xr-Ihpw ImØp

kq£n-°m\pw {]IrXnhn`hßƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøm\pw sNdp-InS h\w Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS DS-a-

ÿm-h-Imiw A\p-`-hn-°m\pw X¿°-ß-fn-t∑¬ \nb-a-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn°phm\pw D≈ Ah-Imiw

\nbaw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-Ønse sk£≥ 4(m) (vi) {]Imcw kz¥w A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-

≈n¬ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-fmb kv°qfp-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-tI-{μ-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-tbbpw Ah-

bnse Poh-\-°m-scbpw \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Ahn-SsØ hnt√Pv Akw-ªn-°m-Wv. `qan

Gs‰-Sp-°¬ t]mse-bp≈ tImf\n \nb-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Cu \nb-a-

Ønse sk£≥ 4(i), (j), (k), (l) hIp-∏p-Iƒ `qanbpw `qan A[n-jvTnX hn`-h-ßfpw Gs‰-Sp-°pw

ap≥]v _‘-s∏´ kaq-l-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂v \nbaw hyhÿ sNøp-∂p. Kncn-

h¿§ kaq-l-Øn\v tIkv \S-Øm-\p≈ Ignhpw tijnbpw Ct∏m-gp-≠v. `qan A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-

231

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ø¬, ]Ww ]en-ibv°v sImSp-∏v, hn]Wn _‘-ßƒ, aZy I®-h-Sw, Dƒs∏sSbp≈h Ah-km-

\n-∏n°m≥ {ian-°-W-sa∂pw \nbaw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. {Kma-k-̀ °v Iev∏n-®n-́ p≈ Hu∂Xyw CXn¬

\n∂v hy‡-amWv.

CsXmcp kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ \nba \n¿Ωm-W-am-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\-bv°-IsØ `c-W-L-S\

F∂pw CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. Kncn-h¿§ kaq-l-ßsf \bn-°p∂ kz¥w BNm-c-ß-fp-

tSbpw ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-tSbpw efn-X-amb kwhn-[m-\sØbpw \nb-a-Øm¬ `cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ k¿°m-

cns‚ HutZym-KnI kwhn-[m-\-sØbpw H‰ N´-°q-Sn¬ H∂n-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-amWv Cu \nbaw

\S-Øp-∂Xv. ]ń-I-ta-J-e-I-fpsS A∂-Øn\v Hcp s]mXp N´-°qSv hn`m-h\w sNøp∂p F∂-

XmWv Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ as‰mcp {]tXy-I-X. Cu \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp {]apJs‚

A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""Cu \nbaw hnI-k\ {]Zm-\-Øn¬ \n∂v im‡o-I-c-W-Øn-te°pw {]mh¿Øn-

I-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Bkq-{X-W-Øn-te°pw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v t_m[-]q¿Δ-amb ]¶m-fn-

Ø-Øn-te°pw \oßp-∂p.'' ({]`p 2004)

F-¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw Cu \nbaw ]m m°n H∂c Zim-_v[-Øn\v tijhpw AXnse hmKvZm-

\-ß-fn-te-dnb ]¶pw \nd-th-‰-s∏-ń-ń-√. kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ sNtø≠ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Whpw

\S-∏m-°epw C∂pw A]q¿Æ-am-Wv. kwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ \n∂pw kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-

amb D∂-X-cn¬ \n∂pw kaq-l-Ønte°v A[n-Imc k¥p-e-\-Øn¬ImX-em-sbmcp am‰w \nbaw

e£y-an-Sp-∂p. C{Xbpw hn]p-e-amb A[n-Imcw A¿∞-h-Ømbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ kaq-l-Øn\v

Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ th≠{X hn⁄m-\hpw tijnbpw B kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-I-Ww. h\w hIp-∏n-

s‚bpw a‰pw XS- -s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ aqew CsXm∂pw \S-∂n-√. kzbw `cWw F∂ e£yw C∂pw

IS-em-kp-I-fn-sem-Xp-ßp-∂p.

h\- A-h-Im-i-\n-baw

2006¬ ]mkm-°nb ]ń-I-h¿§ a‰v ]c-º-cm-KX h\-hm-kn(-h-\-A-h-Im-i-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-

°¬) \nbaw \ΩpsS \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp \mgn-I-I-√m-Wv. Ah-cpsS h\-A-h-Im-

i-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°msX Kncn-h¿§-°m-tcmSpw a‰v h\-\n-hm-kn-I-tfmSpw Imńb Ncn-{X-]-c-amb

A\oXn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ e£ywsh®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu \nb-aw. ]s£ \nbaw \S-∏m-°p-

∂-Xnse Nne sshj-ay-ßƒ aqew CXns‚ e£y-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn t\Sm≥ C\nbpw Ign-™n-

ń-√.

\ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 23% hcp∂ h\-ß-fn-emWv C¥y-bnse G‰hpw

\n¿≤-\cpw ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´-h-cp-amb kaqlw A[n-h-kn-°p-∂Xv Irjn°pw sNdp-InS h\-

D-ev]-∂-ß¬ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Pem-i-b-ßƒ°pw BSp amSp-Isf tabv°m-\p-sa√mw Ch¿ ]c-º-

cm-K-X-ambn B{i-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu h\-ß-sf-bm-Wv. Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw

Fs¥-∂m¬ as‰√m h\-\n-b-a-ßepw Kncn-h¿§-°m-tcbpw a‰v h\-\n-hm-kn-I-tfbpw Itø-‰-°m-

cmtbm {Inan-\-ep-I-fmtbm BWv I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v IqSp-X¬ kpXm-cyhpw ]¶m-fn-

Ø-]-chpw B°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w h\-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v \nb-a-{]m-_eyw \¬IpI

IqSn sNbvXp h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw.

Cu \nbaw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnse _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ aqew ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnsebpw h\-hm-

kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn-te-sdbpw \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ C{]-Imcw \ncm-I-

cn-°-s∏-´-Xns‚ \nc°v 60 iX-am-\-Øn-te-sd-bm-Wv.

kaq-l-A-h-Im-i-ßƒ {]tXy-In®pw sNdp-In-S-h\w Dev]-∂-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-

Imiw \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv hfsc hym]-I-am-bn. Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn-t∑¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n® {]{Inb th≠-hn[w \S-∂n-√.

\nb-a-Øns‚ A¥-k-Øbv°v hncp-≤-ambn Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°m≥ tcJm-]-c-

amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ lmP-cm-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-®p. \nbaw A\p-im-kn°pw hn[w hnt√Pv Xe-Øntem

kaq-l-X-e-Øntem {Kma-k-`-Iƒ IqSn-bn-cp-∂n-√. IqSn-bn-SØp Xs∂ Ah-bpsS ip]m¿i-Iƒ°v

bmsXmcp hnebpw Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-√.

232

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ apJy-amb {]mtbm-Kn-IX kaq-l-h-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m\pw hn\n-

tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p F∂-Xm-Wv. h\-ß-fpsS `cWw Hcp P\m-[n-

]Xy N´-°q-Sn-te°v am‰p-∂-Xns‚ BZy-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. F∂m¬ an°-hmdpw F√m kwÿm-

\-ßfpw Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ th≠-hn[w AwKo-I-cn-®n-√.

kaq-l-h-\-A-h-Im-i-Ønse ]ptcm-KXn

Imem-h[n kw_-‘n® kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw h\-D-]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-amb Ah-Im-i-

ßfpw h\-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXz amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw kpÿn-c-Xbv°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-sa-∂-XmWv

h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. BI-bm¬ Cu \nb-a-Øn≥ Iogn-ep≈ N´-ßƒ kaq-l-

h-\-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw kwc-£-W-Øn\pw D≈ ÿm]-\-]-c-

amb {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-Ønse 2(a) hIp-∏n¬ CXv \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v.

AX-\p-k-cn®v Cu s]mXp h\-`q-an-bn¬ kaq-l-Øn\v ]mc-ºcy Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v.

h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±iyw k-aql ]¶m-fn-Øhpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw kaql Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°p]cn hy‡n-KX Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°mWv

AwKo-Imcw e`n-®-sX∂v ]T-\-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. \nb-a-Øn¬ 13 C\w Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]d-bp-

∂p-s≠-¶nepw Irjn `qan-bn-ep≈ Ah-Imiw am{X-amWv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. _m°n 12 Ah-Im-

i-ß-fn¬ NphsS ]d-bp∂ 7 Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-¶nepw kaq-l-h\ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-am-Wv.

]s£ \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Pn√m `c-W-IqSw Ahsb Ah-K-Wn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

1. ap≥ \m´p cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ skan-μmcn t]mse-bp≈ kmaqly Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

(sk-£≥ 3(1)(b)

2. Pem-i-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v a’yw ]nSn-°m\pw BSp amSpIsf Xo‰m\pw ]c-º-cm-KX kok¨

hn`-h-ß¬ tiJ-cn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw sk-£≥ 3 (1) (d).

3. A]-cn-jvIrX Kncn-h¿§-°m¿°v Xma-kn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw sk-£≥ 3 (1) (e).

4. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn kwc-£n®p hcp∂ kaq-lh-\-hn-`-h-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m\pw ]p\-cp-÷o-

hn-∏n-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw D≈ Ah-Imiw sk-£≥ 3 (1) (i).

5. GsX-¶nepw kwÿm\ \nb-a-{]-Im-ctam kzbw `c-W-ÿm-]-\-\n-b-a-{]-Im-ctam Kncn-h¿§-

A-h-Im-i-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-h¿ sk-£≥ 3 (1) (j).

6. ssPh-sshhn-≤yhpw _u≤n-I-kzØpw ssPh sshhn-≤yhpw kmwkv°m-cnI sshhn-≤y-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]c-º-cm-KX hn⁄m-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw sk-£≥

3 (1) (k).

7. h\y-Po-hn-Isf th´-bm-Sp-∂Xpw sIWn-bn¬s]-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw a‰pw HgnsI \nb-a-Ønse (a)apX¬ (k) hsc-bp≈ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ s]SmØ ]mc-º-cy-h-\-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ A\p-`-hn®p hcp∂

as‰√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw sk-£≥ 3 (1) (l).

ta¬]-d™ 7 Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°p ]pdsa sk£≥ 3 (1) (c) {]Imcw sNdp-InS h\-hn-`-h-

ßƒ tiJ-cn-°m\pw hnev]\ \S-Øm-\p-ap≈ ]c-º-cm-KX Ah-Im-ihpw Kncn-P-\-ßƒ°p-≠v.

\nbaw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnse kmaqly ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ A`m-h-Øn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ NphsS

]d-bp∂p.

h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏m-°nbXns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ CsXmcp hy‡n-KX `q Ah-Im-i-

am-bmWv _‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ I≠-Xv. BI-bm¬ kaql Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-

°msX hy‡n-KX Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv BZyw ]cn-K-Wn®Xv. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Ãm^ns‚

Ipdhpw Hcp Imc-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-´p. ]s£ kaq-l-Ah-Imißƒ hy‡n-KX

Ah-Im-i-ßsf°mƒ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-Wp-Xm-\pw.

\nb-a-Ønse 3 (1) (b) apX¬ (m) hsc-bp-ff hIp-∏p-I-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ kaql Ah-Im-i-ß-

fn¬ F{X FÆw Fhn-sS-sb√mw A\p-h-Zn®p F∂Xp kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ Kncn h¿§

a{¥m-ebw tiJ-cn-®n-√. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ th≠{X kΩ¿±w sNep-Øm≥

233

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvkv 12 : h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-kw-_-‘n®v

F≥.-kn.-k-Ivtk\ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v 2010

h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p∂ C∂sØ coXn Kpcp-X-c-amb \nc-h[n {]iv\-

ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v.

1. {Kma-k-`-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv hnt√Pv Xe-Øn\p ]Icw ]©m-bØv Xe-Øn-em-Wv. \nb-

a-Ønse 2(g), 2(p) hIp-∏p-Iƒ {]Imcw ]ńI V {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {Kma-k-`-Iƒ hnfn-t°-

≠Xv sNdp-{Km-a-ß-fpsS Xe-Øn-em-Wv. a‰v {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ CXv dh\yp hnt√Pv Xe-Øn-

em-bn-cn-°Ww F∂m¬ B{‘-{]-tZ-iv, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, DØ¿{]-tZiv XpS-ßnb ]e

kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn ]©m-bØv Xe-Øn-emWv {Kma-k-`-I¬ hnfn-°p-

∂-Xv.

2. At\z-jWw [rXn ]nSn®v \S-Øp-∂Xp sIm≠pw X≈p∂ At]-£-Iƒ ko\n-b¿ DtZym-

K-ÿ¿ \∂mbn ]cn-tim-[n-°m-ØXp aqehpw sX‰mbn X≈p∂ At]-£-I-fpsS FÆw

KWy-ambn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. N´w 4(c) \njvI¿jn-°p-∂-Xp t]mse X≈p∂ At]-£-I¿°v

Ah-cpsS `mKw hnh-cn-°m≥ "\ymb-amb Ah-kcw' \¬Ip-∂n-√. At]£ \nc-kn-®-

Xmb Adn-bn∏v Bscbpw FgpXn Adn-bn-°m-dn-√. X∑qew CXn-t∑¬ A∏o¬ \¬Im≥

Ign-bp-∂n√ dh-\yq, h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ hnt√Pv Xe-Øn¬ sNøp∂ tPmen t{Imkv

sN°v sNømt\m Hcp ]pdw GP≥knsb sIm≠v CXv hne-bn-cp-Ømt\m kwÿm\

Kncn-h¿§ hnI-k\ hIp-∏p-Iƒ {ian-°m-dn-√.

3. {Kma-k-`-I-fp-tSbpw a‰pw A[n-Im-c-ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv hnt√Pv DtZym-K-ÿcmWv.

DtZym-K-ÿ¿ Xøm-dm-°p∂ dnt∏m¿ń¬ {Kma-k-`-Ifpw a‰pw H∏p hbv°p∂p F∂v am{Xw.

{Kma-Xe At\z-jW dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ tªm°p Xe, Pn√mXe DtZym-K-ÿ¿ ]cn-tim-[n-°m-

dn-√.

4. N´w 10 {]Imcw kwÿm-\-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-anXn AwKo-Imc {]{In-bbv°pw h\ Ah-

Im-i-ßƒ \n£n-]vX-am-°-en\pw Ah-tem-I\ kqNn-I-Ifpw \n_-‘-\-Ifpw cq]o-I-cn-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. KpW-ta∑ kqNn-I-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°-≠Xpw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-ambn

tbmKw sNtø-≠Xpw s]mXp IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠Xpw h\-\n-hm-kn-I-

tfmSv \oXn ]pe¿Øm≥ Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ dh\yp h\w hIp∏v DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS ta¬

kΩ¿±w sNep-tØ-≠Xpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw P\-ßfpw XΩ-nep≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sa®-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Kncn-h¿§-h-Ip-∏p-IfpsS Npa-X-e-bmWv. F∂m¬ an°

kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Ah-tem-I-\-ßƒ shdpw IW-°p-I-fn-sem-Xp-ßp-∂p.

5. h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw SDLC, DLC XpS-ßnb kan-Xn-Iƒ {Kma-

k-`-Iƒ°pw a‰pw `q]-S-ßtfm tcJ-Itfm a‰v sXfn-hp-Itfm \¬Im-dn-√.

6. _‘-s∏´ ]ecpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]e Xe-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw thW-

sa∂v h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw an°-t∏mgpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ DtZym-

K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\mWv ap≥Xq-°w. h\-\n-b-a-ßsf kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ßƒ

ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Kncn-h¿§-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿°p≈ Xmev]-cy-an-√m-bvabpw Ign-

hp-tI-Sp-amWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Ifpw {Km‚p-Ifpw

\¬Ip-∂-Xv Cu hIp-∏m-sW-¶nepw hIp-∏p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ GtIm-]\w Bh-iy-ap≈ ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Chbv°v th≠{X ]cn-N-b-an-√. BI-bm¬ an°

t\mU¬ Bô-k¿amcpw ÿnXn hnh-cn-°-W-°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah-cpsS Npa-

Xe HXp-°p-∂p. Cu IW-°p-I-fpsS \nP-ÿnXn ]cn-tim-[n-°mt\m ta¬t\m-´-Ønt\m

Pn√-I-fnse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS KpW-ta∑ hne-bn-cp-Ømt\m sa\-s°-Sm-dn-√.

234

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse 4(5) hIp-∏n\p hncp≤-ambn IpSn Hgn-∏n-°¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠v.

AwKo-Imc˛]-cn-tim-[-\m-\-S-]-Sn-I¬ ]q¿Øn-bmIpw hsc ssIh-i-`q-an-bn¬ \n∂v ]´nI

h¿§-°m-scbpw h\-hm-kn-I-sfbpw Hgn-∏n-°m≥ ]mSn-s√-∂mWv \nbaw. F∂m¬ Cu

\nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc kwÿm-\-k¿°mtcm tI{μ-a-{¥m-e-b-ßtfm Fs¥-¶nepw \S-

]Sn kzoI-cn-®-Xmbn Adn-hn-√.

8. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-

hmZw s]mXpsh Xnc-kv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bmWv I≠p hcp-∂-Xv. Ign™ 75 h¿j-ambn

Ah¿ Cu `qan-bn¬ Irjn sNøp-∂n√ F∂ {]iv\w D∂-bn-®m-Wn-Xv. "2005 Unkw-_dn\p

ap≥]v 3 Xe-ap-d-°mew' F∂ \n_-‘\ ÿnc-Xm-akw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p am{Xw _m[-

I-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. At]-£-I≥ Ign™ 75 h¿j-ambn `qan ssIh-i-ØnseSp°p-Itbm

h\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm thW-sa-∂n-√. 2005 Unkw-_¿ 13\v bYm¿∞ Poh-k‘m-c-W-

Øn-\mbn Ah¿ h\sØ B{i-bn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse dqƒ

2(b) {]Imcw Cu B\p-Iq-ey-Øn\v Ah¿ A¿l-cm-Wv.

9. kaq-l-h-\-hn-`h Ah-Im-i-ßfpw a‰v `qan-bn-Xc Ah-Im-i-ßfpw AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°¬.

\nb-a-Ønse sk£≥ 3 (1) Dw 3 (2) Dw XΩn¬ Bi-b-°p-g∏w \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬

CXp kw_-‘n® ÿnXn hnh-c-I-W-°p-Ifpw hy‡-a-√. a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ ]°¬ t]mepw

CXp kw_-‘n® hy‡-amb IW-°p-I-fn-√.

h\-kw-c-£-Ww, D]-tbmKw amt\-Pvsa‚ v F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ]c-º-cm-K-X-am-bXpw A√m-

Ø-Xp-amb \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ßsf ]‰n-bp≈ {]mY-anI hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ A`mhw

aqew \nbaw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥]pw AXn\p tij-hpap≈ ÿnXn-bpsS Xmc-Xay hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ km≤y-a-√.

h\-Øn-\p-≈nepw kao-]-Øp-ap≈ {Kma-ß-fpsS FÆ-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ D∂-bn-

°-s∏´ kaq-l-h\ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS FÆw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.

Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnhn[ GP≥kn-Ifpw {Kma-k-`bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw

Cu taJeIƒ°v _m[I-am-bn-´p≈ a‰v \nb-a-ß-fpsS ]c-kv]c sshcp-≤yhpw klm-b-I-Xzhpw

Dƒs∏sS kaql h\ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS amt\-Pvsa‚n-s\bpw kwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n®

Btem-N-\-bn-√m-bva.

kaql Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Fßs\ ]cn-tim-[n-°m-sa∂pw Fßs\ Xocp-am-\n-°m-sa-∂Xpw

kw_-‘n®v kaq-l-Øn\pw _‘-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw hy‡-X-bn-√m-ØXp aqew Cu

{]{Inb C\nbpw Bcw-`n-®n-´n-√. kaq-l-h-\-A-h-Im-i-Øns‚ ]cn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xp

kw_-‘n®pw 4 slIvS-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Smtam F∂Xp kw_-‘n-®p-sa√mw Cu

Bi-b-°p-g∏w \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ \nb-a-Ønse 3 (1) (a) hIp∏v CsX√mw hy‡-am-

°p-∂p-≠v. Htc h\-{]-tZ-iØv H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ hnt√-Pp-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p∂

tIkp-I-fnepw C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√.

sk£≥ 3(1) (i) ¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ kaql h\ Ah-Imiw kwc-£n-°m\pw ssIImcyw

sNøm-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-isØ ]‰n-bp≈ A⁄X aqew CXn-t∑¬ Bcpw Ah-Im-i-hmZw

D∂-bn-°p-∂n-√. am{X-hp-a√ N´-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ ^mdw "_n'bn¬ CXv hy‡-ambn

ImWn-°m-ØXpw CXn-\p≈ as‰mcp Imc-W-am-Wv.

]e-bn-SØpw kaq-l-h\ Ah-Im-i-ßsf ]‰n _‘-s∏´ kwL-S-\-Ifpw DtZym-K-ÿcpw

Ah-cpsS A⁄-X-aqew sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂ hnh-c-am-Wv kaq-l-Øn\v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. sk£≥

3 (2) ¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ hnI-k\ kuI-cy-ßƒ °p th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv kaql h\ Ah-Im-

i-ßƒ F∂ [mc-W-bmWv CXn-sem-∂v. a‰v ]e Icm-dp-I-fp-sSbpw _e-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°v

235

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

B\p-Iqeyw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kaql h\ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \S-∏m-t°-s≠∂ [mc-Wbpw

Nne kwÿm-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.

kaql h\ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p∂ kaq-l-ßƒ°v `q]Sw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ tcJ-Iƒ

\¬Im-sXbpw kwbp‡ h\ amt\-Pvsa‚ v taJ-e-bm-sW∂ hmZ-ap-∂-bn®v At]£ \nc-

kn®pw ]e _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v.

kaql h\ Ah-Im-i-ßsf kw_-‘n® hy‡-X-bn-√m-bvabpw {Kma-k-`bpw h\w hIp∏pw

XΩn-ep≈ [mc-W-°p-dhpw aqew C°m-cy-Øn¬ \nc-h[n _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v.

Bb-Xn-\m¬ C¥y-bn-ep-S-\ofw \nbaw CXp hsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√.

ta¬]-d™ t]mcm-bva-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ F√m kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-

baw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp c≠mw L´w Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn¬ kaql h\ Ah-

Im-i-ßƒ°m-bn-cn-°Ww {]Ya ]cn-K-W-\. 2010 Pqsse 20\v Kncn-h¿§ a{¥m-ebw kwÿm-\-

ßƒ°-b® IØn¬ C°mcyw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXn\p ]pdta a{¥m-e-bhpw kwÿm\

t\mU¬ GP≥kn-Ifpw \nb-a-Øn-sebpw N´-ß-fn-sebpw hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v hni-

Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw IqSn \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

kaql h\ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS \S-Øn∏pw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw tZiob h\-A-h-Imi Iu¨kn¬

{]tXy-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. CXp kw_-‘n® F√m kwi-b-ßƒ°pw adp-]Sn \¬Ip∂ Hcp

ssI ]pkvXIw a{¥m-ebw Xøm-dm°n _‘-s∏-´-h¿s°√mw \¬I-Ww.

t\m -́∏n-iIpw GtIm-]-\-an-√m-bvabpw

]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-{]-IrXn hn`h amt\-Pvsa‚p-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-]-c-amb t\m´-∏n-iIv

t_mIvkv 13¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cn-t\bpw kaq-l-sØbpw CXn¬ th≠-

hn[w ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-∂n√. tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn¬ th≠{X GtIm-]-\-an-√mbva aqew

{i≤ ]Xn-tb≠ ]e Imcy-ßfpw {i≤n-°-s∏-SmsX t]mIp-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ Bh-iy-°m¿°v

bYm-k-abw A¿l-amb klmbw e`n-°m-ØXp aqew kmaqly kulm¿±w XI-cm\pw kwL¿j-

ßƒ D≠m-Im\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Imcy-ßƒ t\¿hgn \bn-°m\pw sa®-s∏´ hnI-k\ Bkq-

{X-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ÿnXn hnh-c-I-W-°p-Iƒ e`y-a-√.

t_mIvkv 13 : ]cn-ÿnXn ˛{]-IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsa‚n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈

\nb-{¥-W-Ønse t]mcmbva

apJy Npa-X-e-Iƒ tI{μw kwÿm\w Xt±i kaqlw

DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw `cWw

`qan {]iv\-ßƒ, Ub-d-IvS¿

\jvS-]-cn-lmcw dh-\yq.

Irjn-h-Ip∏v

]cn-ÿnXn]chpw h\w ]cn-ÿnXn Fkv.-]n.-kn.-

Btcm-Ky-]-c-hp-amb a{¥m-ebw _n-Iƒ

BLm-X-ßƒ

h\w ¢nb-d≥kv h\w ]cn-ÿnXn

a{¥m-ebw

]≤Xn _m[nXcpsS {Kma-hn-I-k\ Ub-d-IvS¿

]p\-c-[n-hmkw a{¥m-ebw dh\yq

{Kma-hn-I-k\w

kmaq-ly-\n-t£] {Kma-hn-I-k\

]≤-Xn-Iƒ a{¥m-ebw

Imcy-amb _‘-an-√. ]¶m-fnØwC√m -b va -bmWvCXv kqNn-∏n°p-∂-Xv.

236

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÿnXn sa®-s∏SpØm-\p≈ ̀ cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

sa®-s∏´ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kw_-‘n® N¿®-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw NphsS ]d-bp-∂-hsb

Bkv]-Z-am°n bmbn-cp-∂p.

1. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-\pw kwc-£-W-Øn\pw th≠ XXz-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-I.

2. ESZ Ifn-eqsS ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hnIk-\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-I.

3. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw `c-W-Øn\pw hntI-{μo-IrX am¿§w kzoI-cn-°p-I.

4. ]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \S-]Sn {Iaw ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-I, h\-A-h-Imi-\n-b-ahpw a‰pw ê-{]-

Z-ambn \S-∏m-°p-I.

5. kaq-l-Øn-eqsS \nb-{¥-W-ß-fn¬ Abhv hcp-Øp-I.

hn-I-k-\-Øn\pw kwc-£-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ XXz-ßƒ

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse hnI-k-\-̨ -kw-c-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v am¿§ Zo]-am-I-W-sa∂v Rßƒ

Icp-Xp∂ XXz-ßƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

1. kwc-£-W-Øn-\m-bmepw hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-bmepw ]¶m-fn-Øhpw kpXm-cy-Xbp-am-bn-cn-°Ww

apJyw.

2. hnI-k\ Bkq-{XW {]{Inb hntI-{μo-IrXhpw \o¿Ø-Sm-[n-jvTn-Xhpw ASn-Ø-ń-te°v

]c-am-h[n hym]n-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww.

3. ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Pn√m Bkq-{XW kan-Xn-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb ]n≥_ew

\¬In Pn√m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬I-Ww.

4. kpÿnc ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒ {]IrXn hn`h-

am-t\-Pvsa‚n-\mbn Bkq-{XW {]{Inbbn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Kncn-h¿§ kaq-lsØ Ign-

bp-∂n-S-sØ√mw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

5. hn`-h-ß-fpsS hy‡n-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb hne-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\v th≠ hnZym-`ymkw

\¬IWw.

6. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ Ipd-bv°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb "lcn-X-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ'

kzoI-cn-°-Ww.

(a) AØcw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ Hcp ÿeØv e`y-amIpw hn[w Du¿÷w em`-tI-{μ-ßƒ

ÿm]n-°p-I, A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, Pehpw aÆpw kwc-£n-°p-I.

(b) Cu coXn ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥ IpSpw-_-ßsf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°pI

(c) hymh-km-bnI ssPh-X-Xz-ßfpw ssPh kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

7. tijn°\p-k-cn-®v F∂ Bi-bhpw aen-\o-I-c-\n-b-{¥-Whpw aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-

°m-cm-b-h¿ AXn-\p≈ hne \¬I-W-sa∂ XXzhpw kzoI-cn-°p-I.

8. h≥InS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ ¢nb-d≥kv {Kma-]-©m-bØv hgn

\¬IpI.

]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ Ch Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°¬

kanXn dnt∏m¿ńs‚ BZy ̀ mKØv kqNn-∏n-®Xp t]mse ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ESZIƒ kmaq-

lyhpw ]cnÿnXn]c-hp-amb _lp-hn[ am\-Z-WvU-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cpØn AS-

bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Nph-sS-bp≈ kwc-£-W-˛-km-º-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xpe\w sNøm-\p≈

D]-I-c-W-ambn ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-Isf (ESZ) ImWp-I.

1. a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ßsf ]cn-ÿn-Xn(-kw-c-£-W)-\n-ba (1986) {]Imcw

237

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\nb{¥n-°p-I.

2. {]mtZ-inI P\-Xbv°v lnI-X-I-c-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ hnI-k\w \n¿Øn-sh-bv°m≥ Ign-bmØ

CS-ß-fn¬ hnI-k\w ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-]-chpw P\m-[n-jvTnXhpw BsW∂v Dd∏p hcp-

Øp-Ibpw Zo¿L-Im-emSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssPh Bhmk ss]XrIw kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

thWw

3. ]pXnb hyh-km-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Irjn `qan hmWn-Py-`q-an-bmbn amdp-∂-Xn\pw

\ntcm-[-\tam \nb-{¥-W-ßtfm C√mØ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e {]tZ-

iØpw taev]-d™ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ D≠m-h-Ww.

4. {]mtZinI kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-amb \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°mWv cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xv.

5. ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-hn-I-k-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-{¥-W-ß-fmWv Bh-

iyw.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-I-fnse hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ H∂mw `mK-Ønse ]ńI˛6 ¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw

am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw

hnI-k-\-Øn\pw `c-W-Øn\pw hntI-{μo-IrX am¿§w

`c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn {]Zm\w sNøp∂ hntI-{μo-IrX ̀ c-W-kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn®v ]›n-

a-L-´-Ønse hnI-k\ Bkq-{X-W-Øn\v ]n≥_ew \¬I-W-sa∂v kanXn ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

]©m-b-Øo-cmPv ÿm]-\-ßsf ê-{]-Z-amb Xt±i kzbw-`-cW k¿°m-cp-I-fm-°m≥ Bh-iy-

amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw Ahbv°v \¬Im≥ 73˛mw `c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-KXn \nb-

a-Ønse B¿ń-°nƒ 243 (G) kwÿm-\-ß-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. XI -mw ]ń-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-

bn-´p≈ 29 hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn\pw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn°pw th≠n-

bp≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Cu ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v

\¬In.

]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Pn√m-πm-\p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-Im-\p≈ Npa-X-ebpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw

`c-W-L-S\m ÿm]-\-ß-fmb Pn√m πm\nßv IΩn-‰n-Iƒ°v \¬IWw. Cu {]{Inb ê-{]-Z-am-

°m≥th≠n ÿe-]c Bkq-{X-W-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬IWw. Pn√m πm\nwMv IΩn-‰n-I-tfbpw

Xt±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°pw kwÿm-\-k¿°mcpw {]mtZ-in-Im-kq-{X-W-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cmb

k¿°m-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-Ifpw hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sa√mw Bh-iy-amb kmt¶-XnI ]n¥pW

\¬IWw. Jc-am-en\yw, aen-\-Pew, J\-\-Øns‚ {]mtZ-inI BLmXw, Sqdnkw Hcp-]-Po-h-\-

am¿§-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw t\´w ]¶p-h-bv°¬ XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v Bkq-

{X-W-Øn¬ Du∂¬ \¬IWw. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p∂ amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-

[m\w D≠m-hWw. \o¿Ø-S-hn-k-I\w, amen-\y-\n¿Ωm¿÷\w, {]IrXn hn -̀h-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v XpSßn

H∂n-e-[nIw {]tZ-i-ß-fn-embn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn ssIImcyw

sNøm-\p≈ kuIcyw Xt±i k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Hcp-°Ww. {]IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsa‚ns‚ Bkq-

{X-W-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ssPh-]-c-amb kp-ÿnc PohnX D]m-[n-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ign-bp-∂n-S-

sØ√mw Kncn-h¿§ kaq-lsØ ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

Xt±i k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v C°m-cy-Øn¬ hy‡-amb ]¶pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw \¬In-bm¬

DtØ-PI LS-\-bn¬ Xs∂ am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂v kanXn hniz-kn-°p∂p. CXn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-

Sp∂ tijn k¿°m-cns‚ D∂-X-X-e-ßƒ A¿∞-h-Ømbn CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ kΩ¿±w Db¿Øpw.

Hcp Imcyw {]tXyIw {i≤n-°m-\p-≈Xv th≠{X ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°msX {]IrXn

hn`-h-ßƒ°v ssek≥kv \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Xt±-i-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°v \¬In-bm¬ AXv

Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøm-\p≈ km[yX Gsd-bmWv. F∂m¬ Cu A[n-Imcw `wKn-bmbn hn\n-tbm-

Kn-®m¬ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v \s√mcp hcp-am-\-am¿§-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. P\-ß-fp-ambn hfsc ASpØv

CS-]-g-Ip-∂-Xp-aqew {Kmss\-‰n\pw aW¬J-\-\-Øn-\p-sams° ssek≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ Agn-a-

Xn°pw kzP-\-]-£-]m-X-hp-sams° D≠m-°m\pw CS-bp≠v. CXn-\p≈ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ a\-

n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠p-thWw {]mtZ-in-I-k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Cu DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ \¬Im≥. H∂m-

238

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

aXmbn hkvXp-I-c-Øn-\p-]-Icw CXn¬ \n∂v h≥tXm-Xn¬ hcp-am-\-ap-≠m-°m≥ Xt±i ÿm]-

\-ßsf A\p-h-Zn-°-cpXv. ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn ta¬t\m-́ hpw ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°Ww. aq∂m-

a-Xmbn hnizm-ky-Xbpw t{]m’m-l-\hpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠ kwhn-[m-\-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv.

Xt±-i-k¿°-mcp-Iƒ°v sa®-s∏´ {]IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsa‚n\v NphsS ]d-bp∂ \n¿t±-i-

ßfpw D]-I-cn°pw (cLp-\μ 2008)

H∂m-a-Xmbn {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Xt±-i k¿°mcp-I-fpsS hnhn[

Xe-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-®p≈ Hcp ̀ c-W-kw-hn-[m\w D≠m-IWw. Xt±-i-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ XΩn¬

]m¿SvW¿jn∏p-≠m°n {]apJ kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßsf IqSn Dƒs∏-SpØn sa®-s∏´ {Iao-I-c-W-

ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

c≠m-a-Xmbn {Kma-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fn-ep-ambn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ DZm-

l-c-W-Øn\v, ip≤-P-e-hn-X-cWw, Nhdv \n¿Ωm¿÷\w XpS-ßnb, Pn√, sat{Sms]m-fn-‰≥ Bkq-

{X-W-k-an-Xn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-lmcw Is≠Ømw.

as‰m∂v {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßfpw AXn¬ \n∂p≈ BZm-bhpw ]¶n-Sp-∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb kwhn-

[m\w D≠m-IWw.

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-´n-bn¬ Xt±i k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v {]mXn-\n[yw \¬Ip-∂Xv

t_mIvkv: 14 πm®n-a-S-bnse A\p-̀ hw

]c-º-cm-KX cmjv{So-b-°mcpw Ahsc ]n¥p-W-®n-cp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-h-μhpw [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv

k¿°m¿ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈, C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw ASn-Ø-´n-ep≈ ÿm]-\-ßƒ

am{X-amWv ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ F∂m-bn-cp∂p. X∑qew C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Ahbv°v \¬In-bn-

´p≈ kzbw-`-cW k¿°m¿ F∂ ]Zhn Hcp hnZq-c-kz-]v\-ambn Ah-ti-jn®p. C°m-c-W-Øm-

emWv tIc-f-Ønse ]me-°mSv Pn√-bn¬s]´ πm®n-aS ]©m-bØv Hcp BtKmf ]m\ob

\n¿ΩmW tIm¿∏-td-‰n\v ssek≥kv \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn Iº\n ̂ b¬ sNbvX

dn´v tIcf sslt°m-SXn X≈p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXn\v h≥ {]m[m\yw ssIh-∂Xv.

]©m-bØv Hcp k¿°m-cmbn amdn-b-XmWv Cu kw`-h-Øn-eqsS shfn-s∏-´Xv. kwÿm\

k¿°m-cns‚ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS ]©m-bØpw Iº-\nbpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Cu G‰p-ap-´-en¬ `c-W-

L-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Ahbv°v s]mXp-\-∑-bn-ep≈ kmwK-Xy-hp-amWv ChnsS am‰p-

c-bv°-s∏-´Xv.

ssek≥kv d±m-°pI hgn ]©m-bØv AXns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-amWv

hn\n-tbm-Kn-®Xv. sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Xt±-i-k¿°m¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]©m-b-Ønse P\-ß-

fpsS t£aw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ ISa ]©m-b-Øn-\p-s≠-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hmZw. BI-

bm¬ P\-ßsf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p∂ F¥n\pw A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-°m\pw d±m-°m\pw

]©m-Øn-\-h-Im-i-ap≠v. Ah-cpsS AXn¿Øn-°p-≈nse ̀ qP-e-\n-c∏v Xmgp-∂-Xn\v Iº-\n-bmWv

DØ-c-hm-Zn-sb∂pw CXv B {]tZ-isØ Irjn-bnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw

]©m-bØv A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. ]©m-bØv D∂-bn® ImcWw hfsc {][m-\-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬

{]mtZ-inI {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xnse apJy-IÆn ]©m-b-Øp-I-fmWv.

Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®-Xp-Xs∂ CXn-\m-emWv. sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp

k¿°m-cns‚ H∂-Xyhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw πm®n-aS ]©m-bØv sXfn-bn®p.

]©m-bØv kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp IogvL-SIw am{X-am-sW∂pw Cu hI Imcy-

ßƒ AXns‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn¬ s]Sp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p Iº-\n-bpsS \ne-]mSv. _lp-

cm-jv{S-Ip-Ø-I-I-fpsS ]Xnhv Al-¶m-c-am-WnXv. ]s£ XpS¿∂ kw`-h-ßƒ Cu hmZ-K-Xnsb

\new-]-cn-im°n. ÿnc-amb A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-®m-ep≈ ÿnXn-tbm¿Øv Iº\n A¶-em-∏n-

embn. Ct∏mƒ ]©m-bØv A[n-Ir-X-cp-ambn HØp-Xo¿∏n\v {ian-®p-h-cn-I-bmWv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw

239

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ \b-Øn\v ]pdØv {]h¿Øn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb A[n-Imcw ]©m-b-Øp-

Iƒ°v ̀ c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂p≠v. kz¥w \b-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Im\pw AXv \S-∏m-°m-\p-ap≈

]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS A[n-Im-csØ kp{]nw tImS-Xnbpw icn-h-®n-´p≠v. Xt±i k¿°m-cp-

Iƒ°p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ BZy-]m-T-amWv πm®n-aS.

temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb hyh-km-bnI Zpc-¥-amb t`m∏m¬ a\- n-√m-a-\-t m-sS-bm-

sW-¶nepw Hm¿Ωn-°m≥ C¥y {ian-°p-tºm-gmWv πm®n-aS kw`-h-sa-∂Xv Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-k-

amWv. k¿°mcpw P\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hnShv Fßs\ \oXn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v hnLm-X-am-Ip∂p

F∂-Xn\v DØa DZm-l-c-W-amWv t`m∏m¬. Cu Zpc-¥-Øn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-I-fmb Bscbpw

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ in£n-®n-ń√. P\-ßƒ°pw Ah-cpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ°pw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂

lm\n-I-c-amb Imcy-ßsf ]‰n Adn-bm-\p≈ Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw ChnsS \ntj-[n-°-s∏´p

F∂-XmWv {][m\w. 1984 Unkw-_¿ 2˛3 Xnø-Xn-Iƒ hsc Ah-cpsS ]n∂m-ºp-dØv Dcp-≠p-Iq-

Snb hnj-sØ-]‰n Hcp kqN-\-t]mepw XtZ-tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°v e`n-®n-ń√.

t`m∏m¬ Zpc-¥-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ `c-W-L-S\m ÿm]-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√

(]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v B ]Zhn ssIh-∂Xv 1992se 72Dw 73Dw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-X-Xn-tbm-sS-

bmWv.). P\-ßsf `c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-°p-∂Xn-t\-°mƒ {][m\w IqSp-X¬ hyh-km-b-ßƒ

t\Sp∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p. _lp-cm-jv{S-\n-t£]w t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Cu \bw C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p≠v.

πm®n-a-S-bnse P\-ßƒ Iº-\n-tbmSv tNmZn® tNmZy-ßƒ t`m∏m-ense P\-ßƒ Zpc-¥-ap-≠m-

Ip-∂-Xn\v hfsc ap≥t] D∂-bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Zpc¥w Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v

hmZn°mw. cmPyØv tIm¿∏-td‰v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw _nkn-\ v CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]c-kv]c-[m-c-W-

tbmsS \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ê-{]-Z-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v πm®n-aS hgn-sbm-cp°n.

tijn-bp≈ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ ]Iz-X-bpsS e£-W-ßƒ

{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI DZm-c-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-sb πm®n-aS ]nt∂m-

´-Sn®p F∂v hmZn-°p-∂-h¿ temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-

ZnXzw ad-°p-I-bmWv.

sÛ-d-en-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ tI{μ-Øn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°p-th≠n apd-

hnfn Iq´p∂ kwÿm-\-ßƒ AtX hmZ-KXn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v kz¥w ssIh-i-ap≈ IqSp-

X¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v \¬IWw.

πm®n-a-S-t]m-ep≈ i‡-amb ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v \nt£-]-k-am-l-cWw kpK-ahpw {ZpX-

K-Xn-bnepw B°m≥ Ignbpw. i‡-amb DtZym-Kÿ t{iWnsb adn-I-S-°m\pw πm®n-a-S-t]m-

ep≈ kw -̀h-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m\pw Iº-\n-Iƒ°v Ignbpw. ImcWw ]©m-b-Øp-I-fpsS hf¿®bv°v

A\p-cq-]-amb Iº-\n-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw Iº-\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kzbw \nco-

£n-°m\pw ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v Ignbpw. hen-∏-Øn¬ sNdp-Xm-I-bm¬ X¿°-ßƒ s]s´∂v

]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v Ignbpw.

]s£ CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa Hcp XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ πm®n-a-Sbv°v F¥mtWm Bhiyw

AXv \¬Im≥ Iº-\nbpw tIcf k¿°mcpw Xøm-dm-IWw.

ta¬∏-d™ Imcy-ßƒ°v Hcp ]cn-lm-c-amWv.

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\hpw ¢nb-d≥kpw

\ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-b-bn¬ NphsS ]dbp-∂h IqSn Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn°pw (ZØ & {io[¿ 2010)

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dnt∏m¿ v́

Xømdm-hp-∂-Xn\v {]tXyI ]cm-a¿i-hn-j-b-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw AXv s]mXp-P-\-

Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-a-dn-bm≥ e`y-am-Ip-Ibpw thWw.

240

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

CXn-\m-bp≈ I¨k¬´‚ v \nb-a\w kzmK-Xm¿l-amWv. ]s£ t{]mPIvSv `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ

CXn-\p≈ XpI ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øn-e-S-bv°p-Ibpw a{¥m-ebw I¨kƒ´‚ns\

\n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ I¨kƒ´‚ns‚ \njv]-£X Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ignbpw.

]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{Inb taJem˛ Bh¿Ø\ BLmX

A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-te°v \oßp-Ibpw hml-I-tijn ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-amWv th≠Xv.

¢nb-d≥kv \S-]-Sn-{Iaw (2006) ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-°Ww.

2006¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ ¢nb-d≥kv \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ]p\:]cn-

tim-[n-°Ww.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kn¬ \njv°¿jn-®n-´p≈ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m F∂v

]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn ˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ doP-b-W¬ B^o-kn-\p≈ Npa-

Xe ¢nb-d≥kv tcJ-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°Ww. Cu Npa-Xe kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW

\nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Up-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw DNnXw. {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]iv\-ßƒ

]cn-l-cn-°m\pw J\-\-°m¿ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv XS-bm\pw

CXp-]-I-cn°pw.

KWy-amb BLm-X-ßƒ G¬∏n-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≈ ]e t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn

BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-bbv°v ]pd-ØmWv. Ahbv°v kwÿm-\-k¿°m-cns‚ ¢nb-d≥kv am{Xw

aXn-bmIpw. AXm-bXv "B' hn`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂h. DZm-l-cWw, \Zn-I-fpsS KXn-am‰w, sNdnb Pe-

ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, Im‰mSn ]mS-ßƒ, Sqdnkw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw dntkm¿´p-Ifpw {]tXy--In®v h\-`q-

an-tbmSpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-tfmSpw tN¿∂p-≈h. ]›n-a-L-´sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw Ahn-SsØ {]IrXn hn`-h-ß-fpsS kº-∂X ]cn-K-Wn®v C°mcyw ]p\: ]cn-tim-[n-

t°-≠-XmWv. t{]mP-IvSp-Isf thdn´v ImWmsX ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\v kwÿm\ \nb-

{¥W˛ hnI-k\ ÿm]-ßfpw tI{μ˛ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpw XΩn¬ sa®-s∏´ GtIm-]\w

Bh-iy-amWv. ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≈n-SØv Hcp {]tXyI ]≤Xn A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-amtWm F∂p-IqSn ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{Inb IW-°n-se-Sp-°Ww.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv tcJ-bnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ewLn-°p∂ J\n-Iƒt°m Sqdnk]≤-Xn-

Iƒt°m ]≤Xn XpS-cm-\p≈ A\p-aXn \¬I-cpXv.

BLm-X-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ ÿm]\ GtIm-]\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØWw.

kmº-ØnI DZm-c-h¬°-cWw hyh-km-b-Øn-\mbn kzIm-cy-aq-e-[-\sØ {]oWn-∏n-°¬,

{]IrXn hn`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ em`-s°mXn F∂nh Ign™ Zi-I-Øn¬ Kncn-h¿§-°m-cpsS

Pohn-X-Øn-\p-Xs∂ ISpØ sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w Db¿∂p-h∂ CS-Xp-]£

Xo{h-hm-Zhpw Kncn-h¿§ kwc-£W \nb-a-ß-tfm-Sp≈ Ah-K-W-\bpw Zmcp-Whpw A{I-a-]-c-hp-

amb {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ krjvSn®p.

]cn-ÿnXn Ah-tem-I-\-k-anXn ip]m¿i sNbvX-tijw ho≠pw A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øm-

\mbn Hcp {]tXyI ]›n-aL´ -hn-ZKv[ Ah-tem-I\ kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°p-Itbm CXv \n¿±njvS

]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn-´n-bpsS Npa-X-e-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøWw.

]›n-a-L´ Pn√-I-fn¬ h\ Ah-Imi \nb-aw-t]m-se-bp-≈h \n¿_-‘-ambpw \S-∏m-°m≥

Hcp {]tXyI sk¬ Bh-iy-amWv.

kaq-l-Øn-eqsS \nb-{¥Ww eLq-I-cn-°p∂p

\ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ßƒ°pw D]cn ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse `cW {]{In-b-bn¬ IqSp-

X¬ D]m-[n-Iƒ°pw \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°pw {]{In-b-Iƒ°pw ÿm\-ap≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ sa®-

s∏´ hnI-k\ amXr-I-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw kwc-£-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-\p-ambn

\nb-{¥-W-ßsf kaq-l-Øn-eqsS eLq-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw. AØcw {]{In-b-I-fnepw D]m-[n-I-

fnepw NphsS ]d-bp-∂-h-IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnh-c-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \n¿t±iw

241

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]≤-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkmjy¬ BUn‰v

kqN-I-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ BLm-X-ß-fpsS ]¶m-fnØ Ah-

tem-I\w.

[mXp-°ƒ°pw Sqdnkw taJ-ebv°pw lcnX A°u≠vkv .

ÿe -]-cn-ÿnXn nh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°pI.

kwc-£W \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°pw a‰pw t{]m’m-l\ klmbw

ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-hÿm tkh-\-ßƒ°v {]Xn-^ew.

kmaqly \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw am\-Z-fi-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°pI.

tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw \√ kao-]-\-Øn\v {]Xn-^ew

lcn-X-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ°v t{]m’m-l\w

]cn-ÿnXn `c-WsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI

]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-S-\ofw ]cn-ÿnXn `c-W-Øn-ep≈ Kpcp-X-c-amb t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-

°m≥ AS-b-¥nc \S-]Sn Bh-iy-am-sW∂v kanXn Icp-Xp∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn Ah-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-tØm-Sp≈ P\-ß-fpsS {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ kanXn Xr]vX-

cmWv. F∂m¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-aq-e-ap≈ Ah-

cpsS \n -lm-bm-h-ÿbpw kanXn a\- n-em-°p∂p. s]mXp-P-\-ßsf ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ ASn-b-

¥n-c-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv kanXn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. {]tXy-

In®pw NphsS ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ.

(a) h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Ønse kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n® hIp-∏p-Iƒ klm-\p-`q-Xn-

tbmsS \S-∏m-°pI.

(b) F√m Xt±i ̀ cW ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw ]q¿Æ- A-[n-Im-c-ap≈ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v

IΩ-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂p.

(c) tIcf kwÿm\ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-t_m¿Uv cq]w sNbvX "DSp-º-t©me Xmeq-°nse

ssPh sshhn≤y kº-∂-ta-J-e-fpsS kwc-£Ww' amXr-I-bn-ep≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°pI.

(d) ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\hpw ¢nb-d≥kv {]{In-bbpw kaqew ]cn-jv°-cn-°pI.

(e) ]cym-h-c≥ hmln\n ]≤Xn ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°pI.

(f) B{‘-{]-tZ-inse alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-epd∏v \nb-a-Øns‚ amXr-I-

bn¬ F√m ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ°pw tkmjy¬ BUn‰v G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

CXn-te°v NphsS ]d-bp-∂h ip]m¿i sNøp∂p.

hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnh-c-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

2006 se h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \S-∏m-°pI.

]cn-ÿnXn N -́ßƒ ewLn-°p∂ J\n-Iƒ°pw Sqdnkw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw XpS¿∂v {]h¿Øn-

°m≥ A\p-aXn \¬I-cpXv.

D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS BLm-X-ßsf ]‰n ]¶m-fn-Ø-A-h-tem-I-\-ßfpw

tkmjy¬ BUn‰pw \S-ØpI.

tIm¿∏-td-‰-dp-I-fpsS \√ s]cp-am-‰sØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

[mXp-°ƒ°pw Sqdnkw taJ-ebv°pw lcnX A°u-≠nßv.

lcnX kmt¶-XnI hnZy°pw ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

242

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ÿe ]cn-ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°pI.

]cn-ÿnXn ¢nb-d≥kv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v ÿm]-\-]-c-amb GtIm-]\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

taJ-e-bnse kmaq-ly-A-Sn-ÿm-\-hn-I-k\ LS-I-ßƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ J\-\-Øn\pw hyh-

kmb-ta-J-ebv°pw \nIpXn G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

]cn-ÿnXn `c-W-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI ]©m-b-Øn-\p≈ tijn i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse {]mtZ-inI ]©m-b-Øp-Isf kmº-Øn-I-ambn i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn

tdmb¬ń Ah-cp-ambn ]¶n-SpI.

kz¥w `q`m-K-Øns‚ \s√mcp ]¶v cmPysØ h\sØ kwc-£n-°m-\mbn \¬Ip∂ ]›n-

a-L´ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v F{]-Imcw \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬I-W-sa-∂p-≈Xp kw_-‘n®v tI{μ-

k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-°Ww.

`mh-\m-]q¿Æ-amb ]cn-c-£-Whpw hnI-k-\hpw hnZym-̀ ymk-Øn-eqsS

kvIqƒ, tImtfPv, k∂≤ GP≥kn-I-fpsS ]¶v

hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse F≥.Fkv.Fkv., F≥.kn.kn. Im¿°v {]mtZ-inI k∂≤

GP≥kn-I-fp-ambn {]h¿Øn®v ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Btcm-Ky-

I-c-amb hnI-k-\-Øn\v hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Im≥ Ignbpw. CsXmcp Zo¿L-

Ime ]≤-Xn-bpsS ̀ mK-am-°n-sb-¶n¬ am{Xsa ̂ e-{]-Z-amb {]h¿Ø\w km[y-amIq. {]h¿Ø\w

hy‡-am-sbmcp {]tZ-isØ e£yw hbv°p-Ibpw Ahn-SsØ ]©m-bØv, ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-am-

t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩ-‰n-Iƒ t]mse, k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bp-ambn HØp-tN¿∂v aqt∂m-´p-

t]m-hp-Ibpw thWw.

]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ymkw C∂v ss{]adn Xew apX¬ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-Xew hsc \n¿_-‘-

]m-Ty-hn-j-b-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv. 1991 \hw-_¿ 22 se kp{]nw-tIm-SXn DØ-c-hm-Wn-Xn\v B[mcw.

F≥.kn.C.B¿.Snbpw k¿Δ-I-em-ime {Km≥Uv IΩn-j-\p-amWv kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°p∂

Cu ]cn-]m-Sn°v Np°m≥ ]nSn-°p-∂Xv. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-

Sp-∂Xv Cu ]cn-]m-Snsb IqSp-X¬ ]e-{]-Z-am°pw. 2005 se \mj-W¬ Icn-°pew dnhyp CXp-kw-

_-‘n®v Ht´sd \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In-bn-´p≠v. {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ hnZym¿∞n {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ymkw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS

e`n-°p∂ hn⁄m\w C¥y-bpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kw_-‘n® s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v {]m]yhpw

kpXm-cy-hp-amb Hcp Um‰m t_kv krjvSn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv Cu \n¿t±-

i-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv.

]cn-kchn⁄m\ s]mXp CSw

temIw apgp-h-\p-ap≈ P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ hi-ßsf

kw_-‘n® hni-Z-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS henb Ie-h-d-bmWv. \ΩpsS cmPysØ P\-ßfpw {]tXy-

In®v, hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw A≤ym-]-Icpw C¥y-bpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kw_-‘n® hen-sbmcp hn⁄m-

\-t{km-X v sIń-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-h-Øm-sbmcp ]¶p-h-ln-°m≥ {]m]vX-cmWv. CØ-c-

samcp ]¶m-fnØ hn⁄m-\-k-ºm-Z\ {]{In-bsb klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ sF.kn.Sn. t]mse-bp≈

B[p-\nI kt¶-X-ßƒ°v henb klmbw sNøm≥ Ignbpw. CXn-\p≈ Hcp DØa DZm-l-c-W-

amWv B¿°pw FUn‰v sNøm-hp∂ kuP\y F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbmb hn°n-]o-Unb. hn°n-]o-

Un-b-bnse teJ-\-ßƒ k¿Δ-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Xp-ey-amWv. AXm-bXv Ch B[n-Im-cnI {]kn-

≤o-I-c-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-h-bmWv, A√msX {]mY-anI \nco-£-W-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-

a√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v cXv\-Kncn Pn√-bnse ]£n-Isf kw_-‘n®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS

Ah-tem-I\w hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ Hcp teJ-\-Øn\v tbmKy-amWv. AtX-k-abw

hy‡n-]-c-amb \nco-£-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {]tXyI tImfPv Imº-knse ]£n-

I-fpsS sN°v enÃv {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-tbm-Ky-a√. a‰v D]-tbm-K-ßƒ°mbn kz¥w sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

krjvSn-°m\pw hn°n tkm^vSv-sh-b¿ kuP-\y-ambn e`y-amWv. A{]-Imcw krjvSn-°p∂ ssk‰n-

243

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

te°v ta¬∏-d™ ]£n-I-fpsS sN°v enÃv \¬In-bm¬ AXv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-h-cpsS Adn-

hn¬s]-Sp∂ at‰-sX-¶nepw C\w ]£n-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ B enÃn¬ Iqń-tN¿°p-I-bp-amImw. Cu

]£n-I-fpsS cq]w hn°n-ao-Unb tIma¨knepw Ah-bpsS {]mtZ-inI t]cp-Iƒ ae-bmfw hn°n-

Un-£vW-dn-bnepw ¢mkn-̂ n-t°-j≥ hnh-c-ßƒ hn°n-kv]ojo-kvepw tImtfPv Imº-kns‚ ÿm\w

KpKnƒ F¿Øv Cta-Pnepw tN¿°mw.

Hcp kzImcy/s]mXp s\‰v-h¿°n¬ G‰hpw ]pXnb ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ tN¿°mt\m

t`Z-KXn hcp-Ømt\m th≠n-bp≈ Hcp kwhn-[m\w F√m-h¿°pw e`y-am-°Ww. ]cn-ÿnXn

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hnhn[ Pe-t{km-

X- p-I-fn¬ \n∂v Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta∑ kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°Ww. hnhn[ At\z-

j-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ hnhcw Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn-te°v A]v temUv sNøm≥ Ahsc

Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-ØpI. Hcp tamU-td-‰¿ CXv hne-bn-cp-ØWw, kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°Ww, A]-{K-Yn-°Ww,

Ah-km\w s]mXp-P-\-ß-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibpw thWw.

C¥y-bpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-°p∂ Cu

kwbp‡ {]{In-bbv°v ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń Xs∂ {]mcw`w Ipdn-°Ww. CXns‚

Hcp ss]e‰v t{]mPIvSv ]›n-a-L´ Pn√-I-fn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ XpSßpw. \Kc˛{Kma-ta-J-e-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ Pq\n-b¿, A≠¿ {KmtPz‰v tImtf-Pp-I-fnse hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS I¨tkm¿jy-hp-ambn

tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xmev]-cy-ap≈ B Pn√-bnse hy‡n-I-sf-IqSn Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ ]¶m-

fn-I-fm-°Ww. XI, XII ¢m p-I-fn-tebpw F√m- c≠mwh¿jw A≠¿ {KmtPz-‰p-Iƒ°pw ]cn-ÿnXn

kw_-‘n® Hcp {][m\ t{]mPIvSv sNtø-≠-Xp-≈-Xn-\m¬ CXv Gsd KpWw sNøpw. C¥y-bn-

ep-S-\o-f-ap≈ F√m ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw \K-c-k-`-Ifpw P\-ß-fpsS ssPh-ssh-hn≤y cPn-Ã¿ '

F∂ t]cn¬ Ah-c-h-cpsS ]cn-[n-bn-ep≈ {]mtZ-inI ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-hn-`-h-ßfpw _‘-s∏´

hnh-c-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-SpØn hbv°-W-sa∂v 2002 se ssPh sshhn≤y \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂p.

CØ-c-samcp ]cn-]mSn hnP-bn-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v i‡-amb imkv{Xob ]n¥pW

Bh-iy-amWv. ⁄cpƒs∏´ {]mtZ-inI Pn√m-[n-jvTnX imkv{X⁄¿ Dƒs∏´ Hcp kmt¶-XnI

]n¥pW I¨tkm¿jy-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS ]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dn-ń°v CXv e`y-am-°m-hp-∂-

XmWv. hni-Z-amb ]T\ am¿§-tc-J-Iƒ, ]T-\-Øn\v ]n≥_-e-ta-Im≥ kam-l-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn

hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ, Pe-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑-bpsS ssPh-kq-N-I-

ßƒ°p≈ ô¬Uv ssKUp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb am\z-ep-Iƒ Cu {Kq∏v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww. kmt¶-

XnI ]n¥pW I¨tkm¿jy-Øn-\p≈ {][m\ Npa-Xe hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw a‰p-≈-hcpw hnhn[

hn°n-ssk-‰p-I-fn¬ \¬Ip∂ {]mY-anI ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fpsS KpW-ta∑ hne-bn-cpØn

"]›n-a-L´ ]cn-kc' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn-em-°pI F∂-XmWv. Cu hn⁄m-

\-ti-J-c-Øn¬ \n∂v KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈Xv sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw AXv e`y-amb imkv{Xob hn⁄m-

\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°m\pw klm-bn-°m≥ Cu I¨tkm¿jy-Øn\v Ignbpw.

taev]-d™ hnh-c-ß-fn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈-hbpw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-

hbpw BI-bm¬ "]›n-a-L´ ]cn-k-c-{]-Im-i\' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp Hm¨sse≥ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-

am-°p-∂Xv ê-h-Øm-bn-cn°pw.

Hcn-°¬ icn-bmw-hÆw hne-bn-cpØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®m¬ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ hn°n-]o-Un-b-

bn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

]c-am-h[n hnh-c-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXns‚ KpW-ta∑ A∏-t∏mƒ hne-bn-cp-

Øm\pw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tN¿°m\pw Ign-bp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXv hfsc A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcp

"ôUv _m°v' kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cn°pw. hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw a‰v Xev]-c-I-£n-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-

‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]c-ÿnXn hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ KpW-

ta-∑bpw sa®-s∏Spw. CXn-e¥¿eo\-am-bn-´p≈ kpXm-cyX CXns‚ kzoIm-cy-Xbpw A¥ pw

Db¿Øpw. hnZ-Kv[¿ Dƒs∏sS F√m-h¿°pw ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw,Ip‰-ßfpw Ipd-hp-

Ifpw Nq≠n-°m-´m\pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw D≈ thZn F∂ \ne-bn¬ CXv Hcp kzbw Xncp-Ø¬

kwhn-[m-\-ambn {]h¿Øn°pw. `mhn-bn-enXv ]q¿Æ-ambn kpXm-cyhpw, C¥y-bnse ]cn-ÿn-

Xnsb kw_-‘n®v F√m-h¿°pw {]m]y-amb hnhc t{kmX pw, F√m-hn-h-c-ßƒ°pw th≠n

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw A≤ym-]-I¿°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw B{i-bn-°m-hp∂ Hcp kwhn-[m-\hp-ambn

244

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

CXv amdpw.

{]mtZ-in-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS A]-{K-Y\w

Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ {]tXy-In®pw ]›n-a-L´w t]mse-bp≈ ae-\n-c-I-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn,

hnI-k\ {]iv\-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn°pw. ag e`yX, ̀ qL-S\, h\-\-io-I-c-W-Øns‚ hym]vXn,

P\-k-Ω¿±w XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse hyXn-bm-\-amWv CXn\v ImcWw. Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ {]tXyI

{]iv\-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xnt\m At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xnt\m B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-tStbm

sshZ-Kv[y-Øn-s‚tbm Bh-iy-an√. F∂m¬ Bkq-{XW hnIm-k-Øn\v Ch hfsc hne-s∏-´-

XmWv.kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw, tImtf-Pp-Iƒ°pw k∂≤ GP≥kn-Iƒ°p-sa√mw Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-i-

Øv CØcw efn-Xhpw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-hp-amb At\z-j-W-ßƒ \n m-c-ambn \SØmw. At\z-jn-

°m-\p≈ Nne hnj-b-ß-fpsS kmºnƒ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

(1) h¿j-Øn¬ hnhn[ amk-ß-fn¬ InW-dp-I-fnse Pe-Øns‚ Bgw F¥v? Ce-Iv{SnIv ]ºp-

sk-‰p-Iƒ h®-tXmsS C°-gn™ h¿j-ß-fn¬ Cu Af-hn¬ F¥p-am-‰-ap-≠mbn?

(2) t\csØ ta®n¬]p-d-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ ̀ qan-bpsS F{X ̀ mKw C∂v "bp]-t‰m-dnbw' F∂ ]mgvs®Sn

hf¿∂v D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-ambn?

(3) Hcp hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°-s∏´ I¿j-I¿°p e`n® \jvS-]-

cn-lm-c-Øn¬ F¥pam{Xw Ah¿ Dev∏m-Z-\-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n®p?

(4) Hmtcm h¿jhpw ta®n-en-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ssht°m-ens‚ Af-sh{X?

(5) hyXykvX kok-Wp-I-fn¬ sImXp-In-eqsS ae-º\n _m[-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-h-cpsS kwJy F{X?

(6) hnhn[ ka-b-ß-fn¬ kaq-l-Ønse hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ DZ-c-kmw-{I-anI tcmK-ßƒ _m[n-

°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw F{X?

(7) Iap-In≥ tXm´-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Af-sh{X? GXv IoS-\m-in-\n-

bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv? CXp-aqew hnj-_m[ D≠m-b-h-cmbn kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-sc{X?

(8) Ip∂n≥N-cn-hp-I-fnse Irjn as‰m-cn-S-tØbv°v am‰p-tºmƒ `qan Xcn-in-Sm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-

≈Xv F{X-h¿j-amWv?

(9) Huj-[- Bhiy-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {]mtZ-inI kky-ßƒ FsX√mw?

(10) hoSp-I-fn¬ ]mN-I-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Du¿÷-t{km-X v GXmWv?

C¥y≥ ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kw_-‘n®v taev]-d™ coXn-bn¬ kzX-{¥hpw ]c-ky-hp-amb Hcp

hnh-c-t{km-X v kwL-Sn-∏n-®m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ hnI-k-\sØ kw_-‘n® tNmZy-ßƒ°v

DØ-cw-\¬Im≥ Ign-hp≈ hnh-c-ß-fpsS Hcp J\n-bm-bn-cn-°p-aXv. hy‡-amb {]mtZ-inI {]iv\-

ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ahbv°v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-∂-Xn\pw CXv D]-I-cn°pw. hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ ^e-{]-Z-amb klm-bn-bmbpw

CXv D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

s]mXp-P-\-t_m-[-h¬°-cWw

{]mtZ-in-I-ambn kmwK-Xy-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn, hnI-k\ {]iv\-ßsf ]‰n kmt¶-XnI hnZ-

Kv[¿°pw `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw hnhcw \evIp-∂-Xnepw P\-ßsf t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw

hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°m≥ Ignbpw.

am[y-a-ß-fpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-fmb {]`m-j-W-ßƒ, {]Z¿i-\-ßƒ, \mS-I-ßƒ, Km\-ßƒ F∂n-

h-sb√mw C°m-cy-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn°mw. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]ø-∂q-cn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZym-`ym-k-

Øn-\p≈ skmssk-‰nbpw tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØpw CXp kw_-‘n®v {]Z¿i-\-

ßfpw, k©-cn-°p∂ \mSI˛Iem-kw-L-ßfpw, kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw amkn-I-Ifpw

{]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw {]Ir-Xn-Iym-ºp-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bpw-sN-øp-∂p≠v. kn¿kn Xmeq-°nse

"lƒtKmƒ {Kq∏v hnt√-Pkv˛tIm˛Hm∏-td-‰ohv k¿Δokv skmssk‰n Ah-cpsS AwK-ßƒ°p-

th≠n ssehv-tÃm°v amt\-Pvsa‚ v, Xo‰ t{kmX v hnI-k\w, sXmgp-Øn¬ Xo‰-\¬Ip-∂-Xns‚

245

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t\´-ßƒ, F∂nh kw_-‘n®v {]`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ip¥ Xmeq-°nse "alm-hnjvWp

bphIv afi¬' hoSp-I-fn¬ C‘\ £a-X-bp≈ ]pI-bn-√mØ ASp-∏p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xp kw_-

‘n®v ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]mSn kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. CØcw \nc-h[n \√ amXr-I-Iƒ \ΩpsS ap∂n-

ep≠v. hfsc em`-I-c-ambpw hym]-I-ambpw CXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNømw.

P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬

]cn-ÿnXn hnI-k\ hgn-bnse G‰hpw Kuc-h-X-c-amb XS w \n¿≤-\cpw \nc-£-c-cp-

amb P\-ßƒ PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw aXn¬s°-´p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ `n∂n-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-\m¬ Hcp s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n H∂n®p {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bmsX hcp∂p

F∂-XmWv. \nXy-hr-Øn-°p-th≠n Ae-bp∂ Ah¿°v kz¥w `mhn Xmev]-cy-ßƒ ]cn-c-£n-

°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n√. BI-bm¬ {]IrXn hn`h ]cn-]m-e-\-Øn\pw k¿°m¿ kvIoapI-fpsS B\p-

Iqeyw icnbmw hÆw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Chsc kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\pw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw henb kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥

Ignbpw. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Nph-sS-bp≈ ]ńI hfsc {]tbm-P-\-s∏Spw.

(1) {Kma-Ønse s]mXp-ÿ-eØv kmaq-ly-h-\-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-epƒs∏-SpØn hnd-In\pw

Xo‰bv°pw th≠n-bp≈ Hcp tXm´w kwc-£n®v \S-Øm≥ {Kma-hm-kn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n-

°pI.

(2) hnt√Pv `qan-bn¬ amdn-amdn ta®n¬ \S-Øp∂ kwhn-[m\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI

(3) h\-ß-fpsS kwc-£W-Øn\v h\w sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ßƒ, Kncn-h¿§-°m¿

F∂n-hsc kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

(4) Hcp kaql _tbm-Kymkv πm‚ v kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

(5) Irjn-`q-an-bn¬ aÆv kwc-£-W-Øn\v Hcp kl-I-cW ]cn-]mSn kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS hym]\w

IogvX-ńse kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ hym]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xnse {]iv\-

ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xnse hogvNbpw Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZym-hym-]-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-

Xnse hnap-J-X-bp-amWv \ΩpsS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb {]iv\w. {]mtZ-

inI kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw tImtf-Pp-Iƒ°pw, k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw kml-Ncyw A]-{K-Yn®pw

amXr-Im-{]-Z¿i-\-ßƒ Hcp-°nbpw, ]≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v k∂-≤-k-lmbw \¬Inbpw k¿°m¿

GP≥kn-I-fp-ambn Bi-b-sFIyw ÿm]n®pw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈ GP≥kn-Ifmbn

{]h¿Øn®pw Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ hfsc kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ km[n°pw. ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-

°p∂ Nne kmt¶-XnI amXr-I-Iƒ NphsS.

(1) Xcn-imbn InS-°p∂ ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn¬ {]tZ-inI P\-k-aq-l-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-ap≈ C\-

ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°pI.

(2) C‘-\-£-a-X-bp≈ ]pI-bn-√mØ ASp-∏p-Iƒ

(3) \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v kna‚pw aWepw tN¿Øp-≠m-°nb I´-Iƒ.

(4) kpe` iuOm-eb I°q-kp-Iƒ

]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-hn-I-k\ {]{In-bsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ hnZym-`ymk˛k∂≤ kwL-S-\-

Iƒ°v ]e am¿§-ß-fp-ap≠v. AtX-k-abw kmaqly h\-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p≈ \gvk-dn-Iƒ

ÿm]n®pw ]ń-I-h¿§-ho-Sp-I-fn¬ ASp-∏p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p kz¥w hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw i‡n-

s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah¿°v Ignbpw.

k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fp-tSbpw imkv{X-km-Ym-]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]¶v

]›n-a-L-́ -ta-J-e-bn¬ imkv{Xob Kth-j-W-Øn\pw hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Db¿∂

ap≥K-W-\-bp≈ taJ-e-I-fpsS ]ń-I-bmWv NphsS tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv.

246

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(1) cmk-h-fhpw ssPh-h-fhpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp aqew aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bn-jvT-X-bn¬ h∂n-

´p≈ hyXykw?

(2) \ne-hn-ep≈ ssPh-]n-fihpw ssPh-h-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-

Xbpw.

(3) arK-ß-fnepw kq£va-Io-S-ß-fnepw IoS-\m-in\n {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´p≈ ]cn-Wmaw

(4) IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw aqew a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-Øn-t\‰

BLmXw.

(5) `qan-bpsS tijn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ AXns‚ hn\n-tbmKw.

(6) hyXykvX `qhn-\n-tbmKw aqew ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fnse asÆm-en∏v F¥p-am-{X-ap-≠mbn.

(7) hyXykvX `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn¬ aÆn-te°v Xmgp-Ibpw Hen-®p-t]m-hp-

Ibpw sNøp∂ sh≈-Øns‚ Afhv?

(8) ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fnse Irjnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ kmaqly˛ kmº-ØnI i‡n-Iƒ?

(9) ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fnse Irjn Ah-km-\n-∏n®v AhnsS hr£-ßfpw Xo‰-∏p√pw a‰pw h®p-]n-Sn-

∏n-°p∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-˛-km-º-ØnI km≤y-X.

(10) ae-s©-cn-hp-I-fn¬ hr£-ßfpw Xo‰-∏p√pw h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn¬ {KmaoW

sXmgn¬Zm\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶v.

(11) kq£va-Im-em-h-ÿbpw Pemw-ihpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xnepw ]®n-e-hfw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xnepw

tXbne DW-°m≥ hndIv \¬Ip-∂-Xnepw kky-^-e-hn-f-Iƒ ASp-Øp≈ h\sØ F{X-

am{Xw B{i-bn°p∂p.

(12) tXm´w hnf-I-fn¬ {]tXy-In®v Ge-tØm-́ -ß-fnse XW¬a-c-ß-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw \n¿am¿P-

\hpw

(13) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse {]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m-\mbn tXm´w hnf-Iƒ hym]n-∏n-°m-

\p≈ `mhn ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ.

(14) kaql˛k¿°m¿ `qan-I-fpsS hn\n-tbm-K-Ønepw hndIv tiJ-c-W-Ønepw kaql˛

k¿°m¿˛kzImcy- `q-an-I-fnse ta®nent\bpw kw_-‘n® P\-ß-fpsS \ne-]mSv.

(15) kaql˛k¿°m¿ `qan-I-fpsS icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ kmaqly kwL-S-\-

Iƒ thWw.

(16) am¬In h\-`q-an-I-fpsS \ne-hnse hn\n-tbm-K-L-S\

(17) I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°v sXmgp-Øn¬ Xo‰ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ kmt¶-XnI kmº-

ØnI km[yX.

(18) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse BSp-h-f¿Ø¬

(19) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Xo‰-]p¬hn-`-h-Øns‚ hym]\w

(20) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse h≥InS Pem-i-b-ß-fnse a’y-k-º-Øns‚ hnI-k\w.

(21) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse I\ym-h-\-ß-fpsS Hcp \mƒhgn.

(22) ta®n¬, hndIv tiJ-cWw, ske-£≥ s^√nwKv F∂nh ]›n-a-L-´n-Ønse ssPh- ssh-

hn-≤yØn¬ sNep-Øp∂ BLmXw.

(23) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£-W-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-ºcyw

(24) a\pjy˛h\y-Pohn kwL¿jw {]tXy-In®v B\-bp-sSbpw Im´p-]-∂n-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬.

(25) Irjn sNbvX kky-ß-fnse Xt±i C\-ßƒ AhnsS Xs∂ \n¿Øn kwc-£n-°p-∂-

Xnse kmº-ØnI imkv{Xw.

247

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(26) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse `qP-e-Øns‚ kpÿn-c-a-√mØ hn\n-tbmKw

(27) kq£va˛an\n Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-tijn ]co-£W {]Z¿-i\-ß-fn-eqsS AXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

ØpI.

(28) ]›n-a-L-´-ß-fn-ep≈ h\-ß-fn-te-°p≈ tdmUp-Iƒ G¬∏n-°p∂ BLmXw

(29) {KmaoW `h\ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ kky-`m-K-ß-fpsS hn\n-tbmKw.

(30) IpSn-ep-I-fp-sSbpw sXmgp-Øp-I-fp-sSbpw ta®n-ep-I-fpsS Imem-h[n sa®-s∏-SpØpI.

(31) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-I-fnse tcmKm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ipNo-I-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ hcp-

Øp∂ BLmXw.

(32) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS t]mj-Im-lmc e`y-X-bn¬ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ hn`-h-ßƒ°p≈

]¶v.

(33) ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ ate-dnb, sI.C.Un. XpS-ßnb tcmK-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn

\nb-{¥Ww.

(34) ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ hym]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v _m[n-°p∂ kmaqly˛kmº-

ØnI LS-I-ßƒ.

(35) ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw \n›-bn-°p∂ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-

Øn-Ihpw a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-ßƒ.

(36) hyXy-kvX-X-e-ß-fnse P\ßƒ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaqly-]cambpw kulrZ-]cambpw

hnI-k-\-Øn\v I¬]n-°p∂ ap≥K-W\ kw_-‘n® at\m-`m-hw.

]cn-ÿnXn˛Btcm-Ky kulrZ hnI-k\Øn\v t{]cW

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hnI-k-\-Øn¬ hne-s∏´ ]¶p hln-°m≥ Ign-bp∂

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw imkv{Xo-b-hn-⁄m-\hpw e`y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ°pw

k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ°pw Kth-jW-{]-Xn-`-bp≈ tImtf-P-[ym-]-I¿°pw Cu {]{Inb-bn¬ kPoh

]¶m-fn-I-fm-Im≥ Ign-bpw. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Imcy-amb {ia-ßƒ D≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\v ]e Imc-

W-ßfp-≠v. P\-ßfp-ambn tN¿∂pw XmtgX´nse ÿnXn--°-\p-k-cn®pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnse

]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ A`m-hhpw Xm¬]cy-an-√m-bva-bp-amWv Ch-bn¬ apJyw. H‰-s∏´ ]co-£-W-im-

e-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Ah {]mh¿Øn-I-am-t°≠ CS-

ß-fn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw A{]-k-‡-am-bn-cn-°pw. BI-bm¬ {]h¿Ø\ ÿesØ Kth-j-Whpw

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ AhnsS ]co-£n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp ]pXnb ]mc-ºcyw krjvSn°pI F∂Xv

hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv.

Hmtcm k¿h-I-em-im-ebpw imkv{X-ÿm-]-\hpw HcpIq´w {Kma-ßtfm \o¿Ø-S-ßtfm sXc-

s™-SpØv AhnsS Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ \nco-£-W-]-co-£-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv DNn-

X-am-bn-cn-°pw. Aßs\ Bbm¬ Ahn-SsØ {]mtZ-in-I- hn-Zym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßfpw k∂≤

GP≥kn-Ifpw k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v \nc-h[n Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-hn-

I-k\ A[n-jvTnX I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Chbv°v Ah-kcw e`n-°pw. ]≤Xn {]mh¿Øn-

I-am-°p-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw {]mtZ-in-I- hn-Zym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw k∂-≤kwLS-

\-Iƒ°pw \¬Ip-Ibpw Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-ßfpsS X\Xv Kth-j-Whpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-I-k-\-{]-

h¿Ø-\-ßfpw AXns‚ `mK-am-°p-Ibpw sNømw. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-I-k-\sØ

D±o-]n-∏n-°m-\p≈ \s√mcp amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-°p-an-sX∂v Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.

ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Ønte¿s∏-Sp∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ°pw

s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°pw t\cn v́ {]Xn-̂ ew

h\ ssPh- -B-hm-k-hy-hÿ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ]n¥p-W-tb-Ip-∂Xpw \nb-{¥-W-]-chpw

Bb \nc-h[n tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. hnim-em¿Y-Øn¬ Chsb “ssPh Bhm-k-hy-

248

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

hÿmtkh-\-ßƒ” F∂p ]d-bmw. Hcp ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚

{][m\ e£yw ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿm-]-c-amb kpÿn-c-Xsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ kzImcy

ssIh-i `q-an-bnepw \ne-hm-c-Ø-I¿® t\cn-Sp∂ `qan-I-fnepw ]c-am-h[n hr£-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈ h\-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-Wv. AtX kabw ]›n-a-

L´ Pn√-I-fnse h¿[n® P\-kw-Jybpw temI-Ønse at‰-sXmcp ‘ssPh- ssh-hn-[y- I-e-h-d’ -bn-

ep-ap≈Xnt\-°mƒ IqSnb P\-km-{μ-Xbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Cu taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£-W

-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ A¿Y-h-Ømb P\-]-¶m-fnØw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈ kml-N-

cy-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n hr-£-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS k©mcw

kpK-a-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿmtkh\-ßƒ°pw

P\ßƒ°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw πmt‚-j≥ Iº-\n-Iƒt]m-se-bp≈ tIm¿]-td-‰p-Iƒ°pw t{]m’m-

l-\hpw {]Xn-^-ehpw \¬tI-≠-Xp-s≠∂v Rßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Hcp {]tZ-isØ Pe-Øns‚ \ne-hmcw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ kwc-£n-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ h\-ßƒ°p≈ ]¶n\p ]pdsa hr£-ß-fpsS FÆw ]c-am-h[n h¿≤n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xnse A\p-Iqe ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS ]¶v NphsS tN¿°p∂p

(a) P\-ßƒ°v ssPh-]n-fi-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v ]Icw hn`hw e`y-am-°n-b-

s√-¶n¬ Ah¿ kz¥w Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ß-tfbpw IqSp-X¬ B{i-

bn°pw.

(b) B taJ-e-bnse samØ-Øn-ep≈ ssPh Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bpsS X\Xp ̀ mhsØ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°pI.

(c) ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ sa®-s∏-SpØn kky-

ßƒ°pw P¥p-°ƒ°pw `mhn-bnse Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn Cgp-In-t®-cm\pw IpSn-

tb-‰-Øn-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°Ww

(d) Im¿_¨ ssPh-]n-fi-Øn-te-°m-I¿jn®v cmPysØ ^mIvSdnI-fn¬ \n∂v ]pdw-X-≈p∂

{Ko≥lukv hmX-I-ß-fpsS Afhv Ipd-bv°pI.

BtKmf Xe-Øn¬Xs∂ {]IrXn kwc-£-W-Øn\v t{]m’m-l-\m-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w

]co£n® \nc-h-[n-am¿§-ß-fp≠v. ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v hncp-≤-amb {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°v XS-bn-Sp∂ Xc-Øntem, Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Imcw t{]m’m-l\w \¬Intbm Bbn-cn-°p-

anXv.

1. ssPh-ssh-hn≤y hn\n-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ hcp-am\w B ssPh sshhn-≤ysØ

kwc-£n®v \ne-\n¿Øp∂ {]mtZ-inI P\-ßƒ°v e`n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw 1990 Ifn¬

Bcw-̀ n® kwbp‡ h\ amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]co-£-Whpw DØ-c-Jfiv̨ lnam-e-b-bnse Ipabq¨

taJ-e-bn¬ 1930 ¬ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v hn]p-eo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ‘-hm≥’ ]©m-

bØv kwhn-[m-\hpw CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv.

2. kwc-£-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v k_vknUn hnim-em-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬

"ssPh-hn-I-k\w' F∂v Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p≈ ]≤Xn CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. CX-\p-k-cn®v h\-

Øns‚ HmctØm h\-ßƒ°p≈ntem Pohn-°p-∂-h¿°v h\-hp-ambn _‘-sam-∂p-an-√mØ

_nkn-\- p-Iƒ XpS-ßm≥ hmbv]-Ifpw sNdnb \nt£-]-Xp-I-Ifpw \¬Ip∂p. h\-Øn¬

\n∂v tiJ-cn-°p∂ hnd-Ins\ B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv Ipd-bv°m-\mbn ]mN-I-hm-X-I-Øn\pw,

tkmfm¿ Ip°-dn\pw k_vknUn \¬Ip-sa-∂-XmWv CØcw t{]m’m-l-\-Øn-\p≈ as‰m-

cp-Zm-l-cWw.

3. kwc-£-W-Øn\v t\cn´v {]Xn-êw \¬I¬: kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse {]I-S-amb

t\´-ßƒ°v `qhp-S-a-Iƒ°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw t\cn´v {]Xn-êw \¬Ip-∂-Xns\ [\-X-Xz-

im-kv{X-⁄¿ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂p≠v. ""ssPh Bhmk tkh-\-ßƒ°p≈ {]Xn-̂ ew'' F∂

t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu kao-]\w C¥y-bn-en-Xp-hsc \S-∏nem-°n-bn-ń-s√-¶nepw hnI-kn-X-

cm-Py-ß-fmb Ata-cn°, Bkvt{S-enb F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw hnI-kzc cmjv{S-ß-fmb

saIvknt°m, tImÃm-dn°, sImfw-_nb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fnepw \S-∏m-°n-h-cp-∂p≠v. kwc-

249

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ°p≈ ssPh˛Sqdnkw \b-Øns‚ IcSv tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ h\w a{¥m-

e-b-Øns‚ sh_vssk-‰n¬ 2011 Pq¨ 2 \v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. kwc-£nX taJ-e-Iƒ°-

Sp-Øp≈ kzImcy `qhp-S-a-Iƒ°v h\ kwc-£-W-Øn\v kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw \¬Ip-∂-

Xn\v CXn¬ hyh-ÿ-bp≠v.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw t{]m’m-l-\-Øn\pw \ymb-amb {]Xn-

êw t\cn´v \¬Ip-∂n-Xns\ kanXn A\p-Iq-en-°p∂p. CXn\v ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp N´-°q-Sn\v

cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ NphsS

kwc-£-W-Ø\v {]Xn-̂ ew t\cn´v:

(i) {]Xn-êw P\-ßƒ°v : ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse `qan-bpsS KWy-amb `mKw hy‡n-I-fpsS

kzImcy DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-emWv.

At\Iw Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ, Irjn sNøp-∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ, a‰v Imcy-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂ kzImcy DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ `qan F∂n-h-sb√mw CXn¬s]Spw. X{¥-{]-[m\ ÿm\-ß-

fn-ep≈ CØcw `qan-bn¬ ]c-am-h[n hr£-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv taev]-d™ A\p-Iqe ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-bpsS ]¶v k^-eo-I-cn-°m\pw hcp-am\w Db¿Øm\pw `q DS-a-I-fn¬ kwc-£-W-Øn\v

A\p-Iq-e-ambn Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-°p∂p. cmPyØv acw h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-

°¬ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS hnP-b-Øn\v G‰hpw {][m\w em`-I-c-sa-∂v P\-ßƒ Icp-Xp∂ hr£-C-\-

ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-amWv. emÌ-c-amb C\-ßƒ \´p-h-f¿Øn \nb-{¥nX Af-

hn¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w em`-\-jvS-ßƒ t\m°msX kztZin C\-ßƒ \´p-

h-f¿Øm≥ klmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw.

(ii) kaq-l-ßƒ°v klmbw : `qcn-`mKw `qanbpw {Kma-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ hS-

°p-In-g-°≥ taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn ]›n-a-L-́ -Øn¬ sNdn-sbm-cwiw ̀ qan am{Xta

kaql DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v \oen-Kn-cn-bnse kaq-l-ta-®n¬]p-d-ßƒ, ]c-

º-cm-KX tSmU kaq-l-Øns‚ ]´-b-`q-an-Iƒ, DØc I∂S Pn√-bnse s_‰-`q-an-Iƒ, tIc-

f-Ønse tImhneIw `qan-Iƒ F∂nh. Cu `qan-I-fn¬ ]eXpw a‰m-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn am‰m-

Xn-cp-∂m¬ Ahbv°v Db¿∂ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-aq-ey-ap-≠mIpw. As√-¶n-enh h\-`q-an-bm-

°m\pw km[n°pw. h\y-Pohn kwc-£W \nb-a-Øn¬ Ch kaql dnk¿Δm°n am‰m≥

hIp-∏p-s≠-¶nepw kaql Ah-Im-i-ß-fnse hy‡X Ipdhpw t{]m’m-l-\-k-lm-b-Øns‚

A`m-hhpw aqew sshhn-≤y-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Cu ̀ qan-Iƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v _‘-

s∏´ kaq-l-ßƒ°v [\-k-lmbw \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv.

(iii) Iº-\n-Iƒ°v klmbw:ssPh sshhn-≤y-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v tIm¿∏-td‰v taJ-e°v {]Xn-

êw \¬I-W-sa∂ \n¿t±iw {]tbm-Kn-I-a-s√∂v BZyw Icp-Xn-sb-¶nepw AXn-\p≈

km[yX ]cn-tim-[n-°-W-sa∂v Rßƒ°v tXm∂p∂p. ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ `qcn-`m-Khpw

tXbne, Im∏n, Gew, d∫¿ a‰v kpK‘ {Zhy-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS tXm´-ß-fmWv. Cu tXm´-

ß-fn-se√mwXs∂ Iº-\n-I-fp-sStbm hy‡n-I-fp-sStbm DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ ] -́b-̀ q-an-bmWv.

NneXv k¿°m¿ Zo¿L-Ime ]m´-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-hbpw. Cu tXm´-ß-fn¬

an°-hbpw kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-Iƒ°p-≈ntem, Ah-bpsS AXn¿Øn-bntem D≈-h-bm-I-bm¬

ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Chbv°v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap≠v. am{X-hp-

a√ Ch tZim-S-\-]-£n-I-fp-sSbpw arK-ß-fp-sSbpw k©m-c-]-Y-Øn-ep-amWv. BI-bm¬ kwc-

£-W-Øn\v Chbv°v t\cn´v {]Xn-êw \¬Ip-∂Xv Ah-bpsS X{¥-{]-[m\ ÿm\-

tØbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£-W-Øn\v Ahbv°v e`y-am-°m≥I-gn-bp∂ ÿe-Øns‚

hnkvXo¿Æhpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-thWw.

(a) kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse tXm´-ßƒ:

tXm´-ßsf kwc-£-W-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-I. an° tXm´-ßfpw Ah-

cpsS `qan-bpsS Hcp \n›nX iX-am\w {]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ßƒ°mbn \o°n hbv°p-∂p≠v. ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a√. Chbv°v {]m[m\yw h\y-ar-K-ßƒ°p≈ k©m-c-]Yw

IqSn-bm-Wnh. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v hm¬]m-d-bnse tXbne tXm´-ß-fnse \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-Ifpw \oe-

250

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Kn-cn-bnse kn≥Kmc Im∏n-tXm-´-ß-fnse apƒs®-Sn-Im-Sp-Ifpw B\-I-fpsS k©m-c-]-Y-ß-fmWv.

BI-bm¬ Chn-S-ß-fn¬ `qan a‰m-h-iy-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°p∂ \nb-{¥W

DØ-c-hp-Ifpw ssPh-B-hmk hyh-ÿm-tk-h-\-ßƒ°v {]Xn-êw \¬Ip-∂Xpw ssItIm¿Øp-

t]m-sb-¶n¬ am{Xta kwc-£W e£yw t\Sm≥ Ignbq. hwi-\miw kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

knwl-hm-e≥ Ipc-ßp-Isf kwc-£n-°m-\mbn tXm´-ßƒ°p-≈nse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-ßƒ kwc-

£n-°p∂ Iº-\n-I-fp≠v. kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse h\-ßfpw ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒt]m-se-bp≈ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ

h\-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p∂ Iº-\n-I-fp≠v. C{]-Imcw kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Ahbv°v {]Xn-êw \¬IWw. Cu {]Xn-êw Ah¿°v t\cn´v ]W-ambn \¬I-W-sa-∂n√.

Hcp ]tcm£ AwKo-Im-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahbv°v Hcp "k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥' kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-

Sp-Øn-bm¬ AXv B Iº-\n-I-fpsS A¥ v Db¿Øp-Ibpw AXp-hgn Ah-bpsS Dev∏∂-ßƒ°v

B`y-¥c hn]-Wn-bnepw A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bnepw Db¿∂ hne e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

b. ]m´-`q-an-bnse tXm´-ßƒ

]m´-`q-an-bnse tXm´-ßƒ°pw C{]-Imcw {]Xn-êw \¬I-Wtam F∂Xv X¿°-hn-j-b-

amWv.]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hmZ-KXn Ct∏m-gsØ ]m´-Im-em-h[n Ah-km-\n-®m-ep-S≥ Cu `qan-

Iƒ XncnsI k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa-∂mWv. kzImcy DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈

`qan-bn-tebpw ]m´ hyh-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ̀ qan-bn-tebpw tXm -́ß-fpsS hnkvXo¿Æw kw_-‘n® IrXy-

amb IW-°n-s√-¶nepw c≠m-aXv ]d™ C\w tXm´-ßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-

hmWv. CØcw tXm´-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥Ww k¿°m¿ Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Chn-sS-bp≈ hen-

sbmcp hn`mKw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Imcyw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-bp≠v. Chsc sXmgn¬ cln-

X-cm-°p∂ {]iv\w kmaq-ly-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°m-ØXpw cmjv{So-b-ambn hfsc {]iv\-

ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xp-amWv.kztZin hr£-ß-fpsS tXm´-ß-fmbn Chsb am‰n-sb-¶n¬ am{Xta

Ch-bnse ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£Ww km≤y-amIq. em`˛\jvSm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzIm-cy-ta-J-

ebv°p am{Xta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ignbq. h\w ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-s‚bpw \nb-{¥nX

{]IrXn Sqdn-k-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp kwbp‡ X{¥-Øn-eqsS X\Xv tXm -́{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw

Ipd®v AØcw {]tZ-i-ß-fnse kpÿnc `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-\p≈ kmº-ØnI km[yX e`y-am-

°m≥ Ignbpw.

{]Xn-^-e-Øn-\p≈ kmº-ØnIkwhn-[m\w

C¥y-bnse lcn-X-ta-J-esb kwc-£n-°m\pw Ah-bpsS hnkvXo¿Æw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-

ambn \nc-h[n tZiob \b-ßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bhn-jv°-cn®v \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p≠v. h\-h¬°-c-

W-Øn\pw ]p\¿h-\-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw h\-kw-c-£-W-Øn\pw kmº-ØnI klmbw e`y-am-

°m-\p-]-I-cn-°p∂ A¥m-cmjv{S kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ cq]-s∏ v́ hcp-∂p≠v. ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse

h\-ß-sfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-sØbpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

Iº-\n-Iƒ°pw kaq-l-ßƒ°pw hy‡n-Iƒ°pw CØcw ]≤-Xn-I-fn-eqsS {]Xn-êw \¬Im≥

Ignbpw.

(a) {Ko≥ C¥ym-an-j≥

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ kw_-‘n® tZiob I¿Ω-]-≤-XnbpsS Iogn¬ cq]o-I-cn® 8

anj-\p-I-fn¬ H∂mWv lcnX C¥y-bv°m-bp≈ tZiob anj≥. Imem-h-ÿ-m hyXn-bm\ e-Lq-I-

cWw, `£y-kp-c£, Pe-kp-c£, ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-kw-c-£Ww, h\sØ B{i-bn-°p∂ kaq-l-

ß-fpsS PohnX kpc£ F∂n-h-bn¬ h\-ta-J-e-bv°p≈ kzm[o\w Cu anj≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-

∂p≠v. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ AXp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm\pw AXns\ eLq-I-cn-°m-\p-

ap≈ kwbp‡ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS t\cn-Sm-sa∂mWv anj≥ e£y-an-Sp-∂Xv. B \S-]Sn NphsS ]d-

bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ°v klm-bn°pw.

kpÿn-c-X-tbmsS ssIImcyw sNøp∂ h\-ß-fnepw a‰v ssPh-B-hmk hyh-ÿ-I-fnepw

Im¿_¨ Xmgp-∂Xv (carbon sinks) h¿≤n-∏n-°pI.

hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp-Ibpw a‰pw sNøp∂ kky-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-tfbpw ssPh Bhmk

hyh-ÿ-tbbpw amdp∂ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

251

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

h\sØ B{i-bn®v Ign-bp∂ kaq-l-ßsf CXp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

C°m-cy-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øn-\p≈ hy‡-amb ]¶pw `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ hntI-{μo-I-

cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw anj≥ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂p. {Kma-X-e-Øn¬ anjs‚ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-

fpsS ta¬t\m´w {Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v \¬Im-\mWv anj≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv. kwbp-‡-h\w amt\-

Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v {Kq∏p-Iƒ, hm≥ ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ XpSßn {Kma-k-`-Iƒ

cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ IΩn-‰n-Ifpw h\-A-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ IΩn-‰n-Ifpw ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤y-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-I-fnepw {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h\-Øns‚ hntI-{μoIrX `c-W-Øn-

\p≈ {]mY-anI ÿm]-\-ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØWw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Chbv°v

]n≥_ew \¬Im-\mbn h\w hnI-k\ GP≥kn-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns\ anj≥ ]n¥p-

Wbv°pw. hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bh-iy-amb kmº-Øn-Ihpw D≈ anj\v ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse

h\-ß-fpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn¬ P\-ß-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥

Ignbpw.

(b) kwÿm\ h\-h¬°-cW \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ°v amt\-Pvsa‚ v˛ Bkq-{XW AtXm-dnń

(CAMPA)

{]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\p h\y-Pohn amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw, Cu taJ-e-bnse

ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\pw a‰v A\p-_‘ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-tSbpw thKX h¿≤n-

∏n-°m-\p≈

Hcp-]-I-c-W-am-WnXv. NphsS ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Cu AtXm-dnń t{]m’m-ln-∏n°pw.

\ne-hn-ep≈ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ h\-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww, ]cn-c£, ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w, amt\-Pvsa‚ v

h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-£nX taJ-e-Iƒ°p-≈nepw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ Ah-bpsS Bhm-k-

tI-{μ-ß-fp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww, ]cn-c£, amt\-Pvsa‚ v

]I-c-ap≈ h\-h¬°-cWw.

]cn-ÿnXn tkh-\-ß-fpsS t{]m’m-l\w

Kth-jWw, ]cn-io-e\w, tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°¬

AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS ]°¬ hcp∂ henb XpI \in® h\-ß-fn¬ ]Icw h\-h¬°-cWw \S-

Øp-∂-Xn\pw kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse h\-h¬°-cWw hn]q-eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-

ßƒ°v t{]m’m-l-\-k-lm-b-ambn \¬Imw.

(c) tZiob h\-h¬°-c-W ssPh-hn-I-k\ t_m¿Uv (NAEB)

9˛mw ]≤-Xn-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ 4 ]≤-Xn-Iƒ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®mWv

tZiob h\-h¬°-cW ]cn-]mSn (NAP)°v cq]w \¬In-bXv. kwtbm-PnX h\-h¬°-cW˛ssPh-

hn-I-k\ t{]mPIvSv kvIow (IAEPS), {]mtZ-im-[n-jvTnX hndIv̨ Xo‰-]p¬ t{]mPIvSv kvIow(AOFFPS),Huj-[-k-ky-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ac-bn-X-c-h-\-D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hnI-k\˛kwc-£W kvIow

(NTFP), \in® h\-ß-fpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-Øn-\p≈ ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cptSbpw \n¿≤\ {Kmao-W-cp-

tSbpw Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ (ASTRP) F∂n-h-bmWv. C{]-Imcw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°-s∏´ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

Htc e£y-tØmsS {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kvIoap-I-fpsS _mlpeyw Ipd-bv°m\pw, ̂ ≠v e`y-am-°p-∂-

Xnepw kvIow \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xnepw GIo-IrX kz`mhw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw, Xmsg Xń¬ ^≠v

FØp-∂-Xnse Ime-Xm-akw Hgn-hm-°m\pw, ]≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-Ønepw \S-Øn-∏nepw P\-]-¶m-

fn-Ø-Øn\v HutZym-KnI cq]w ssIh-cp-Øm\pw th≠n-bmWv C{]-Imcw sNbvXXv. \in® h\-

ßƒ°pw h\-ta-J-e-I-tfmSv tN¿∂p≈ `qan-Iƒ°pw {]tXyI {i≤-\¬In-sIm≠v cmPysØ

ssPh-hn-I-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ssPh-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w, ac-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°¬,

h\-h¬°-c-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw tZio-b-h-\-h¬°-c-

W ssPh-hn-I-k\ t_m¿Un-\mWv. t_m¿Uns‚ Hcp {][m\ tPmen \in® h\-`q-an-I-fp-sSbpw

Ah-tbmSv tN¿∂v InS-°p∂ `qan-bp-sSbpw kpÿnc amt\-Pvsa‚pw P\-]-¶m-fn-Øhpw t{]m’m-

ln-°p-Ibpw ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ßƒ, k¿°m-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-Iƒ, k∂≤ GP≥kn-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS h\-h¬°-c-Whpw ssPh-hn-I-k-\hpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ P\-

252

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ap-t∂-‰sØ klm-bn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb s]mXp-hmb t_m[-h¬°-cWw \S-ØpI F∂Xv

t_m¿Uns‚ {][m\ Npa-X-e-I-fn-sem-∂mWv.

(d) ip≤-amb hnI-k\ kwhn-[m\w (CDM)

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ kw_-‘n® bp.F≥. s{^bnw h¿°v I¨sh≥js‚

(UNFCCC) Iogn-ep≈ Hcp ^≠nßv kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. h\-h¬°-c-Whpw ]p\¿h-\-h¬°-cW

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw CXn-epƒs∏Spw. CXn-\p-Io-gnse h\-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ Im¿_¨

hcp-am\w {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßƒ°pw I¿j-I¿°p-ambn \¬Ip-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. Hcp shSn°v

c≠v ]£n F∂ ssien-bn¬ CXv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßƒ°v t\´w e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa

BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ A¥-co-£-Ønse Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvssk-Uns‚ Afhv \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. BtKm-fm-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn t\´-ßƒ°v h\-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw {KmaoW kaq-

l-ßƒ°pw {]Xn-^ew \¬Ip-∂-XmWv. Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn≥ Iogn¬ C¥y-bpsS ]e-`m-KØpw

{]mtbm-Kn-I-amb kmt¶-Xn-Ihpw ÿm]-\-]-chpw Bb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ \nc-h[n h\-

h¬°-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ, h\-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-W-Ønepw ]¶m-fnØ coXn-bn¬

{KmaoW kaq-l-ß-fpsS kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Ønepw A\p-Iq-e-amb henb BLmXw

krjvSn-°m≥ Ign™p. GI-hn-f-tXm-´-ßƒ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-am°n cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-

bp≈ h≥InS ]p\¿h-ev°-cW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°pw Cu kwhn-[m\w A\p-tbm-Py-amWv. \ne-hn¬

C¥y-bnse 4 h\-h¬°-cW t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ°v A\p-aXn e`n-®n-´p≠v. Ah Ct∏mƒ \S-∏m-°¬

L´-Øn-emWv.

(e) dnÕvv (REDD)

Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\-Øn-\p≈ bp.F≥. s{^bnw-h¿°v I¨sh≥j-\n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øh¿

]e {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w eLq-I-cn-°m-sa∂v kΩ-Xn-®n-cp∂p. h\ \io-

I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw \ne-hm-c-X-I¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ lm\n-I-c-amb hmX-I-ß-fpsS

Afhv Ipd-bv°pI, h\-kw-c-£Ww, Im¿_¨ tÃm°v h¿≤n-∏n-°¬, h\-ß-fpsS kpÿn-c-am-

t\-Pvsa‚ v F∂nh kwbp-‡-ambn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (dnÕvvv - Reduced Emission from Deforestationand forest Degradation) F∂mWv. h\-ß-fpsS \io-I-c-W-Øn\pw lm\n-I-c-amb hmX-I-ßƒ ]pd-

Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-amb h\-Øn-t∑-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ kΩ¿±w Ipd-bv°m≥ ^e-{]-Z-amb

am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ F√m cmPy-ß-tfbpw "Im≥I¨' Icm¿ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p. doUns\

kpÿnc hnI-k-\hpw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn h\-kw-c-£-W-Ønepw amt\-

Pvsa‚nepw Im¿_¨ tÃm°nepw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-thWw h\-\-io-I-c-

Whpw h\-ß-fpsS \ne-hm-c-X-I¿®bpw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥. BI-bm¬ "dnÕv' {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

C¥y-bn¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Gsd-bmWv. {]mtZ-inI P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v A¿l-amb ]cn-

K-W\ \¬I-Wsa-∂p-am{Xw. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw tXSp∂ bp‡n-

k-l-am-sbmcp Bcw-`-tI-{μ-amWv ]›n-a-L´w.

Xocp-am-\-ßƒ

h\-kw-c-£-W-Ønepw amt\-Pvsa‚nepw {]mtZ-in-I-k-aq-l-ßsf ]s¶-Sp-∏n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-

iyhpw {]m[m-\yhpw C¥y Xncn-®-dn-™n-´p≠v. Bb-Xn-\m-emWv \nc-h[n \b-ßƒ°v cq]w

\¬Ip-Ibpw kwbp-‡-h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v ]cn-]m-Sn-t]m-se-bp≈ h≥]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n-h-cp-

∂Xpw. h\w kwc-£-W-Øn\pw amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw C¥ybv°v _lp-ap-J-ÿm-]-\-k-ao-]-\-am-Wp-

≈Xv. kwbp-‡-h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v, kmaq-ly-h-\-h¬°-cWw, Irjn-ÿ-e-h-\-h¬°-cWw XpS-

ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS h\w amt\-Pvsa‚n¬ \ap°v kº-∂-amb ]cn-N-b-ap-

s≠-¶nepw CXn¬ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw im‡o-I-c-Whpw ]cn-an-

X-amWv. hnim-e-amb Cu ]cn-N-bhpw \ne-hn-ep≈ \b-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ]pXnb ]cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ°pw kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ°pw Iogn¬ kpÿnc˛]¶m-fnØ h\-h¬°-c-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°m≥ kmº-Øn-Im-[n-Im-c-ßfpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw ssIam‰w sNøp-∂-Xp¬s∏-sS-bp≈ A\p-

tbm-Py-amb \b-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn®v \S-∏m-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-amWv. CX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Nne ip]m¿i-

Iƒ NphsS.

253

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(1) lcnX C¥ym-an-j≥ t]mse-bp≈ taev]-d™ tZiob ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ P\-ß-tfbpw {]mtZ-

inI kaq-l-ß-tfbpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ap-≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠v am{Xw Imcy-an√.

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw ^≠pw Xt±i ÿm]-\-

ßƒ°v ê-{]-Z-ambn ssIam‰w sNøWw.

(2) AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ip≤-amb hnk-I\ kwhn-[m\w, dnÕvt]m-se-bp≈ A¥m-cmjv{S kwhn-

[m-\-ß-fpsS ̂ ≠v D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn h≥InS ]≤-Xn-I-fn-eqsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w \S-ØWw.

Im¿_¨ h-c-hn-eq-sS-bp≈ XpI C{]-Imcw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßƒ°v ssIam‰w sNøp-∂-

Xn-\p≈ {Iao-I-cWw Ct∏mƒXs∂ Cu A¥m-cmjv{S kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-ep≠v.

(3) CØcw A¥m-cm-jv{S-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ ̂ ≠v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ßƒ°v ssIam‰w

sNøp-∂-Xn\v hy‡-amb am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°Ww. A√msX {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-

ß-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-]‰n ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-am-bn√. {]mtZ-inI kaqlw ap≥ssI

FSp-°p-Ibpw Ahbv°v Bh-iy-amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw kmº-ØnI hn`-hhpw \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hfsc ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ignbpw. ]s£ \mw

CXp-hsc CXn\v {ian-®n-ń√.

tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb Cu kwhn-[m\w th≠{X kmº-ØnI hn`-h-ß-fpw,

A[n-Im-c-hpw \¬In ]›naL´-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-bm¬ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ß-fpsS ê-{]-Z-

amb ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

temI-ss]-XrI I¨sh≥j≥

]›n-a-L´w kam-\-X-I-fn-√mØ Hcp ssPh-ss]-Xr-I-am-sW∂pw AXns\ kwc-£n®v ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw, Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hnI-k\ ]Ÿm-hn-eqsS AXns\ ]cn-c-£n-

°-W-sa∂pw D≈ Imcy-Øn¬ B¿°pw X¿°-an√. A°m-c-W-Øm-emWv ]›n-a-L-´sØ apgp-

h≥ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-bmbpw AXn¬ `qcn-`mKw {]tZ-i-ß-sfbpw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-

ta-Je H∂nepw c≠nepw Dƒs∏-Sp-sa∂pw Cu kanXn ip]m¿i-sN-øp-∂Xv. Cu taJ-e-I-fpsS

AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw, amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m\w, ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°¬ XpS-ßnbh Xmtg°v {Kma-

k-`-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ {]mtZ-inI LS-I-ßsf ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Cu kanXn

\n¿t±-in-°p∂p. hni-Z-amb Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ ka¿∏n-®n-´p≈ \n¿t±-i-

ß-tf-°mƒ "bps\kvtIm"bpsS ss]Xr-I-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS e£y-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn ssIh-

cn-°m≥ {]m]vX-am-sW∂v kanXn hniz-kn-°p∂p. bp.F≥. s]¿a-\‚ v t^md-Øns‚ \yqtbm¿°n¬

\S∂ 10˛maXv skj-\n¬ 2011 sabv17\v C¥y ka¿∏n® {]mtZ-inI {]iv\-ßƒ kw_-‘n®

\n¿t±-i-ßƒs°-Xnsc Db¿∂ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ XcWw sNøm≥ kan-Xn-bpsS Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v

Ignbpw (A\p-_‘w 3)

254

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 1 : tIc-f kwÿm\ ssPh-Irjn \bhpwI¿Ω-]-≤-Xnbpw, 2010

tIc-f-Ønse Irjn kpÿn-chpw BZm-b-I-chpw a’-c-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ {]m]vXhpw

B°p-Ibpw Hmtcm ]uc\pw hnjw Ie-cmØ Pehpw aÆpw ̀ £y-h-kvXp-°fpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-

bmWv {][m-\-e£yw.

]›m-Øew

C¥y-bpsS kº-∂-amb Im¿jnI Ncn{Xw _n.kn. 6˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬

XpS-ßp∂p. h¿jw-tXmdpw D≠m-°p∂ sh≈-s∏m-°-sØbpw XpS¿∂v ASn-bp∂ G°-en-s\bpw

B{i-bn-®m-bn-cp∂p A∂v Irjn. kpÿn-c-amb Irjn coXn-I-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amWv kn‘p-\-Zo-

X-S-kw-kvImcw. XpS¿∂v \ΩpsS kwkvIm-chpw Nn¥-bp-sa√mw Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

{]Xn-^-e-\-ambn. Cu ASpØ Imew hsc Ah ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-bn-cp∂p. apJy-hn-f-I-fpsS

hnf-sh-Sp∏v CØcw cmPyw apgp-h≥ BtLm-jn-°p∂p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Irjn-`q-ansb amXr-ssZhw AYhm Hcp kv{Xo BbmWv hn`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p-

≈Xv. {]k-h-tijw kv{Xo°v hn{iaw Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw Irjn ̀ qan°v

3 amkw hn{iaw \¬Ip∂p. Cu kabw Dgp-Xp-∂Xpw a‰pw I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p.

CsXms° A‘-hn-izm-k-ambn tXm∂m-sa-¶nepw Cu BNm-c-ßƒ°v ]n∂n-ep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn

kw_-‘-amb {]iv\w ag-°m-eØv Dgp-Xm¬ AXv asÆm-en-∏n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ CsXmcp

kpÿn-c-amb G¿∏m-S√. BI-bm¬ Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew apX¬Xs∂ kpÿn-c-X-bm-bn-cp∂ \ΩpsS

Irjn k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ apJ-ap{Z. ]cn-ÿnXn kwhn-[m-\-Øn\p Imem-h-ÿm- \n-ehm-c-Øn\pw

A\p-cq-]-am-bn-cp∂p ]c-º-cm-KX hnf-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ \ΩpsS Irjn k{º-Zmbw.

Xoc-tZi Pn√-I-fn¬ hfsc hym]-I-am-bn-cp∂ "s]m°mfn' Irjnbpw IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse

ssI∏mSv Irjn-co-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse am‰-ßƒ Irjn°v A\p-Iq-e-am°n am‰m-\p≈ a\p-jys‚

Ign-hn\v sXfn-hmWv. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-hp-amb {]{In-b-Isf sX√pw _m[n-°m-

ØXpw ]pdsa \n∂v as‰m∂pw Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-amWv kwtbm-PnX Irjn.

B[p-\nI Irjn F∂v \mw hnfn-°p∂ C∂sØ Irjn kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn

\mw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-h-cp∂ ssPh Bhm-k-hy-hÿm XXz-ß-tfmSv H´pw {]Xn-]-Øn-bn√. CXv ]cn-

ÿn-Xn-]-c-ambpw ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-ÿm-]-c-ambpw cmPysØ hn\m-i-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂p. lcn-

X-hn-πhw \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX C\-ßƒ°p ]Icw Dev]m-Z-\-tijn IqSnb C\-ßƒ cwK-Øn-

d°n. ]s£, Chbv°v e£yw ssIh-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ S¨ IW-°n\v cmk-hfw {]tbm-Kn-°Ww.

\ΩpsS aÆn\v A\y-amb Cu C\-ßƒ ]pXnb IoS-ß-tfbpw tcmK-ß-tfbpw H∏w Iq´n Chsb

\nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn h≥tXm-Xn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n®p. \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-

bn-te°v Cu hnj-h-kvXp-°ƒ {]tbm-Kn-®Xv \nc-h[n ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-ambn.

aÆnse kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ \in®p. aÆns‚ ̂ e-]p-jvSnbpw Du¿÷-kz-e-Xbpw \jvS-s∏´p.

sh≈-Øns‚ Bhiyw h≥tXm-Xn¬ Db¿∂p. Ime-Øns‚ ]co-£-W-ßsf AXn-Po-hn® \ΩpsS

]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-coXn C√m-Xmbn. I¿j-I\pw Irjn-`q-anbpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bfl-_‘w

\jvS-ambn. Irjn kwhn-[m-\-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kpÿn-cX C√m-Xmbn. Irjn sNehv A\n-b-

{¥n-X-ambn h¿≤n®p. I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øn¬ h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bn√. cmPy-Øns‚ `£y-kp-c-

£n-XXzw Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn.

Irjn-`q-an-bnse ssPh-km-∂n≤yw C∂v Hcp `qX-Ime Ncn-{X-ambn amdn. C∂v Irjn-bn-S-

ßƒ \ni-_vZ-amWv. AhnsS Xh-f-bpsS i_vZtam Xmdm-hns‚ hnfntbm a‰v Bc-h-ßtfm H∂p-

A\p-_‘ßƒ

255

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

an√. ssht°m¬ sIm≠v ac-®n-√-I-fn¬ Xqßn-°n-S∂v IqSp-≠m°n AXn¬ apń-bn-Sp∂ Ipcp-hn-

Isf C∂v an°-bn-S-ß-fnepw ImWm-\n√. hnf-Isf \in-∏n-°p∂ ]pgp-°-tfbpw IoS-ß-tfbpw

sImØn-Xn-∂p∂ ]e ]£n-Ifpw C∂v A\yw-\n-∂p-t]m-bn-cn-°p∂p.

`mKy-h-im¬ \ΩpsS h\-ta-J-e-bn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bn-

cp∂p.BIm-i-am¿§w IoS-\m-in\n sXfn-°p-∂Xv C¥y-bn-em-Zy-ambn ]co-£n-®Xv 1965¬ tIc-f-

Ønse tIm∂n t^mdÃv Unhn-j-\nse tX°v tXm´-ß-fn-emWv. AhnsS 48 aWn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬

\in-∏n-°m≥ e£y-an-SmØ 162 C\w Pohn-Iƒ NsØm-Spßn.

am\-kn-I-ambpw imco-cn-I-ambpw hnI-emw-K-cmb Imk¿tIms´ ]m{Zn-Km-a-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ

BIm-i-Øn-eqsS IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Xfn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew a\p-jy-\p-≠m-Ip∂ Zpc-¥-ßƒ°v temI-

Øn\v ap∂nse tNmZy-Nn-”-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p.

Cu "B[p-\nI' kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS ê-ambn hmbphpw sh≈hpw aÆpw aen-\-oI-cn-°-s∏-

ń-cn°p∂p. `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw a‰v Im¿jnI D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sa√mw hnj-en-]vX-amWv. Irjn-bn-S-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Ie¿∂ Pew Hgp-In-sbØn. \Zn-Iƒ, Ipf-ßƒ,Pem-i-b-ßƒ Dƒs∏-

sS-bp≈ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ aen-\o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah-bnse Poh-Po-e-ßfpw \mi-`-j-Wn-bn-

emWv. a’y-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw teml-ßfpw ImWp∂p.

Btcm-Ky-Øn-\p≈ òjWn Duln-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-t\-°m-tf-sd-bmWv. amc-I-amb tcmK-

ß-fpsS B{I-aWw Kpcp-X-c-amWv. \K-c-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ B[p-\nI kuI-cy-ß-fp≈ Bip-]-{Xn-

Iƒ emt`-—-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hyh-km-b-ß-fmWv. Huj-[-\n¿Ωm-W-im-e-Iƒ hf¿∂p

]¥-en-°p∂p.

`£y-hn-f-Iƒ Xosc BI¿j-I-a-√m-Xm-hpbpw \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ hfsc em`-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. s\¬h-b-ep-Iƒ apgp-h≥ Im¿jnI CXc Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn \nI-Øp∂p. Ign™ 20

h¿j-ambn \mWy-hn-f-tXm-´-ßƒ {Iam-Xo-X-ambn h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw (d∫¿16 %) `£y-hnf Irjn

hfsc Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (samØw Irjn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ shdpw 9% am{Xw) kmº-

ØnI t\´-ap≈ CØcw GI-hnf Irjn asÆm-en-∏n\pw aÆns‚w ê-`q-bn-jvTX h≥tXm-Xn¬

\jvS-s∏-Sm\pw CS-bm-°p∂p. Ign™ 50 h¿j-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ cmk-hkvXp

A[n-jvTn-X-Ir-jn-coXn \mfn-tIcw, Iip-amhv, Ipcp-ap-fIv, Im∏n,tXbne, Ge°, AS° XpSßn

kmº-ØnI t\´-ap≈ hnf-I-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-tijn apc-Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°-bmWv. CXn\p ]pdta tIc-f-

Ønse ]e `mK-ßfpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Pe-£maw A\-`-hn-°p-I-bmWv. kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ CXv

hfsc Kuc-h-ambn FSp-°p-Ibpw 11˛mw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ B hnj-b-Øn\v Db¿∂ ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.

CXn-s\√mw ]pdta kmº-ØnI DZm-c-h¬°-c-Whpw temI hym]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS \b-

ßfpw Pew Im¿jnI Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hne-bn-Sn-bp-∂Xv I¿j-Is‚ IjvS-]m-Sp-Ifpw òXnbpw

]Xn-∑-Sßv h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p. Db¿∂ Irjn sNehv t\cn-Sm-\mbn hmbv]-sb-Sp-°p∂ I¿j-I¿

IS-s°-Wn-bn¬ AI-s∏-Sp∂p. CXmWv ]e-t∏mhpw I¿j-Is\ Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°v \bn-°p-

∂Xv. Irjn-bnse \nt£]w C∂v I¿j-I-\n¬ \n∂v amdn I¿j-I\v hnØpw hfhpw a‰pw

\¬Ip∂ Iº-\n-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-hp-I-bmWv CXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ambn I¿j-Is‚ an® hcp-

am\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw Irjnsb ]n¥p-W-bv°p∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ cmPyØv Xg®v hf-cp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.

\ΩpsS Nn√d hym]m-c-cwKw tZiob _lp-cm-jv{S-I-º-\n-Iƒ°v Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°m-\p≈

Xocp-am\w \ΩpsS `£y-]-c-am-[n-Im-c-sØbpw kpc-£nX `£-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sØbpw

l\n-°p-∂-XmWv. tZiob _lp-cm-jv{S-I-º-\n-I-fpsS IpØ-I-bmb P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Ønb hnØp-

Iƒ Irjn-sN-øm-\p≈ Xocp-am\w I¿j-Is‚ \Sp-shm-Sn-°p-∂-XmWv.

lcn-X-hn-π-h-Øns‚ `mK-amb Db¿∂ Dev]m-Z\ tijn-bp≈ C\-ßƒ ˛ cmk-hfw˛IoS-

\m-in\n' Iq´p-sI-ń-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ kacw Hcp \jvS-°-®-h-S-am-sW∂v an° I¿j-I¿°pw Ct∏m-

g-dnbmw. ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \mńse Zp¿_-e-amb ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS A[:]X-\-

amWv Pe-£maw, t]mj-Im-lm-c-£maw, Dev]m-Z-\-£-aXm \jvSw, Im¿jnI kwL¿j-ßƒ

F∂n-h-bv°m-[mcw.

256

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-ÿbv°v tIm´w X´msX ]c-ºcy- kp-ÿnc Irjn-co-Xn-bn-te°v aS-ßn-

t∏m-hp-I-bmWv C∂sØ {]Xn-k-‘n°v ]cn-lm-c-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I¿°v t_m[y-s∏-´p-

I-gn™p. ' Pohn-°pI, Pohn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°pI' F∂ hnime XXz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ssPh-

Irjn kwhn-[m\w tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®p-I-gn™p.

ssPh-Irjn F∂Xv hnf Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn-\n-ev°p-∂n√. arK-kw-c-£Ww,

£oc-hn-I-k-\w, tImgn-h-f¿Ø¬, ]∂n-h-f¿Ø¬, h\-h¬°-cWw, tX\o® hf¿Ø¬ XpS-ßn-

b-hbpw Np‰p-ap≈ Irjn-sN-ømØ ssPh-ssh-hn≤yhpw CXn-epƒs∏Spw.

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS Kpcp-X-c-amb tZmj-h-i-ß-sf-∏‰n D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v \√ Adn-hp-≈-Xn-

\m¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-bnse `£y-D¬∏-∂-ßƒ°v Bh-iy-°m¿ IqSp-X-emWv. BI-bm¬ ssPh-

Irjn t{]m’m-ln-∏n®v Hmtcm ]uc\pw Xmßm-hp∂ hnebv°v hnj-c-lnX `£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw k¿°m-cn-\p-≈-XmWv.

Dev]mZw Ipd-bp-Ibpw cmPyw Hcn-°¬ IqSn `£y-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°v Iq∏p-Ip-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp-sa∂ A`yq-l-ß-fm¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb ]‰n kwi-b-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-

bn-cp∂p. Cu kwi-b-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp∂p.

ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Db¿∂ Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb kw_-‘n® hnP-b-Km-Y-Iƒ C∂v \nc-h-[n-

bmWv. ssPh-Ir-jnbpw ̀ £y-kp-c£ 2007 kw_-‘n® A¥m-cmjv{S ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ̀ £y˛Irjn

kwL-S\ C{]-Imcw dnt∏m¿´p-sNbvXp. "h\-`qan Irjn-°mbn am‰m-sXbpw cmk-h-f-ßƒ D]-

tbm-Kn-°m-sXbpw BtKm-f-Irjn amt\-Pvsa‚n-te°v am‰n-bm¬ BtKmf Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z\w

Hcmƒ°v Hcp Znhkw 2640 apX¬ 4380 Intem-I-temdn hsc-bmIpw. hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn¬ ssPh-

Irjn coXn-I-fpsS kpÿnc {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Dev]m-Z\w 56 iX-am\w hsc h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p.

ssPh-Ir-jn-bnse Dev]m-Z\w icm-icn ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn Dev]m-Z-\-tØmSv Xmc-Xayw sNøm-hp-

∂-XmWv. Db¿∂ cmk-h-fhpw a‰pw \¬Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ \n∂v ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-te°v amdp-tºmƒ

XpS-°-Øn¬ Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw AtX kabw Ipd™ tXmXn¬ hfhpw a‰pw \¬Ip∂

coXn-bn¬ \n∂v ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-te°v amdp-tºmƒ D¬]m-Z\w Cc´n BIp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]c-º-cm-

K-X-Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ slIvS-dn¬ 33 apX¬ 56 hsc iX-am\w Du¿÷w Ipdt®

ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-S-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≈q.

BtKm-f-X-e-Øn-en-t∏mƒ 22.81 Zi-e£w slIvS-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-iØv ssPh-Irjn

sNøp-∂p≠v. CXnse D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hn]Wn hne 3 e£w tImSn (30 _ney¨ tUmf¿)

tUmf-dn-\-Sp-Øp-hcpw. shdpw 42.402 NXp-c{i ssa¬ am{Xw hnkvXo¿Æhpw 11.3 Zi-e£w P\-ß-

fp-ap≈ Iyq_ ]q¿Æ-ambpw ssPh-Irjn sNøp∂ cmPy-am-sW∂ Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-

am-Wv.

ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Ncn{Xw

c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w apX¬ Irjn°v IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂p. XpS°w

apX¬Xs∂ cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-W-sØ-]‰n Bi-¶ƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1964¬

{]kn-≤o-I-cn® td®¬ Im¿ks‚ ' sske‚ v kv{]nßv' F∂ ]pkvXIw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-te-°p≈

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS BLm-XsØ ]‰n imkv{Xob hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-

ßƒ 1970 Ifnepw hnI-kz-c-cm-Py-ßƒ AXn-\p-ti-jhpw Un.Un.‰nbpsS {]tbmKw \ntcm-[n-s®-

¶nepw hnhn-[-bn\w hnj-ap≈ IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ XpS¿∂pw Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p.

td®¬ Im¿ks‚ imkv{Xob {]h-N-\-ßƒ kXy-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ P\-

ßfpw I¿j-I\pw imkv{X-⁄cpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS A]-ISw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmk-

h-kvXp-c-lnX Irjn-bpsS XpS°w Ahn-sS-\n-∂mWv. Kth-j-W-ßfpw ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-I-

fpsS ]co-£-W-ßfpw aÆv˛hnf amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ ]pXnb amXr-I-Ifpw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-

b-X-ß-s\-bmWv.

Ign™ \me©v Zi-I-ß-fmbn Hcp kpÿnc Irjn-coXn Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {ia-Øn-emWv

imkv{X-⁄¿. 1905 apX¬ 1924 hsc C¥y-bn¬ Irjn D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cp∂p k¿ B¬_¿´v

slmhm¿UmWv Cu cwKØv ap∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ.A±lw cNn® '' B≥ -A-{Kn-Iƒ®-

257

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

d¬ sSkv‰-sa‚ v' F∂ ]pkvXIw C¥y-bnse ssPh-Ir-jnsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ BZy B[n-Im-

cnI {KŸ-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬Xs∂ ssPh-hf \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v BZy-

ambn cq]w \¬In-bXpw At±-l-amWv. _n¬ sam≈n-k¨, slmƒsa≥ F∂n-h-cpsS 1970 Ifnse

ÿmbn-bmb Im¿jnI ]co-£-W-ßƒ temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ I¿j-I¿°v {]Xo-£-tbIn. CXns‚

Ae-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-ap-≠mbn. \nc-h[n I¿j-I¿ Chn-sSbpw Cu Irjn-co-Xn ]co-£n®p tIc-

f-Ønse `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Db¿∂ ag e`y-Xbpw aÆpw Pehpw kwc-£n-

°m\pw Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnse Dev]m-Z-\-tijn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn\v

G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Irjn-co-Xn-bm-Wn-sX∂v I¿j-I¿°v t_m[y-s∏´p. Ata-cn-°≥ Irjn-

h-Ip-∏n¬ 1983 ¬ ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿ń¬ Irjn imkv{X-⁄-cmb tdm_¿´v ]m]≥UnIv, Pbnw-

kv]m¿ F∂n-h¿ cmk-Io-S-\m-i-n-\n-Ifpw hf-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Irjn-co-Xn°v ]Icw kpÿn-

c-amb Irjnsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ Kth-j-W-Øn-te°v {i≤-tI-{μo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m-\y-

sØ-]‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v.

1984 se t`m∏m¬ Zpc¥w C¥y-bn-sebpw hntZ-i-sØbpw P\-ß-fpsS IÆp Xpd-∏n®p.

]Icw kwhn-[m\w Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Kuc-h-X-c-amb N¿®bv°v CXv Bcw`w Ipdn®p. I¿j-I-

\mbn amdnb P∏m-\okv imkv{X-⁄≥ akm-t\m_p ^pt°m° 1984 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ""H‰

ssht°m¬ hnπhw' F∂ ]pkvXIw Ign™ Ac \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ At±-l-Øns‚ {]Ir-Xn-

ZØ Irjn-co-Xn-bpsS hnPbw hnh-cn-°p∂p. 1985 ¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb CXns‚ ae-bmfw ]cn-`mj

tIc-f-Ønepw CXp-kw-_-‘n® N¿®-Iƒ°v B°w Iqń. ssPh-Du¿÷ Irjn At\Iw I¿j-

Isc BI¿jn® ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS as‰mcp cq]-amWv.

B{‘, I¿Æm-SI, Xan-gv\mSv, KpP-dmØv, alm-cmjv{S, ]©m_v, tIcfw XpS-ßnb kwÿm-

\-ß-fnepw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ I¿j-Icpw I¿jI kwL-S-\-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ Irjn-

bpsS kpÿn-cX Bi-¶-bp-b¿Øn. hnØpw hfhpw Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ Irjn-B-h-iy-ßƒ°v I¿j-

I¿ ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]pd-Øp-≈-hsc B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv I¿j-I-k-aq-l-Øns\ \ncm-i-bn-te°pw Hcp

Im¿jnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°pw sIms≠-Øn®p. Irjn kpÿn-c-am-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]Icw kwhn-

[m-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ LSI-ßƒ Ipd-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kpÿnc IrjncoXn°v ]e

ÿe-ß-fnepw {]tXy-In®pw sNdp-InS \ma-am{X I¿j-I-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ \√ {]Nmcw e`n®p. 1990

Ifnse Im¿jnI {]Xn-k‘n Cu \o°sØ i‡n-s∏-SpØn. \nc-h[n hy‡n-Ifpw kwL-S-\-

Ifpw I¿j-I-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \SØn. B[p-\nI Irjn-co-Xn-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ Ahsc

t_m[y-s∏-SpØn.

Aßs\ efn-X-amb Bcw-`-Øn¬ \n∂v ssPh-Irjn ]IzX {]m]n®v kv{Xoim-‡o-I-cWw,

hnØv kwc-£Ww, hnØv _m¶p-I-fpsS hnI-k\w, aqey-h¿≤\ `£y˛t]mj-Im-lmc kpc-£n-

XXzw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-te°v ]S¿∂v ]¥-en®p. Cu am‰-Øn\v shdpw 10,12 h¿jta th≠n-h-

∂p≈q. êw hfsc t{]m’m-l-\-P-\-I-am-bn-cp∂p.

Ct∏mƒ kwÿm-\Øv kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ßƒ, tXbne, Im∏n XpS-ßnb \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ

hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-Iƒ e£y-an´ Irjn-sN-øp∂ k¿ń-ssÛv ssPh-I¿j-Icpw `£y-hn-f-Iƒ°pw

ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ t\m¨k¿ń-ssÛv ssPh-I¿j-Icpw [mcm-f-ap≠v.

Ah-sc-√m-hcpw Xs∂ aÆns‚ BtcmKyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-h-cmWv.

I¿j-I-cpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-\mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp A{I-Un-‰Uv Hm¿Km-\nIv k¿ń-^-

bnwßv GP≥kn-bp≠v.

""s]m°mfn', ssI∏mSv XpS-ßnb Irjn coXn-Ifpw hb-\m-ńse "Poc-I-ime', "K‘-I-ime'

XpS-ßnb s\√n-\-ßfpw kwÿm-\-Øp-S-\o-f-ap≈ Ic-Ir-jn-bp-sa√mw ssPh-Ir-jn-bmWv. kwÿm-

\sØ Ic-Ir-jn-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw kmº-Øn-I-t\-´-hp-sams° ]T-\-ßƒ hy‡-am-°n-

bn-´p≠v. CubnsS Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse ASm´v ]©m-bØv Iq´p-Ir-jn-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS 2500

G°-dn¬ s\¬Irjn \SØn. ASm´v amXrI F∂mWv CXn-t∏mƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. AXp-

t]mse Xs∂ hb-\mSv Pn√-bnse ac-∏≥aq-e-bn¬ \qdp-I-W-°n\v I¿j-Isc Dƒs∏-SpØn \S-

Ønb ssPh-Irjn Cu taJ-e-bnse as‰mcp amXr-I-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

ssPh-D-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-W-\hpw ]e-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ]co-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥-

258

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]p-csØ ssPh _km¿, Xriq-cn-sebpw tImgn-t°m-s´bpw Ct°m˛tjm∏p-Iƒ, Xriq-cnse ssPh-

Irjn tkh-\-tI{μw F∂nh Ch-bn¬ Nne-XmWv. kv{XoI-fpsS kzbw-k-lm-b-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ Nne

]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ ]®-°-dn-I-fpsS ssPh-Irjn Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øp∂p≠v.

ssPh-Irjn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m\pw hym]n-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ km≤yX tIc-f-Øn¬ hfsc IqSp-

X-emWv.

ImcWw a‰v kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ AssP-h-Ir-jn-bpsS BLmXw

tIc-f-Øn¬ Kpcp-X-c-a√. cmk-h-f-Øn-s‚bpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw 2002 ˛03 se icm-icn D]-

t`mKw slIvS-dn\v 90 Intem-{Kmapw 288 {Kmapw BWv. tIc-f-Øn-enXv 60 Intem-{Kmapw 224 {Kmapw

BWv. Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-amb cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnse Cu anXXzw I¿j-

Isc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv Ffp-∏-am-°p∂p.

Cu bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm\ Irjn-h-Ip∏v ssPh-

Irjn t{]m’m-l\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v 2002˛ 2003¬ {]mcw`w Ipdn®p. sXm -́SpØ h¿jw kpÿn-

c-Ir-jnbpw ssPh-Ir-jnbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-\p≈ sk√n\v hIp∏v cq]w \¬In. ssPh-Irjn

Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS hn]-W-\-Øn-\mbn "tIcf Hm¿Km-\nIv' "tIc-f- \m-®p-d¬kv' F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬

c≠v {_m‚p-Iƒ Irjn-h-Ip∏v XpSßn. \ne-hn-ep≈ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\Øv 7000 tØmfw

I¿j-I¿ 5750 slIvS-dn¬ ssPh-Irjn \S-Øp-∂p≠v. F∂m¬ bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ IW°v

CXnepw hfsc IqSp-Xembncn°pw.

ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS t\´-ßƒ

Irjnsb IqSp-X¬ em`-I-chpw kpÿn-chpw A`n-am-\-I-chpw B°p∂p.

[mXp-°fpw aÆpw \jvS-s∏-SmsX kwcn-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ aÆns‚ ê-`q-bn-jvSX

\ne\n¬°p∂p.

ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ kº-∂-am°n kwc-£n-°p∂p.

Pew Ipd-®p-am{Xw aXn-sb-∂-Xn-\¬ Pe kwc-£-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p.

Im¿jn-I-ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-tbbpw {]Ir-Xn-ZØ `p{]-Ir-Xn-tbbpw kpÿnc Dev]m-Z-

\-Øn-\mbn sa®-s∏-SpØn kwc-£n-°p∂p.

]mc-º-tcy-Xc Irjn-hn-`-h-ßsf IqSp-X-embn B{i-bn-°p∂p.

]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-KsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p.

hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Hcp Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aÆns‚

ê`q-bn-jvT-Xbpw I¿j-Is‚ hcp-am-\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.

amen-\y-ap-‡-amb hmbp, Pew, aÆv, Blmcw, {]Ir-Xn-ZØ ssPh Bhm-k-hy-hÿ F∂nh

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

Im¿jnI ssPh-ssh-hn-≤ysØ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

Irjn-coXn, kwkvI-cWw, hnØns‚ KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n-∏n-°¬ F∂n-h-bn-se-√m-ap≈ ]mc-

º-cy hn⁄m-\sØ IrXy-ambn kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ch `mhn-X-e-ap-d-bv°mbn kq£n-

®p-sh-bv°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.

{]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-amb hn`-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Dev]m-Z\ sNehv Ipd-bp∂p.

t]mj-I-k-º-∂hpw kºq¿Æhpw KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈-Xp-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Bh-iym-\p-

k-cWw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Btcm-Ky-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp kky-kw-kvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂p.

Im¿_¨ ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipd-bp∂p

ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw cmk-Ir-jn-bpsS kpÿn-c-Xbn-√m-bvabpw Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb

òj-Wnbpw kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \∂mbn a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p≠v. Bb-Xn-\m-emWv kwÿm-\-

259

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Øns‚ ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-X-{¥-Ønepw I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-bnepw kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-≤ysØ

kwc-£n-°m\pw Cu Aaqey hn`-hsØ Pohn-°m-\mbn B{i-bn-°m-hp∂ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-

fpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\pw Hcp ssPh-Irjn \bw \ap°v thW-sa∂v \njv°¿jn-°p-∂Xv.

ssPh-Irjn \bhpw I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£y-ßfpw

(1) Irjn kpÿn-chpw em`-I-chpw A`n-am-\-I-c-hp-am-Ip∂p.

(2) aÆns‚ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ ^e-`q-bn-jvS-Xbpw Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p.

(3) aÆv, Pe-kw-c-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

(4) Irjn-bpsS ssPh-kp-c-£n-X-Xzhpw ̀ £y˛t]mj-Im-lmc kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

(5) ssPh Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v I¿j-I¿ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ Xt±-i-hn-]-Wn-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

(6) Im¿jn-I-cm-k-h-kvXp-°fpw a‰v lm\n-I-c-amb hkvXp-°fpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°p-

Ibpw cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ie-cmØ sh≈hpw aÆpw, hmbphpw, Blm-chpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-

Ibpw sNøp∂p.

(7) hnØv, Blmcw, ]c-am-[n-Imcw F∂nh Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

(8) ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]cn-ÿnXn Irjnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p.

(9) D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ssPh-L-S-I-ß-fnepw Im¿jn-I-D¬∏-∂-ß-fnepw KpW-\n-e-hmc \nb-{¥Ww

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂p.

(10) kpc-£n-X-amb Im¿jnI D¬]-∂-ßfn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ Btcm-Ky-c-£sb klm-bn-°p-

∂p.

(11) Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]mc-º-cy-hn-⁄m-\sØ kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.

e£y-ßsf `£y˛Irjn kwL-S-\-, (FAO) C{]-Imcw hnh-cn-°p∂p ""{]IrXn hn`-h-ß-

fpsS Dev]m-Z\£aX, sshhn≤yw, kwc-£Ww F∂n-hbpw I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-am-\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-

°pI hgn ssPh-Irjn `£y-e-`yX sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. hn⁄m\w I¿j-I-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]¶n-Sp-

∂Xpw as‰m-cp-sa-®-amWv. CXv Zmcn{Zyw eLq-I-cn-°m\pw {Kmao-W¿ sXmgn¬tXSn a‰n-S-ß-fn-

te°v IpSn-tb-dp-∂Xv XS-bm\pw klm-bn°pw. ̀ £y-e-`yX sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \b-Øn¬ I¿j-

I¿°v hnØn\pw {]mtZ-inI C\-ßƒ°pw, ssPh sshhn-≤y-Øn\pw D≈ Ah-Imiw, irwJ-e-

bn-epS\ofw \ymb-hne kwhn-[m\w, ASn-b-¥nc klm-b-Øn\pw hnfhv hmßm-\p≈ Xmßp-

hne k{º-Zmbw, Xt±i I¿j-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w F∂n-h-

sb√mw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.''

X{¥-ßfpw I¿Ω-]-≤-Xnbpw

s]mXp-k-ao-]\w

tIc-fsØ Hcp ssPh kwÿm-\-am°n am‰m-\p≈ DZy-a-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\v Irjn-`q-an-

bpsS 10 iX-am-\-sa-¶nepw Hmtcm h¿jhpw ssPh-Ir-jn-°mbn am‰n-sh®v 5 apX¬ 10 h¿j-Øn-

\p-≈n¬ L´w L´-ambn kwÿm-\sØ Hcp ]p\¿ssP-h-kw-ÿm-\-ambn am‰m≥ Ignbpw. ssPh-

Irjn \bw \S-∏m°n XpSßn aq∂mw h¿jw I¿j-I-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[nIsfbpw imkv{X-⁄-

tcbpw Dƒ--s∏-SpØn Hcp hnZ-Kv[-kanXn cq]o-I-cn®v I¿j-I-cpsS t£aw, kmº-ØnI \ne, ]cn-

ÿnXn F∂nh hni-Z-ambn hne-bn-cpØn A]m-I-X-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ]cn-l-cn-®-tijw am{Xta \bw

IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°mhq.

ssPh-I¿j-Is‚ \n¿Δ-N\w

ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS NphsS ]d-bp∂ aq∂v A\p-t]-£-Wob LS-I-ßƒ ]men-°p-∂-h¿

am{Xta ssPh I¿j-Is‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn¬ s]Sp-I-bp≈q.

260

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. `£y-hn-f-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ k¶c Irjn-co-Xn-A-h-ew-_n-°p∂ I¿j-I¿

2. aÆn-s‚bpw sh≈-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ I¿j-I¿.

3. Irjn `qan-bpsS ssPh sshh≤yw kwc-£n-°p∂ I¿j-I¿

X{¥w ˛ 1 ˛ cmPy-Øn\pw I¿j-I¿°pw hnØn-t∑¬ ]c-am-[n-Imcw

I¿a-]-≤Xn

1.1 ssPh-Ir-jn°p am{X-ambn hnØv {Kma-ßƒ ÿm]n-°pI

1.1 (a) ]©m-bØv Xe-Øn¬ hnØp-Iƒ, ssXIƒ, ]c-º-cm-KX arK-{]-P-\\ kuI-cy-

ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\v ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßpI. tIcf Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I-

em-im-ebpw a‰v Im¿jnI Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ Xt±-io-bhpw

k¶-c-bn-\-ß-fp-amb \√ \ne-hm-c-ap≈ hnØp-Ifpw a‰pw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw e`y-am-°m-

\p≈ kzbw ]cym-]vXX \mw CXn-eqsS ssIh-cn°pw.

1.1 (b) ]c-º-cm-K-Xhpw Hmtcm ÿe-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-hp-am-b-Xpƒs∏sS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈

hnØp-Iƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏nØv kw`-cn®v bYm-k-abw e`y-am-°m≥ I¿j-I-kw-L-ß-fpsS Xe-

Øn¬ hnØp-_m-¶p-Ifpw hnØv kl-I-cW kwL-ßfpw Bcw-`n-°p∂p.

1.1 (c) tIcf Im¿jn-I-k¿Δ-I-em-im-ebpw a‰v Im¿jnI Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v

ssPh-]-c-ambn KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ hnØp-Iƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂p.

1.1 (d) ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kw`-cW/kwc-£W kuI-cy-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°pI.

1.2 ssPh-ssh-hn≤y amt\-Pvsa‚ v Iº-\n-Iƒ Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-X-e-Øn¬ Dev]m-Zn-

∏n® hnØp-Iƒ, hnX-cWw \S-Øn-bXv XpS-ßnb hnh-c-ßƒ Xøm-dm°n P\n-X-I-am‰w

hcp-Ønb hnØp-I-fp-sSbpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√mØ hnØp-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw XS-bWw.

1.3 {Kma- ]-©m-bØv ˛kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Ønb hnØp-I-fn¬ \n∂v kzX-

{¥-ambn F∂v {]Jym-]n-°Ww.

1.4. hnØp-I-fpsS hne \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

1.5. Hmtcm Im¿jnI˛Imem-hÿm taJ-e-bnepw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnØp-I-

fpsS e`yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw

X{¥w ˛2 ˛ ssPh-Ir-jn-\bw L´w L -́ambn \S-∏m-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

2.1 kwÿm-\Øv ssPh-Ir-jn-bp-sSbpw I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw h\y-ssP-h-ta-J-e-bnse Irjn sNøp-

∂Xpw sNøm-Ø-Xp-amb ÿe-ß-fp-tS-Xpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ X¬ÿnXn hne-bn-cp-ØWw.

2.2. [m\y-ßƒ,]gw, ]®-°dn XpS-ßnb hm¿jnI hnf-Iƒ 5 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈nepw a‰v Irjn-Iƒ

10 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈nepw ]q¿Æ-ambn ssPh-]-c-am-°m≥ ]cym-]-Xy-amb Hcp I¿Ω-]-≤Xn

Xøm-dm-°pI.

2.3. ssPh-Irjn L´w L´-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb XpI Xt±i `cW ÿm]-\-

ß-fpsS Bkq-{XnX {]{In-b-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp I¿Ω-]-≤-Xn°v cq]w \¬IpI.

2.4. {]fb km[y-X-bp≈ Pn√-Iƒ, hcƒ®m _m[nX Pn√-Iƒ, `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-

°p∂ Pn√-Iƒ, Kncn-h¿§ Pn√-Iƒ XpSßn k¶o¿Æ {]iv\-ß-fp≈ Pn√-Iƒ°v {]tXyI

Du∂¬ \¬IWw.

2.5 tIc-f-Ønse Kncn-h¿§ taJ-e-bnse apgp-h≥ Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-ambpw

ssPh-]-c-am-°Ww.

261

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

X{¥w˛3 ˛ Iqń-Irjn k{º-Zmbw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

3.1 ssPh I¿j-I-cpsS {]tXy-In®v h\nX ssPh I¿j-I-cpsS {Kq∏p-Iƒ, ¢∫p-Iƒ, kzbw

klmb {Kq∏p-Iƒ, kl-I-cW kwL-ßƒ F∂nh cq]o-I-cn®v Irjnbpw Irjn-°m-h-iy-

amb hnØpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Im¿jnI kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw Dev]m-Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw

hn]-W-\hpw kpK-a-am-°pI.

3.2. k¿ń-^n-t°-js‚ ]¶m-fnØ Kymc≠n kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-®-Xp-t]mse Hmtcm

{Kq∏nepw Ipd-™Xv 5 t]cp-≠m-bn-cn°-Ww.

3.3 tIc-f-Ønse ]®-°dn˛]g-h¿§ t{]m’m-l\ Iu¨kn¬, amc-∏≥aqe kl-I-c-W-kwLw,

s\√n-\m-bp≈ ASm´v kl-I-c-W-kwLw, Kmek, IÆq¿ sI.hn.sIbpsS \n›nX taJe

{Kq∏v kao-]\w, lcnX {io XpS-ßnb A\p-I-c-Wob amXr-I-I-fmWv.

3.4. ssPh Irjn kwhn-[m\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn IpSpw-_{io, h\-kw-c-£W kanXn, Xoc-

k-anXn, {Kma-l-cnX kanXn F∂n-hsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

X{¥w 4 ˛ aÆv-̨ -Pe kwc-£Ww i‡-am-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

4.1 \ne-hn-ep≈ hnip-≤-Im-Sp-Iƒ, Ipf-ßƒ, I≠¬Im-Sp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kwc-£W taJ-e-

I-fmbn {]Jym-]n®v Ah-bpsS kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI.

4.2. \o¿ØS hnI-k\ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ssPh-Irjn kao-]\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb

kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw e`y-am°n Ct∏mƒ \S-∂p-h-cp∂ \o¿ØS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-I-fn-eqsS

aÆv˛Pe kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI.

4.3. \o¿ØS hnI-k-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-ń-´p≈ hyXykvX ÿm]-\-ßƒ kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v ssPh-

Irjn Hcp apJy-L-S-I-ambn \S-∏m-°pI.

4.4 kq£va \o¿Ø-S-X-e-Øn¬ `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Im¿jnI ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-hp-amb kml-N-

cy-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb DNn-X-amb Im¿jn-I-co-Xn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw A\p-tbm-

Py-a-√mØ hnf-Ifpw Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

4.5. tIcf Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I-em-im-ebpw a‰v Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ßfpw I¿j-I-cp-ambn tN¿∂p≈

]¶m-fnØ Kth-j-W-Øn-eqsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnf-Ifpw {]mtZ-in-I-km-l-N-cy-Øn\v

tbmPn® kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

4.6 `qhp-S-a-Iƒ°pw ]m¿´v˛ssSw I¿j-I¿°pw Bh-iy-amb kmº-ØnI klmbw \¬In Ah-

cpsS `qan ssPh-Ir-jn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°Ww.

4.7. ip≤-Pe XSm-I-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]c-º-cm-KX Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw sNbvXv

kwc-£n-°m\pw ag-sh≈ kw`-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw Ipg¬In-W-dp-Iƒ°v \nb-{¥Ww

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm\pw \ne-hn-ep≈ InW-dp-I-fnepw Ipf-ß-fnepw ag-sh≈w \nd-°m\pw \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmWw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v `qPe \ne sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ta¬aÆv

kwc-£n-°m\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°Ww.

4.8. Ipd-™Xv tªm°p-X-e-Øn-se-¶nepw aÆv, Pew, kq£va-t]m-j-I-ßƒ, kq£va-Po-hn-Iƒ

F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ kuI-cy-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw aÆv Btcm-Ky-Im¿Up-Iƒ \¬Ip∂

kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøWw.

4.9. ]Ø-ep-IƒsIm≠v then-sIń AXp-hgn aÆv˛Pe-kw-c-£-Whpw ]®n-e-hf e£y-Xbpw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw.

4.10 aÆv˛ Pe kwc-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-X-e-Øn¬

]-cn-io-e-I¿°v ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°Ww.

262

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

4.11 Irjn-bn¬ πmÃn-°ns‚ D]-tbmKw Hgn-hm-°Ww. \gvk-dn-Iƒ°pw ]qs®-Sn-Iƒ°pw XW-

en-Sm≥ Ibtdm AXp-t]m-ep≈ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ \mcp-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ kwhn-[m\w D]-

tbm-Kn-°Ww.

X{¥w 5 ˛ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-A-Xn-Po-h-\-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°m≥ an{i-hnf kao-]\w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

5.1. \m¬°men hf¿Øepw tImgn-h-f¿Øepw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p≈ Irjn-coXn ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS

`mK-am-°Ww. h\nX A[n-jvTnX DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw amt\-Pvsa‚p-amWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ A`n-

Imayw. sXßn≥tXm-´-ß-fn¬ Imen-I-tfbpw tImgn-I-tfbpw hf¿Øp∂ tIc-f-Ønse

kwtbm-PnX ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn°v {]m[m\yw \¬IWw.

5.2. Cu kΩn-{i-Ir-jn-bpsS ̀ mK-ambn tX\o® hf¿Ø¬, a’y-Irjn, Xmdm-hp-h-f¿Ø¬ XpS-

ßn-bh \SØmw.

5.3 {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-am-bn-´p≈ hn`-h-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hntI-{μo-IrX Xo‰-

\n¿ΩmWw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI, CXn¬ lm\n-I-c-amb LS-I-ßtfm hf¿®-bpsS thKX

Iq´m-\p≈ tlm¿tam-Wp-Itfm H∂pw Dƒs∏-S-cp-Xv.

5.4 arK-B-tcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-SpØn

{]N-cn-∏n-°Ww.

5.5 hfhpw Xo‰bpw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dm-\mbn ssPh-I¿j-Icpw Imen-h-f¿Ø¬ I¿j-Icpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

5.6 ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-eqsS {]mtZ-inI hr£-ß-fp-sSbpw Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fp-sSbpw kΩn-{i-Irjn

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

5.7. I¿j-I¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-ØXpw ̂ e-kn≤n sXfn-bn-°-s∏-́ -Xp-amb Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°Ww.

5.8 h\hpw h\-hr-£-ßfpw ]c-am-h-[n-bp≈ `qan°v \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv \¬IWw.

X{¥w 6 ˛ Im¿jn-I-hn-f, CX-c-k-ky-Po-h-ssh-hn[yw

kwc-£n®v kº-∂-am-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

6.1 Hmtcm ]©m-b-Ønepw Irjn sNøp-∂Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb `qan-bnse Im¿jnI ssPh-

ssh-hn-≤yhpw, ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-hn-⁄m-\hpw, coXn-Ifpw tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-°Ww.

6.2. amXrIm Im¿jnI ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£W ^map-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ [\-k-lmbw

\¬In t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww.

6.3 ]c-º-cm-KX hnØp-Iƒ kam-l-cn®v ip≤o-I-cn®v h¿≤n-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ I¿j-Isc klm-bn-

°p∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬IpI.

6.4. kztZin s\√n-\-ß-fmb \hc, Poc-I-ime, K‘-I-ime F∂n-hbpw a‰v ]c-º-cm-KX Xt±i

hnfbn\-ßfpw t{]m’mln∏n°Ww.

X{¥w 7 ˛ ssPh tIcfw P\-Iob Imw_-bn≥ Bcw-̀ n-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

7.1 F√m Pn√-I-fnepw ssPh-ta-f-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

7.2 cmkm-[n-jvTnX Irjn-bpsS tZmj-h-i-ßfpw ssPh-D-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-ta-∑bpw hy‡-

am-°p-∂Xpw ssPh-Ir-jnsb t{]m’mln∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°pI.

263

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

7.3 ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS hnP-b-Km-Y-Ifpw KpW-K-W-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ eLp-te-J-

Iƒ, t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ, hoUntbm ^nen-ap-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm°n F√m hn`mKw Bfp-I-fnepw

{]tXy-In®v kv{XoI-fn¬ FØn-°pI.

7.4. `£y-h-kvXp-°-fnse ambw XS-bm-\p≈ 1955 se \nb-ahpw 195 se N´-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-ambn

\S-∏m-°p-Ibpw Irjn B^o-k¿am¿, arK-tUm-IvS¿am¿ F∂n-hsc C≥kvs]-IvS¿am-cmbn

\nb-an-°p-Ibpw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[\ kuI-cy-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI.

7.6. \K-c-Øn-tebpw {Kma-ß-fn-tebpw hoSp-I-fn¬ ssPh- A-Sp-°-f-tXm-´-ßfpw a‰pw Bcw-`n-°pI.

X{¥w ˛ 8 ˛ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ ssPh-hfw e`yX Dd-∏m-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

8.1 hnf-Iƒ amdn amdn Irjn sNøpI. hr£-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn sNøpI, ta¬ aÆn¬ ]S¿∂p ]¥-

en-°p∂ C\-ßƒ Irjn sNøpI. ]®n-e-h-f-Irjn F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ssPh Irjn-bn-S-ß-

fn¬ Xs∂ ssPh ]nfiw e`y-am-°pI.

8.2. Imen-h-fhpw aq{Xhpw e`y-am-°m\pw kwtbm-PnX Irjn-coXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p-ambn ssPh

I¿j-I¿ ]ip-°ƒ, Fcpa, Xmdmhv, a’yw, tImgn, BSv F∂n-hsb Ign-hXpw ]c-º-cm-KX

C\-ßsf hf¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°pI.

8.3 ssPh-I¿j-I¿°v ]ip-°-sfbpw Fcp-a-I-sfbpw Xt±-iob C\-ßsfbpw e`y-am-°m≥ Ignbpw

hn[w \ne-hn-ep≈ \mev°men P\-\-\-b-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb t`Z-KXn hcp-ØpI

8.4. aÆnc ItºmÃpw, _tbm-Kymkv kvednbpw Dƒs∏sS hnhn[ C\w Itºm-Ãp-Iƒ ^man¬

Xs∂ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

8.5. ag-Irjn {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ssPh-]n-fi-Øn-s‚bpw ssPh-h-f-ß-fp-sSbpw Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥

{]tXyI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬IpI.

8.6. ItºmÃv \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ aÆn-c-I-fp-tSbpw kq£vam-Wp-°-fp-tSbpw {]mtZ-inI C\-ßsf


8.7. t{kmX-kn¬ Xs∂ th¿Xn-cn-s®-SpØ ssPh amen-\y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ssPh-hfw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-

°m≥ Hcp hntI-{μo-IrX kwhn-[m\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

8.8 ssPh-h-f-Øns‚ KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw AXn-\mbn Hcp tI{μo-IrX ]cn-tim-[\

et_m-d-´dn ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

8.9 hf-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ ssPh-h-kvXp-°ƒ Irjn-bn-S-Øn-en´v IØn-®pI-fbp-∂Xv Hgn-hm-

°pI.

8.10 ]mS-ti-J-c-k-an-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw a‰v I¿jI {Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-

Xn-bpsS kuIcyw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ]®n-e-Iƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n°pIbpw tXmSpIƒ, Ipf-ßƒ,

Pem-i-b-ßƒ, \Zn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse F°¬ tiJ-cn®pw Irjn-bn-S-Ønse ̂ e-`q-bn-jvTX

h¿≤n-∏n-°pI.

X{¥w 9 ˛ ssPh-Ir-jn-°p-th≠ C≥]p-´p-Iƒ Dd-∏m-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

9.1 hnØv, ssXIƒ, hfw, kky-kw-c-£W kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh Irjn hIp∏v, Im¿jnI k¿Δ-

I-em-ime F∂n-h-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Irjn-bn-S-Øn¬ Xs∂ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°pI.

9.2. ssPh-Ir-jn°v Bh-iy-ap≈ km[\ kma-{Kn-Iƒ {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ Dev]-Zn-∏n-°m-\mbn

I¿j-I-kw-L-ßƒ,¢∫p-Iƒ, kl-I-cW kwL-ßƒ, kzbw klm-b-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ,bph-P\

kwL-ßƒ F∂n-hsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

9.3 N¥-Iƒ, tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, P\w Xnßn-∏m¿°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Jc-

264

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

am-en-\y-ßƒ t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂ Xcw Xncn®v hntI-{μo-Ir-Xm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Iwt]mÃv

\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww. ̂ vfm‰p-I-fn¬ ssPh-am-en\y kwkvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ \n¿_-

‘n-X-am-°Ww.

9.4 ssPh-Ir-jn°v Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw KpW-ta∑ ]cn-tim-

[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-\-X-e-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI ]cn-io-e-I¿°v th≠n ]cn-io-

e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI..

9.5 ]cn-tim-[\m et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw, \S-]Sn {Ia-ßfpw \ne-hm-chpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm-\p-ambn Xt±i `c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbpw {]apJ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-I-sfbpw im‡o-I-cn-

°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬IpI.

9.6 Im¿jnI kma-{Kn-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ {]tXyI kmº-ØnI klmbw e`y-am-°pI.

9.7 hne-Ip-d™ Irjn kma-{Kn-Iƒ I¿j-I¿°v e`y-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w hyh-km-b-hn-ebv°v

hnev°m-\p≈ hn]-Wn-ku-Icyw IqSn k÷-am-°Ww.

9.8 Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I-em-ime ssPh I¿j-I-cp-ambn tN¿∂v ssPh-Irjn ]mt°-Pp-I-ƒ hnI-

kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°Ww. GØ-hmg, C©n,ssIX-®°, ]®-°-dn-

Iƒ, Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew, s\øv XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v CXn¬ ap≥Xq°w \¬IWw.

9.9 tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse aÆnse ssPhmwiw kw_-‘n® Um‰m-t_kv Xøm-

dm-°pI.

9.10 a‰v kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ ]g-ß-fp-sSbpw ]®-°-dn-I-fp-sSbpw KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-

ØpI.

X{¥w 10 ˛ I¿j-I¿, \n¿h-lW DtZym-K-ÿ¿, GP≥kn-Iƒ, ]©m-b-Øw-K-

ßƒ F∂n-h¿°v ]cn-io-e\w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

10.1 I¿j-I¿°p th≠n kμ¿i\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

10.2 I¿j-Isc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn¬ klm-bn-°m-\mbn Xt±-i-`-cW ÿm]-\-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-

tbmsS IpSpw-_-{io-bpsS amXr-I-bn¬ Hmtcm ]©m-b-Ønepw sXmgn¬c-ln-X-cmb 10˛20

hsc bphm-°sf (50% kv{XoI-fm-bn-cn-°Ww) I¿j-I-tk-h-I-cmbn ]cn-io-en-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

10.3 Irjn hIp-∏ns‚ \ne-hn-ep≈ "At{Km-¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ' ssPh-Irjn dntkmgvkv sk‚-dp-I-

fmbn am‰n Ahn-SpsØ Ãm^n\v ssPh-Ir-jn-bn¬ ]cn-io-e\w \¬IWw.

10.4 Irjn hIp-∏nse Irjn B^o-k¿°v ssPh-Irjn coXn-I-fn¬ t_m[-h¬°-cWw \S-

ØWw.

X{¥w 11 ˛ ssPh-Irjn amXrIm ^map-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

11.1 Hmtcm- Xt±i ̀ c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw amXrIm ssPh Irjn ̂ map-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

11.2 Im¿jn-I-k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bp-tSbpw a‰v Im¿jnI ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw Iogn-ep≈ Hmtcm

Im¿jnI ]cn-ÿnXn taJ-e-bn-ep≈ Kth-jW tI{μ-ßsf ssPh-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v kwhn-[m-

\-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw,I¿j-I¿°pw, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°pw,

^o¬Uv ÃUn-°p≈ tI{μ-ß-fmbn Ahsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

11.3 AØcw Irjn-bn-S-ßsf Sqdnkw ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.

X{¥w 12 ˛ Kncn-h¿K-°m-cpsS Btcm-Ky-kp-c£ e£y-an´v {]tXyI Im¿an-I-

]-≤Xn

265

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

I¿a-]-≤Xn

12.1 ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn-Iƒ \in® Kncn-h¿§-°m¿°v t]mj-I-aq-ey-ap≈ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ e`y-

am-°pI.

12.2 Ah-cpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn coXn-Iƒ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m\pw ]mc-º-cy-hn-⁄m\w kwc-

£n-°m\pw {]tXyI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI.

12.3 sNdp-InS h\ Dev]-ßƒ kw`-cn-°p-hm\pw Ah ssPh hnev]\ tI{μ-ß-fn-eqsS \ymb-hn-

ebv°v hnev°m\pw D≈ kuI-cy-ta¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

12.4 Kncn-h¿§ Ipń-Iƒ°v Znhkw Hcp t\c-sa-¶nepw Ah-cpsS ]c-º-cm-KX `£Ww e£y-am-

°m-\p≈ \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°pI.

12.5 Hmtcm Ducp-X-e-Ønepw Ah-cpsS ]c-º-cm-KX hnf-I-fp-sSbpw Huj[ kky-ß-fp-sSbpw

hnØp-_m-¶p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°pI.

12.6. Kncn-h¿§-°m-cpsS Irjn ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \o¿Ø-S-]-≤-Xn-tbbpw sXmgn-ep-d∏v

]≤-Xn-tbbpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°pI.

X{¥w 13 ˛ ssPh-Im¿jnI D¬]m-Z-\-I-º\n

I¿a-]-≤Xn

13.1 ssPh-I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw Xt±i kzbw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Hmlcn \nt£-]-tØmsS

ssPh-I¿jI Dev]m-Z\ Iº-\n-Itfm AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ßtfm ÿm]n-°pI.

X{¥w 14 ˛ kw -̀c-W-Øn\pw IS-Øn-\p-ap≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ

I¿a-]-≤Xn

14.1 ssPh Dev]-∂-ßƒ°v {]tXy-I-ambn hntI-{μo-IrX `cW kuI-cy-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥ {]{In-bbv°v I¿j-Isc klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

14.2 ssPh-D-ev∏-∂-ßƒ ASp-Øp≈ hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tXyI KXm-KX kuIcyw

G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

X{¥w 15 ˛ kwkvI-c-Ww, aqey-h¿[-\-hv, hn\n-tbmKw

Ch-bv°p≈ t{]m’m-l\w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

15.1 I¿jI {Kq∏p-Ifpw,kzbw klmb kwL-ßfpw Dev]m-ZI Iº-\n-Ifpw aqey-h¿≤-\-bv°mbn

Dev]-∂-ßƒ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI.

15.2. aqey-h¿≤\ {]{Inb ssPh Dev∏-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-ta-∑sb _m[n-°p-∂n-s√∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-

Øm-\mbn Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bp-sSbpw a‰v Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw klm-

b-tØmsS ]cn-tim-[\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

15.3 tIc-f-Ønse `£y-A-[n-jvTnX hyh-kmbw Ah-cpsS Dev∏-∂-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ ssPh

Dev]-∂-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°pI.

15.4 {]tXyI t{]m’m-l\ ]mt°-tPm-Sp-IqSn ssIImcyw sNøm-hp∂ hntI-{μo-IrX Xe-Øn¬

kwÿm-\Øv `£y-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°pI.

X{¥w 16 ˛ hn]-W-\irw-Je hnI-kn-∏n-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

16.1 \ne-hn-ep≈ Dev∏∂ hn]-W\ irwJ-e-bmb an¬a, kssπtIm, tlm¿ń˛t{Im]v, lcnX

]o∏nƒkv am¿°‰v F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ssPh Dev∏-∂-ßƒ°v {]tXyI hn]-W\ kuI-cy-

sam-cp-°pI.

266

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

16.2 I¿j-I-{Kq-∏p-Iƒ°v kvIqfp-Iƒ, tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, tlm´-ep-Iƒ, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb

D]-t`mK ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn t\cn v́ Dev∏∂-ßƒ hnev∏\ \S-Øm-\p≈ kuI-cy-ap≠m°pI.

Bbp¿thZ tI{μ-ßfpw kzbw klmb {Kq∏p-Ifpw `£y-D-ev]-∂-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw

`£y-A-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

16.3 N´-ßfpw am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw ]men®v kvIqfp-Iƒ, tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, Bip-]-{Xn -

Iƒ,k¿°m¿ÿm-]-\-ßƒ F∂nh {]mtZ-inI ssPh Dev]-∂-ßƒ hmßm≥ kuI-cy-

ta¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

16.4 A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-eqsS h≥InS kzImcy Nn√d hnev∏\ tIm¿t∏-td-j-

\p-Isf \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

16.5 \ne-hn-ep≈ ]gw ]®-°dn, [m\y-hym-]m-cn-Isf ssPh -D-ev∏-∂-ßƒ hn‰-gn-°m≥ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°pI.

16.6 k¿°m¿,k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-S-\-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS F√m Pn√-I-fnepw ssPh Dev∏-

∂-ßƒ °mbn hn]-W-\-im-e-I-ƒ Xpd-°p-I.

16.7 Sqdnkw hyh-kmbw Ah-cpsS tlm´-ep-Iƒ°pw dntkm¿´p-Iƒ°pw th≠ km[-\-ßƒ

]c-am-h[n {]mtZ-inI ssPh-D-ev]m-Z-I-cn¬ \n∂v hmßm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°pI.

X{¥w 17 ˛ ssPh D¬]∂ k¿ń-̂ n-t°-j\v efn-X-amb kwhn-[m\w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

17.1 ssPh-I¿jI {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v Hcp B¥-cnI \nb-{¥W kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv


17.2 {]mtZ-inI hn]-W-\-bn¬ Dev]-∂-ßƒ kssπ sNøp-∂-Xn\v sNdp-InS˛\ma-am{X I¿j-

I¿°v k¿ń-^n-t°-js‚ ]¶m-fnØ Kymc≠n kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

17.3 C¥y≥ ]n.Pn.Fkv. Iu¨kn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-S-\-Isf kwÿm-

\Øv ]n.Pn.Fkv. kwhn-[m\w \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ klm-bn-°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

17.4 kwÿm\w Hcp ssPh tIcf k¿ń-^n-t°-j\pw, temtKmbpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw

"ssPh-tI-cf' sØ Hcp {_m‚mbn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw.

]e-cm-Py-ßfpw ]e am\-Z-fi-ß-fmWv ]men-°p-∂-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°p≈ hnf-

Iƒ°v Hcp aq∂mw I£n-bpsS k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥ Bh-iy-amWv.

17.5 KpW-ta∑ ]cn-tim-[-\bv°pw k¿ń-^n-t°-j\pw {]mtZ-inI \ne-hmcw \n›-bn-°pI.

17.6 aq∂v h¿j-ambn ssPh-Irjn sNøp∂ Hmtcm I¿j-I\pw k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥ kuP-\y-ambn

sNbvXp \¬IWw.

17.7 ssPh arK-kw-c-£Ww IqSn k¿ń-^n-t°-j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØpI.

X{¥w 18 ˛ ssPh-Ir-jn-°vv kmº-ØnI klmbw

I¿a-]-≤Xn

18.1 ssPh-I¿j-I¿°v {]tXy-In®v sNdp-InS, \ma-am{X I¿j-I¿°v ]en-i-bn-√mØ hmbv]-

Iƒ \¬IpI. _m¶v hgn-bp≈ hmbv], tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fn-eqsS k_vkn-

Un-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°pI.

18.2 Dev]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ t{]m’m-l\ kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

18.3 Hcp dnthmƒhnwßv ^≠v kwhn-[m\w D≠m-IWw.

18.4 ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-te°v amdp∂ L´-Øn¬ klmbw \¬IWw. CXv hm¿jnI hnf-Iƒ°v

c≠v h¿j-tØ°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°v 3 h¿j-tØ°pw Bbn-cn-°Ww.

267

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

18.5 sNdp-InS \ma-am{X ssPh-I¿j-I¿°v Hcp kwÿm\ C≥jz-d≥kv kvIow \S-∏m-°Ww.

18.6 ssPh-I¿j-I¿°v Hcp s]≥j≥ ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°Ww.

X{¥w 19 ˛ ssPh-hm-XIw D]-D¬]∂w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

19.1 ]pd-sa-bp≈ Du¿÷ t{kmX- p-Isf B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv Ipd-bv°m-\mbn _tbm-Kymkv πm‚p-

Iƒ kutcm¿÷w, Im‰n¬ \n∂p≈ Du¿÷w F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-

amb klm-bhpw sshZ-KvZyhpw e`y-am-°Ww.

19.2 Du¿÷hpw sNehpw Ipd-bv°m-\mbn A\p-tbm-Py-amb sNdp-InS ̂ mw sajy-\-dn-Iƒ hnI-

kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

X{¥w 20 ˛ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ssPh-Irjn

I¿a-]-≤Xn

20˛1 hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ, Pbn-ep-Iƒ, Pph-ss\¬ tlmap-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ssPh-

Irjn G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw. hnZym¿∞n ssPh `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-

h-cp-Øm≥ {]tXyI {]Nm-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°Ww.

20.2 ssPh Irjn-bnepw ssPh-ssh-hn≤y kwc-£-W-Ønepw Ipń-Iƒ°v Xmev]-cyhpw CjvShpw

D≠m-°m≥ ]®-°dn˛ê-h¿§ tXm -́ßfpw s\¬Ir-jnbpw G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw. Xt±i kzbw

`cW ÿm]-\-ß-fn-eqsS CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]n¥pW \¬IWw.

20.3 KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnØp-Iƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n®v \evIm-\mbn km[y-X-bp≈ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnØv

_m¶p-Ifpw hnØv ^map-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-°Ww.

20.4 ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-S-ßƒ kμ¿in-°p-∂-Xpƒs∏sS hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw I¿j-Icpw XΩn¬ apJm-

apJw kwL-Sn-∏n-°Ww

20.5 D®-`-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw t]mj-Im-lmc ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw `mK-ambn Bh-iy-ap≈

Acn, ]®-°dn, ]g-ßƒ,[m\y-ßƒ, ]mev, ap´, tX≥ XpS-ßnb ssPh-I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v

hmßm≥ kvIqfp-Ifpw ssPh-I¿j-Icpw XΩn¬ Hcp _‘w ÿm]n-°Ww. AwK≥hm-Sn-

I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ sF.kn.Un.Fkp-ambpw CØ-c-samcp _‘w Bh-iy-amWv.

20.6 ssPh Dev]-∂-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v t__n-^pUv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v A\p-

tbm-Py-amb t{]m’m-l\w \¬IWw.

20.7 kvIqƒ Ipń-Iƒ°p-th≠n ssPh-Ir-jnsb kw_-‘n® Hcp ]mTy-]-≤Xn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-

°Ww.

20.8 Ch-bvs°√mw ^mw C≥^¿ta-j≥ _yqtdm hgn \√ {]Nm-cWw \¬IWw.

X{¥w 21 ˛ Kth-j-Ww, ]T-\w, hn⁄m-\-hym-]\w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

21.1 ssPh-Irjn \b-sØbpw kwÿm-\sØ Irjn ssPh-Ir-jn-bmbn am‰p-∂-Xn-s\bpw ]n¥p-

W-bv°m≥ Kth-jWw, hnZym-`ymkw, FIvÃ≥j≥ kwhn-[m\w F∂nh cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-

Øm-\mbn hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I-em-ime Hcp {]tXyI

I¿Ω-tk\ cq]o-I-cn-°Ww.

21.2. hyXykvX˛Im¿jnI ]cn-ÿnXn taJ-e-I-fn¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS amXrIm tXm -́ßfpw Irjn-

co-Xn-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS Hcp ]mt°Pv Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I-em-ime hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

21.3 A≠¿ {KmtPz‰v, t]mÃv {KmtPz‰v Xe-ß-fn¬ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn kwÿm-\Øv

ssPh-Ir-jnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ {]apJ ssPh-I¿j-I¿, {Kq∏p-Iƒ, k¿°m¿ CXc

kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-hcpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw XΩn¬ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øm-\p≈ kuIcyw

G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

268

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

21.4 ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ I¿I¿°v amk-h-cp-am\w Dd-∏p-h-cpØn sIm≠v ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS F√m-h-i-

ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v ssPh-I¿j-I-cp-ambn tN¿∂v ]¶m-fn-Ø-K-th-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°Ww.

21.5 \ne-hn-ep≈ ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ C≥h‚-dn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-

°Ww.

21.6 ]cm∂ t`mPn-I-sfbpw tcmK-ß-sfbpw sNdp-°p-∂Xpw, {]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v A\p-

tbm-Py-amb Xt±-iob I∂p-Imen/a’y-C-\-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bWw.

21.7 I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ°pw hnf-Iƒ°pw a’y-Øn\pw D≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn

sl¿_¬ ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠-ØWw.

21.8 taev]-d-™h ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°m-\mbn Hcp ssPh Irjn Kth-jW C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v ÿm]n-

°Ww.

X{¥w 22 ˛ cmk-h-f-hpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw {ItaW Hgn-hm-°pI

I¿a-]-≤Xn

22.1 ssPh-Irjn \bw \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v kam-¥-c-ambn cmk-h-f-ßƒ, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, ^¶kv

\min-\n-Iƒ, ]mb¬ \min-\n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnev]-\bv°pw D]-tbm-K-Øn\pw L´w

L´-ambn \ntcm-[-\tam \nb-{¥-Wtam G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw.

22.2 {]mcw` \S-]Snbmbn \ne-hn¬ ¢mkv 1 Fbnepw 1 _nbnepw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ lm\n-I-c-amb

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS hnev]-\bpw D]-tbm-Khpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI.

22.3 kº-∂-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-≤y-ap-≈-Xp-aqew Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒt]mse {]IrXn hn`-h-A-Sn-

ÿm-\-ß-fp-amb ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿∫e taJ-e-Isf cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, cmk-

h-fßƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-amb, taJ-e-I-fmbn, {]Jym-]n®v kwc-£n-°pI.

22.4 Irjn B^o-k-dpsS Ipdn-∏Sn Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta IoS-\m-in\n \¬Iq F∂ I¿i\ hyhÿ

G¿s∏-SpØn Ch-bpsS hnev]-\bpw D]-tbm-Khpw \nb-{¥n-°pI.

22.5 Ip´n-Iƒ, K¿`n-Wn-I-fmb kv{XoIƒ, I¿j-I-c-√m-Ø-h¿ F∂n-h¿°v IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ hnev°p-

∂Xv I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-°pI.

22.6 IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-

°p-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n Ah-bpsS hnev∏-\-Ifpw D]-tbm-Khpw \nb-{¥n-°pI.

22.7 IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw kw_-‘n® `£y˛Im¿jnI kwL-S-\-bpsS am¿§-\n¿t±-i-

tIm-Up-{]-Imcw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS t{]m’m-l\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]c-kyhpw \nb-{¥n-

°pI.

22.8. IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Pn√-I-fn¬ Pew, aÆv, ]m¬, hnf-hp-Iƒ F∂nh CS-

bv°nsS ]cn-tim-[n®v hnh-c-ßƒ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS Adn-hn-te-°mbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°Ww.

22.9 ssPh \nb-{¥W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn kq£va-Po-hn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Bh-iy-amb

ap≥I-cp-X¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°Ww.

X{¥w 23 ˛ hnI-k-\-h-Ip-∏p-I-fpsS DZv{K-[nX kao-]\w

I¿a-]-≤Xn

23.1 ssPh-Ir-jn-X-Xz-ßfpw {]mtZinI kml-N-cy-ßfpw icn-bmw-hÆw ]cn-K-Wn®v hnhn[

k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw, kaq-lhpw Ah-cpsS ]≤-Xn-Ifpw XΩn¬ kulm¿±-

]-c-amb Hcp kwtbm-P\w D≠m-IWw. k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-I-fmb Irjn. arK-kw-c-£Ww,

h\w, a’y-_-‘\w, Xt±i ÿm]\w, [\-Imcyw,dh\yq, hyh-kmbw, Kncn-h¿§ t£aw,

JmZn˛{Kma-hy-h-kmbw, [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ, kwÿm\ tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ, tIcf

Im¿jnI k¿Δ-I -em -ime, kwÿm-\sØ sF.kn.F.B¿ ÿm]-\ -ßƒ,

269

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kvss]kkv̨ Im∏n˛tXbne˛\mfn-tIc˛d∫¿ t_m¿Up-Iƒ, an¬a, a‰v £oc-hn-]-W\ kwL-

ßƒ, I¿jI kwL-S-\-Iƒ, kwL-ßƒ, kzbw-k-lmb {Kq∏p-Iƒ, ssPh-Irjn Atkm-

kn-tb-j-\p-Iƒ, ssPh-Ir-jnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-

h-sb√mw CXn¬s]-Sp∂p.

X{¥w 24 ˛ ssPh-Irjn t{]m’m-l-\-Øn\v Hcp kwL-S\

I¿a-]-≤Xn

24.1 ssPh-Ir-jn-\-bhpw X{¥hpw I¿Ω-]-≤-Xnbpw \S-∏m-°m\pw Dd-∏m-°m-\p-ambn Hcp Hm¿Km-

\nIv tIcf anj≥ cq]o-I-cn-°Ww. CXn\v hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fpsS GtIm-]\w Bh-iy-am-bn-

\m¬ apJy-a{¥n A≤y-£-\mbn Hcp P\-d¬ Iu¨knepw \bw \S-∏m-t°-≠Xv Irjn-h-

Ip-∏m-b-Xn-\m¬ Irjn hIp-∏p-a{¥n A≤y-£-\mbn Hcp FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv IΩn-‰nbpw Hm¿Km-

\nIv tIcf anjs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \bn-°p-Ibpw ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.

270

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 2 : ]›n-a-L-́ -Ønse [mXp-°-fpw, [mXp-D¬]m-Z-\hpw

a ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse/Pn√-I-fnse [mXp-°ƒ

Pn√-Iƒ {][m\ [mXp-°ƒ

alm-cmjv{S

\mknIv

Xms\ t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\m t¢

[qse ssew tÃm¨

\¥¿_m¿

]qs\

kn‘p-Zp¿K t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, t{Imssa-‰v, , Ab¨ Hm¿.Izm¿´vkv, knen-°-km‚ v

sdbvKmUv t_mIvssk‰v

kXmc

cXv\-Kncn t_mIvssk‰v, ^b¿t¢, amwK-\okv Hm¿, Izm¿Svkv,knen-°-km‚ v

km¶vfn ssewtÃm¨

sIm¬lm-]q¿ t_mIvsskt‰, em‰-ssd‰v, Izm¿Svkv, knen-°- km‚ v

Al-ΩZv \K¿ ssewtÃm¨

KpP-dmØv

kqc‰v ^b¿t¢, enKv-ss\‰v, ssewkvt‰m¨, Izm¿´vkv, knen°

h¬kmZv t_mIvssk‰v, ssewtÃm¨, Izm¿´vkv, knen°

UmwKvkv

I¿Æm-SI

_¬Kmw t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, tUmtfmssa‰v, s^¬kv]m¿,ssewtÃm¨,amwK-\okv Hm¿, Izm¿´vkv, knen° km‚ v,Izm¿Svssk‰v

DØc I∂S t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, tUmtfm-ssa‰v, Ab¨ Hm¿ ( sla-ss‰‰v) Ab¨-Hm¿ ( am·-ss‰‰v), ssewtÃm¨, Iymss\‰v, amwK-\okv, IzmSvkv

jntamK ^b¿t¢, Ab¨-Hm¿ (sla-ss‰‰v), ssewtÃm¨, Iymss\‰v,amwK-\okv Hm¿, Izm¿´vkv, knen-°-km‚ v

DSp∏n t_mIvssk‰v, ssewtÃm¨, Izm¿´vkv, knen-°-km‚ v

Z£nW I∂S t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, Ab¨ Hm¿ (am·-ss‰‰v),ssewtÃm¨, Iymss\‰v, Izm¿Svkv, knen-°-km‚ v

NnIva-K-eq¿ _mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, t{Imssa‰v, Upss\‰v/ s]tdm-¢n-ss\‰v,Ab¨ Hm¿ (sla-ss‰‰v), Ab¨ Hm¿ (am·-ss‰‰v), ssewtÃm¨,Iymss\‰v, amwK-\okv Hm¿, IzmSvkv, knen-°-km‚ v, Sm¬°v/ Ãoss‰‰v

271

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

lm ≥ ssN\t¢, Upss\‰v/ss]tdm-¢n-ss\‰v, s^¬kv]m¿, ^b¿t¢,tKmƒUv, Ab¨-Hm¿ (am·-ss‰‰v), ssewtÃm¨, Izm¿Svkv,knen°, Sm¬Iv/Ãoss‰-‰v, t{Imssa‰v

sImSIv

Nma-cmPv \K¿

ssakq¿ t{Kmssa‰v, tUmtfm-ssa‰v, Upss\‰v, ss]tdm-¢n-ss\‰v,ssewtÃm¨, Iymss\‰v, amwK-\okv ssk‰v,IzmSvkv, knen°,Sm¬Iv,Ãoss‰‰v

[¿hmSv ssN\t¢, ^b¿t¢, tKmƒUv,Ab¨-Hm¿ (sla-ss‰‰v), Izm¿Svkvknen-°-km‚ v

tIcfw

Imk¿tImSv t_mss¢‰v, ssN\t¢, ssewtÃm¨, Izm¿Svkv, knen°,ssS‰m\nbw

IÆq¿ t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, ssewtÃm¨

tImgn-t°mSv ssewkvt‰m¨

ae-∏pdw ssewtÃm¨

hb-\mSv Izm¿Svkv, knen°

]me-°mSv

Xriq¿ ssN\t¢, ssewtÃm¨

Fd-Wm-Ipfw ssN\t¢, ssewtÃm¨

]Ø-\w-Xn´ ssS‰m-\nbw

CSp°n

Be-∏pg ssN\t¢, ssewtÃm¨, knen°, Izm¿Svkv

sIm√w t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, ssewtÃm¨, kn√n-am-ss\‰v, ssS‰m-\nbw,kn¿t°m¨

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw t_mIvssk‰v, ssN\t¢, Izm¿Svkv, knen°, kn√n-am-ss\‰v,ssS‰m-\nbw, kn¿t°m¨

Xan-gv\mSv

\oe-Kncn t_mIvssk‰v, a·n-ssk‰v

tImb-º-Øq¿ s^¬kv]m¿, Pn]vkw, ssewtÃm¨, am·n-ssk‰v, Izm´vkv, knen°,Ãoss‰‰v

tX\n

Un≠n-K¬ t_mIvssk‰v, s^¬kv]m¿,ssewtÃm¨, IzmSvkv, knen-°-km‚ v

hncp-Zp-\-K¿ Pn]vkw, ssewtÃm¨

Xncp-s\¬then Km¿s\‰v, {Kmss\‰v, Pn]vkw, ssewtÃm¨, am·n-ss‰‰v,ssS‰m-\nbw

CutdmUv s^¬kv]m¿, {Kmss\‰v, Izm¿Svkv, knen°

a[pc {Kmss\‰v, {Kmss^‰v, ssewtÃm¨,Izm¿Svkv,knen-°-km‚ v

I\ym-Ip-amcn Km¿s\‰v, ssS‰m-\nbw, kn¿tIm¨

272

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t_mIvssk‰v sIm¬lm-]q¿, 1785330 531830 1.0500sdbv-KmUvcXv\-Kncn,kXm-c,kn‘p-Zp¿§,Xms\

ssN\t¢ Aa-cm-h-Xn,_‘mcN{μ-]p¿,\mK-]p¿,kn‘p-Zp¿§,Xms\

ssewtÃm¨ Al-ΩZv\K¿, 9600000 987938 1.9504N{μ-]p¿,[pse,KUvNtcmfn\mKv]p¿,\≥¥Uv, ]qs\,km¶vfn,bh-Xv-amƒ

t{Imssa‰v _‘-c,N{μ-]p¿,\mK-]p¿,kn‘p-Zp¿K

Ab¨ Hm¿ N{μ-]p¿, 588000 396291 ˛ 0.7824(sl-a-ss‰-‰v) KUvNn-tdmen

kn‘p-Zp¿K

IzmSvkv _μm-c, N{μ-]p¿ 13442 1648 0.0033KUvN-tcm-fn,tKm≠n-b,sIm¬lm-]p¿,\mK-]p¿,cXv\-Kncn,kn‘p-Zp¿Kv

b: 2007˛08 -se [mXp Dev]m-Z\w

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ

S¨ Dev]m-Z\ kw-ÿm\ kwÿm\

Øns‚ aqeyw aqeyw Dev]m-Z-\

(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

alm-cmjv{S 50652367

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

alm-cmjv{S 50652367

273

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

knen° _μmc, 443259 96313 0.1901km‚ v N{μ-]p¿,

KUvNn-tcmfn,tKm≠nb,sIm¬lm-]p¿,\mKv]p¿,cXv\Kn-cn,kn‘p-Zp¿Kv

^b¿t¢ Aa-cm-hXn 7239 543 0.0011N{μ-]p¿\mKv]p¿cXv\-Kncn

amwK-\okv \mKv]p¿, 854120 5313228 10.4890cXv\-Kncn_μm-c,

em‰-ssd‰v sIm¬lm-]p¿ 245237 58538 0.1156

^b¿t¢ _dq-®v, I®v, 35451 2531 0.0040salvkm-\,saKvkm-\,cmPvtIm-´v,k_¿I¥v,kqd-‰v,kptc-μ¿\-K¿

enKvss\‰v _dq-®v, `h-\-K¿, 1788000 8277771 13.0470I®v, kqd‰v

ssewtÃm¨ Awtd-en, 22120000 2743616 4.3244_\-kvI-¥,_dq-®v, `h-\-K¿,Pmw\-K¿,Pp\-K-Uv,tJZ, I®v,]©-a-l¬,t]m¿_-¥¿,cmPvtIm´vk_¿I-¥,-kq-d‰vhtUm-{Z,h¬kmSv

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

alm-cmjv{S 50652367

274

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

IzmSvkv _dq-®v, `h-\-K¿, 69255 6361 0.0100Ztlm-Zv,tJU, I®v,]©-a-l¬,cmPvtIm´v,k_¿I-¥,kqd‰v,kptc-μ¿,htUm-{Z,h¬kmZv

knen° _dq-®v, `h-\-K¿, 383349 39876 0.0621Utlm-Uv,tJU, I®v,]©-a-l¬,cmPvtIm´v,k_¿I-¥,kqd-‰v,kptc-{μ-\-K¿,htUm-{Z,h¬kmSv

t_mssd‰v Awtd-en, 12515094 2278084 3.5906`h-\-K¿,Pmw\K¿Pp\-Km¿, tJU,I®v,t]m¿_-¥¿,k_¿I-¥,h¬kmSv

tIcfw 7482336

t_mss¢‰v IÆq¿,Imk¿tIm-Sv,sIm√w,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

ssN\t¢ Be-∏p-g, IÆq¿,Fd-Wm-IpfwXriq¿Imk¿tIm-Sv,sIm√w, tIm´-bw,]me-°m-Sv,

ssewtÃm¨ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 475000 147326 1.9690Be-∏p-g, IÆq¿,Fd-Wm-Ip-fw,sIm√w, tIm´-bwtImgn-t°m-Sv, ae-∏p-dw,]me-°m-Sv,-Xr-iq¿

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

275

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

IzmSvkv/ Be-∏p-g, 38552 18298 0.2445knen° Imk¿tKmUv,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,hb-\mSv

kn√n-a-ss\‰v sIm√w, 14570 87420 1.1684Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

ssS‰m-\nbw Imk¿tIm-Sv,sIm√w,]Ø-\wXn´,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

kn¿tIm¨ sIm√w

Xan-gv\mSv 30065910

t_mkvss‰‰v Un≠n-K¬, 342687 3663 0.0122\m-a-°¬,tkew,\oe-Kncn

s^¬kv]¿ tImb-º-Øq¿ 576 261 0.009ZnWvUnK¬,Cutdm-Uv,Im©n-]p-cw,Icp¿,\ma-°¬tkewXncp-®nd]≈n.

Km¿ss\‰v cma-\m-Y-]p-cw, 863014 289493 0.9629Xncp-®n-d-∏≈nXncp-hm-dq¿,I\ym-Ip-am-cn,X©m-hq¿,Xncp-s\¬thenI´-s_m-Ω≥

{Kmss\‰v [¿Ω-]p-cn,Cutdm-Uv, a[p-c,Im©n-]pcw,]n.-ap-Øp-cm-a-enwKw, tkew,Xncp-hn-Æm-aeXncp-®n-d-∏-≈n,Xncp-s\¬th-en,sh√q¿,hn√p-]pcw

276

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

{Kmss^‰v a[p-c, cma-\m-Y-]p-cw, 50543 16204 0.0539inh-Kw-K, sh√q¿

Pn]vkw tImb-º-Øq¿,s]c-km-eq¿cma-\m-Y-]p-cw,Xncp-®n-d-∏-≈n,Xncp-s\¬th-en,XqØp-Ip-Sn,hncp-Zp-\-K¿

ssewtÃm¨ tImb-º-Øq¿, 17336000 2514291 8.3626IqU-√q¿Un≠n-K¬,Im©n-]p-cw,Icq¿, a[p-c,\mKv]-´-Ww, tkew\ma-°¬, sh√q¿,-s]c-ºm-eq¿,cma-\m-Y-]p-cw,Xncp-h-≈q¿,Xncp-®n-d-∏-≈n,Xncp-s\¬th-en,hn√p-]p-cw,hn-cp-Zp-\-K¿

a·n-ssk‰v tImb-º-Øq¿, 179095 301549 1.0030[¿Ω-]p-cn, \oe-Kn-cn,Icq¿, \ma-°¬,tkew, sh√q¿Xncp-®n-d-∏-≈n,Xncp-s\¬then,

IzmSvkv sNss¶ , sNss∂, 5828 6506 0.0216tImb-º-Øq¿,IqS-√q¿, Icq¿,[¿Ω-]p-cn, a[p-c,Znfin-K¬, sh√q¿Cutdm-Uv, tkew,Im©n-]p-cw,\ma-°¬,s]cn-bm¿,s]cp-ºmeq¿,Xncp-h-≈q¿,Xncp-hm-dq¿,\mK-]-´Ww,Xncp-®n-d-∏-≈n,hn√p-]p-cw,hncp-Xp-\-K-¿,

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

277

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

knen° sNss¶-˛-A-Æ, 27206 10264 0.034sNss∂, IpS-eq¿,tImb-º-Øq¿,[¿Ω-]pcn, Icq¿,ZnWvUn-K¬, tkew,Cutdm-Uv, sh√q¿Im©n-]p-cw,a[p-c-\m-a-°¬,s]cn-tbm¿,]c-s_m-eq¿,Xncp-h-≈q¿,Xncp-hm-‰q¿,\mK-]-´-Ww,Xncp-®n-d-∏-≈n,hn√p-]p-cw,hncp-Zp-\-K¿,

Ãoss‰‰v tImb-º-Øq¿,-tkew, sh√q¿Xncp-®n-d-∏-d-≈n,

ssS‰m-\nbw I\ym-Ip-am-cn,\mK-]-´-Ww.cm\-\m-Y-]p-cw,Xncp-h-√q¿,Xncp-s\¬th-en,XqØp-IpSn

kn¿tIm¨ I\ym-Ip-amcn

I¿ÆmSIw 44949142

t_mIvssk‰v _¬Kmw, 161554 28425 0.0632NnIva-K-eq¿DØcZ£n-W,I∂SDSp∏n

ssN\t¢ amwK-fq¿, _¬Kmw, 45000 4500 0.010_nUm≥, KV-Kv,NnIva-K-eq¿._√m-cn, [¿hm-Sv,lm ≥, lth-cn,sImfm¿, XpwKp¿DØcZ£nW,I∂-S. jntam-K,

t{Imssa-‰v NnIva-l-eq¿,lm ¿, ssakq¿ 7257 43843 0.-0975

278

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

tUmtem-ssa‰v _K¬tIm-´v, 348690 46020 0.1024_¬Kmw, Nn{X-Zp¿K,_nPm-]p¿, ssakq¿,DØc I∂SXpwKq¿

Upss\‰v/ NnIvK-a-K-fq¿, 6438 515 0.0011s]tdm-Ivkn lm ≥ss\‰v ssakq¿

s^¬kv]m¿ ssakq¿ _¬Kmw,Nn{XZp¿§, lm ≥

^b¿t¢ _mwKvfq¿,lm ≥, Z¿hm-Sv,tImfm¿, jntam-K,XpwIq¿, Nn{X-Zp¿§

tKmƒUv Nn{X-Zp¿K, [¿hm-Sv, 2831- Kg 2799422 6.228KSm-Kv, Kp¬_¿Kv,lm ≥, lth-cn,tImfm¿

Ab¨-Hm¿ _K¬tIm-´v, 45605000 39919060 88.809(sl-a-ss‰-‰v) _n»m-]p¿, _t√-cn,

Nn°-a-K-eq¿, KU-Kv,Nn{X-Zp¿K, XpwKq¿[m¿hm-Uv, jntam-K,DØ-c-I-∂-S,

Ab¨Hm¿ NnIva-K-eq¿,(am-·-ss‰-‰v) DØ-c-Z-£nWI∂S

jntamK, lmk≥,Iymss\‰v NnIva-K-eq¿,

Nn{X-Zp¿K, Iq¿Kv,amfiy, ssakq¿jntam-K,Z£nW I∂S

ssewtÃm¨ _K¬tIm-´v, 14859000 1309892 2.9142_¬Kmw, DUp]n_√m-cn, _nPm-]q¿,NnIva-K-eq¿, KU-Iv,Zmh¨K-ssc,Kp¬_¿K, lm ≥,ssakq¿, Nn{X-Zp¿KDØc& Z£n-W -I-∂-S, jntam-K,XpwKq¿,

279

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

kwÿm\w {][m\ Pn√

[mXp-°ƒ



(Rs1000) (Rs1000) iX-am\w

aKv\nssk‰v Iq¿Kv, amfiym, 4602 7714 0.0172ssakq¿

amwK-\okv Hm¿ _¬Kmw, _√mdn 309716 388210 0.8637NnIva-l-eq¿,Nn{X-Zp¿K,Zmh¨K-ssc,DØ-c-I-∂S,jntam-K, XpwKq¿

IzmSvkv _K¬tIm-´v, 2500 153 0.0003_mwKvfq¿_¬Kmw, _√m-dn,NnIva-K-eq¿,Nn{X-Zp¿§,Zmh≥K-sc, Z¿hmSvKU-Kv, Kp¬_¿K,lm ≥, lmth-cn,tImfm¿, sIm∏m¬amfiym, ssakq¿,DØc &Z£nW I∂Sdbv®q¿, jntam-K,XpwKq¿, DUp∏n

knen° _K¬tIm-´v, 89713 8792 0.0196_mwKvfq¿, XpwKq¿,_¬Kmw, _√m-dn,NnIva-K-eq¿,Nn{X-Zp¿K, [¿hm-Sv,Zmh¨K-ssc,KU-Kv, Kp¬_¿K,l ≥, lth-cn,tImfm¿,-sIm-∏m¬,amfiy, ssakq¿,DØc & Z£nWI∂-S, sdbvNq¿,jntamK, DUp∏n

Sm¬Iv/ _√m-dn,Ãoss‰‰v NnIva-K-eq¿,

Nn{X-Zp¿§ 358 36 0.0001lm ≥,-amfiyssakq¿,sdbv®q¿XpwKq¿

B[mcw IBM 2008

280

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

A\p-_‘w 3 : sFIy-cmjv{S ÿncw t^md-Øn¬ C¥yka¿∏n® BZn-hmknIfpsS {]iv\-ßƒ kw_-‘n®\n¿t±-i-ß-fnt∑¬ Db¿∂ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ

2011 sabv 16˛27 hsc \yqtbm¿°n¬ tN¿∂ t^md-Øns‚ 10˛maXv skjs‚ AP-≠-

bnse C\w 3(C) bps\-kvtIm-bpsS temI-ss]-XrI I¨sh≥j-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v kzX-{¥hpw

ap≥Iq¿ Adn-bn∏v \¬Ip-∂Xpw kΩXw hmßp-∂Xpw kw_-‘n® XXz-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-

bmb ewL-\-sØ-]‰n NphsS ]d-bp-∂-h¿ ka¿∏n® kwbp-‡-{]-kvXm-h\

]pjv]-Kncn h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw, {_“-Kncn h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw, Xe-°m-thcn h\y-ar-K-k-t¶Xw,

]Sn-\m¬Iv\mSv dnk¿Δv t^mdÃv, sI¿´n dnk¿Δv t^mdÃv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse \nhm-kn-Isf

{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv _pU-°m´v Irjn-Im-c-kwLw (I¿Æm-SI, ]›n-a-L´w) If-°mSv

ap≠≥Xpssd ISp-h-k-t¶-XsØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v s]mØn-ssK-ae BZn-hmkn ImWn-°m-c≥

kap-Zmb apt∂‰ kwLw, Bdfw h\y-ar-K-k-t¶-X-Ønse \nhm-kn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v BZn-

hmkn tKm{X-P-\-k` (tIcfw), sk¥p¿Wn h\y-Pohn kt¶Xw, s\øm¿ h\y-Pohn kt¶Xw,

t]∏md h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶Xw, IpfØq∏pg td©v, ]mtemSv td©v, dm∂n t^mdÃv Unhn-j≥, tIm∂n

t^mdÃv Unhn-j≥, Aø-∏≥tIm-hn¬ t^mdÃv Unhn-j≥, am¶pfw td©v, Nn∂m¿ h\y-Pn-hn-k-

t¶Xw, sske‚ v hmen \mj-W¬]m¿°v, A´-∏mSn dnk¿Δv t^mdÃv Bdfw h\y-Po-hn-k-

t¶Xw F∂n-h-bnse \nhm-kn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v BZn-hmkn ZfnXv `qA-h-Im-i-k-anXn, tIcf

BZn-hmkn tKm{X-Z-fnXv Ah-Imi kanXn, tIcf BZn-hmkn tKm{X-a-lm-k` F∂nh, si¥p¿Wn

h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶Xw, s\øm¿ h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶Xw, t]∏md h\y-Pohn kt¶Xw,Ipf-Øp-]pg td©v,

]mtemSv td©v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse \nhm-kn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v tIcf Kncn-h¿§ ImWn-°m¿

kwLw F∂n-hbpw temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ a‰-t\Iw kwL-S-\-Ifpw.

BapJw

(1) Xt±-io-b-cpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ "ss]Xr-I-ta-J-e-I-fmbn' {]Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ ]men-t°≠

kzX-{¥hpw ap≥Iq¿ Adn-bn∏v \¬Ip-∂Xpw kΩXw hmßp-∂Xpw kw_-‘n® XXz-ßƒ

XpS¿®-bmbn ewLn-°p-∂Xv ÿncw ^md-Øns‚ {i≤-bn¬ ho≠pw sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥

Rßƒ B{K-ln-°p∂p.

(2) temI-Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-Øp-ap≈ Xt±-i-hm-kn-Ifpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw Cu hnjbw ap≥]v ]e-

X-hW ÿncw ^md-Øns‚ {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-XmWv.

(3) taev]-d™ XXz-ßƒ ]men-°m-sXbpw Ah ewLn®pw temI-ss]-XrI ]´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ \nc-h[n {]tZ-i-ß-fp≠v. Xt±i \nhm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw a\p-jym-h-

Im-i-ß-fnepw Ah-cpsS kzbw \n¿Æ-bm-h-Im-i-a-\p-k-cn®v kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kzX-{¥-amb hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-°p-I-∂-Xnepw Zqc-hym-]-I-amb

{]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-hn[w Ah-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°p-I-t]mepw sNøm-

sX-bmWv Ah-cpsS Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ temI-ss]-Xr-I-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xv.

(4) Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf kw_-‘n® sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-ao-]\w, sFIy-cmjv{S

hnI-k\ {Kq∏ns‚ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ, sFIy-cmjv{S a\p-jym-h-Imi DS-ºSn \mem-aXv

temI-Øns‚ I¨k¿th-j≥ tIm¨{K- ns‚ {]ta-b-ßƒ (_mgvkn-temW 2008) ÿncw

t^md-Øns‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS F√mw ewL-\-amWv temI-ss]-XrI kan-Xn-

bpsS \S-]Sn.

(5) F√m ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb kao-]\w

F∂ bps\-kvtIm-bpsS {]Jym-]nX e£y-Øn\pw tbmPn-®-X√ CXv. _‘-s∏´ kaq-l-

ß-fp-sSbpw {Kq∏p-I-fp-sSbpw A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw IqSn

kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂ bps\-kvtIm-bpsS A¥¿ k¿°m¿ kan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am\w hncp-

≤-am-WnXv.

281

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

(6) 2010 Pqsse 25 apX¬ BKÃv 3 hsc {_nko-en-b-bn¬ tN¿∂ temI ss]Xr-I-k-an-Xn-

bpsS 34˛maXv skj≥ taev]-d™ XXz-ß-sfm∂pw ]men-°msX 2 ÿe-ßƒ temI-ss]-

XrI ]ń-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv tNmZyw sNø-s∏-ń-´p≠v. hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ lhmøv

Zzo]nse assd≥ tam\p-sa‚pw Xm≥km-\n-bm-bnse s\mtd-¶mtdm I¨k¿th-j≥ {]tZ-i-

am-Wnh. Chn-S-ß-fn¬ A[n-h-kn-°p-∂-h-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-°m-

sX-bp≈ Cu {]Jym-]-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS \nXy Pohn-X-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ

G¿s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-Øn-t∑-ep≈ IqSp-X¬ IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn\pw CS-bm°pw.

(7) 2011 Pq¨ 19 apX¬ 29 hsc ]mco-kn¬ tNcp∂ temI-ss]-XrI kan-Xn-bpsS 35˛maXv

skj-\n¬ NphsS ]d-bp-∂h ss]Xr-I-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°m-\n-S-bp≠v.

]›n-a-L´w (C¥y)

ss{S\m-j-W¬ Unem kwL (dn∏-ªn°v Hm^v tImt¶m/Ima apX¬ /a[y B{^n-°≥

dn∏-ªn°v)

t{K‰v dn^vSv hmen-bnse sI\n-b te°v knÃw

Ch aq∂pw {]Ir-Xn-ZØ ss]Xr-I-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≈Xv. A√msX

AhnsS A[n-h-kn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-ßƒ°pw a‰pw bmsXmcp hnebpw

Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-ń√.

ip]m¿i-Iƒ

NphsS ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ temI-ss]-XrI kan-Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v Rßƒ

ÿncw ^md-Øn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p.

(a) Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°m-sXbpw Ah-cpsS A\p-aXn hmßm-sXbp Ah-

cpsS {]tZiw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ temI-ss]-XrI \ma-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ am‰n-sh-bv°pI.

(b) ]›n-a-L´w Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ taev]-d™ 3 \ma-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ am‰n-sh-bv°p-Ibpw _‘-s∏-

´-h-cp-ambn N¿®-sNbvXv Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS aqey-ßfpw Bh-iy-ßfpw \ma-\n¿t±-i-tc-J-

I-fn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI.

(C) temI-ss]-Xr-I-ßƒ kw_-‘n® Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Xt±-io-b-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ

kw_-‘n® sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` {]Jym-]\w ASn-ÿm\ N´-°q-Smbn D]-tbm-Kn-°pI. Xt±-

io-b-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ kw_-‘n® bp.-F≥.-Un.-Pn. am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw H∏w ]cn-K-Wn-

°pI.

282

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Alvares N. 2010. Political Struggle through Law The Public Interest Litigation (PIL) route to environmentalsecurity in India with special reference to the environment movement in Goa. WGEEP Commissioned paper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Anand Kumar M, Mudappa D and Raman T R S. 2010. Asian elephant Elephas maximus habitat use and ranging infragmented rainforests and plantations in the Anamalai hills, India. Tropical Conservation Science 3: 143-158.Baskaran N et al. 1995. Home range of elephants in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. In A week with elephants editedby J C Daniel and H S Datye. Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press: Mumbai.Boralkar D B. 2010. Industrial pollution in the Western Ghats. WGEEP Commissioned paper http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Cancun Agreement. 2011. CP16/CMP 6, The Cancún AgreementsCentral Water Commission. 2009. National Register of Large Dams - 2009. http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdfChaturvedi R K, Gopalakrishnan R, Jayaraman M, Bala G, Joshi N V, Sukumar R and Ravindranath N H. 2011. Impactof climate change on Indian forests: a dynamic vegetation modeling approach. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategiesto Global Change 16: 119-142.Choudhary C and Dandekar A. 2010. PESA, Left-Wing Extremism and Governance: Concerns and Challenges inIndia’s Tribal Districts. IRMA Ahmedabad, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Govt. of IndiaDaniels R J R, Joshi N V and Gadgil M. 1992. On the relationship between bird and woody plant species diversity inthe Uttara Kannada district of south India. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 89(12): 5311 5315Daniels R J R. 2010. Spatial Heterogeneity, Landscapes and Ecological Sensitivity in the Western Ghats. WGEEPCommissioned paper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Dhara S. 2010. Suggested resolution for the consideration of the Western Ghat group. For discussion at the SaveWestern Ghats meet, Kotagiri, 18-20 Feb 2010. Kodachadri Environment Forum, Sahyadri Ecology Forum, HyderabadPlatform, Cerana Foundation. Available at http://www.westernghatsindia.org/taxonomy/term/23Dharmadhikary S and Dixit S. 2011. Thermal Power Plants on the anvil: Implications and need for rationalization.Prayas Discussion paper.Dutta R and Sreedhar R. 2010. A framework for EIA reforms in the Western Ghats. WGEEP Commissioned paperhttp://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Equations. 2010. Tourism in the Western Ghats. WGEEP Commissioned paper http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Food and Agriculture Organization. 1984. Intensive multiple-use forest management in Kerala. Forestry Paper - 53.FAO, Rome.Gadgil M and Rao P R S. 1998. Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian Agenda. Centre for Environment Education,Ahmedabad. p. 163.Gadgil M, Daniels R J R, Ganeshaiah K N, Prasad S N , Murthy MSR , Jha C S , Ramesh B R and Subramaniam K A.2011 Mapping ecologically sensitive, significant and salient areas of Western Ghats: proposed protocol andmethodology. Current Science 100(2): 175-182Gadgil M, Prasad S N and Ali Rauf. 1983. Forest management in India : a critical review.Gadgil M. 1991. Conserving India’s biodiversity : the societal context. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 5(1), 3 8.Gadgil M. 2000. Poverty and Biodiversity. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 4: 7263- 7287. Academic PressGadigil M & Guha R. 1992. This fissured land: An ecological history of India. Oxford University Press: New DelhiGIM. 2010. National Mission for a Green India. Under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, Government of India, New Delhi.Gupta A C. 1981. Preservation plots in Karnataka In: National seminar on forests and environment. 2-3 December.BengaluruHegde N G. 2010. Tree planting on private lands. WGEEP Commissioned paper http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Indian Bureau of Mines. 2008. Indian Minerals Yearbook. Ministry of Mines, Government of IndiaKadambi K.1949. On the ecology and silviculture of Dendrocalamusstrictus in the bamboo forests of Bhadravathidivision, Mysore. Karnataka Forest Department. Bengaluru.Kalavampara G. 2010. Mining–Geological and Economic Perspective. WGEEP Commissioned paper http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Lebel L and Lorek S. 2010. Production Consumption Systems and the Pursuit of Sustainability. In: Sustainable

klm-b-I-tc-J-Iƒ

References

283

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Consumption Production Systems: Knowledge, Engagement and Practice, edited by Lebel, L, S Lorek, R Daniel,2010. Chapter 1. Springer: London and New YorkMEA: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2003. Ecosystems and human well-being: A framework for assessment.Island Press: Washington DC.MoEF. 2000. Report of the Committee on identifying parameters for designating Ecologically Sensitive Areas inIndia (Pronab Sen Committee Report)Munoz F, Couteron P and Ramesh B R. 2008. Beta diversity in spatially implicit neutral models: a new way toassess species migration. The American Naturalist 172(1): 116-127National Commission on Agriculture. 1976. Report of the NCA - Part IX - Forestry. Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India, New DelhiNRC. 2007. Environmental impacts of wind-energy projects. National Academies Press: USAOstrom E. 2009. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. Nobellecture, December 8, 2009Padmalal. 2011. Alluvial Sand Mining: The Kerala Experience. WGEEP Commissioned paper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Paranjpye V. 2011. Threats to the Western Ghats of Maharashtra: An overview. WGEEP Commissioned paper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Pascal J P. 1988. Wet Evergreen Forests of the Western Ghats of India: ecology, structure, floristic compositionand succession. Institut Francais de Pondicherry, Pondicherry.Prasad S N and Gadgil M. 1978. Vanishing bamboo stocks. Commerce 1000 1004Prasad S N and M Gadgil. 1981. Conservation and management of bamboo resources of Karnataka. .KarnatakaState Council for Science and Technology.Prasad S N. 1984. Productivity of eucalyptus plantations in Karnataka. Paper presented at the National seminar oneucalyptus, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.Raghunanda T R. 2008. Natural resource governance and local governments: challenges and policy solutions.Paper to the Third TERI-KAS Conference on Resource Security: The Governance Dimension. New DelhiRanade P S. 2009. Infrastructure development and its environmental impact : study of Konkan Railway. ConceptPublishing Co.: New DelhiRavindranath N H, Joshi N V, Sukumar R and Saxena A. 2006. Impact of climate change on forests in India. CurrentScience 90: 354-361.Ravindranath N H, Sukumar R and Deshingkar P. 1997. Climate change and forests: Impacts and Adaptation – Acase study from the Western Ghats, India. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm.RBI Data. http://www.indiastat.com/Industries/18/ StateRBIRegionwiseForeignDirectInvestment/ 449558/458047/data.aspx, accessed on July 13, 2011Scott C. 2004. Regulation in the age of governance: the rise of the post regulatory state. In The Politics ofRegulation edited by J Jordana and D Levi-Faur. Edward Elgar: UK, chapter 7.Somanathan E, Prabhakar R, Mehta B S. 2009. Decentralization for cost-effective conservation. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 106: 4143-4147.Somanathan E. 2010. Incentive Based Approaches to Nature Conservation. WGEEP Commissioned paper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Subash Chandran M D. 1997. On the ecological history of the Western Ghats. Current Science 73(2): 146-155.Sukumar R, Suresh H S and Ramesh R. 1995. Climate change and its impact on tropical montane ecosystems insouthern India. Journal of Biogeography 22: 533-536.TERI. 2006. National Action Plan (NPA) for Preventing Pollution of Coastal Waters from Land Based Activities.Prepared for Ministry of Environment and Forests.TERI. 2011. The Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 2010. TERI Press. New DelhiTERI. Ongoing. DISHA Goa studyVidya T N C and Thuppil V. 2010. Immediate behavioural responses of humans and Asian elephants in the contextof road traffic in southern India. Biological Conservation 123:1891-1900.Viraraghavan M S. 2010. Hill Stations in the Western Ghats. Kodaikanal – A Case Study. WGEEP Commissionedpaper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/Wesley D G. 1964. Revised Working Plan of the Yellapur and Mundgod teak High forests. Kanara Eastern Division.Karnataka Forest Department.BengaluruWebsiteshttp//www.westernghatsindia.orghttp://new.dpi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/68227/dpi-bond-calculator-1-December-2010.xlshttp://www.deccanherald.com/content/85522/182-mining-leases-goa-near.html).http://www.indiastat.com/industries/18/industrialparksspecialeconomiczonessez/27570/stats.aspx

284

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]cn-injvS tcJ 1 : ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn hnZKv[ kan-Xn-tbmKØns‚ an\pSvkv

kan-Xn-bpsS BZy-tbmKw 2010 am¿®v 31 \v _mwKvfq-cn¬ tN¿∂p.

]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

(1) s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn¬ ˛ sNb¿am≥

(2) {io._n.sP. IrjvW≥ ˛ saº¿

(3) tUm. \μ-Ip-am¿ apIpμv ImaØv ˛ saº¿

(4) tUm.sI. F≥. KtW-iø ˛ saº¿

(5) tUm. hn.Fkv. hnP-b≥ ˛ saº¿

(6) s{]m^. {ioaXn d\o t_¿Pkv ˛ saº¿

(7) s{]m^. B¿. kpIp-am¿ ˛ saº¿

(8) tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW ˛ saº¿

(9) {ioaXn hnZy Fkv \mbIv ˛ saº¿

(10) s{]m^. Fkv.]n. KuXw ˛ saº¿

(11) tUm. Pn.hn. kp{_-“Wyw ˛ saº¿ sk{I-´dn

tZiob ssPh-ssh-hn≤y AtXm-dnń sNb¿am≥ tUm. ]n.F¬. KuXw lmP-cm-bn√.

Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv Fkv.F.kn. Ub-d-IvS¿, tUm. B¿.B¿. \h¬ Kp≠v ]s¶-Sp-Øn-ń-s√-¶nepw

]Icw sslZ-cm-_mZv F≥.B¿. Fkv.kn. sU]yqń Ub-d-IvS¿ tUm.]n.Fkv.tdmbnsb \ntbm-

Kn®p.

F√m AwK-ß-tfbpw kzmKXw sNbvX sNb¿am≥ AwK-ßƒ kzbw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥

\n¿t±-in®p. XpS¿∂v tUm. Pn. hn. kp{_-“Wyw kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw e£y-ßfpw Npcp-

°n-]-d™p. ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ kan-Xn-bpsS A]-{K-Y\w

1986 se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-

t°-≠-h-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ ÿe-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbw, ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-

dnń cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n® hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ F∂nh CXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xmbpw At±lw

]d™p. kan-Xn-bpsS Imem-h[n Hcp h¿j-am-sW∂pw 6 amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ CS-°me dnt∏m¿´v

ka¿∏n-°-W-sa∂pw At±lw AwK-ßsf Adn-bn®p.

kan-Xn-bpsS ]cm-a¿i hnj-b-ßfpw N¿® sNtø≠ NphsS ]d-bp∂ {][m\ AP-≠bpw

sNb¿am≥ hni-Zo-I-cn®p.

(1) I¿Ω-]-≤Xn

(2) Hcp C≥^¿ta-j≥ kwhn-[m\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI

(3) hni-Z-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N\ {]{Inb kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

(4) ka-b-]-cn[n \n›-bn-°pI.

]cn-injvS tcJ-Iƒ

Annexures

285

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. I¿Ω ]≤Xn

CXp-kw-_-‘n®v sNb¿am≥ Xøm-dm-°nb AP-≠-bn-t∑¬ \S∂ N¿®-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ NphsS.

]cm-a¿in® hnj-b-Ønse I apX¬ VI hsc C\-ßƒ°mbn NphsS ]d-bp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ

kanXn kam-l-cn-°Ww.

aÆv, Pew, hmbp, ssPh-ssh-hn[yw, {Kma˛\Kc Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ßƒ, h\-h¬°-cWw,

Irjn, Imen-h-f¿Ø¬, a’y-_-‘\w, hyh-kmbw, Sqdnkw, J\\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Ah-ÿbpw kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ßfpw.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ, kaql kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ, h\y-Po-hn-k-t¶-X-

ßƒ, \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ, P¥p-temI kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ, t{]mPIvSv ssSK¿

dnk¿Δp-Iƒ , ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w, tI{μ˛kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-

{¥W t_m¿Up-Iƒ, Xoc-tZ-i-\n-b-{¥W taJe, tZiob ˛kwÿm\˛ {]mtZ-inI ssPh-

ssh-hn≤y AtXm-dnń/t_m¿Uv/ amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰n/ ss]Xr-I-ssk-‰p-Iƒ, hwi-\m-i-ò-

jWn t\cn-Sp∂ h¿§-ßƒ kky-kw-c-£W Im¿jnI Ah-Imi \nbaw, kwbp-‡-h\w

amt\-Pvsa‚ v Kncn-h¿§ Ah-Imi \nbaw, Zlmcp Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-

d-ń-t]m-se-bp≈ amXr-I-Iƒ, ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w, Bkvt{S-en-

b≥ tkmbn¬ Im¿_¨ B{I-Un-t‰-j≥ kvIow, tImÃm-dn-°-bn¬ kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse

h\-h¬°-c-W-Øn-eqsS \o¿ØS tkh-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v I¿j-I¿°v k¿Δokv

Nm¿Pv \¬Ip∂ kvIow F∂n-h-bv°p≈ km[yX XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-

]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ ]Tn-°pI.

Zlm\p AtXm-dn-ń-bp-sSbpw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ a‰v ]e AtXm-dn-ń-I-fp-sSbpw t]mse

1986 se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Ønse sk£≥ 3 se k_v sk£≥ 3 {]Imcw

Hcp ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-cn-°pI. Zlm\p AtXm-dnń tImSXn CS-s]-

S-ens‚ ê-ambn cq]w sIm≠XmsW-¶nepw k¿°m-cn\v CØ-c-samcp AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-

cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. CXn-\mbn Hcp {]tXyI \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn°pw.

hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ XΩnepw hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ ]cn-

l-cn-°m≥ sa®-s∏´ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw tImSXn hymJym-\hpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn hy‡-

amb Hcp A[n-Imc irwJe ÿm]n-°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-Øn¬ DNn-X-amb

t`Z-KXn hcp-ØpI.

{]h¿Ø\ ]ńI NphsS ]d-bp∂ tamUyq-fp-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-W-sa∂v kanXn \n¿t±-

in®p.

Kth-jWw

`c-W-IqSw, ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse Fw.]nam¿, {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈-h-cp-

ambn taJ-em-X-e-Ønepw kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ.

Bi-b-hn-\n-ab πm≥

]›n-a-L´ AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-cWw.

2. C≥^¿ta-j≥ kwhn-[m\w

CXp kw_-‘n® N¿®-bn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ ÿnXn kw_-‘n® hnh-c-W-ßƒ

tiJcn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn

{]Jym-]n-t°≠ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.

kky-ßƒ, arK-ßƒ, {]mWn-Iƒ, ]£n-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°p ]pdsa ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse hne-

a-Xn-°m-\m-ImØ \qdp-I-W-°n\v kq£va-Pohn sshhn-≤y-Øn-\p-IqSn {]m[m\yw \¬IWw.

286

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Ncn-{X-]-chpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-chpw Bbn {][m-\y-ap-≈-h-IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°Ww. Ncn-{Xm-

X-oX am\-h-sXm-gn¬ ssk‰p-Iƒ, IpSn-tb‰ dq´p-Iƒ, ]md-inev] ssk‰p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh

DZm-l-cWw.

Cw•ojv {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßsf B{i-bn-®n-́ p≈ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-W-°-W°v tiJ-c-W-Øn-\mWv

Ct∏mƒ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°p-∂Xv. ]t£, 5 ]›n-a-L´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sebpw {]mtZ-in-

I-`m-j-I-fn¬ ]›n-a-L-´sØ kw_-‘n® hn⁄m-\-ti-J-c-ap≠v. Ch-bpsS cXv\-Np-cp-°-

sa-¶nepw tiJ-cn®v kq£n-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse Kncn-h¿§-°m¿°v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°Ww. ImcWw Ahn-

SsØ h\-hn-`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Ah¿°v henb ]mc-º-cy-hn-⁄m-\-ap≠v.

]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-‘n® {]Wm-_vsk≥, tUm. Sn.Fkv. hnP-b-cm-L-

h≥ IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw, \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ°pw, h\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-ßƒ°pw

Np‰p-ap≈ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂ kp{]nw-tIm-SXn Xocp-am-\-ßfpw

tZiob h\y-Pohn t_m¿Uns‚ ip]m¿i-Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXn h\w a{¥m-ebw e`y-am-°Ww.

C¥y _tbm˛dntkmgvkkv C≥^¿ta-j≥ s\‰v-h¿°v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xn¬ ]¶p-h-ln®

tUm.KtW-iø, ]›n-a-L´ ssPh-ssh-hn≤y C≥^¿ta-j≥ knÃ-Øns‚ cq]-I-ev]-\-

bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fmb tUm. kpIp-am¿ F∂n-h¿ B[p-\nI hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ

(sF.kn.Sn, sh_v.2.0 sSIvt\m-f-Pokv XpS-ßn-bh) D]-tbm-Kn®v {]k-‡-amb Hcp C≥^¿ta-

j≥ knÃw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v kan-Xnsb klm-bn-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n®p. kn.C.Fkv.se

knÃw amt\-P¿ {io. P\m¿±-\≥ ]n≈-bpsS klm-bhpw tXSn.

]›n-a-L´ Um‰m t_kv ssk‰v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp {]mcw` _P‰v \n¿t±iw ka¿∏n-

°m≥ tUm. KtW-i-øsb Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn. Cu sh_vssk‰v XpS-°-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L´

]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-°p-th≠n BsW-¶nepw Ah-km\w CXv ]›n-a-L´ Um‰m

t_kv amt\-Pvsa‚n-\p≈ ssk‰mbn hn]p-eo-I-cn°pw.

NphsS ]d-bp∂ A®-Sn® tIm∏n-I-fpsS Iºyq-´¿ ^vtfm∏n Xøm-dm°n Ah \n¿±njvS

C≥^¿taj≥ knÃ-Ønepw sh_vssk-‰nepw Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw.

Z£nW I∂S Pn√-bpsS hml-I-tijn A]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\p≈ N´-°qSv˛ tUm. Sn.sI.

kp{_-“-Wy≥.

s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb \oe-Kncn P¥p-tem-I-dn-k¿Δns‚ 10 h¿j-A-]-

{K-Y-\hpw t{]mP-IvSns‚ {]mY-anI tcJ-Ifpw.

{]k-‡-amb BLmX A]-{K-Y\ tcJ-Iƒ {]tXy-In®v ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kwc-£nX

taJ-e-Ifp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ph ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w a{¥m-ebw e`y-am-°Ww.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kq£va kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂- {]m[m-

\yw kw_-‘n® {]tXyI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ kanXn Is≠-ØWw.

`q{]-tZ-i-Xe hnh-c-ßƒ°v tUm. ]n.Fkv tdmbnsb Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn.

\nb-a-]-chpw \b-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c-ßƒ {io. _n.sP. IrjvW≥ e`y-am°pw.

k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ, kn.Un.F^v. knbpsS ant√-

\nbw ssPhssh-hn[y dnt∏m¿´v, hnip-≤-Im-hp-Isf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh

kam-l-cn-°m≥ {ioaXn hnZy Fkv. \mb-°ns\ Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn.

tUm. \μ-Ip-am¿ apIp¥v ImaØv tKmhsb kw_-‘n® hnhn-c-ßƒ e`y-am°pw.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kq£va ssPh sshhn-≤ysØ kw_-‘n®v \ne-hn-ep≈ hnh-c-k-am-

l-c-Whpw imkv{Xob ssPh kwc-£-Whpw kpÿnc hn\n-tbm-Khpw kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-

i-ßfpw tUm. \μ-Ip-am¿ apIp¥v ImaØv ka¿∏n°pw.

]cn-ÿnXn ˛h\w a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ B¿ss°-hvkn¬ {]k-‡-amb [mcmfw hnh-c-ßƒ

287

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

e`y-am-sW∂v sNb¿am≥ hy‡-am°n. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-

ßƒ, hnhn[ IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS N¿®m-kw-{K-l-ßƒ, ]p\-c-h-tem-I-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

Ch-bn-epƒs∏Spw. ]s£ Ch bYm-hn[n ^b¬ sNømt\m Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]pd-sØ-

Sp-°mt\m D≈ kwhn-[m\w Ahn-sS-bn√.Ch Xcw Xncn®v kvIm≥ sNbvXv H]vSn-°¬

Imc-IvS¿ sd°-Kv-\n-j≥ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS tkm v̂Sv tIm∏n-bn-em-°m≥ a{¥m-e-b-tØmSv kanXn

ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

{]k-‡-amb ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ ssPh sshhn≤y Um‰, `qhn-\n-tbmK Um‰,

{]IrXn hn`h Um‰, \b˛\nba˛kwc-£W Um‰, hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp∂ C\-

ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Um‰ Ch-bpsS `q]Sw, a\p-jy-hn-`h Um‰, Sqdnkw, `c-W-kw-hn-

[m\w, hn⁄m-]-\-ßƒ ]Zm-hen F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn-embn Um‰ kam-l-cn-

°m-sa∂v kanXn ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

]›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ NphsS ]d-bp∂ {][m\ hy‡n-

Isf Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ kanXn \n¿t±-in®p. {io.Pb¥v Ip¬°¿Wn (]qs\),

s{]m^. icXv sese, tUm. F≥.B¿. sjń, s{]m^. hnt\mZv hymkpep, tUm. P\m¿±-

\≥]n≈, tUm. cmtPjv tKm]m¬, {io. sI.Pn. Xºn, tUm. Zneo]v Ipam¿, PÃnkv [¿Ωm-

[n-Imcn (Zl\p AtXm-dnń), B{¥-t∏m-f-Pn-°¬ skmssk‰n Hm^v C¥y (Kncn-h¿§-°m-

cp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-ßƒ°v )

_‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Pn√m ̀ c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ°pw h\w hIp-∏n\pw k¿°p-te‰v sNøm-

\mbn hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Hcp tNmZym-hen tUm. kpIp-am¿ Xøm-dm°pw. ]›n-a-L´

Pn√-I-fnse ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw £Wn-®p-

sIm≠v Ign-hXpw AXXv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS {]mtZ-inI `mj-bn¬/HutZym-KnI `mj-bn-

ep≈ Hcp s]mXp k¿°p-e¿ sNb¿am≥ Ab°pw. kan-Xn-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xmsg

Xń-ep≈ ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ CXp-]-I-cn°pw. ]©m-bØv Xe ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-

am-t\-Pvsa‚ v kan-Xn-Iƒ I¿Æm-S-I-bn-sebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw Nne ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬

am{Xta cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p≈q F∂v kanXn Is≠Øn.

hnh-c-kw-hn-[m\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v NphsS ]d-bp∂ apJy-L-S-I-ßƒ sNb¿am≥ \n¿t±-

in®p.

tUm. sI.F≥. KtW-iø, tUm. kpIp-am¿˛C≥^¿ta-j≥ knÃw, sh_v t_kvUv

Um‰m t_kv

tUm. \μ-Ip-am¿ apIp¥v ImaØv̨ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-‘n® {]tWm_v

sk≥, tUm. ˛ Sn.Fkv. hnP-b-cm-L-h≥ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXp

kw_-‘n-®- hy-XykvX am\-Z-fi-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Ipw.

tUm. sI.F≥. KtW-iø, tUm. B¿. kpIp-am¿ F∂n-h¿ tUm. ]n.Fkv. tdmbn-bp-

ambn tN¿∂v ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ AXn-cp-I-fpsS `q]Sw Xøm-dm°pw.

tUm. _n.sP. IrjvW≥, tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW ssk‰v kμ¿in® πm\p-Iƒ, kwc-

£W{]{In-b-bpsS apJy-{]-iv\-ß-fn-te°v FØm-\p≈ s]mXp-P\ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw

tUm. sd\n t_m¿Pkv, tUm.kpIp-am¿. tNmZym-hen cq]-I-ev]\ sNøpI.

s{]m^. Fkv.-]n.-KuXw ˛ aen-\o-I-c-Whpw hyh-km-b-hp-ambpw _‘-s∏´ F√m hnh-

c-ß-fpw.

3. hn]p-e-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{Inb

CXp kw_-‘n®v sNb¿am≥ Xøm-dm-°nb AP-≠m-k-anXn N¿® sNbvXv NphsS ]d-

bp∂ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬In.

Cu Bib hn\n-ab {]{In-b-bn¬ Xmsg Xńse P\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ N¿® {]mtZ-inI `mj-

bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. k¿°m¿ {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS kaq-l-Øns‚ ]cn-tO-ZsØ ]s¶-Sp-

288

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

∏n-®p≈ _u≤nI hnkvt^m-S\ N¿®-Iƒ Cw•o-jn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. C˛sabn¬ Dƒs∏-sS-

bp≈ IØn-S-]m-Sp-Ifpw sh_v A[n-jvTnX N¿®m-th-Zn-Ifpw thWw.

]›n-a-L-´-Øn\v {]k-‡-amb ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw

ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw sh_v A[n-jvTnX Um‰m-t_-kn\v cq]w \¬IpI. Xmev]-cy-ap≈

F√m hy‡n-Iƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw kzbw cPn-Ã¿ sNøm≥ CXn¬ kuI-cy-ap-≠m-

bn-cn-°Ww.

sh_v A[n-jvTnX N¿®-I-fn¬ Cu cwKØv ]cn-Nb kº-∂-cmb tUm. A]¿W hSv-sh-

sb-t]m-ep-≈-h¿ tamU-td-‰-dm-bn-cn-°Ww.

Um‰m-t_-kn¬ NphsS ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-SWw.

hy‡n-I-fpsS Um‰m t_kv

BZy-t]cv

Ah-km\ t]cv

X]m¬ hnemkw

C˛sabn¬

sSe-t^m¨ \º¿

Xmev]-cy-ap≈ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tZiw

Xmev]-cy-ap≈ hnj-b-]-c-amb taJe

ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Um‰m-t_kv

t]cv

kwL-S\m kz`mhw

X]m¬ hnemkw

C˛sabn¬

sSe-t^m¨ \º¿

Xmev]-cy-ap≈ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tZiw

Xmev]-cy-ap≈ hnj-b-]-c-amb taJe

s]mXp-Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N\m {]{In-b-bv°p≈ cq]-tcJ kanXn AwK-ß-fp-abn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v

{io. _n.sP. IrjvW≥ Xøm-dm°pw.

sXc-s™-SpØ hnj-ß-fn-t∑-ep≈ _u≤nI hnkvt^m-S\ skj-\p-Iƒ Cu c≠p-Zn-hkw

\o≠p- \n-ev°p∂ \mtem At©m inev]-im-e-I-fmbn kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. inev]-

im-e-bv°p≈ hnjbw kanXn AwK-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW

\n›-bn°pw.

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse F√m k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-sfbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn "]›n-a-L´

A¥¿k¿Δ-I-em-imem t^mdw' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp A\u-tZym-KnI IqSn-bm-tem-N\ kwhn-

[m\w D≠m-°p-∂Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amWv. CXn-\mbn sNb¿am≥ F√m sshkv Nm≥kn-

e¿am¿°pw IØ-b-bv°Ww. ]›n-a-L-´sØ kw_-‘n® hn⁄m-\-ti-Jcw F√m k¿Δ-

I-em-im-e-I-fn-ep-ap≠v.

kan-Xn-bpsS N¿®-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ sh_vssk-‰n¬ {]kn-≤-

s∏-Sp-ØWw. am[y-a-ßƒ Dulm-t]m-l-ßfpw sX‰mb hnh-c-ßfpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

XS-bm≥ ssk‰nse hnh-c-ßƒ Ah¿°p IqSn e`y-am-°Ww.

289

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ka-b-]-cn[n

N¿®-bn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn™ ka-b-]-cn[n NphsS

N¿®-bv°p≈ t]∏-dp-I-fpsS ]ńI tUm. KtW-iø Xøm-dm°n F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw

FØn-°p-Ibpw 2010 G{]n¬ 12 HmSp-IqSn A¥na cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw.

MOEF, ATREE, CES, IISc sh_vssk-‰p-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ kan-Xn-bpsS sh_v

t]Pv 2010 G{]n¬ 25 HmsS ]q¿Øn-bm-°Ww. cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-h¿°v Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-

b-ßfpw \n¿t±- i-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pw-hn-[-am-bn-cn-°Ww ssk‰v cq]-I-ev]-

\-sN-øm≥. ssk‰n¬ A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw tcJ-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv 2010 G{]n¬ 15 apX¬

2010 sk]vXw-_¿ 15 hsc Bbn-cn-°Ww. tUm. KtW-iø CXn-\p≈ \n¿t±iw Xøm-

dm°n DS≥ Xs∂ a{¥m-e-b-Øn\v ka¿∏n-°Ww.

hy‡n-Iƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw cPn-Ã¿ sNøm\pw A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈

ssk‰v 2010 G{]n¬ 25 \v Xøm-dm-°Ww. CXv tUm. KtW-iø \n¿Δ-ln°pw.

kμ¿i-\-Øn-\p≈ ssk‰p-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ GI-tZi am\-Zfiw {io. _n.sP.

IrjvW≥ Xøm-d°n k¿°p-te‰v sNøpw. XpS¿∂v e`n-°p∂ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒIqSn ]cn-K-

Wn®v ]q¿Æ πm\n\v cq]w \¬IWw. CXn\v 2010 sabv 7 \v \oe-Kn-cn-bn¬ tNcp∂ kan-

Xn-bpsS c≠m-aXv tbmK-Øn¬ A¥n-a-cq]w \¬IWw. 2010 sabv 15 apX¬ BKÃv 15 hsc

Bbn-cn°pw ssk‰v kμ¿i\w. kμ¿i-\-th-f-I-bnse \nco-£-W-ßfpw N¿®-Ifpw _lp-

P-\-{]-Xn-I-cWw £Wn-®p-sIm≠v DS≥Xs∂ kan-Xn-bpsS sh_v t]Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw.

{]tXyI hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ HutZym-KnI hnkvt^m-S\ skj≥ kw_-‘n® ]cn-]mSn tUm.

enPnb s\mtdmØ Xøm-dm°n AwK-ßƒ°v k¿°p-te‰v sNøWw. XpS¿∂p e`n-°p∂

{]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ IqSn IW-°n-se-SpØv 2010 G{]n¬ 15 HmsS A¥na cq]w \¬IWw.

kanXn dnt∏m¿ńs‚ {]mcw-`-cq]w s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]mbw £Wn-®p-sIm≠v 2010 sk]vXw-

_¿ H∂n-\Iw kan-Xn-bpsS sh_v t]Pn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°Ww.

* kanXn dnt∏m¿ńs‚ A¥n-a-cq]w A®-Sn-®Xpw sh_v A[n-jvTn-Xhpw 2010 sk]vXw-_¿ 15

\v ka¿∏n-°Ww.

a‰v LS-I-ßƒ

Im¿jnI kky-ê Dev]-∂-ßƒ, Huj[ kky-ßƒ, Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°ƒ Iem-kr-

jvSn-Iƒ, Ct°m-Sq-dnkw F∂n-h-bnse hn]-W-\-Øn-eqsS ssIh-cp∂ ]pXnb hn]-W\˛sXmgn¬

Ah-k-c-ßƒ ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse kpÿnc amXr-I-I-fm°n Db¿Øn-°m-´Ww.

kan-Xn-tbmKw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬sh®v tNc-W-sa∂ \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ ASpØ tbmKw 2010 sabv 7 \v Duń-bn¬ tNcm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p.

sNb¿ams‚ \μn-{]-I-S-\-tØmsS tbmKw Ah-km-\n®p.

290

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

]cn-injvS tcJ 2 : ]›n-a-L´ hnZKv[ {Kq∏v I¿Ω-]-≤Xn

1. sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øp∂ ZuXy-amWv {Kq∏n\v ap∂n-ep-≈Xv

(i) ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ Ahÿ hne-bn-cp-ØpI

(ii) ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-t°-≠h th¿Xn-

cnØv 1986 se ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap≈ hn⁄m-]-\-Øn\v ip]m¿i

sNøpI. CXn\v kanXn taml‚mw IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ v́, kp{]nw-tIm-SXn Xocp-am-\-ßƒ, tZiob

h\y-Pohn t_m¿Uns‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm\

k¿°m-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

(iii) P\-ß-fp-sSbpw _‘-s∏´ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-sfbpw ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm≠v hn]p-e-amb

Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{In-b-bn-eqsS ]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\pw, ]cn-c-£-W-

Øn\pw ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ip]m¿i-Iƒ \S-ØpI.

(iV) ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nbaw (1986) {]Imcw ]›n-a-L-´-ta-J-e-bnse {]tXyI {]tZ-i-

ßsf ]c-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ambn {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v tI{μ-]-cn-ÿnXn h\w˛a{¥m-ebw ]pd-

s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ hn⁄m-]-\-ßƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI.

(V) _‘-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmsS Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-

Øn\pw kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ambn ]cn-ÿnXn (kwc-£W) \nb-a-Øn≥ Iogn¬ ]›n-

a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn AtXm-dn´n cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ cq]-tcJ ip]m¿i sNøpI.

(VI) kan-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bv°mbn ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w˛a{¥m-ebw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂h Dƒs∏´

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]k-‡-amb a‰v ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw

sNøpI.

2. ta¬∏-d™ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ NphsS

]d-bp-∂h ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

aÆv, Pew, hmbp, ssPh-ssh-hn≤yw F∂n-h-bpsS Btcm-Ky-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ am‰-ßfpw Ct∏m-gsØ Ah-ÿbpw.

{Kma˛\K-c-k-t¶-X-ßƒ

h\-h¬°-cWw

Irjn

Imen-h-f¿Ø¬

a’y-_-‘\w

hyh-kmbw

Sqdnkw

J\\w

ÿm]-\-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ

(]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ta-J-e-Iƒ)

kaql kwc-£nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ

h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-ßƒ

\mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ

ssP-h-a-WvUe dnk¿Δp-Iƒ

291

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

t{]mPIvSv ssSK¿ dnk¿Δp-Iƒ

]cn-ÿnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

hml-I-tijn A]-{K-Y\w

tI{μ˛kwÿm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-W-t_m¿Up-Iƒ

Xoc-tZi \nb-{¥-W-ta-Je

tZiob˛kwÿm\˛{]mtZ-inI ssPh-ssh-hn≤y AtXm-dnń/ t_m¿Up-Iƒ/ amt\-Pvsa‚ v

IΩn‰nIƒ

ss]XrI ssk‰p-Iƒ

hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp∂ h¿§-ßƒ

kky-C\ kwc-£-Whpw I¿jI Ah-Im-i-\n-b-ahpw

kwbp‡ h\w amt\-Pvsa‚ v

Kncn-h¿§ Ah-Imi \nbaw

Zlm\ Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-dn-ń-t]m-se-bp≈ amXr-I-Iƒ

]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w

A\p-_‘w: Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXnkwc-£W AtXm-dnń

Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn, {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ, Pohn-X-am¿§-ßƒ F∂nh kwc-£n-

°m-\mbn cq]w \¬Inb Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy ÿm]-\-amb Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-

£W AtXm-dnń Ign™ 10 h¿j-ambn Hcp Imh¬ÿm-]\w F∂-Xn-\p-]-cn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-

°p∂ {]IrXn hn`-h-ßƒ°p taep≈ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI cmjv{Sob \nb-{¥-WsØ AwKo-I-cn-®p-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-Øns‚ Xpey-A-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw XXz-

ßƒ apdpsI ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AtXm-dnń \ne-sIm≠p. ASn-bp-d® DØ-c-hp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

hn[n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw C¥y-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ°pw

AtXm-dnń henb kw`m-h-\-bmWv \¬In-bXv.

]cn-ÿnXn \nb-a-ßsf ]c-ky-ambn ewLn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xnsc tImS-Xnsb kao-]n® Zlm-

\p-hnse {]mtZ-inI {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Hcp-Ø-c-hn-eqsS 1996 ¬ "]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e

{]tZ-i-ß-fnse Bkq-{X-W-Ønepw amt\-Pvsa‚n-ep-ap≈ k¶o¿Æ-amb {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw

ImWm≥ ' Hcp {]tXyI AtXm-dnń cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in®p.

Zlm-\p-Xm-eq-°nse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v {]tXy-In®v aen-

\o-I-cW \nb-{¥Ww, ap≥I-cp-X¬ XXz-ßƒ \S-∏m-°pI, aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-°m-cm-b-

h¿ Xs∂ AXv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sNehv hln-°pI F∂ XXzw \S-∏m-°pI s#∂o e£y-

ß-tfmsS 1996 Unkw-_-dn¬ PÃnkv N{μ-ti-J¿ [¿Ωm-[n-Imcn sNb¿am-\mbn AtXm-dnń

\ne-hn¬ h∂p. Pe-]-T\w, ]cn-ÿnXn F©n-\o-b-dn-ßA, \K-cm-kq-{XWw XpS-ßnb cwK-ß-

fnse hnZ-Kv[cpw k¿°m¿ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn Xms\ If-IvS¿, alm-cmjv{S aen-\o-I-cW \nb-

{¥W t_m¿Uv saº¿ sk{I-´dn F∂n-hcpw AtXm-dn-ń-bn¬ AwK-ß-fmWv.

Hcp A¿≤-\o-Xn-\ymb ÿm]-\-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ AtXm-dnń {]mtZ-inI ]cn-ÿnXn

kw_-‘-amb ]cm-Xn-I-fnepw {]iv\-ß-fnepw Hcp P\-Iob tImS-Xn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. s]mXp˛

kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb coXn-bn¬ Hcp hnNm-cW {]{In-

b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv AtXm-dnń N¿®-Ifpw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw \S-Øp-∂Xv. I¿°-i-°m-c-\mb Hcp

kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-Is‚ ÿm\-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm≠v DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sSbpw kzIm-

cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bp-sa√mw a\- n¬ ]cn-ÿnXn t_m[-h¬°-c-Whpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw \n¿_-

‘-]q¿Δw IS-Øn-hn-Sp-I-bmWv AtXm-dnń sNøp-∂Xv.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ]Δ¿{KnUv tIm¿∏-td-j\v Zlm-\p-hn-eqsS ssl {Sm≥kvan-j≥ sse\p-

292

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

Iƒ hen-t°≠n h∂-t∏mƒ Ahn-S∂v apdn-°p∂ Hmtcm hr£-Øn\pw ]Icw 10 hr£-ßƒ

hoXw h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂ hn]p-e-amb Hcp \jvS-]-cn-lmc h\-h¬°-c-W-]-cn-]mSn \S-∏m-

°m≥ AtXm-dn-ń°v Ign™p. {]mtZ-inI hr£-C-\-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p ap≥Xq°w. CXn-\m-h-iy-

amb XpI h\w hIp-∏n¬ sIń-h-bv°p-∂Xp hsc ]≤-Xn°v A\p-aXn \¬In-bn√.

Bkvt{S-en-b≥ tkmbn¬ Im¿_¨ A{I-Un-t‰-j≥ kvIow

(IrssÃ≥ tPm¨kv ]n.F®v.Un.)

bYm-hn[n ]cn-c-£n-°p∂ Irjn `qan°v A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂v h≥tXm-Xn¬ Im¿_¨

ssU HmIvsskUv hen-s®-SpØv kq£n-°m≥ Ignbpw. CXv Pemwiw ]nSn®p \n¿Øm-\p≈

aÆns‚ tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw aÆnse t]mj-I-ß-sfbpw Im¿jnI Dev]m-Z\ £a-X-tbbpw

KWy-ambn Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. Bkvt{S-en-b≥ kvIoan¬ hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp Irjn-bn-S-Øntem

]p¬ta-Sntem C{]-Imcw kam-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Im¿_¨ Af∂v Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbpw.

C{]-Im-Icw aÆn¬ Im¿_¨ tiJcw krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]m’m-l\ klmbw \¬Ipw.

aÆn¬ Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv Iq´p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Btcm-Kyhpw Dev]m-

Z\ £a-Xbpw h¿≤n°pw.

\o¿ØS tkh-\-ßƒ°v {]Xn-̂ ew

]cn-ÿnXn tkh-\-ßƒ°v Hcp hn]Wn krjvSn-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øns‚ ̀ mK-amWv ]cn-ÿnXn

tkh-\-ßƒ°p≈ {]Xn-êw.

e`n-°p∂ tkh-\-Øn\v aqeyw Iev]n-°p-∂-hcpw tkh\w \¬Im≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h-tcbpw

XΩn¬ CXv _‘n-∏n-°p∂p. CØ-c-samcp kwhn-[m\w BZyw XpS-ßn-bXv em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-bn-

emWv. XpS¿∂v Gjy≥, B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ßfpw Cu ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏´p.

Pe-t{km-X- n\v apI-fn-tem´pw Xmtgm-́ p-ap≈ Pe-hn-\n-tbm-Khpw amt\-Pvsa‚pw XΩn¬ _‘n-

∏n®v Ccp-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw t\´-ap-≠m-°p-∂-XmWv \o¿Ø-S-tk-h-\-ßƒ°v {]Xn-

êw \¬Ip∂ coXn. ]cn-ÿnXn tkh-\-ß-fpsS Hcp ZmXmhpw Hcp Bh-iy-°m-c\pw XΩn¬

kzta-[bm G¿s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Icm-dm-WnXv. Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°-fpsS

FÆw KWy-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-c-Wamb√ CXv hn`m-

h\ sNbvXn-´p-≈-sX-¶nepw B D]-tbm-Khpw CXp-sIm≠v t\Sm-hp-∂-XmWv.

CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-\m-h-iy-amb aps∂m-cp-°-ß-sf-∏‰n \n¿≤-\-cmb {KmaoW P\-ßƒ A⁄-

cmWv. Ch¿°v th≠{X `qan-t]mepw kz¥-am-bp-≠m-hn√. X∑qew {]Xn-êw Gdnb ]¶pw kaq-

l-Ønse kº-∂¿ Xń-sb-Sp-°m≥ CS-bp≠v. F∂m-enh¿°v Dt±-in® tkh\w e`y-am-°m-\m-h-

iy-amb a\p-jy-aq-e-[-\tam {]IrXn hn`-h-ßtfm D≠m-hn√. kmº-ØnI XXz-ß-fn¬ ISn-®p-Xq-

ßmsX {Kmao-W-ta-J-ebv°v Du∂¬ \¬In ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v hn]Wn ]n¥p-Wbpw k_vkn-Un-

Ifpw \¬In Hcp {KmaoW \n¿≤\ A\p-Iqey ]≤-Xn-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv A`n-

Imayw.

{][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ

]cn-ÿnXn tkh\ {]Xn-^-e-Øn¬ "hn]Wn krjvSn-°¬ ' Hcp hn]Wn A[n-jvTnX

t{]m’m-l-\-amWv. ]cn-ÿnXn tkh-\-ß-fn-t∑¬ kmº-ØnI aqeyw NpaØn tkh\w hmßp-

∂-h-scbpw hnev°p-∂-h-scbpw H∂n-∏n-°p∂ {]{In-b-bm-WXv. CØcw Hcp hn]Wn krjvSn

e£y-an-´m¬ ]cn-ÿnXn tkh\ {]Xn-^-e-]-≤Xn Hcp \n¿≤\ {KmaoW A\p-Iqe kvIow BI-

W-sa-∂n√. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ CXv \n¿≤\ {KmaoW A\p-Iq-e-am-°n-bm¬ kmº-ØnI hi-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-°¬ Bhp-Ibpw sNøpw.

\o¿Ø-Sm-[n-jvTnX ]cn-ÿnXn tkh-\-{]-Xn-ê ]≤Xn \n¿≤\ A\p-Iqe ]≤-Xn-b√

Ah-bpsS e£yhpw AX√. \o¿ØS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-am-°p-I-bmWv Ah-bpsS apJy-

e£yw. AsXmcp Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-bm-°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXv Bco-Xn-bn¬ hgn-Xn-cn-®p-

hn-tS-≠n-hcpw. ]cn-ÿnXn tkh-\-ßƒ°v hne-I-ev]n-°p-∂-h-tcbpw Ah e`y-am-°m≥ km[n-

°p-∂-h-tcbpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n®v Hcp hn]Wn krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv ChnsS Bhiyw. hnI-kzc

293

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

cmPy-ß-fnse kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Cu e£yw t\Sm-\p-]-I-cn-°p∂ \√ hml-\-ambn {]h¿Øn-

°m≥ \n¿≤\ {Kmao-W¿°m-In√.

C\n tkh-\-Zm-Xm-°fpw k¿°mcp XΩn¬ Hcp [mc-W-bn-se-Øn-bm¬ \n¿≤\ {Kmao-

Wsc klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-t™°mw. ]s£ AXn-\p≈ icn-bmb t]cv ]cn-ÿnXn tkh\

{]Xn-ê ]≤Xn F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°n√.

Poh-Pme kaq-l-ßƒ

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn {]tZ-i-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ß-fn-t∑-

ep≈ N¿®m-h-tem-I-\-Øn¬ kanXn sNb¿am≥ Nq≠n-°m-ńbXv {]Wm_v sk≥ IΩn‰n

dnt∏m¿ńse am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw amtX-c≥, alm-_-te-iz¿˛]©-KWn, Zlm\p F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fmbn {]Jym-]n-®p-I-gn-™-h-bnse CXp-h-sc-bp≈ A\p-`-h-

ß-fp-amWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ kanXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-sX-∂mWv. sk≥ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ńse am\-Z-

fi-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]e {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ß-fp-s≠∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp {]tXyI ÿe-Øp-am{Xw I≠p-h-cp∂ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp≈ {]tZ-isØ

samØ-Øn¬ kwc-£n-°-W-sa-∂-XmWv Hcp \n¿t±iw. ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw

1000 Ønte‰w C\w ]pjv]-s®-Sn-Ifpw, a’y-ßfpw, Xh-f-Ifpw, ]£n-Ifpw kkvX-\n-I-fp-ap≠v.

th≠{X ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-ń-√m-Ø-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-SmØ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v kky-Po-h-Pme

h¿§-ßƒ thsd-bp-≠mhmw. ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse `qan-imkv{X {]Xew apgp-h≥ Ch hym]n-®p-In-S-

°p∂p. a\p-jy-s‚bpw hml-\-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw iey-ap≈ tdmUp-I-fpsS hi-ßfpw CXn-epƒs∏-

Sp∂p. BI-bm¬ sk≥ IΩn-‰n-bpsS C°m-cy-Ønse ip]m¿i {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-

´mWv.

C¥y-bnse hn⁄m-]nX ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ß-fnse A\p-̀ -h-ß-fpsS Hcp kw{Klw

2009 ¬ ""Iev]-hr-£n¬'' {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. CXn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ Zlm\p, amtX-c≥,

alm-_-te-iz¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn°v Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-h-bmWv.

Chn-S-ß-fnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e taJ-e-Isf \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ahsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v

Xmev]-cy-ap≈ {]tXyI {Kq∏p-I-fpsS hninjym t_mws_ ]cn-ÿnXn B£≥ {Kq∏ns‚ kl-

I-cWw t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. CXn\v hncp-≤-ambn ]›n-a-L´ kan-Xn°v ]›n-a-L-´-Ønse apgp-h≥

{]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw ÿnXn hne-bn-cpØn hyXykvX Xe-Øn-ep≈ ap≥K-W-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ Cu Npa-Xe \n¿Δ-ln-°-W-am-bn-cp∂p. CXp-h-sc-bp≈ tIkp-I-fn¬ Xocp-am\w apI-fn¬

\n∂m-bn-cp∂p. A√msX Xmsg-X-́ n¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬ \n›-b-ambpw ]›n-a-L´ kanXn

AXns‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ apI-fn¬ \n∂v ASn-t®¬∏n-°m≥ {ian-°n√. adn®v Xmsg Xń¬ \n∂v

XpS-cp∂ s]mXp-hmb IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fnse hn]p-e-amb Hc-Sn-Ø-d-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp

{]{In-bsb am{X-amWv kanXn C°m-cy-Øn¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n°q.

C°m-cy-Øn¬ temI-Ønse G‰hpw \√ amXr-I-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v ]›n-a-L´ taJ-ebv°v

G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw kanXn A`n-{]m-b-s∏´p.

]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-]-c-amb kq£va kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bpsS Afhv hne-bn-cp-Øp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp t{]mPIvSv tUm.cRvPnXv Um\n-tb¬kv, tUm. {]tamZv,tUm. KtW-iø F∂n-

h¿ tN¿∂v Xøm-dm°n kmº-ØnI klm-b-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°-W-sa∂v kanXn \n¿t±-in®p.

]›n-a-L´ taJ-e-bnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-i-ßƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu ]≤Xn dnt∏m¿ v́

kanXn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØpw. kan-Xn-bnse tIm˛Hm]v‰v sNbvX hnZ-Kv[-cmb tUm. {]oXn tdmbv,

tUm.eX F∂n-hsc A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn sNb¿am≥ £Wn®p.

AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS XpS°w Xs∂ Nne h≥InS ]≤-Xn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Xncn-™p-sIm-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. Zlm-\p-hns‚ Xoc-{]-tZiw. Xoc-tZi \nb-{¥-W-ta-Je (CRZ) hn⁄m-]-\-Øn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-

∂-Xn-\m¬ ChnSw ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_-e-ambn {]Jym-]n-®n-cp∂p. BI-bm¬ hymh-km-bnI hnI-k-

\-Øn\pw \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h∂p.

Zlm-\p-hn¬ tImSm-\p-tImSn tUmf-dns‚ Hcp h≥InS hymh-km-bnI Xpd-apJw ÿm]n-

°m≥ \n¿t±-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]iv\w AtXm-dnń Gs‰-SpØv \nc-h[n sXfn-sh-Sp-∏p-Iƒ

294

]›n-a-L´ kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ̨ 2011............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................

\SØn. Cu cwKsØ BtKm-f-ò-a-∑m-cmb P & O hsc AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS apºn¬ lmP-cmbn

dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ \¬In. Xpd-apJw h∂m-ep≈ tZmj-ß-sf-∏‰n {]mtZ-inI kaq-lhpw ]cn-ÿnXn

{Kq∏p-sams° Ah-c-h-cpsS hmZ-ßfpw, ÿnXn-hn-hc IW-°p-I-fp-sams° \ncØn. \nc-h[n \nb-

a-hm-Z-K-Xn-Ifpw, imkv{Xob ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw, _‘-s∏´ kaq-l-ß-fpsS FXn¿∏pw ]cn-tim-

[n® AtXm-dnń Zlm-\p-hn¬ Xpd-ap-J-Øn\v A\p-aXn \ntj-[n®p.

sX¿a¬ ]h¿ πm‚ns‚ Imcy-am-bn-cp∂p AtXm-dn-ń°v CS-s]-tS-≠n-h∂ as‰mcp {][m-\-

Imcyw. 1999 sabv amkØn¬ AtXm-dnń ]m m-°nb Hcp-Ø-chp {]Imcw sX¿a¬ ]h¿πm‚ v

F√m ¢nb-d≥kv hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]men-°-W-sa∂pw ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ kƒ -̂dns‚ Afhv Ipd-bv°m≥

th≠n ^vfqKymkv Uokƒ^-ssd-tk-j≥ (FGD) πm‚ v Bbn-cn-°Ww ÿm]n-t°-≠-sX∂pw

\n¿t±-in®p. Cu πm‚ v ÿm]n-°p∂ dne-b≥kv 300 tImSn cq]-bpsS _m¶v Kymc≠n hbv°-W-

sa∂ as‰mcp DØ-chpw 2005 ¬ AtXm-dnń ]mkm°n.

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-c-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ Zlm-\p-Xm-eq°v Hcp

amXrIm Xmeq-°mbn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ AtXm-dnń hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ ]¶v hln®p hcp∂p.

{]km[I°pdn∏v · 2018-01-08 · {]km[I°pdn∏v]›n-a-L-´- hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏´...

Documents

Transcript of {]km[I°pdn∏v · 2018-01-08 · {]km[I°pdn∏v]›n-a-L-´- hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏´...