(Ðĕ□Б◦Б៨-Ðĕ□Б◦Б៩)

matika KnßITI 8 snþtikm μ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1

CMBUkTI 1 bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 EpñkTI 1 karcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikmμ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 EpñkTI 2 GanuPaBénsnþtikm μ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 EpñkTI 3 PaBRKb;lkçNsm,tþiCasnþtiCn · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5

CMBUkTI 2 snþtikm μtamc,ab; · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 14 EpñkTI 1 snþtiCn · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 14 EpñkTI 2 snþtikmμrbs;shB½T§ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 20 EpñkTI 3 karsRmYlcMENkmt’k · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 22

CMBUkTI 3 snþtikm μtammtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 30 EpñkTI 1 smtßPaBkñúgkareFVImtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · 30 EpñkTI 2 TRmg;énmtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 32 EpñkTI 3 cMNucénmtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 45 EpñkTI 4 karlubecalnUvmtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 51 EpñkTI 5 GanuPaBénmtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 56 EpñkTI 6 Gc©½yTan · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 61 EpñkTI 7 karRbtibtþiþmtksasn_ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 74

CMBUkTI 4 PaKbRmug · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 88 EpñkTI 1 bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 88 EpñkTI 2 viFIkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug · · · · · · · · · · · · 96 EpñkTI 3 karrMlt;siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy · · · · · · · · · · · · · 106

CMBUkTI 5 karyl;RBm nig kare)aHbg;snþtikm μ · · · · · · · · · · · · · 108 EpñkTI 1 bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 108 EpñkTI 2 karyl;RBm · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 115 EpñkTI 3 kare)aHbg; · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 121

CMBUkTI 6 karRKb;RKg nig karEbgEckmt’k · · · · · · · · · · · · 123 EpñkTI 1 karRKb;RKgmt’k· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 123

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- ii -

EpñkTI 2 karEbgEckmt’k· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 127 EpñkTI 3 karsRmYlrvagm©as;bMNul · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 140 EpñkTI 4 karCRmH CaGaT× enAkñúgkrNIEdlmankaryl;RBmedaykRmit · · · · · 142

CMBUkTI 7 ntißPaBénsnþtiCn · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 151 CMBUkTI 8 karTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 161

KnßITI 9 Gvsanb,BaØtþi · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 166 CMBUkeTal Gvsanb,BaØtþi · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 166

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smasPaBénKN³kmμkarTTYlbnÞúkkarBaresckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNIkm<úCa ³ Ék]tþm GgÁ vgS vDÆana rdæm®nþI/ RksYgyutþiFm’ ¬RbFan¦ Ék]tþm s‘uy nU rdæelxaFikar/ RksYgyutþiFm’ ¬GaNtiþTI 1¦ Ék]tþm GIu dn rdæelxaFikar/ RksYgyutþiFm’ ¬GaNtiþTI 2¦ Ék]tþm hIu esaPa rdæelxaFikar/ RksYgyutþiFm’ elakCMTav can; suT§avI rdæelxaFikar/ RksYgyutþiFm’ Ék]tþm yU b‘uneLg RbFansala]T§rN_ Ék]tþm Kg; RsIum GnuRbFantulakarkMBUl Ék]tþm b‘un hun GnurdæelxaFikar/ RksYgyutþiFm’ Ék]tþm ekIt riT§ GnurdæelxaFikar/ RksYgyutþiFm’ Ék]tþm CYn etC GKÁaFikarrg/ RksYgyutþiFm’ Ék]tþm Eb:n eBRCsalI GKÁnaykGKÁnaykdæanbec©keTs/ RksYgyutþiFm’ Ék]tþm pUv sMPI GKÁnaykGKÁnaykdæanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_elIvis½yyutþiFm’/ RksYg

yutþiFm’ elak m:ug munñIcriya RbFansaladMbUgextþRBHsIhnu elak yUr ]tþra ecARkmtulakarkMBUl elak sMriT§ supl ecARkmsala]T§rN_ elak salI Fara: ecARkmsala]T§rN_ elakRsI exov suxa GKÁnaykrgGKÁnaykdæanbec©keTs/ RksYgyutþiFm’ elak swg bBaØavuDÆ ecARkmtulakarkMBUl elak hIug FIb¤T§i ecARkmsaladMbUgextþsÞwgERtg elak TUc fariT§i RbFannaykdæankic©karrdæb,evNI/ RksYgyutþiFm’ elak Titü b¤T§I ecARkmRksYgyutþiFm’ smasPaBénRkumkargarCb:unEdlTTYlbnÞúkeFVIesckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNI ³ elak Morishima Akio sa®sþacarükitþiys/ sklviTüal½y Nagoya ¬RbFan¦ elak Kamata Kaoru sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Waseda

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elak Matsumoto Tsuneo sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Hitotsubashi

elak Minami Toshifumi ecARkm/ sala]T§rN_éntMbn; Tokyo elak Motoyama Atsushi sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Ritsumeikan elak Niimi Ikufumi sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Meiji elak Nomi Yoshihisa sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Tokyo elak Nomura Toyohiro RBwT§burs nig sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Gakushuin elak Yamamoto Yutaka sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Kyoto elak Tanamura Masayuki sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Waseda elak Urakawa Michitaro sa®sþacarü/ sklviTüal½y Waseda CMnajkar TIPñak;garshRbtibtþikarGnþrCatiRbeeTsCb:un (JICA) RbcaMRksYgyutþiFm’ ³ elak Sakano Issei TIRbwkSa énkm μviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak Yamada Yoichi GtItTIRbwkSac,ab; énkmμviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak Imaizumi Manabu GtItTIRbwkSac,ab; énkmμviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elakRsI Homma Yoshiko GtItTIRbwkSac,ab; énkmμviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak Kai Mineo GtItGñksRmbs®mYl énkm μvIFIIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak Kamiki Atsushi GtItTIRbwkSac,ab; énkmμviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ kBaØa Manabe Kana GtItTIRbwkSac,ab; énkmμviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ kBaØa Terauchi Kozue GñksRmbs®mYl énkmμvIFIIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak Kiyohara Hiroshi TIRbwkSac,ab; énkm μviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ GñkbkERb ³ elakRsI Kk bUer:n GtItCMnYykarCan;x<s; énkm μvIFIIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak sr sinira GtItCMnYykarCan;x<s; énkm μvIFIIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak s sUvan GtItCMnYykar énkmμvIFIIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak Cin munñI GtItCMnYykar énkmμvIFIIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’ elak suwm vIr³ GñkbkERbCab;kic©snüa elak Sakano Issei TIRbwkSa énkm μviFIGPivDÆvis½yc,ab; nig yutþiFm’

KnßITI 8 snþtikm μ

CMBUkTI 1 bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA

EpñkTI 1 karcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikm μ ¬kMMNt;¦

rbbsnþtikm μenAkñúgBiPBelakenH GacEckCa 2 RbePT)an KWeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi nig eKalkarN_CRmHbBa¢I . eKalkarN_TTYlbnþedays½VyRbvtþ KWCaeKalkarN_EdlsnþtiCnRtUvTTYlTaMgRsug nUvsiT§i nig krNIykic©TaMgGs;rbs;mtkCn . dUecñH snþtiCn)anTTYlbnþnUvzan³rbs;mtkCnEtmþg ¬kñúg krNIshsnþtikmμ RtUveFVIkarEbgEck¦ ehtuenHehIy bBaØtþic,ab; nig nItiviFI manPaBgayRsYl. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnenaH)anbnSl;nUvkatBVkic©eRcIneBk RbsinebIsnþtiCnTTYlbnþnUvkatBVkic©TaMgenaH nwgeFVI [xUcRbeyaCn_y:agF¶n;F¶r edaysarsnþtikm μ dUecñHehIy)anCaeyIgbegáIt[manrbbe)aHbg;nUvsnþtikm μ b¤ karyl;RBmedaymankRmit edIm,IeCosvagnUvsßanPaBenH . eKalkarN_CRmHbBa¢I KWRtUvCRmHbBa¢ITaMgGs;nUv siT§ielIbMNul nig katBVkic© rbs;mtkCn eBlEdlsnþtikmμekItmaneLIg ehIysnþtiCnnwgsñgRTBüenaH EtkñúgkrNIEdlmanRTBüskmμb:ueNÑaH ehIykñúgkrNIEdlmankatBVkic©F¶n;F¶rhYsehtu RtUvRbkasFnkS½y énmt’kenaH edIm,IkMu[snþtiCnTTYlnUvbnÞúkkatBVkic©enaH . enHCaeKalkarN_mYyEdlRsbeTAtamsmPaB rvagm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn nig snþtiCn k¾b:uEnþ mankarlM)akdUcCa nItiviFIsμ úKsμaj Gs;esah‘uy nig cMNay eBlevlaeRcInpg . cMeBaHbBaðaeRCIserIsykeKalkarN_NamYy RbCaCnFm μtaK μanRTBüsm,tþisnþtikmμeRcIn l μmnwgeFVIkarCRmHeT ehIycMeBaHRbCaCnEdlmanRTBüsm,tþisnþtikm μeRcInk¾eday k¾GaceRbImtksasn_ CaGaT× eFIVCanItiviFITUTat;gayRsYlmYy edIm,IsgbMNuledayRTBüCak;lak;mYyEdr dUecñHehIy)anCakñúg RkmenH eyIg)anbBaØtþedayykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþimkeFVICamUldæan . müa:geTot Rkm rdæb,evNIénRbB½n§c,ab;TVIb nig Rkmrdæb,evNICb:un k¾RtUv)anbBaØtþedayykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþeday sV½yRbvtþienH mkeFVICamUldæanEdr .

maRta 1145>- mUlehtuénkarcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikm μ 1-snþtikm μ RtUvcab;epþImedaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn . 2-snþtikm μ RtUveFVIeLIgedayEp¥ktambBaØtþiénc,ab; b¤ edayEp¥ktamqnÞ³

rbs;mtkCn . snþtikm μedayEp¥ktambBaØtþiénc,ab; ehAfa snþtikmμtamc,ab;

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snþtikmμedayEp¥ktamqnÞ³rbs;mtkCn ehAfa snþtikmμmanbNþaM .

¬kMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBImUlehtuénkarcab;epþImsnþtikmμ . kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgbBa¢ak;c,as;las;fa snþtikm μRtUvcab;epþImeLIgedaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn KWmin

TTYlsÁal;snþtikmμeBlenArs;eT . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlNamñak;;)anTTYlRbkasGMBIkar)at;xøÜn RtUvcat; Tukfa GñkenaH)anTTYlmrNPaBedayEp¥kelImaRta 43 dUecñHehIysnþtikmμRtUvcab;epþIm .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIviFIeFVIsnþtikm μ Edlmansnþtikm μtammtksasn_ nig snþtikmμtamc,ab;kñúgkrNI EdlKμanmtksasn_ . dUecñH mtksasn_minEmnCaRbTankm μmYyRbePTeT KWRtUvcat;TukCasnþtikmμEtmþg ehtuenHehIy KYrEtvaytémøfa kareFVIGnub,TannUvRTBüedaymtksasn_ cMeBaHsnþtiCn KWCakarkMNt; cMENkmt’k RBmTaMgkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k ¬sUmemIlsaldIkarbs;tulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 12 Ex kBaØa qñaM 1991¦ ehIycMNucenH manEcgkñúgmaRta 1185 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

kfaxNÐTI 1 dUcKñanwgmaRta 882 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:unEdr . rIÉkfaxNÐTI 2 vij KWCabBaØtþimYyEdl rkSaTuknUveKalKMniténmaRta 486 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

maRta 1146>- TIkEnøgcab;epþImsnþtikmμ snþtikmμ RtUvcab;epþImenAlMenAzanrbs;mtkCn naeBlTTYlmrNPaB .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkEnøgcab;epþImsnþtikmμ . maRtaenHEcgc,as;las;fa kñúgkrNIEdlcaM)ac;manGnþraKmn_rbs;tulakarcMeBaHsnþtikmμ dUcCakar

e)aHbg;nUvsnþtikmμ karyl;RBmedaymankRmit karEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× tulakarEdlmansmtßkic©enA lMenAzanrbs;mtkCn enAeBlEdlmtkCnenaH)anTTYlmrNPaB CatulakarEdlmansmtßkic© . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 883 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 487 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

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EpñkTI 2 GanuPaBénsnþtikmμ

maRta 1147>- karTTYlbnþnUvmt’k 1-snþtiCn RtUvTTYlbnþnUvsiT§i nig krNIykic©TaMgGs; EdlsßitenAeRkam

RTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn cab;BIeBlEdlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHmin

RtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHsiT§i nig krNIykic©pþac;muxTaMgRsugrbs;mtkCn . 2-cMeBaHkmμsiT§ielIvtßúsRmab;CMenOsasna nig ectiy b¤ clnvtßúEdlCa

rtnsm,tþiRKYsarénbuBVCn ebImanCnEdlRtUvTTYlbnþkmμsiT§iTaMgenaH dUcCaCn

EdlRtUvdwknaMBiFIbuNüénbuBVCn edayeyagtamkarkMNt;rbs;mtkCn CnenaH RtUvTTYlbnþ . ebImtkCnBMu)ankMNt;eT CnEdlRtUvdwknaMBiFIbuNüénbuBVCn

RtUvTTYlbnþnUvkmμsiT§iTaMgenaH edayeyagtamTMenomTmøab; . RbsinebITMenom

Tmøab;minc,as;las;eT tulakarRtUvkMNt;CnEdlRtUvTTYlbnþenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgbBa¢ak;fa tameKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi snþtiCnRtUvTTYlbnþnUvsiT§i nig krNIy-

kic©TaMgGs;EdlsßitenAeRkamRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn . kfaxNÐTI 1 )anbBa¢ak;fa snþtikm μRtUveFVIeLIgtameKalkarN_TTYlbnþþedaysV½yRbvtþi . eyagtam

esckþIkMNt;enAedImKnßIenH snþtikmμGaceFVIeLIgtameKalkarN_TTYlbnþþedaysV½yRbvtþi b¤ tameKalkarN_ CRmHbBa¢I k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgRkmenH )aneRCIserIsykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþþedaysV½yRbvtþi mineRCIserIsyk eKalkarN_CRmHbBa¢IeT . müa:geTot Rkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa maRta 593 nig maRta 602 )anEcgfa katBVkic©snþtikmμRtUveFVIkarCRmHbBa¢IsinmunnwgeFVIkarEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× ehIyemIleTAdUcCaeKalkarN_ CRmHbBa¢IEdr k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgmaRta 605 nig maRta 583 )anEcgfa snþtiCnEdlmanPaKbRmug man krNIykic©TTYlbnþnUvkarsgbMNul RBmTaMgminGace)aHbg;snþtikm μ)aneT ehIybBaØtþienHGaccat;TukfaCa eKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþimYyRbePTEdr . enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgfa {cab;BIeBlEdlcab; epþImsnþtikmμ} enHKWedIm,I[mannirnþrPaBtampøÚvc,ab; . dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHsnþtikm μGclnvtßú snþtiCnGacTTYl bnþedaysV½yRbvtþinUvGcnvtßúEdlCamt’k enAeBlEdlmtkCnTTYlmrNPaB edaymincaM)ac;mankarcuHbBa¢I GMBIkarN_Edl)aneFIVsnþtikmμeLIy . kñúgkrNIénsnþtikm μtammtksasn_ k¾dUcKñaEdr . maRtaenHEcgdUecñH eRBaHfa RbsinebItRmUv[mankarcuHbBa¢ICal½kçx½NÐedIm,ITTYlbnþtamsnþtikm μ enaHkñúgGMLúgeBlmunsnþtiCn

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eFIVkarcuHbBa¢I minmanGtißPaBm©as;km μsiTi§GclnvtßúeLIy EdlkarN_enHGacekItmansßanPaBEdlRTBüenaH Føak; eTACaRTBürdæ .

enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 manEcgbBaØtþiBiessGMBIsnþtikm μénkmμsiT§ielIvtßúsRmab;CMenOsasna nig ectiy b¤ clnvtßúEdlCartnsm,tþiRKYsarénbuBVCn . kñúgkrNIxøH vtßúTaMgenH minRtUveFVIsnþtikm μedaysnþtiCntamc,ab; eLIy KWRtUv)anTTYlbnþedayCndéTeTot b¤k¾mankrNImYycMnYnEdlmanshsnþtiCn ¬krNIénsh-snþtikmμ¦ b:uEnþ shsnþtiCnNamñak;TTYlvtßúTaMgenaHedayÉkÉg edayminsßitenAeRkamkmμsiT§iGviPaK dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 1148 eT . dUecñHehIy)anCakMNt;fa vtßúTaMgenHRtUvTTYlbnþ edayeyagtamqnÞ³rbs; mtkCn b¤ tamTMenomTmøab; . ]TahrN_ eTaHbICakñúgkrNIEdlRbBn§ nig «BukmþayCashsnþtiCnk¾eday eyageTAtamqnÞ³rbs;mtkCn edaysar«Bukmþaycas;Cra k¾GacsMu[bgRbusrbs;mtkCnTTYlbnþ)anEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 896 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1148>- karTTYlbnþsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCn

eRcInnak; 1-RbsinebImansnþtiCneRcInnak; shsnþtiCnmñak;² RtUvTTYlbnþnUvsiT§i

nig krNIykic© tamsmamaRténcMENkmt’kenaH . b:uEnþ siT§i b¤ krNIykic©Edl

minGacEbgEck)an tamlkçN³énsiT§i b¤ krNIykic©enaH RtUvTTYlbnþ eday

GviPaKIy_ . 2-mt’kenH nwgRtUvsßitenAeRkamkm μsiT§iGviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarTTYlbnþnUvsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; . kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIkarTTYlbnþnUvsiTi§ nig krNIykic©rbs;mtkCn edayshsnþtiCnmñak;² eTAtam

smamaRténcMENkmt’kEdlxøÜnRtUvsñg kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; . tamlT§plénsnþtikm μenH kñúg krNIEdlmtkCnmansiT§ielIbMNulcMeBaHttiyCn RbsinebIsiT§ielIbMNulenaH CaR)ak; CaGaT× EdlGacEbg Eck)an siT§ielIbMNulenHRtUvEbgEck tamcMENkmt’kEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;rbs;shsnþtiCnnImYy² eday sV½yRbvtþi edaymincaM)ac;rg;caMeBlEbgEckmt’keT . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnmankatBVkic© cMeBaH ttiyCn RbsinebIkatBVkic©enaHCaR)ak; CaGaT× EdlGacEbgEck)an RtUvEbgEcktamcMENkmt’kEdlc,ab;

4

)ankMNt; ehIyRbsinebIshsnþtiCnmin)ane)aHbg;ecalkarsñgenaHeT RtUvTTYlkrNIykic©sgkatBVkic© rbs;mtkCn eTAtamsmamaRténcMENkmt’kEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; elIkElgEtshsnþtiCnmin)ane)aHbg; snþtikmμenaHeT . maRta 1269 nig maRta 1275 RtUv)anbBaØtþeLIg edayykeKalKMnitenHCamUldæan .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa mt’kRtUvsßitenAeRkamkmμsiT§iGviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCn . dUecñH cMeBaHmt’kEdl minTan;eFVIkarEbgEck ttiyCnGaceFVIkic©karCMnYj b¤ eFVIkarrwbGUs edayEp¥keTAelIkarN_EdlshsnþtiCn nImYy²mancMENkkmμsiT§iGviPaKtamcMENkmt’kEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; . bBaØtþiénvaküx½NÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 maRta 1273 nig maRta 1279 RtUv)anerobcMeLIg edayykcMNucenHeFVICamUldæan . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCaman bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 k¾eday k¾minEmnmann½yfa karEbgEckmt’kRtUvkøayCaKμann½yenaHeLIy . )an esckþIfa cMeBaHRTBünImYy²EdlCakm μsiT§iGviPaK edayeyagtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 karEbgEckmt’k RtUveFVIeLIg edaykarbþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmknUvcMENkkm μsiT§iGviPaK . müa:geTot maRtaenHmanPaBxusKñanwg maRta 593 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCaEdlEcgfa RTBümt’kRtUv[enAmUlmYyduMCamYyKña rhUtdl;eBl eFVIkarEbgEck ehIyRbsinebIKμankaryl;RBmBIshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;eT minGaceFVIkarcat;EcgRTBümt’kenaH )aneT . edaysarEt)aneRCIserIsykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi EdlCaeKalkarN_gayRsYlenaH )anCamin)aneRCIserIsykviFannItikmμtammaRta 593 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 899 maRta 898 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 593 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

EpñkTI 3 PaBRKb;lkçNsm,tþiCasnþtiCn

maRta 1149>- buKÁlEdlmanlkçNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;CasnþtiCn CaGaT× 1-manEtCnEdlmanCIvitrs;enA naeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ eRkABIbuKÁl

EdlbBaØtþcab;BImaRta 1150 ¬GP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ CaGaTצ rhUtdl;maRta 1152 ¬karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn edaymtksasn_¦ xageRkamenHeT eTIbGac

TTYlsnþtikm μ)an . 2-eTaHmanbBaØtþidUckfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenHk¾eday bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2

nig TI 3 énmaRta 9 ¬TarkenAkñúgKP’¦ énRkmenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþ cMeBaHTark

EdlenAkñúgKP’ .

5

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIbuKÁlEdlmanlkçNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;CasnþtiCn b¤ Gc©½ylaPI . Cabzm kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa snþtikmμGaceFVIeLIg)anEtcMeBaHbuKÁlEdlmanCIvitrs;enA enAeBlcab;epþIm

snþtikmμEtb:ueNÑaH . dUecñH kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn nig CnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn )anTTYlmrNPaB RBmCamYyKña b¤ kñúgkrNIEdlRtUv)ansn μtfa )anTTYlmrNPaBRBmCamYyKña edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 45 CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCnenaH minbMeBjl½kçx½NÐmanCivitrs;enA enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μeT dUecñHminGaceFVIsnþtikm μ)aneLIy . bnÞab;BIenH kfaxNÐTI 1 bBaØtþGMBIPaBminEmnCaGP½BVbuKÁl b¤ PaBmin EmnCaGñkEdlRtUv)anpþac;mt’k dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúgmaRtabnÞab;eTA k¾b:uEnþ bBaØtiþenHEcgeLIgsRmab;rMB£k bBa¢ak;Etb:ueNÑaH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtiþedIm,IrMB£kbBa¢ak;nUvGaTiPaBénbBaØtþiénmaRta 9 kfaxNÐTI 2 nig TI 3 eTAelI kfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRtaenH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 488 nig maRta 548 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNICb:un minman GtißPaBénbBaØtþidUckfaxNÐTI 1 eT edaysarbBaØtþienHKWCaerOgFm μta b:uEnþ enAkñúgRkmenHEcgeLIg edIm,I[ RsYlyl; . cMeBaHbBaØtþidUckfaxNÐTI 2 vij sUmemIlmaRta 886 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

maRta 1150>- GP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ CaGaT× buKÁlEdl)ankMNt;dUcxageRkamenH BMuGackøayCasnþtiCn b¤ BMuGac

TTYlRTBüsm,tþitammtksasn_)aneLIy ³ k-buKÁlEdl)anTTYleTas edaymanectnaeFVIXat b¤ b:unb:geFVIXat

elImtkCn b¤ elICnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikmμmun b¤ lMdab;esμIKña eTaHeday

pÞal;kþI b¤ edayRbeyalkþII . x-buKÁlEdldwgGMBIkarsmøab;mtkCn Etmin)anraykarN_ b¤ min)an

bþwg . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHminRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHkrNIEdlbuKÁlenaH min

Gacvinicä½yGMeBIl¥ b¤ GaRkk;)an b¤ krNIEdlGñksmøab;CashB½T§ b¤ jatielahit

ExSpÞal;rbs;buKÁlenaH . K-buKÁlEdl)anraraMgmtkCnkñúgkareFVI lubecal b¤ EkERbmtk-

6

sasn_sþIBIsnþtikmμ edaykarqe)ak b¤ KRmamkMEhg . X-buKÁlEdl)an[mtkCneFVI lubecal b¤ EkERbmtksasn_sþIBI

snþtikmμ edaykarqe)ak b¤ KRmamkMEhg . g-buKÁlEdl)anEkøg EkbnøM bMpøajecal b¤ lak;TuknUvlixitmtk-

sasn_sþIBIsnþtikmμ rbs;mtkCn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGP½BVbuKÁlEdlxVHlkçN³CasnþtiCn b¤ CaGc©½ylaPI . enAkñúgmaRtaxageRkamenH man

EcgGMBIkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn k¾b:uEnþ edayeyagtamc,ab; buKÁlEdlxVHlkçN³CasnþtiCn CaGaT× KμanlkçN³ køayCasnþtiCn b¤ CaGc©½ylaPIeT eTaHCaman b¤ K μanqnÞ³rbs;mtkCnkIþ . rIÉkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCnvij karpþac; b¤ minpþac;mt’kBIGñkenaH KWRtUveFVIeTAtamqnÞ³rbs;mtkCn . karcat;EcgtamkrNINamYy tam bBaØtþiNa mYy RtUvEbgEckeTAtamPaBpÞúynwgsgÁmrbs;TegIV CaGaT× .

cMNuc k Ecgfa buKÁlEdl)anTTYleTas edaymanectnaeFVIXatelImtkCn b¤ elICnEdlmanlMdab; snþtikmμx<s;Cag b¤ lMdab;esμ IKña CaGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ . enHmanrYmTaMgkrNIEdl)aneFVIpÞal; nig krNI EdlRtUvpþnÞaeTas edaysar)anCYy b¤ smKMnitkñúgkareFVIXatenaHpgEdr . kareFIVXatsnþtiCnEdlman lMdab;x<s;Cag CaGaT× k¾RtUv)anbBa©ÚlCamUlehtuénGP½BVbuKÁlpgEdr eRBaHfa kareFIVXatCnEdlmanlMdab; snþtikmμx<s;CagedayCnEdlminRtUvkøayCasnþtiCnesaH kñúgeKalbMNgkøayCamanlkçNsm,tiþCasnþtiCn b¤ kareFIVXatCnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikm μdUcKña kñúgeKalbMNgbegáIncMENk mt’k KWCaTegVIpÞúynwgsgÁmy:agF¶n;F¶r .

cMNuc x Ecgfa CaeKalkarN_ buKÁlEdldwgGMBIkarsmøab;mtkCn Etmin)anraykarN_ b¤ min)anbþwgeT k¾CaGP½BVbuKÁlEdr . karEcgkRmitRtwmEtkarsmøab;mtkCn KWedaysarEtkñúgkrNIEdlmin)aneFVIesckþIray- karN_ CaGaT× GMBIkareFVIXatbuKÁlepSgBImtkCnEdlmanEcgkñúgcMNuc k enaHmtkCnGaceFVIkarvinicä½yfa etIRtUvpþac; b¤ minpþac;nUvmt’kBIbuKÁlenaH edaysarmUlehtuenH . kñúgkrNIenH GacRsbnwgcMNuc g énmaRta bnÞab; .

cMNuc K dl;cMNuc g EcgGMBIkrNIeFVI EkERb b¤ lubecalnUvmtksasn_ edayminRtwmRtUv rYmTaMg krNIEdlmin[eFVImtksasn_edayminRtwmRtUvpgEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 891 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 489 maRta 490 maRta 549 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;

7

rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1151>- karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn 1-mtkCn kalenArs; Gacdak;BaküsuMeTAtulakar [pþac;mt’kBICnEdlRtUv

)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnenaH min[TTYlsnþtikmμ)an ebICnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCa snþtiCnEdlmanPaKbRmug )anRbRBwtþnUvskmμPaBEdl)ankMNt;xageRkamenH ³

k-ebI)aneFVI)abcMeBaHmtkCn . x-ebI)anRbmafmtkCnya:gF¶n;F¶r . K-ebIGacmkemIlEfTaMmtkCnenAeBlEdlmanCm¶W b:uEnþminmkEfTaM . X-ebIRtUv)anTTYlsalRkm b¤ saldIkapþnÞaeTas[Cab;Bn§naKarmYy

CIvit . g-ebI)anRbRBwtþGMeBIel μIsF¶n;F¶rKYr[kt;sMKal; CaGaT× .

mtkCn k¾GacbgðajqnÞ³GMBIkarpþac;mt’kenH tammtksasn_)anEdr . 2-CnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnEdl)anTTYlkarTamTarpþac;mt’k

enH GaceFVIvivaTGMBIGtßiPaB b¤ ntßiPaB énmUlehtuénkarpþac;mt’kenH enAkñúgkar seRmcesckþIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarpþac;mt’kBICnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn min[TTYlsnþtikm μedayqnÞ³rbs;

mtkCn . kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBInItiviFIpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn . mtkCnEdlcg;pþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn

edaysarEtCnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn manmUlehtuEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgcMNucnImYy²énkfaxNÐenH Gacdak;BaküsuMeTAtulakarkMu[buKÁlenaHeFVIsnþtikmμ)an . dUecñH karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn caM)ac;RtUvmanqnÞ³ rbs;mtkCn nig karBinitürbs;tulakar Cal½kçx½NÐ . kartRmUv[mankarBinitüedaytulakar KWedIm,I[ tulakarEdlCattiyCn eFVIkarvinicä½yemIlfa etICnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn ehIyEdlRtUv)aneK bgðajqnÞ³pþac;mt’kenaH CabuKÁlEdlmanlkçN³dUcEdlmanEcgkñúgcMNucnImYy²énkfaxNÐTI 1 Edrb¤eT . CaBiess l½kçx½NÐ {RbmafmtkCnya:gF¶n;F¶r} b¤ {RbRBwtþGMeBIelμ IsF¶n;F¶rKYr[kt;sMKal;} CaGaT× KWCa

8

karEcgeLIgedayykTsSn³éntémømkeFVICamUldæan dUecñHehIy RtUvcaM)ac;[tulakareFVIkarføwgEføgfa etIGMeBI Rbmaf b¤ GMeBIel μ IsenaH manTm¶n;EdlRtUvpþac;mt’kEdrb¤eT . mankrNIeRcInEdlmtkCnmanGayueRcIn ehIysmtßPaBénkarvinicä½y k¾RtUvcuHGn;fy ehIymtkCnenaH )anxwgya:gxøaMgcMeBaHkMhustUctacrbs;Cn EdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn ehIy)ansMu[pþac;mt’kBIbuKÁlenaH ehtuenHehIy caM)ac;RtUvmankarvinicä½y rbs;tulakar . karGnuBaØat[pþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCntammtksasn_ KWCakareRtomsRmab;krNIEdlmtkCn pþac;mt’kBICnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCneBlenArs; ehIyEdlkarpþac;enHGaceFVI[mtkCnenaHTTYl eRKaHfñak; edaykareFVI)abrbs;buKÁlenaH b¤ xøacbuKÁlenaHe)aHbg;ecalmtkCn . müa:geTot maRtaenH EcgEtGMBIkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCnEtb:ueNÑaH . cMeBaHkarpþac;Gc©½yTanBIGc©½ylaPIvij RKan;EtbþÚrmtksasn_Ca kareRsc ehtuenHehIy mincaM)ac;manbBaØtþienHeT .

BIcMNuc k dl;cMNuc K nig cMNuc g CaTsSn³éntémø ehIymUldæanedIm,IeFVIkarvinicä½y KWCaPaBRtwmRtUv smrmüénkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCnedaysarGMeBIenaH .

cMeBaHcMNuc X vij enAkñúgmaRta 489 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa buKÁlEdlmaneTasCab;Bn§naKar mYyCIvit CaGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ . k¾b:uEnþ edayKiteXIjfa GaceRbImt’kenaH edIm,IsgnUvsMNgénkarxUc xat[CnrgeRKaH)an ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúgenH mincat;TukGñkenaHCaGP½BVbuKÁleT eday[mtkCnCaGñkeFVI esckþIseRmceTAvij . bBaØtþiEdlmankñúgcMNucenH minEmnCaTsSn³éntémøeT [EtmtkCnbgðajqnÞ³pþac; mt’kBICnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn EdlRtUvCab;Bn§naKarmYyCIvit tulakarRtUvTTYlsÁal;karsMupþac;enaH.

kfaxNÐTI 2 EdlmanRbPBBImaRta 546 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa bBaØtþGMBInItiviFI énkareFVIesckþIseRmcpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn . bBaØatiþenHEcgfa CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn ehIyEdl RtUv)anTTYlkarTamTarpþac;mt’k GaceFIVvivaTGMBIGtßiPaB b¤ ntßiPaBénmUlehtuénkarpþac;mt’kenH enAkñúg nItiviFIénkaseRmcesckþI . vivaTGMBIGtßiPaB b¤ ntßiPaBénkarbgðajqnÞ³sMupþac;enaH k¾GaceFVI)anEdr k¾b:uEnþ tam PaBCak;Esþg CnenaHeFVICavivaTcMeBaHGtßiPaB b¤ ntßiPaBénmUlehtuEdl)ankMNt;cab;BIcMNuc k dl;cMNuc K nig cMNuc g nig vivaTGMBIPaBsmRsb b¤ minsmRsbkñúgkarpþac;mt’k eTaHCasn μtfa manmUlehtuénGMNH GMNagrbs;mtkCnk¾eday . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 892 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nigmaRta 490 maRta 542 dl; 546 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs; km<úCa

9

maRta 1152>- karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn edaymtksasn_ ebImtkCn)aneFVImtksasn_dUc)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1151 ¬karpþac;

mt’kBIsnþtiCn¦ xagelIenH GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUvdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar [pþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn edayK μankaryWty:av enAeRkayeBlEdlmtksasn_enaH )anbegáItGanuPaB . kñúgkrNIenH karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCnenaH manGanuPaB

Rbtiskmμ cab;BIIeBlEdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFIpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)anbgðajqnÞ³énkarpþac;mt’k eday

mtksasn_ . vaküxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_RtUvdak;BaküsMupþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCneTAtulakar . CaBiess

kñúgkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnmin)anRBmeRBogkñúgkarEbgEckmt’k ehIyTamTar[tulakareFVIkarEbgEck eday eyagtammaRta 1270 b¤ kñúgkrNIEdlmankarpøas;bþÚrlMdab;snþtikm μ ¬]TahrN_ krNIEdlsnþtikmμRtUv eFVIeLIgedaysnþtiCnEtmñak; EtsnþtiCnenaHRtUv)anpþac;mt’k b¤ kñúgkrNIEdlmankUnmñak; nig shB½T§Ca snþtiCn ehIykUnenaHRtUv)anpþac;mt’k¦ GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_caM)ac;RtUvdak;BaküsMupþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCneTA tulakar . müa:geTot RbsinebImin)ankMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eT RtUvTamTar[tulakareRCIstaMg GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ edayeyagtammaRta 1218 . pÞúyeTAvij eTaHbICamankarpþac;buKÁlmYycMnYnén shsnþtiCnedaymtksasn_k¾eday kñúgkrNIEdlkarpþac;mt’kenHmin)anpøas;bþÚrnUvlMdab;snþtikm μ RbsinebI shsnþtiCnTaMgGs;)andwgGMBIkarpþac;énmt’kenaH RBmTaMg)anRBmeRBogKñakñúgkarEbgEckmt’k enaHmin caM)ac;dak;BaküsMueTAtulakar[pþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCneLIy . kñúgkrNIenH RbsinebItulakarminTTYlsÁal;kar pþac;mt’keT KWKμanbBaðaGVIeLIy EteTaHCatulakarTTYlsÁal;karpþac;mt’kk¾eday k¾Gaccat;Tukfa )anTTYl RbTankm μBIshsnþtiCnepSgeTotEdr .

edaysarEtsnþtikm μRtUv)ancab;epþImBIeBlEdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB dUecñHehIy)anCakarpþac;mt’k BIsnþtiCnRtUvmanGanuPaBRbtiskmμBIeBlenaHeTA ehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;RtUvbBaØtþcMNucenH enAkñúg vaküxNÐTI 2 enH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 893 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

10

maRta 1153>- karkan;kab;mt’k edayGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ CaGaT× ebIbuKÁlEdlCaGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ b¤ buKÁlEdlminGacTTYlRTBü

sm,tþitammtksasn_)an tambBaØtþiénmaRta 1150 ¬GP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ CaGaTצ b¤ buKÁlEdlRtUv)ankat;pþac;BIsnþtikmμ tambBaØtþiénmaRta 1151 ¬kar pþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn¦ nig maRta 1152 ¬karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn edaymtk-sasn_¦ xagelIenH kMBugkan;kab;mt’k buKÁlenaHRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaGñkkan;kab; edayTuc©rit Kitcab;BIeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ .

¬kMMNt;¦ kñúgkrNIEdlGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ CaGaT× kMBugkan;kab;mt’k karkan;kab;enaH KWCakarkan;kab;edayKμan

siT§i ehIykøayCakarkan;kab;edayTuc©rit ehtudUecñH maRtaenHEcgfa karkan;kab;edayTuc©ritenH snμtfa cab;epþImBIeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ .

lT§plénkarGnuvtþmaRtaenH KWGP½BVbuKÁl CaGaT× Edlkan;kab;mt’k RtUvmankrNIykic©sgnUvsMNg énkarxUcxatTaMgRsug cMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤ xUcxat CaGaT× énvtßúkan;kab;enaH EdlekItmaneLIgcab;BIeBl mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB ¬maRta 157¦ . müa:geTot cMeBaHkarGnuvtþbBaØtþimaRta 156 nig maRta 158 CaGaT× GP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ CaGaT× enaH k¾RtUv)anvaytémøfaCaGñkkan;kab;edayTuc©ritpgEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 491 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1154>- karlubecalnUvkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn 1-mtkCn kalenArs; Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar [lubecalnUvkar

pþac;mt’kBICn EdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn enAeBlNak¾)an . 2-bBaØtþiénmaRta 1152 ¬karpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn edaymtksasn_¦ xag

elIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkarlubecalnUvkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþti-Cn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarGaclubecalnUvkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn edaymtkCn RBmTaMgnItiviFIénkarlubecal

11

enaH . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa eTaHCamtkCn kalenArs; )andak;BaküsMu[pþac;mt’kBICnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCa

snþtiCn ehIytulakar)anTTYlsÁal;nUvkarpþac;mt’kenaHehIyk¾eday k¾GacsMu[lubecalvij)annUvkarpþac; mt’kenaHEdr . tulakarEdlRtUv)anTamTar[lubecalkarpþac;mt’k RKan;EteFVIkarvinicä½yfa etIkarsMulubecal nUvkarpþac;mt’kenaH CaqnÞ³BitR)akdrbs;Gñkdak;BaküsuMEmnb¤y:agNab:ueNÑaH ehIyRbsinebIkarsMulubecal enaH CaqnÞ³BitR)akdrbs;Gñkdak;BaküsuMEmn tulakarRtUvlubecalnUvkarpþac;mt’kenaH edaymincaM)ac;eFVIkar BinitünUvGtßiPaB b¤ ntßiPaBénmUlehtuénkarpþac;mt’keLIy . enHk¾eRBaHfakarpþac;mt’kBICnEdlRtUv)an sn μtfaCasnþtiCn KWGaRs½yelIqnÞ³rbs;mtkCn .

kfaxNÐTI 2 KWCabBaØtiþTTYlsÁal;karlubecalnUvkarpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCnEdl)aneFVIeLIgenAeBlmtkCn enArs; edaymtksasn_ . enAkñúgkrNIenH GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUvsMu[tulakar lubecalnUvkarpþac;mt’k BIsnþtiCnenaH . müa:geTot cMeBaHkrNIEdl)anpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn tammtksasn_ edIm,IlubecalnUvkar pþac;mt’kenH RKan;EteFVItamnItiviFIlubecalmtksasn_enH dUcEdlmanEcgcab;BI maRta 1188 eTA Cakar RKb;RKan;ehIy mincaM)ac;dak;BaküsMueTAtulakareT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 894 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1155>- krNIEdlsnþtiCnCaGaT× CaCnCatibreTs 1-ebIsnþtiCn b¤ buKÁlEdlTTYlRTBüsm,tþitammtksasn_ BMuman

sBa¢atiCaExμreT CnenaHBMuGacTTYldIFøI tamsnþtikm μ b¤ tamGc©½yTan)aneLIy . 2-ebIshsnþtiCnmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; BMumansBa¢atiCaExμreT mt’kRtUvEbg

Eck edayBicarNay:aghμt;ct;eTAelIbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH . 3-ebIsnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikmμmunTaMgGs; BMumansBa¢atiCaExμreT

dIFøIenAkñúgcMeNammt’k RtUvkøayCanItibuKÁl ehIykarRKb;RKg nig karcat;Ecg

dIFøIenaH RtUveFVIeLIgedaysnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikmμmunTaMgGs;enaH . 4-ebIsnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikmμmunTaMgGs; )anlk;dIFøI kñúgnamCa

m©as;siT§icat;Ecgmt’k Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 3 xagelIenH kñúgGMLúg

eBl 3 ¬bI¦ Ex Kitcab;BIeBlEdlsnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikmμmunTaMgGs;

12

enaH )anyl;RBmTaMgRsug b¤ )anyl;RBmedaymankRmit éfølk;dIFøIenaH RtUvkøayCamt’k ehIynItibuKÁlmt’kEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 3 xagelI enH RtUvrlt; .

5-ebIsnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikmμmunTaMgGs; min)anlk;dIFøI kñúg

GMLúgeBl 3 ¬bI¦ Ex Kitcab;BIeBlEdlsnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;snþtikm μmun

TaMgGs;enaH )anyl;RBmTaMgRsug b¤ )anyl;RBmedaymankRmit edayeyag

tambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 4 xagelIenH km μsiT§ielIdIFøIenaH RtUv)aneFVIsnþtikmμeday

snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;eRkaybnÞab; ehIyEdlmansBa¢atiCaExμr . kñúgkrNIenH nItibuKÁlmt’kEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 3 xagelIenH RtUv)ancat;Tukfa K μanGtßiPaB .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH KWCabBaØtþiBiess EdlEcgGMBIkrNIEdlsnþtiCn CaGaT× CaCnCatibreTs ehIyEdlkñúg

cMeNammt’kenaHmandIFøI . eyagtamc,ab;PUmi)alkm<úCa CnCatibreTsminGacmankmμsiT§ieTAelIdIFøIeT k¾b:uEnþ mankrNIEdlsnþtiCn

CaGaT× CaCnCatibreTs . ]TahrN_ shB½T§CaCnCatibreTs b¤ kUnrbs;mtkCn)ancUlsBa¢atibreTs . müa:geTot GacmankrNIEdlGc©½ylaPI)ancUlsBa¢atibreTs eRkayBI)aneFIVmtksasn_rYc k¾b:uEnþ mtkCn )anePøcbþÚrmtksasn_enaH dUecñH)anCabBaØtþienHEcgpgEdrfa {ebIbuKÁlEdlTTYlRTBüsm,tþi tammtksasn_ BMumansBa¢atiCaEx μreT} .

kfaxNÐTI 1 KWCabBaØtiþeRkInrMlwk . kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa eTaHbICakñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn mansnþtiCnxøHCaCnCatibreTsk¾eday k¾CnEdl

mansBa¢atiEx μrGaceFVIlT§km μ b¤ Gaccat;EcgdIFIøenaH)anEdr ehtudUecñH karEbgEckmt’kRtUvKitKUrBicarNa elIcMNucenH .

cab;BIkfaxNÐTI 3 eTA EcgGMBIkrNIEdlsnþtiCnTaMgGs;BMumansBa¢atiCaExμr EdlkñúgkrNIenH RtUvbþÚrdIFøI enaHCaR)ak; ehIyeFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenaH . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIenH edayehtufa snþtiCnminGacmankm μsiT§ielI dIFøI enaHsnþtiCnminGaccat;EcgelIdIFøI)anEdr dUecñH krNIenH k¾dUcCakrNIEdlBMumanGtißPaBsnþtiCnEdr KWeK pþl;mUldæanKtiyutþdl;karcat;EcgelIdIFøI edaycat;TukfadIFøIEdlCamt’kenaHCanItibuKÁl ehIynItibuKÁlenaH

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mankmμsiT§ieTAelIdIFøI nig snþtiCnmansiT§iRKb;RKgcat;EcgdIenaHEdr . ebImineFVIdUecñHeT dIFøIenaHnwgkøayeTA CadIFøIKμanm©as; ehIynwgkøayCaRTBüsm,tþirdæ . b:uEnþ karEdldak;dIFIøeRkamkm μsiTi§nItibuKÁl EdlRtUv)an cat;Tuk edayminmaneBlkMNt;enaH minEmnCakarRtwmRtUveLIy . dUecñH RtUvkRmitGMLúgeBlmþg 3 Ex Ca GMLúgeBlcat;Ecg bnÞab;BIsnþtiCnTaMgGs;EdlmanlMdab;x<s;CageK)anyl;RBmTaMgRsug b¤ yl;RBmeday kRmit . ehIyRbsinebIkñúgGMLúgeBlenaH minmankarcat;EcgdIFøIenHeT snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;bnÞab;Ca snþtiCneTAvij . kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnmanlMdab;bnÞab;TaMgGs;suT§EtKμansBa¢atiEx μrk¾eday k¾RtUveFVItam nItiviFIdUcKñaenHEdr .

CMBUkTI 2 snþtikm μtamc,ab;

EpñkTI 1 snþtiCn

maRta 1156>- snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;TI 1 1-kUnrbs;mtkCn RtUvkøayCasnþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;TI 1 . 2-kUnrbs;mtkCn eTaHbICakUnbegáItkþI b¤ kUnsMukþI RtUvmancMENkmt’k

esμI²Kña .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;TI 1 KWkUnrbs;mtkCn . kfaxNÐTI 1 )ankMNt;fa kUnrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCnlMdab;TI 1 . enAkñúgenH {kUnrbs;mtkCn} mann½y

fa kUnEdlmanbutþPaBRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;tampøÚvc,ab; . dUecñH cMeBaHkUneRkAGaBah_BiBah_ eTaHbICamanTMnak; TMngbituPaBbegáItk¾eday RbsinebITMnak;TMngenaHminRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eT butþPaBtampøÚvc,ab;k¾minGacTTYl sÁal;)anEdr dUecñH kUnenaHminGackøayCasnþtiCnrbs;«Buk)aneT . ehIycMeBaHkUnEdlRtUv)ansMutamsμMúkUn eBjelj jatiPaBtampøÚvc,ab;CamYynwg«BukmþaybegáIt RtUv)anbBa©b; edayeyagtammaRta 1014 dUecñH kUnenaHminGacTTUlsnþtikm μ)aneT eBalKWeKGacTTYlsnþtikmμEtBI«BukmþayciBa©wmb:ueNÑaH . rIÉkUnsMutam sμ MúkUnFmμtavij GacTTYlsnþtikm μBI«BukmþaybegáItpg nig BI«BukmþayciBa©wmpg ¬maRta 1026¦ . müa:g eTot shB½T§rbs;mtkCn nwgkøayCasnþtiCnedaysV½yRbvtþi ¬maRta 1161 kfaxNÐTI 1¦ ehIycMENk mt’k enAkñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§rbs;mtkCn nig kUnrbs;mtkCn CasnþtiCn manEcgkñúgmaRta 1162 .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kUnrbs;mtkCn eTaHCakUnbegáItk¾eday kUnsMuk¾eday k¾mancMENkmt’kes μ IKñaEdr .

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kUneRkAGaBah_BiBah_k¾RtUvmancMENkmt’kesμ IKña nwgkUnekItedaymanGaBah_BiBah_Edr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 887 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 493 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs; km<úCa

maRta 1157 fμI >- snþtikmμCMnYs 1-ebIkUnrbs;mtkCn )anTTYlmrNPaB enAmun b¤ RBmKñanwgeBl

cab;epþImsnþtikmμ b¤ )an)at;bg;siT§isnþtikmμ edayRtUvnwgl½kçx½NÐEdl)an kMNt;kñúgbBaØtþiénmaRta 1150 ¬GP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ CaGaTצ xagelIenH b¤ edaykarpþac;mt’k kUnrbs; buKÁlenaH RtUvkøayeTACasnþtiCnCMnYs . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHminRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHbuKÁlEdlminEmnCabcäajatipÞal; rbs;mtkCn . 1

2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþCabnþbnÞab; cMeBaH krNIEdlmanmUlehtudUc)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 dEdlenH cMeBaHGñk

TTYlsnþtikm μCMnYs .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlkUnrbs;mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ CaGaT× kUn

rbs;CnenaHRtUvkøayeTACasnþtiCnCMnYs . kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgCabzmfa kñúgkrNIEdlkUnrbs;mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB muneBlcab;epþIm

snþtikmμ kUnrbs;CnenaHRtUvkøayeTACasnþtiCn . kñúgkrNIEdlkUnrbs;mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB eRkay eBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ CnenaHTTYlsnþtikm μrbs;mtkCn ehIykUnrbs;CnenaHnwgTTYlsnþtikmμbnþeTot edaysarEtmrNPaBrbs;CnenaH . cMeBaHcMNucenH karN_EdlecArbs;mtkCnGacTTUlsnþtikm μCak;Esþg b¤ minGac edayGaRs½yelIeBlmun b¤ eBleRkayénmrNPaBrbs;kUnmtkCn minmanPaBsmrmüeT ehtu enHehIy)anCacaM)ac;begáItrbbsnþtikm μCMnYsenH . kñúgkrNIEdlkUnrbs;mtkCn)an)at;bg;siT§iCasnþtiCn

1 kfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1157 enH RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkm μ edayc,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNI .

15

edaysar)ankøayCaGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ b¤ RtUv)anpþac;mt’kBIsnþtiCn CaGaT× eTaHbICacMeBaHsamIxøÜnenH kar)at;bg;siT§i CaerOgEdlminGaceCosvag)ank¾eday EtcMeBaHkUnrbs;samICnenaH kar)at;bg;siT§iCa snþtiCnCak;Esþg edayKμankMhusGVIesaHenaH hak;dUcCaF¶n;F¶reBk ehtuenHehIy)anCaeyIgTTYlsÁal;kareFVI snþtikmμCMnYsenH . karEcgfa {)anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ} KWedIm,IbBa©ÚlkarTTYl mrNPaBRBmKñapgEdr . kñúgkrNIEdl)anTTYlmrNPaBRBmKña minGaceFVIsnþtikm μeTAvijeTAmk)aneT ¬sUmemIlesckþIkMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1145¦ . vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn suMCnEdlmankUn tamsμMúkUnFmμta kUnrbs;kUnsμMúFmμtaenaH minGackøayCasnþtiCnCMnYs)aneLIy . EtRbsin ebIkUnrbs;kUnsμ MúFmμtaenaH)anekIteRkaykarsμ MúkUnvij kUnEdlekItenaH RtUvCabcäajatipÞal;rbs;mtkCn ehtu enHehIy GacTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYs)an edayeyagtambBaØtþienH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 kñúgkrNIEdlGñkTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYsmanmUlehtudUc)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐenH ]TahrN_ krNIEdlbuKÁlTTYlsnþtikmμCMnYs)anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ enaHeKGaceFVIsnþtikm μCMnYs bnþeTot ehIyRbsinebIkUn nig ecArbs;mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB ecATYtnwgTTYlsnþtikmμCMnYs . Rbsin ebIecATYtenHmanmUlehtudUcKña eKGacTTYlsÁal;snþtikmμCMnYsbnþbnÞab;eTot ehtuenHehIy)anCabEnßm Bakü {GnuvtþCabnþbnÞab;} . müa:geTot snþtikm μCMnYsCabnþbnÞab;enH GacGnuvtþcMeBaHEtsnþtiCnEdlCakUn rbs;mtkCnb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNIEdlbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCnvij GacTTYlsÁal;nUvkareFVIsnþtikmμ CMnYsRtwmEtmYytMNb:ueNÑaH ¬sUmemIlesckþIkMNt;énmaRta 1160¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 887 kfaxNÐTI 2 nig TI 3 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 493 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNI cas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1158>- cMENkmt’k kñúgkrNIénsnþtikmμCMnYs cMENkmt’k rbs;bcäajatipÞal;EdlRtUvkøayCasnþtiCn edayeyagtam

bBaØtþiénmaRta 1157 ¬snþtikm μCMnYs¦ xagelIenH RtUvdUcKñanwgcMENkmt’k

EdlbuBVjatipÞal;rbs;bcäajatipÞal;enaHRtUvTTYl)an . RbsinebIbcäajatipÞal; mancMnYneRcInnak; cMENkmt’kEdlbuBVjatipÞal;rbs;bcäajatipÞal;erog²xøÜn

enaH RtUvTTYl)an RtUvEbgEckes μI²Kña rvagbcäajatiTaMgLayenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦

16

maRtaenHEcgfa cMENkmt’kkñúgkrNIénsnþtikm μCMnYs RtUvEckesμ IPaKKñarvagCnEdlTTYlsnþtikmμ CMnYs .

maRtaenHbBaØtþfa cMENkmt’kkñúgkrNIénsnþtikmμCMnYs RtUvdUcKñanwgcMENkmt’kEdlbuBVjatipÞal;RtUv TTYl)an ehIyRbsinebIIbcäajatipÞal;mancMnYneRcInnak; RtUvEbgEckesμ I²KñarvagbcäajatiTaMgLayenaH cMeBaHcMENkmt’kEdlbuBVjatipÞal;énbcäajatinImYy²enaHRtUvTTYl)an . ]TahrN_ ebIeyIgBicarNaelI krNIEdlmtkCnmankUn 3 nak; KW A B nig C ehIy A )anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ ehIy A mankUnBIrnak;KW D nig E . kñúgkrNIenH cMENkmt’krbs; A B C eyagtammaRta 1156 KWTTYl snþtikmμesμ IKñamñak; 1 PaK 3 dUecñH D nig E EdlCakUnrbs; A RtUvTTYlnUvcMENkes μ I²KñacMeBaHcMENkmt’k 1 PaK 3 rbs; A eBalKWRtUvCa 1 PaK 6. )anesckIþfa B nig C TTYlsnþtikmμmñak; 1 PaK 3 ehIy D nig E TTYlsnþtikm μmñak; 1 PaK 6 BImtkCn . müa:geTot RbsinebI B )anTTYlmrNPaBEdr ehIymankUnbInak;KW F G H kUnTaMgbInak;enH RtUvTTYlnUvcMENkesμI²KñaéncMENkmt’k 1 PaK 3 rbs; B eBalKW F G nig H mñak;²nwgTTYlsnþtikmμCMnYs 1 PaK 9 BImtkCn. ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 901 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 493 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1159>- snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;TI 2 1-ebImtkCnBMumanbcäajatipÞal;EdlRtUvkøayCasnþtiCneT buBVjatipÞal;

rbs;mtkCnenaH RtUvkøayCasnþtiCn . b:uEnþ rvagbuKÁlEdlmanfñak;jatixusKña RtUvykbuBVjatiEdlenACitCag Camun .

2-RbsinebIbuBVjatipÞal;EdlRtUvkøayCasnþtiCn mancMnYneRcInnak; buBV-jatipÞal;nImYy²RtUvTTYlcMENkmt’kesμI²Kña .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHbBaØtþfa buBVjatipÞal;rbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCnlMdab;TI 2 . kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnK μan«BukmþayCasnþtiCn manbBaðamYyKW etIKYr[GaTiPaBeTAelICIdUnCIta b¤ bgb¥Ún

begáIt . Rkmrdæb,evNICb:un k¾dUcRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCaEdr eK[GaTiPaBeTAelICIdUnCIta . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIyktameKalKMnitrbs;snþtikm μCMnYsvij cMeBaH«Bukmþay Cabzm bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCn TTYl snþtikmμ kñúgnamCakUnrbs;«BukmþayenaH ehIyRbsinebIK μanbgb¥ÚnbegáIteT enaH«Bukmþayrbs;«Bukmþay

17

enaHEdlCaCIdUnCItarbs;mtkCn RtUvTTYlsnþtikmμ dUecñH eKk¾Gac[bgb¥ÚnbegáItmanGaTiPaBkñúgkarTTYl snþtikmμ)anEdr ¬sUmbBa¢ak;fa kñúgmaRta 750 énRkmrdæb,evNI)araMg eK[«Bukmþay nig bgb¥ÚnbegáItman lMdab;dUcKña ehIybgb¥ÚnbegáItmanGaTiPaBCagCIdUnCIta . kñúgmaRta 1925 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g; k¾dUc Rkmrdæb,evNI)araMgEdr¦ . b:uEnþ enAkñúgmaRtaenH buBVjatipÞal;KWCaGñkEdlRtUveKarBbUCa ehtuenHehIy)an Ca[GaTiPaBeTAelICIdUnCItavij . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdl«Bukrbs;mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB ehIyeTaHbI CaCIdUnCItaxag«BukenaHenArs;k¾eday RbsinebImþayrbs;mtkCnenaHenArs; mþayenaHCaGñkCitCageKkñúg fñak;jati dUecñH mþayKWCasnþtiCnlMdab;TIBIrEtmñak;Ég . CIdUnCItaxag«BukminTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYseLIy . kñúg krNIdUcKñaenH RbsinebImþayrbs;mtkCnk¾)anTTYlmrNPaBEdr enaHCIdUnCItaxagmþay nig CIdUnCItaxag «Buk RtUvTTYlshsnþtikm μ . RbsinebICIdUn b¤ CItaxagmþayNamñak;)anTTYlmrNPaB bInak;RtUvTTYl snþtikmμesμ IPaKKña . eBleFVIsnþtikmμedaybuBVjatipÞal; KYrEteFVIkarvinicä½yeTAtamcMnYnGñkEdlcaM)ac;RtUvman GaharkatBVkic©eTIbsmrmü dUecñH minRtUveFVIkarEbgEckcMENkmt’kEdlRtUv)aneFVIsnþtikm μCMnYseT KWRtUvEck mt’kesμ IPaKKñaeTAtamcMnYnmnusS . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 889 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 494 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1160>- snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;TI 3 1-ebImtkCnBMumanTaMgbcäajatipÞal; TaMgbuBVjatipÞal; EdlRtUvkøayCa

snþtiCneT bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnenaH RtUvkøayCasnþtiCn . 2-ebIbgb¥ÚnbegáItmancMnYneRcInnak; bgb¥ÚnbegáItmñak;²RtUv)ancMENk

mt’kPaKesμI²Kña . b:uEnþ cMENkmt’krbs;bgb¥ÚnbegáItEdlman«Buk b¤ mþayEt

mçagdUcKña RtUvman 1 PaK 2 ¬mYyPaKBIr¦ éncMENkmt’krbs;bgb¥ÚnEdlman

«Buk nig mþayTaMgsgxagdUcKña . 3-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1157 ¬snþtikm μCMnYs¦ nig bBaØtþién

maRta 1158 ¬cMENkmt’k kñúgkrNIénsnþtikmμCMnYs¦ xagelIenH RtUvykmk

GnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnEdlRtUvkøayCa snþtiCn eyagtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 nig TI 2 xagelIenH )anTTYlmrNPaB

enAmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ .

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¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHbBaØtþfa bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCnlMdab;TI 3 ehIyRbsinebIbgb¥ÚnbegáIt)anTTYl

mrNPaBehIy enaHeKTTYlsÁal;snþtikm μCMnYsRtwmEtmYytMNb:ueNÑaH . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 mincaM)ac;Bnül;eT . kfaxNÐTI 2 bBaØtþfa kñúgkrNIEdlmanbgb¥ÚnbegáIteRcInnak; bgb¥ÚnbegáItmñak;²RtUv)ancMENkmt’k

PaKesμ I²Kña k¾b:uEnþ bgb¥ÚnbegáItEdlmanmþay b¤ man«BukepSgKña RtUv)anTTYlBak;kNþaléncMENkmt’k rbs;bgb¥ÚnbegáItEdlman«BukmþayTaMgsgxagdUcKña . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn A KμankUneT ehIy«BukmþayeQ μaH B nig C )anTTYlmrNPaBehIy . «BukmþayenH mankUneQμaH D nig E BIrnak;eTot eRkABI A . elIsBIenHeTot B mankUnmYyepSgeTot eQ μaH F munnwgerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYy C . dUecñH snþtiCnrbs; A KW D E nig F ehIycMENkmt’krbs; F KWes μ InwgBak;kNþaléncMENkrbs; D nig E ehtuenHehIy D nig E )anTTYlmt’k mñak; 2 PaK 5 rIÉ F vij )anTTYlmt’k 1 PaK 5 . RbsinebI F CakUnsμ MúFm μtarbs; C vij ¬s μ úMkUnEdlCakUnrbs;shB½T§¦ enaH C køayCamþayrbs; F tampøÚvc,ab;Edr . dUecñH F man«BukmþayrYmKñaCamYy D nig E ehtuenHehIy D E nig F RtUvTTYlnUvcMENkmt’kesμIKña .

kfaxNÐTI 3 bBaØtþfa kñúgmaRta 1157 sþIBIsnþtikm μCMnYsénkUnrbs;mtkCn manEtkfaxNÐTI 1 b:ueNÑaH EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñacMeBaHkrNIEdlbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCn . rIÉkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtadEdlenH EdlTTYlsÁal;nUvsnþtikm μCMnYsCabnþbnÞab;vij minykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIenHeT . dUecñH snþtikmμCMnYskñúgkrNIEdlbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCnCasnþtiCn RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;EtmYytMNb:ueNÑaH . eK GacTTYlsÁal;snþtikmμCMnYsenaH drabNamanbcäajatipÞal;Edr k¾b:uEnþ edaysarsac;Qamkan;Etq¶ay ehIymankarBi)aknwgrksnþtiCnenaHpg ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúgenH eyIgTTYlsÁal;EtmYytMNbu:eNÑaH .

enAkñúgKnßIenH CneRkABIenH ]TahrN_ dUcCaBUmIg b¤ bgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYy rbs;mtkCnKμansiT§iTTYl snþtikmμeT . enHKWedaysarfa eyagtamPaBCak;Esþg TMnak;TMngtamGaBah_BiBah_Cak;Esþg ¬minEmn tampøÚvc,ab;¦ b¤ TMnak;TMngbutþPaBCak;Esþg mancMnYneRcIn dUecñH minKYrTTYlsÁal;snþtikm μedayeyag EteTAelITMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab;mYymuxenaHeT KWKYrEtcat;EcgkarEckmt’keTAdl;CnEdlmannisS½yBiess EdlGaccat;Ecgmt’kedayeyagtamTMnak;TMnak;Cak;EsþgCamYynwgmtkCn ¬maRta 1299¦ pgEdr eTIbCa karsmrmü .

müa:geTot GacmankrNIEdlmanlkçNsm,tþiCazan³snþtiCnCan;Kña . ]TahrN_ mtkCn A KμankUneT ehIy B EdlCa«Buk nig C EdlCamþayrbs; A enaH mankUn D nig E BIrnak;eTot eRkABI A . ehIy D mankUnBIr KW G nig H k¾b:uEnþ G )ankøayCakUnsμ MúFm μtarbs; B nig C . RbsinebI«Buk B mþay C RBmTaMg D 19

)anTTYlmrNPaB snþtiCnrbs; A KWbgb¥ÚnbegáIt D E nig G Et D )anTTYlmrNPaBehIy dUecñH G nig H EdlRtUvCakUnrbs; D CaGñkTTYlsnþtikmμCMnYs . dUecñH G RtUvTTYlsnþtikm μBImtkCn A kñúgzan³CaGñkman lkçNsm,tþiCabgb¥ÚnbegáIt RBmTaMglkçNsm,tþiCasnþtiCnCMnYsrbs;bgb¥ÚnbegáIt . ehIycMENkmt’kEdl mñak;²)anTTYlKW E )an 1 PaK 3/ H )an 1 PaK 6/ G )an 1 PaK 3 bUknwg 1 PaK 6 RtUvCa 3 PaK 6 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 nig TI 2 énmaRtaenH sUmemIlmaRta 889 kfaxNÐTI 1 nig maRta 900 énRkm rdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 496 kfaxNÐTI 1 nig maRta 502 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 3 sUmemIl maRta 889 kfaxNÐTI 2 nig maRta 901 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

EpñkTI 2 snþtikm μrbs;shB½T§

maRta 1161>- snþtikmμrbs;shB½T§ 1-shB½T§rbs;mtkCn RtUvkøayCasnþtiCnCanic© . 2-enAkñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§rbs;mtkCn RtUvkøayCasnþtiCn ebIman

buKÁlepSgeToteRkABIshB½T§ RtUvCasnþtiCnEdr edayeyagtambBaØtþiénEpñkTI 1

¬snþtiCn¦ xagelIenH shB½T§enaHRtUvmanlMdab;es μ IKñanwgbuKÁlenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHbBaØtþTTYlsÁal;nUvsiT§isnþtikmμrbs;shB½T§ eTaHbICaman b¤ KμansnþtiCnepSgeTotk¾eday . kfaxNÐTI 1 TTYlsÁal;fa shB½T§rbs;mtkCnRtUvkøayCasnþtiCnCanic© eTaHbICaman b¤ KμansnþtiCn

epSgeTotk¾eday . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICashB½T§rbs;mtkCnk¾eday kñúgkrNIEdlCnenaHCaGP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikmμ b¤ CabuKÁlEdlRtUv)anpþac;BIsnþtikm μ CnenaHminGacTTYlsnþtikm μ)aneLIy . Baküfa {Canic©} enAkñúgenH mann½yfa K μanBak;B½n§nwgGtßiPaBrbs;snþtiCnepSg RBmTaMglMdab;snþtikm μeT . müa:geTot enAkñúgmaRta 497 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa TTYlsÁal;shB½T§CasnþtiCn EtkñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnK μanbuBVjati pÞal; bgb¥ÚnbegáIt nig bcäajatipÞal;rbs;bgb¥ÚnenaHEtb:ueNÑaH . k¾b:uEnþ edayeyageTAtamTsSn³smPaB rvagburs nig RsIþ CaGaT× maRtaenHTTYlsÁal;fa shB½T§CasnþtiCnCanic© .

bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 mann½yfa eRkABIshB½T§ RbsinebImansnþtiCnepSgeTotkñúglMdab;TI n shB½T§ RtUvTTYlsnþtikmμkñúglMdab;dUcKñanwgsnþtiCnenH . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnmankUn b¤ mansnþtiCn

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CMnYskUnenaH shB½T§RtUvTTYlsnþtikmμCamYybuKÁlenaH . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlbuBVjatipÞal;rbs;mtkCn enaH EdlCasnþtiCnlMdab;TI 2 TTYlsnþtikm μ k¾shB½T§RtUvTTYlsnþtikmμCamYybuKÁlenaHEdr . maRtaenH bBaØtþsegçbGMBIcMNucTaMgGs;enH . RbsinebImtkCnNamñak; KμansnþtiCnBIlMdab;TI 1 dl;lMdab;TI 3 eT shB½T§nwgTTYlsnþtikm μEtmñak;Ég edayeyageTAtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 890 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 497 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1162>- cMENkmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlmanshB½T§ kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§rbs;mtkCn nig buKÁlepSgeToteRkABIshB½T§ RtUv

køayCasnþtiCn cMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn nwgRtUvmantamkMNt;dUcxageRkam

enH ³ k-ebIshB½T§ nig bcäajatipÞal;rbs;mtkCnenaH CasnþtiCn shB½T§

nig kUnnImYy² rbs;mtkCnenaH nwgRtUvTTYlcMENkmt’kesμIKña . x-ebIshB½T§ nig «Buk mþayrbs;mtkCn CasnþtiCn cMENkmt’k

rbs;shB½T§ RtUvCa 1 PaK 3 ¬mYyPaKbI¦ ÉcMENkmt’krbs;«Buk mþay RtUvCa 2

PaK 3 ¬BIrPaKbI¦ . b:uEnþ ebI«Buk b¤ mþay rbs;mtkCnEtmñak;enArs; «Buk

mþayenaH nig shB½T§ RtUv)ancMENkmt’kes μIKña . K-ebIshB½T§ nig buBVjatipÞal;eRkABI«Buk mþayrbs;mtkCn b¤ bgb¥Ún

begáItrbs;mtkCn b¤ GñkTTYlsnþtikmμCMnYsbuKÁlTaMgenaH CasnþtiCn cMENk

mt’krbs;shB½T§ RtUvCa 1 PaK 2 ¬mYyPaKBIr¦ ÉcMENkmt’krbs;buBVjatipÞal; eRkABI«Buk mþay rbs;mtkCn b¤ bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCn b¤ GñkTTYlsnþtikmμ CMnYsenaH RtUvCa 1 PaK 2 ¬mYyPaKBIr¦ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHbBaØtþGMBIcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§rbs;mtkCn nig buKÁlepSgeTot

eRkABIshB½T§ RtUvkøayCasnþtiCn . cMNuc k bBaØtþfa kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§ nig bcäajatipÞal;rbs;mtkCnenaHCasnþtiCn shB½T§ nig

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kUnnImYy²rbs;mtkCnenaH RtUvTTYlcMENkmt’kes μ IKña . karkMNt;[shB½T§ nig kUnTaMgGs;mancMENk mt’kesμ IKñaenH KwedaysarEtKitBicarNaeTAdl;karcMNaysRmab;karrs;enA CaGaT× eRkayeBlEdlmtkCn )anTTYlmrNPaB . kñúgkrNIEdlkUn)anTTYlmrNPaB ehIybuKÁlTTYlsnþtikmμCMnYsCasnþtiCn cMENk mt’kk¾RtUvEbkEckesμ IKñaeTAtamcMnYnkUnEdr . müa:geTot kñúgRkmrdæb,evNICb:un shB½T§RtUvTTYlcMENk 1 PaK 2 énmt’k edayminKitGMBIcMnYnkUnrbs;mtkCneT enHKWedaysarEt tamc,ab;Cb:un RTBüsm,tþiEdl shB½T§mçagTTYl)ankñúgnamxøÜnpÞal; enAkñúgGMLúgeBlGaBah_BiBah_ KWCakmμsiT§ipÞal;rbs;GñkenaH ehtuenH ehIyeTIbeBlTTYlmt’k shB½T§RtUvTTYl)anBak;kNþal . rIÉenAkñúgmaRta 973 énRkmrdæb,evNIkm<úCavij RTBüsm,tþiEdlbþIRbBn§rk)ankñúgGMLúgeBlGaBah_BiBah_ CaRTBüsm,tþirYm emøa:HehIy eTaHbICashB½T§Na mYy)anTTYlmrNPaBk¾eday k¾cMENkénRTBüsm,tþirYmrbs;shB½T§EdlenArs;enaH minRtUv)ansnþtiCn epSgeTotTTYlsnþtikmμ)aneT edaysaEtRTBüsm,tþienHCaRTBüsm,tþirbs;shB½T§EdlenArs;enaH . ehtu enHehIy eTaHbICakarEbgEckmt’ktamviFIxagelIenHk¾eday k¾K μanbBaðaGVIEdr ebIsinCaKitGMBIsmPaBrvag ePTTaMgBIr CaGaT× .

cMNuc x EcgGMBIkarEckmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§ nig «Bukmþayrbs;mtkCn CasnþtiCn . tamFm μta «Bukmþayrbs;mtkCnmanEtBIrnak;eT dUecñH karEcg[)anTTYlesμ IPaKKña CakarRKb;RKan;ehIy k¾b:uEnþ kñúg krNIEdlmtkCnCakUnsMutamsμ MúkUnFmμta mtkCnGacmanTaMg«BukmþaybegáIt nig «BukmþayciBa©wmEfmeTot b:uEnþ eTaHCakñúgkrNIEbbenHk¾eday k¾shB½T§KYrTTYl)any:agtic 1 PaK 3 Edr eTIbCakarsmrmü ehtuenHehIy)anCaRtUvbBaØtþdUccMNuc x enH .

cMNuc K EcgGMBIkarEckmt’kkñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§ nig buBVjatipÞal;eRkABI«Bukmþayrbs;mtkCn b¤ bgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCn b¤ GñkTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYsbgb¥ÚnbegáIt CasnþtiCn . kñúgkrNIenH shB½T§RtUvTTYl )an 1 PaK 2 ehIy 1 PaK 2 eTot RtUvEbgEck[snþtiCnepSgeTot . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 900 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

EpñkTI 3 karsRmYlcMENkmt’k

maRta 1163>- cMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 1-enAkñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; ebImanbuKÁlNaEdl)anTTYl

RbTankm μ enAkñúg»kasGaBah_BiBah_ b¤ ehtukarN_epSgeTot b¤ edIm,ImUlFnén

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CIvPaBrs;enA b¤ Edl)anTTYlGc©½yTanBImtkCnenaH témøsrubénmt’kEdl

mtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ edaybUkbBa©ÚlnUvtémøénRbTankmμ RtUv)an cat;TukfaCamt’k ehIycMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlenAsl; eRkayBIdktémøénRbTankm μ b¤ Gc©½yTanenaH ecjBIcMENkmt’kEdlRtUv)anKNnatambBaØtþiénEpñkTI 1

¬snþtiCn¦ nig EpñkTI 2 ¬snþtikm μrbs;shB½T§¦ KWCacMENkmt’krbs;buKÁlenaH . 2-ebItémøénRbTankmμ b¤ Gc©½yTan esμIKñanwgtémøéncMENkmt’k b¤ elIs

BItémøéncMENkmt’k shsnþtiCnenaHBMuGacTTYlykcMENkmt’kenaH)aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgsRmYlnUvcMENkmt’ksRmab;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess kñúgkrNI

EdlkñúgcMeNamsnþtiCnTaMgGs; manCnEdl)anTTYlRTBüedayRbTankmμ CaGaT× enAeBlEdlmtkCn enArs; edIm,IeFVI[mansmPaBRtwmRtUvCak;EsþgrvagshsnþtiCn .

kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgya:gc,as;las;GMBIcMENkmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlmanbuKÁlTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn A B nig C RtUvTTYlcMENkesμIPaKKñaBIkñúgmt’kcMnYn 1000 duløar k¾b:uEnþ A )anTTYl 200 duløaredayRbTankmμ eBlEdlmtkCnenArs; dUecñH {RTBüEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’k} KW mt’kcMnYn 1000 duløar EdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ nig 200 duløar Edl A )anTTYl edayRbTankmμ srubeTA 1200 duløar . A B nig C RtUvTTYl)anesμ IPaKKña KW 1 PaK 3 énRTBü cMnYn 1200 duløar EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’kenaH RtUvCa 400 duløarmñak; . k¾b:uEnþ A )anTTYl 200 duløar edayRbTankmμrYcehIy dUecñH A GacTTYlEt 200 duløar EfmeTotbu:eNÑaH . dUecñH kñúgkrNIenH mt’k EdlmtkCnmaneBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ 1000 duløarenaH RtUvEbgEckeTA[ A cMnYn 200 duløar ehIy B nig C cMnYn 400 duløarmñak; . müa:geTot kñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 maneRbIBakü {Gc©½yTan} b:uEnþ BaküenHGacGnuvtþ)an EtkñúgkrNIEdlmanPaBCak;c,as;fa bMNgénGc©½yTanCaGc©½yTanEdlmanP¢ab;nUvbnÞúk CaGaT× b:ueNÑaH eRBaHfa kñúgkrNIEdlmanmtksasn_kMNt;[eFVIGnub,TannUvRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;mYycMnYn cMeBaHsnþtiCn mtksasn_enaHRtUv)ansn μtfa)ankMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’krYcehIy ¬maRta 1185¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa RbsinebItémøénplRbeyaCn_Biess es μ I b¤ elIstémøéncMENkmt’k shsnþtiCn enaHminGacTTYlnUvcMENkmt’kenaH)aneT . cMeBaH]TahrN_xagelIenH RbsinebI A )anTTYlRbTankm μ elIs 500 duløar témøénplRbeyaCn_Biesses μ I b¤ elIscMENkmt’k ¬kñúgkrNIEdltémøénRbTankmμ enaHesμ Inwg 500 duløar RTBüEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’kenaH KW 1500 duløar dUecñH cMENkénmt’k

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EdlRtUv)ancat;TukenaH KW 500 duløarmñak; Edles μ InwgTwkR)ak;RbTankmμmuneBlTTYlmrNPaB¦ dUecñH A minGacTTYlcMENkmt’keToteT . cMeBaHcMENkmt’kCak;EsþgsRmab;shsnþtiCnepSgeTot kñúgkrNIEdl témøénplRbeyaCn_BiesselIstémøéncMENkmt’k manEcgkñúgmaRta 1165 .

]TahrN_xagelIenHminCasμ úKsμajeT k¾b:uEnþ \LÚveyIgBicarNafa ebIsnþtiCn rYmmanshB½T§rbs; mtkCnEdlenArs; A RBmTaMgbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;mtkCn B nig C ehIymtkCnmanmt’k 1000 duløar enA eBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ ehIy A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 500 duløar rIÉ B vij )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ Biess 100 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH RTBüEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’kTaMgGs;man 1600 duløar dUecñH cMENkmt’kcMeBaHmt’kEdlRtUv)ancat;TukenH KW A )an 1 PaK 2 RtUvCa 800 duløar ehIy B nig C

)ancMENkes μ IPaKKñaén 1 PaK 2 RtUvCa 400 duløarmñak; . bnÞab;mk cMeBaHGñkEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ Biess RtUvdktémøénplRbeyaCn_BiessenaH dUecñHcMENkmt’kCak;Esþg KW A )an 300 duløar B )an 300 duløar ehIy C )an 400 duløar .

müa:geTot mtkCnGackMNt;cMENkmt’kepSgBImaRtaenH)an edaymtksasn_ ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1182 nig esckþIkMNt;énmaRtaenaH¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 903 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 598 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1164>- témøénRbTankm μ ebIbdiKÁahk )ancat;EcgRTBüsm,tþiEdlxøÜnTTYledayRbTankmμ enAmun

eBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ b¤ ebIRTBüsm,tþienaHRtUv)an)at; b¤ vinas enAmuneBl

cab;epþImsnþtikmμ témøénRbTankm μEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1163 ¬cMENk

mt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess¦ xagelIenH RtUvKNna edayKittémøenA eBlEdl)ancat;Ecg b¤ enAeBl)at;bg; b¤ vinasenaH . RbsinebItémøén

RbTankm μenaHRtUv)anpøas;bþÚr edaysarlT§plEdlbdiKÁahk )anpøas;bþÚrRTBü sm,tþienaHmYyEpñk témøénRbTankm μenaH RtUvKNnaedaycat;Tukfa mansßanPaB

edIm enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ . karR)ak; nig plcMeNj EdlekItecjBI RbTankm μ EdlsnþtiCnenaH)anTTYl BMuRtUvKNnacUlkñúgtémøenaHeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ 24

maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIKNnatémøénRbTankmμ kñúgkrNIEdlGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess)ancat;EcgRTBü Edl)anTTYledayRbTankm μ muneBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ b¤ kñúgkrNIEdlRTBüenaH)an)at;bg; muneBl cab;epþImsnþtikmμ CaGaT× . kñúgkrNIenH RtUvKNnaeTAtamtémøenAeBlcat;Ecg b¤ enAeBlEdl)at;RTBüenaH CaGaT× .

müa:geTot témøkm μvtßúénRbTankm μ b¤ témørUbiyvtßúGacmankarpøas;bþÚr k¾b:uEnþ kñúgenH minmanEcg nUvviFIKNnakñúgkrNIenHeT . bBaðaTaMgenH minEmnCabBaðaBiessBak;B½n§nwgsnþtikmμeT KWGacTak;TgeTAnwg bBaðaepSgeTot dUecñH RtUvGaRs½yeTAelIkarbkRsay . enARbeTsCb:un kñúgkrNIEdltémøénkmμvtßúEdl)an TTYledayRbTankmμ mankarpøas;bþÚr mtiPaKeRcInGHGagfa RtUvKNnaeTAtamtémøEdlman enAeBlcab;epþIm snþtikmμ . müa:geTot eyagtamsaldIkaéntulakarkMBUlCb:un cuHéf¶TI 18 Ex mIna qñaM 1976 RbTankmμ CaR)ak; RtUvKNnaedaybþÚrtémøR)ak;enAeBlTTYlRbTankmμenaH eTAtamtémørUbiyvtßúeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ .

maRta 1165>- krNIEdltémøTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiessenaH elIsBItémøén

cMENkmt’k

1-eTaHbICatémøénRbTankmμ b¤ Gc©½yTan EdlshsnþtiCn)anTTYl

mancMnYnelIsBItémøéncMENkmt’kk¾eday shsnþtiCnenaH BMucaM)ac;bgVilmk

vij nUvRTBüsm,tþiEdlTak;TgnwgRbTankm μ edIm,IshsnþtiCnepSgeToteLIy

elIkElgEtRtUvkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug . 2-kñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH cMENkmt’k

rbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeTot RtUvmancMnYnTwkR)ak; tamkarKNna edayykmt’k

EdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ eTAEbgEcktamsmamaRténcMENk

mt’krbs;shsnþtiCnnImYy² EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayeyagtambBaØtþiénkfa-xNÐTI 1 maRta 1163 ¬cMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess¦ xagelI enH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa eTaHbICatémøénplRbeyaCn_BiessEdlshsnþtiCn)anTTYl elIscMENkmt’k

k¾eday k¾mincaM)ac;bgVilRTBüEdlTak;TgnwgRbTankm μenaHvijEdr RBmTaMgEcgc,as;las;nUvcMENkmt’k

25

Cak;Esþgrbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeTot kñúgkrNIenHpgEdr . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa eTaHbICatémøénplRbeyaCn_BiessEdlshsnþtiCn)anTTYlelIsBItémøéncMENk

mt’kk¾eday k¾mincaM)ac;bgVilRTBüEdlTak;TgnwgRbTankmμenaHvijEdr . maRta 600 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas; rbs;km<úCaEcgfa RbsinebIcMENkmt’kticCagtémøénRTBüEdlRtUvbgVileTAvij RtUvbgVilsgvijnUvcMnYn EdlxVH . k¾b:uEnþ kfaxNÐTI 1 enH )aneRCIserIsykeKalneya)aynItikm μpÞúyBIenH . cMeBaHkarbgVilnUv cMENkelIs RtUvRbKl;eTA[rbbkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugedaHRsay edayeKarBtamqnÞ³rbs;mtkCn kalenArs; b¤ qnÞ³rbs;shsnþtiCn . sUmbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa maRta 2056 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g;k¾Ecgfa mincaM)ac;bgVilPaKelIsvijEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmincaM)ac;[bgVilnUvPaKelIsvijeT témøéncMENkmt’kCak;Esþgrbs; shsnþtiCnepSgeTot Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1165 kfaxNÐTI 1 manelIstémømt’kEdlmanenAeBl snþtiCncab;epþImsnþtikmμ dUecñH RtUvKNnanUvtémøéncMENkmt’kCak;Esþg edayEbgEckmt’kEdlmtkCnman enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμenaH tamsmamaRténcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCnmñak;² . ]TahrN_ snþtiCnmanbI nak;KW A B nig C RtUvTTYlsnþtikm μesμ IPaKKña nUvmt’kcMnYn 1000 duløar ehIyRbsinebIenAeBlEdl mtkCnenArs; A )anTTYl 1000 duløar ehIy B k¾)anTTYl 400 duløarEdr tamRbTankmμ {RTBüEdl RtUv)anCat;TukfaCamt’k} manTaMgGs; 2400 duløar dUecñH cMENkmt’kEdlsnþtiCnmñak;GacTTYl)an KW 1 PaK 3 énmt’kenaH EdlRtUvCa 800 duløarénRTBüEdlRtUv)anCat;TukdfaCamt’k . k¾b:uEnþ A )anTTYl 1000 duløar tamRbTankm μehIy dUecñHcMENkmt’krbs; A KW 0 cMENkrbs; B KW 400 duløar ¬800-400¦ ehIycMENkrbs; C KW 800 duløar . bUksrubeTAKW 1200 duløar ehIycMnYnenH elIscMnYnmt’k 1000 duløar EdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ . ehtuenHehIy B nig C RtUvTTYl)annUvcMENktamsmamaRt 400 ³ 800 éncMnYn 1000 duløar . )anesckIþfa B )anTTYlmt’k 333 duløar ehIy C )anTTYlmt’k 667 duløar . müa:geTot kñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH RbsinebImanEt A eT Edl)anTTYl 3000 duløar edayRbTankmμ eBlmtkCnenArs; enaH{RTBüEdlCat;TukfaCamt’k} RtUvman 4000 duløar . dUecñH A B nig C RtUvTTYl)an 1333 duløarmñak; . kñúgkrNIenH B nig C RtUvTTYl)annUvcMENkEdlCasmamaRt 1300 ³ 1300 éncMnYn 1000 duløar KWmñak;²GacTTYl)an 500 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH PaKbRmugKW 667 duløar ¬maRta 1233¦ dUecñH B nig C GacTamTar[ A kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug 167 duløar sRmab; mñak;²)an . kñúgkrNIenH A RtUvbgVilsgvij k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI B b¤ C min)anTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb; PaKbRmugeTenaH A min)ac;bgVilvijk¾)anEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

26

maRta 903 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 600 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1166>- PaKénviPaKTan 1-kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgLay ebImanbuKÁlNa)aneFVIviPaKTan

Biess edIm,IEfrkSa b¤ begáInRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn edaykarpþl;esvkmμelI kic©karrbs;mtkCn b¤ edaykarpþl;tavkalikelIRTBüsm,tþi b¤ edaykarEfTaM Büa)almtkCn b¤ edayviFIepSgeTot témøEdldkPaKénviPaKTanrbs;buKÁlenaH Edl)ankMNt;tamkarBiPakSarbs;shsnþtiCn ecjBItémømt’kEdlmtkCn

manenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ RtUvcat;TukfaCamt’k ehIycMnYnTwkR)ak;énPaK

enAkñúgsnþtikm μ Edl)anKNnatambBaØtþiénEpñkTI 1 ¬snþtiCn¦ nig EpñkTI 2

¬snþtikmμrbs;shB½T§¦ bUknwgPaKviPaKTan RtUvCacMENkmt’krbs;CnenaH . 2-ebIkarBiPakSaEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH BMu)an

seRmc b¤ ebIBMuGacBiPakSa)aneT tulakarRtUvkMNt;PaKénviPaKTan tamBaküsuM rbs;buKÁlEdl)aneFVIviPaKTanEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 enaH eday

BicarNaeTAelIeBl viFI nig kRmiténviPaKTanenaH cMnYnTwkR)ak;énmt’k nig

sßanPaBTaMgGs;epSgeTot . 3-PaKénviPaKTan minGac[elIsBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl)andkecjnUvtémø

énGc©½yTan nig témøénRTBüsm,tþi EdlmtkCn)ankMNt;faCacMENkmt’k

rbs;shsnþtiCn b¤ CaviFIEbgEckmt’k BIcMnYntémøénmt’k EdlmtkCnman

enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μeLIy . 4-BaküsuMEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 xagelIenH GaceFVI)ankñúg

krNIEdlmanBaküsuM edayeyagtamkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1270 ¬karEbgEck

edaytulakar¦ b¤ manBakübNþwg edayeyagtammaRta 1274 ¬karTamTarrbs; CnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eRkaykarEbgEckmt’k¦ .

¬kMMNt;¦

27

maRtaenHEcgGMBIPaKénviPaKTan . PaKénviPaKTanenH RtUv)anEcgeLIgedIm,IsRmYlnUvcMENkmt’k . Cabzm kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBImUlehtuénkMeNItrbs;PaKénviPaKTanfaCakarEdl {)aneFVIviPaKTan

Biess edIm,IEfrkSa b¤ begáInRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn edaykarpþl;esvakm μelIkic©karrbs;mtkCn b¤ eday karpþl;tavkalikelIRTBüsm,tþi b¤ edaykarEfTaMBüa)almtkCn b¤ edayviFIepSgeTot} . RtwmEtkarpþl; viPaKTanBiess ¬]TahrN_ karEfTaMBüa)al¦ cMeBaHmtkCnb:ueNÑaH KWminRKb;RKan;eLIy KWTamTar[mankar rkSa b¤ kMeNInénRTBürbs;mtkCnenaH edaysarviPaKTanenaHpgEdr ¬]TahrN_fa edaysarkarEfrkSa Büa)alenaH mtkCnGacbnßykarcMNaykñúgkarCYlGñkemIlEfrkSa ehIyenHCaktþamYyEdlGacrkSaRTBü sm,tþirbs;mtkCn)an¦ . niyaysegçbeTAvijKW ya:gehacNas;k¾;RtUvmanviPaKTanBiesskRmitdUcenHEdr. müa:geTot eTaHCa)anpþl;esvakmμelIkic©karrbs;mtkCnk¾eday EtRbsinebI)anTTYlnUvtémøfñÚrvijcMeBaH esvakmμ enaHminGaccat;TukCaviPaKTanBiess)aneT .

bnÞab;mk kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgGMBIviFIsRmYlnUvcMENkénmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlkñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn TaMgGs; manGñkeFVIviPaKTanBiess . kñúgkrNIenH témøénmt’kEdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ edaydknwgPaKénviPaKTan RtUvcat;TukfaCamt’k ehIycMnYnTwkR)ak;éncMENkmt’kEdl)anKNnatambBaØtþi énEpñkTI 1 ¬snþtiCn¦ nig EpñkTI 2 ¬snþtikm μrbs;shB½T§¦ bUknwgviPaKTan RtUvCacMENkmt’krbs;Cn Edl)aneFIVviPaKTanBiessenaH . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCn 3 nak; A B nig C EdlRtUvTTYl snþtikmμesμ IPaKKña eTAelImt’kcMnYn 1000 duløar RbsinebI A )anpþl;esvakm μelIkic©karrbs;mtkCn Edlmantémøesμ Inwg 400 duløar eBlenaH RTBüEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’kKW 600 duløar ¬1000-400¦ ehIyRtUvEbgEckmt’kenaHesμ IPaKKña . cMeBaHcMENkmt’kCak;Esþgrbs; A RtUvbUkbEnßmnUvPaKénviPaKTan cMnYn 400 duløareTot dUecñH A )an 600 duløar B nig C )an 200 duløarmñak; .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa shsnþtiCnRtUvkMNt;témøénPaKviPaKTanedaykarBiPakSa enAeBlEbgEckmt’k k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkñúgkrNIEdlkarBiPakSaenHmincuHsRmugKña CaGaT× RtUv[tulakarkMNt; . cMeBaHkrNIenH PaKeRcIn karEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× enH k¾minsUvmankarcuHsRmugKñaeT dUecñH CaTUeTA eBldak;BaküsMu[eFVI karvinicä½ynUvkarEbgEckmt’k eKeRcInEtsMu[tulakarkMNt;témøénPaKviPaKTanRBmKñaEdr edayeyagtam kfaxNÐTI 2 . kñúgkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;GaceFVIkarEbgEckmt’k)anedayxøÜnÉg bnÞab;BI)ankMNt; témøénPaKénviPaKTanrYcral; enaHeKGacdak;RtwmEtBaküsMukñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 [tulakarkMNt;)an k¾b:uEnþ krNIEbbenH kRmmanNas; . cMeBaHRkmrdæb,evNICb:un manbBaØtiþfa min[eFVIkarTamTar[tulakareFVIkar kMNt;EtPaKénviPaKTandac;edayELkeT ¬maRta 904-2 kfaxNÐTI 4 ¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 3 EcgGMBIkarkRmiténtémøénPaKviPaKTan kñúgkrNIEdlmanmtksasn_ . eyagtam

28

bBaØtþienH témøénPaKviPaKTanenH minGacelIsBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl)andkecjnUvtémøénGc©½yTan CaGaT× BIcMnYntémøénmt’kEdlmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμeLIy KWmtksasn_manGaTiPaBCagPaKénviPaKTan . ]TahrN_ cMeBaHkrNIxagelIenH RbsinebImtkCn)anTukmtksasn_[ B sñgRTBüesμ Inwg 300 duløar ehIy[ C sñgRTBüesμ Inwg 400 duløar ehIyeTaHbICatémøénPaKviPaKTanrbs; A man 400 duløar k¾eday k¾minGacKit[elIs 300 duløar EdlCacMnYnKNnaedayyk 1000 duløar dknwg 300 duløar ehIydknwg 400 duløareT . PaKénviPaKTanmannaTIsRmYlkñúgkarEbgEckmt’k dUecñHRbsinebImanmtksasn_kMNt; nUvm©as;énRTBü RTBüenaHRtUvepÞreTAm©as;enaH RBmCamYyKñanwgeBlEdlmtksasn_begáItGanuPaB ¬maRta 1195 CaedIm¦ . dUecñH RTBüenaHElgCakmμvtßúénkarEbgEckmt’kehIy ehtuenH)anCakfaxNÐTI 3 Ecg[mtksasn_manGaTiPaBCagPaKénviPaKTanenaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ sUmemIlmaRta 904 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un . müa:geTot enAkñúgmaRta 603 énRkm rdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa manEcgGMBIPaKénviPaKTanenH CasiT§iTamTar[bgVilvij . kñúgkrNIEdlEcgCa siT§iTamTar[bgiVlmkvijenaH RbsinebIGñk)aneFVIviPaKTanminEmnCaCnRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCneT k¾man bBaðafa etIKYr[GñkenaHmansiT§iTamTar[bgVilvijEdr b¤eT dUecñHbBaØtþienH RtUv)anerobcMeLIg kñúgEpñksþIBIkar sRmYlcMENkmt’k edIIm,IkMu[manbBaðaenHekItmaneLIg .

maRta 1167>- TMnak;TMngCamYynwgttiyCn karsRmYlcMENkmt’kEdleyagtambBaØtþiénEpñkTI 3 ¬karsRmYlcMENk

mt’k¦ enH minGacykmkGHGagnwgttiyCn)aneLIy ebIminmanl½kçx½NÐttaMg

cMeBaHlT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k edayEp¥kelIkarsRmYlenaHeT .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgc,as;las;fa cMeBaHkarsRmYléncMENkmt’k RbsinebIKμanl½kçx½NÐttaMgcMeBaHlT§plén

karEbgEckmt’kedayEp¥kelIkarsRmYlenaHeT minGacttaMgnwgttiyCn)aneLIy . dUcEdl)anBnül;kñúgmaRta 1148 rYcmkehIy cMeBaHTMnak;TMngnwgttiyCn shsnþtiCnRtUvTTYl

snþtikmμ eTAtamsmamaRténcMENkmt’kEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; . müa:gvijeTot karsRmYléncMENkmt’k edayEp¥kelIEpñkTI 3 enH RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,I[mansmPaBBitR)akdrvagshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; enAeBl eFVIkarEbgEckmt’k . b:uEnþ ttiyCnswgEtminGacdwgnUvsmamaRtCak;EsþgenHeT ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúgenH

29

caM)ac;Ecgfa RbsinebIK μanl½kçx½NÐttaMgnwglT§plénkarEbgEckmt’keT minGacttaMgnwgttiyCn)aneLIy . cMeBaHlT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k bBaØtiþénmaRta 1273 k¾dUcnwgbBaØtiþénmaRtaenHEdr k¾b:uEnþ maRtaenHbBaØtþ pÞal;GMBIcMENkmt’kCak;Esþg EdlCabuerl½kçx½NÐénkarEbgEckmt’k . CalT§plénmaRtaenH RbsinebI shsnþtiCnNamñak;)anTTYlcMENkmt’kesμ InwgsUnü edaysarEt)anTTYlRbTankm μeRcIn enAeBlEdl mtkCnenArs; ehIy)ancat;Ecglk;[ttiyCnnUvcMENkmt’kEdlRtUv)ankMNt;tamc,ab; RbsinebIman karcuHbBa¢I b¤ l½kçx½NÐttaMgGMBIkarcat;EcgenH munkarcuHbBa¢I b¤ l½kçx½NÐttaMgGMBIlT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k ttiyCnenaHnwgTTYlnUvcMENkrYmenaH edaymanGaTiPaB . kñúgkrNIenH shsnþtiCnenH RtUvEtTTYlxusRtUv sgsMNgcMeBaHsnþtiCnepSgeTot .

CMBUkTI 3 snþtikm μtammtksasn_

EpñkTI 1 smtßPaBkñúgkareFVImtksasn_

maRta 1168>- buKÁlEdlGaceFVImtksasn_)an 1-buKÁlEdlCanItiCn nig GnItiCnEdl)anGtþaFInPaBrYcputBIGaNa-

Büa)alsRmab;GnItiCn b¤ GMNacem)a GaceFVImtksasn_)an . 2-bBaØtþiénmaRta 26 ¬siT§ilubecalskm μPaB¦ nig maRta 30 ¬siT§ilub

ecalskmμPaB¦ énRkmenH minRtUvykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHmtksasn_eLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa buKÁlEdlCanItiCn nig GnItiCnEdl)anGtþaFInPaBrYcputBIGaNaBüa)alsRmab;

GnItiCn b¤ GMNacem)a GaceFVImtksasn_)an . Cabzm kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa buKÁlEdlCanItiCnGaceFVImtksasn_)an . eTaHbICaGñkenAeRkam

GaNaBüa)alTUeTA b¤ GñkenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ Edl)anTTYlkarRbkascab;epþImGaNaBüa)al b¤ hitUbtßmÖ k¾eday ¬maRta 24/ maRta 28¦ k¾GaceFVImtksasn_)anEdr . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IeFVImtksasn_ CnTaMgenHRtUv mansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³ ¬maRtabnÞab;¦ ehIycMeBaHkareFVImtksasn_rbs;GñkenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA edayEp¥keTAtammaRta 1176 CnenaHRtUvsHes,IymYyry³eBleLIgvij nUvsmtßPaBkñúgkaryl;dwg nig vinicä½yGMBIlT§pltampøÜvc,ab;énskm μPaBrbs;xøÜn ehIycaM)ac;RtUvmanvtþmanrbs;evC¢bNÐitya:gtic 2 nak; . karTTYlsÁal;[GñkEdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB [eFVImtksasn_enH edaysarEtmtk-

30

sasn_enaHnwgmanGanuPaB eRkayeBlEdlCnEdlRtUv)ankRmitnUvsmtßPaBenaH)anTTYlmrNPaB dUecñH GanuPaBénmtksasn_enaH minman\T§iBleTAelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;buKÁlenaHeT müa:geTot mtksasn_ eFVIeLIgedIm,Icat;EcgRTBüsm,tþiEdlman KWminEmnedIm,I[x©IRTBüfμ IeTot CaGaT× eT . bnÞab;mk kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa GnItiCnEdl)anGtþaFInPaBrYcputBIGaNaBüa)al b¤ BIGMNacem)a k¾GaceFVImtksasn_)anEdr . maRta 961 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un Ecgfa GnItiCnEdlmanGayucab;BI 15 qñaM eLIgeTA GaceFVImtksasn_)an k¾b:uEnþ kñúgRkmenHEcgeTAtammaRta 531 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

edaysarCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA b¤ CnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ GaceFVImtksasn_)an dUecñH kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa GñkGaNaBüa)alTUeTA b¤ hitUbtßmÖk³minGaclubmtksasn_ecal)aneT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHvaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 531 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa rIÉcMeBaH kfaxNÐTI 2 vij sUmemIlmaRta 962 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un . maRta 532 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa EcgpÞúynwgvaküx½NÐTI 1 énkfaxNÐTI 1 .

maRta 1169>- smtßPaBnaeBleFVImtksasn_ 1-m©as;bNþaM RtUvmansmtßPaB enAeBleFVImtksasn_ . 2-buKÁlEdlGHGagGMBIkarxVHsmtßPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM RtUvbBa¢ak;Psþútag

GMBIehtuenaH . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienH minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHkrNIEdl)an

kMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1176 ¬mtksasn_énCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA¦ én

RkmenH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa m©as;bNþaMRtUvmansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³enAeBleFVImtksasn_ ehIyEcgGMBIkarTTYlxus

RtUvkñúgkarbBa¢ak;GMBIsmtßPaBenaH . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa m©as;bNþaMRtUvmansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³ enAeBleFVImtksasn_ . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNI

Edlm©as;bNþaMKμansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³eBleFVImtksasn_ edaysarEtGñkenaHRsvwgRsaxøaMg b¤ edaysar GñkenaHmanCm¶WvegVgedayPaBcas;Cra mtksasn_RtUvCaemaX³ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa buKÁlEdl)anGHGagGMBIkarxVHsmtßPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM RtUvbBa¢ak;GMBIkaxVH smtßPaBenaH . kñúgkrNIEdl)ankøayCanItiCn ehIymin)anTTYlkarRbkas[cab;epþImGaNaBüa)aleT

31

RtUvsnμtfa GñkenaHmansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³ . dUecñH buKÁlNaEdlGHGagfa manbBaðaGMBIsmtßPaBxagqnÞ³enH RtUveFVIkarbBa¢ak;cMeBaHkarGHGagenaH . b:uEnþ cMeBaHCnEdlTTYlkarRbkascab;epþImGaNaBüa)alvij RtUv sn μtfa CnenaHsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBCanirnþr_EdlxVHsmtßPaBkñúgkaryl;dwg nig vinicä½yGMBIlT§pltampøÚv c,ab;énskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn edaysarmanvibtþiEpñkbBaØasμartI ¬maRta 24¦ ehIyedIm,IeFVImtksasn_ RtUvbMeBj l½kçx½NÐEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 1176 ehtuenHehIy buKÁlEdl)anGHGagfa CnenaHmansmtßPaBxagqnÞ³ b¤ )anGHGagfa )anbMeBjl½kçx½NÐénmaRta 1176 eBleFVImtksasn_ RtUveFVIkarbBa¢ak; . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 963 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un ehIycMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 vij sUmemIl maRta 535 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

EpñkTI 2 TRmg;énmtksasn_

maRta 1170>- PaBcaM)ac;énTRmg;mtksasn_ 1-mtksasn_ BMuGaceFVI)aneLIy ebIBMuEp¥ktamTRmg;Edl)ankMNt;kñúg

RkmenHeT . 2-mtksasn_ EdleFVIminRtUvnwgTRmg;NamYykñúgbBaØtþiénRkmenH RtUvcat;

TukCaemaX³ . b:uEnþ mtksasn_EdlKμankarcuHéf¶ExqñaM RtUvcat;TukfamansuBl-PaB luHRtaEtmtksasn_enaH minpÞúynwgmtksasn_epSgeTotEdl)aneFVIeday

m©as;bNþaMdUcKñaenH . enAkñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_EdlKμankarcuHéf¶ExqñaM man

cMnYneRcIn ehIyebImtksasn_TaMgenH pÞúynwgKña GanuPaBénmtksasn_TaMgenaH RtUvkat;bnßyKñaeTAvijeTAmk .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIPaBcaM)ac;énTRmg;mtksasn_ EdltRmUv[eFVItamTRmg;NamYyEdlkMNt;edayRkm

enH . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa mtksasn_GaceFVI)anEtkñúgkrNIEdl)aneFVItamTRmg;EdlmanEcgkñúgRkmenH

b:ueNÑaH . cMeBaHmtksasn_ karkMNt;[eFVItamTRmg;dUcenH k¾eRBaHfa RbsinebIGanuPaBénmtksasn_nwg køayCabBaða eRkayeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB eKminGaceFVIkarbBa¢ak;cMeBaHm©as;bNþaMfa etI

32

mtksasn_enaH)aneFVIedaysamIxøÜnEmn b¤ ya:gNa b¤ faetImankarpøas;bþÚr b¤ karlubecal CaGaT× nUv mtksasn_enaH b¤ ya:gNaenaHeT . ehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarkMNt;fa mtksasn_GaceFVI)an EtkñúgkrNIEdl)aneFVIeLIgtamTRmg;mYyEdlGacvinicä½yCasV½yRbvtþifa samIxøÜn)aneFVI ebIeTaHCaenAeRkay eBlEdlsamIxøÜn)anTTYlmrNPaBehIykIþ .

vaküxNÐTI 1 énkfaxNÐTI 2 EcgeLIgedIm,IbBa¢ak;nUvlT§plEdlnwgekItmaneLIgtamRTwsIþbBaØtþikñúg kfaxNÐTI 1 .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa cMeBaHmtksasn_EdlKμankarcuHéf¶ExqñaM EtRtwmRtUvtamcMNuc epSg²eToténTRmg; RtUvcat;Tukfa mansuBlPaB edaymanl½kçx½NÐkMNt;mYy . {mtksasn_KμancuHéf¶ExqñaM} manrYmTaMgmtksasn_EdlK μanéf¶ExqñaMesaH b¤ xVHéf¶ b¤ Ex b¤ qñaM ¬mtksasn_EdlcuHfa éf¶d¾l¥mYy Ex 00 qñaM 0000 k¾Camtksasn_xVHéf¶ExqñaMEdr¦ b¤ mtksasn_EdlcuHéf¶TI 29 kumÖ³ qñaM 0000 k¾b:uEnþ qñaMenaHman RtwmEt 28 éf¶ CaGaT× . cMeBaHmtksasn_TaMgenaH RbsinebImanEtmYyeT mtksasn_enaHmansuBlPaB ehIykñúgkrNIEdlmaneRcInk¾eday RbsinebImtksasn_TaMgenaHK μancMNucpÞúyKñaeTAvijeTAmkeT k¾man suBlPaBTaMgGs;Edr . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebImanmtksasn_eRcInEdlK μancuHéf¶ExqñaM ehIyEdlmancMNucpÞúy nwgKña edaysarEtmindwgfa mYyNaeFVImun mYyNaeFVIeRkay dUecñH GanuPaBénmtksasn_TaMgenaH RtUvkat; bnßyKñaeTAvijeTAmk . RbsinebImanmtksasn_Edlmanéf¶ExqñaM nig mtksasn_EdlKμanéf¶ExqñaM mtk- sasn_Edlmanéf¶ExqñaM manGaTiPaBCag . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 960 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 554 nig 561 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaH vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 560 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

maRta 1171>- suBlPaBénTRmg; mtksasn_EdlRtUvnwgTRmg;NamYyEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmenH RtUvcat;

TukfamansuBlPaBcMeBaHTRmg; .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_RtUvnwgTRmg;NamYyEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmenH mtksasn_

enaHRtUvcat;TukfamansuBlPaBcMeBaHTRmg;enaH . ]TahrN_ m©as;bNþaMcg;eFVImtksasn_sRmbeTAnwgTRmg;NamYy dUcCaTRmg;énmtksasn_edaylixit

33

sm¶at; k¾b:uEnþ xVHl½kçx½NÐ dUecñH mktsasn_enaH nwgK μansuBlPaBcMeBaHTRmg;mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at; eT . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebImtksasn_enaH Rsbnwgl½kçx½NÐénTRmg;epSgeTot ]TahrN_dUcCamtksasn_eday lixitÉkCnvij mtksasn_enaHRtUvcat;TukfamansuBlPaBcMeBaHTRmg; . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

enHCabBaØtþiEcgTUeTA tamxøwmsarénmaRta 971 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

maRta 1172>- buKÁlEdlminGackøayCasakSI CaGaT× buKÁlEdlkMNt;dUcxageRkamenH minGaceFVICasakSI b¤ CaGñksegátkarN_

enAeBleFVImtksasn_)aneLIy ³ k-GnItiCn b¤ CnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alFmμta . x-CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn Gc©½ylaPI ehIynigshB½T§ nig

jatielahitExSpÞal; rbs;CnTaMgenaH . K-ebIsarkarICaGñkBak;B½n§kñúgkareFVImtksasn_CalixityfaPUt b¤ Ca

lixitmtksasn_sm¶at; shB½T§rbs;sarkarI jatielahitExSpÞal; RkLabBa¢I nig

nieyaCit rbs;sarkarIenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa buKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMngkMNt;mYynwgCnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn minGaceFVICa

sakSI b¤ CaGñksegátkarN_Tak;Tgnwgmtksasn_)aneLIy . cMNuc k Ecgfa buKÁlEdlRtUv)ankRmitnUvsmtßPaBkñúgkareFVIskmμPaB CaGñkxVHlkçNsm,tþieFVICasakSI

CaGaT× . sakSICaGñkeFVIkarbBa¢ak;fa etImtkCnsamIxøÜn)aneFVImtksasn_BitEmn b¤eT dUecñH GnItiCn RBmTaMgCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA xVHlkçNsm,tþiCanic© edaysarCnTaMgenaHmanbBaðaxagsmtßPaB kñúgkareFVIkarbBa¢ak;enH .

cMNuc x Ecgfa CnEdlnwgTTYlnUvplRbeyaCn_pÞal;edaymtksasn_ nig shB½T§rbs;CnenaH RBmTaMgjatielahitExSpÞal;rbs;CnenaH CaCnxVHlkçNsm,tþieFVICasakSI CaGaT× . tammtksasn_ CnEdl RtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn GacTTYlmt’keRcInCagcMENkmt’krbs;xøÜnEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; b¤ pÞúyeTAvij GacTTYlticCag rIÉGc©½ylaPIvij GackøayCaGñkTTYlmt’k dUecñH edaysarEtTMnak;TMngplRbeyaCn_TaMg enH nwgGacbegáIt[manbBaðacMeBaHsuRkwtPaBéncemøIyCaksiNsakSI . dUecñHehIy )anCacMNuc x Ecgfa 34

CnTaMgenHCaGñkxVHlkçNsm,tþiCasakSI CaGaT× TaMgGs; . müa:geTot cMeBaHshB½T§ RBmTaMgjatielahit ExSpÞal;rbs;CnenaH k¾manbBaðadUcKñaEdr dUecñH bBaØtþienHEcgfaCaGñkxVHlkçNsm,tþiEdr . müa:geTot munnwg dac;degðIm m©as;bNþaMGaceFVImtksasn_tammaRta 1177 EdlEcgGMBImtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBugCYbRbTH eRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit)an . kñúgkrNIenH enACuMvijmtkCn GacmanCnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn eRcInnak;enACYbCMuKña . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCakñúgkrNIenHk¾eday k¾RtUvGnuvtþtambBaØtþiéncMNuc x Edr KWCnEdlRtUv )ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnminGaceFVICasakSI b¤ GñkGegátkarN_)aneT . RbsinebIGnuBaØat[CnEdlRtUv)an sn μtfaCasnþtiCn CaGaT× sresrbNþaMedayGHGagfa sþab;edayRtwmRtUvnUvsmþIrbs;mtkCn Edlnwgdac; degðImEmnenaH ehIy[bBa¢ak;fa m©as;bNþaMBitCa)anpþaMdUckñúgmtksasn_ enaHKWCakarN_mYyRbkbeday eRKaHfñak;FMeFgNas; dUecñH minGacTTYlsÁal;)aneLIy . kñúgkrNIIEdlminmanvtþmanttiyCn shsnþtiCn TaMgGs;KYrRtwmEtyksmþIrbs;mtkCn_enaHmkBicarNa)anehIy enAeBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’k .

cMNuc K Ecgfa kñúgkrNIeEdlsarkarICaGñkBak;B½n§kñúgkareFVImtksasn_ shB½T§rbs;sarkarI jati elahitExSpÞal; RkLabBa¢I nig nieyaCitrbs;sarkarIenaH CaGñkxVHlkçNsm,tþieFIVCasakSI . eBlEdl sarkarICaGñkBak;B½n§kñúgkareFVImtksasn_ caM)ac;RtUvmanvtþmanrbs;ttiyCneRkABIsarkarIenaH edIm,IFana nUvPaBsuRkwt . RbsinebIbuKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMngkMNt;mYynwgsarkarIenaH køayCasakSI enaHnwgmanbBaðaGMBI PaBK μanlkçN³CattiyCn dUecñH cMNuc K Ecgfa CnTaMgenaH CaGñkxVHlkçNsm,tþiCasakSI . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 974 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 556 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1173>- mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt 1-mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt RtUveFVIeLIgedaym©as;bNþaM enAcMeBaH

muxsarkarI tamTRmg;Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 xageRkamenH . 2-mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt RtUveFVIeLIg edayeyagtamTRmg;dUc

xageRkamenH ³ k-RtUvmanvtþmanrbs;sakSIya:gtic 2 ¬BIr¦ nak; . x-m©as;bNþaMRtUvR)ab;pÞal;mat; nUvxøwmsarénmtksasn_ cMeBaHsarkarI . K-sarkarIRtUvsresrnUvGtßn½yénmtksasn_rbs;m©as;bNþaMenaH Ca

layl½kçN_GkSr ehIyRtUvsURt[m©as;bNþaM nig sakSIenaHsþab; .

35

X-bnÞab;BIm©as;bNþaM nig sakSI )anTTYlsÁal;fakMNt;Calay l½kçN_GkSrenaHRtwmRtUvehIy CnnImYy²enaHRtUveFVI[manPaBc,as;las;enAelI ÉksarGMBIeQ μaH Gayu nig lMenAzan ehIy RtUvcuHhtßelxa erog²xøÜn . b:uEnþ ebIm©as;bNþaM minGacsresrGkSr b¤ minGaccuHhtßelxa)aneT sarkarIGac

CMnYskarsresr nig htßelxadUckMNt;xagelIenH edaysresreQμaH Gayu nig

lMenAzanrbs;CnenaH ehIyRtUvsresrbEnßmnUvehtuenaHpg . g-sarkarIRtUvsresréf¶ExqñaM ehIyRtUvcuHhtßelxa .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIeFVImtksasn_tamlixityfaPUt . kfaxNÐTI 1 KWCabBaØtþiRbkas ehIykfaxNÐTI 2 KWCabBaØtþisþIBInItiviFICak;Esþg . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 sþIBInItiviFICak;EsþgenH mincaM)ac;Bnül;eT k¾b:uEnþ bBaØtþiBiesssþIBIkareFVImtksasn_

edaylixityfaPUt kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnCamnusSminGacniyay)an b¤ sþab;minB¤ manEcgkñúgmaRta 1179. müa:geTot cMeBaHkar {R)ab;pÞal;mat;nUvxøwmsarénmtksasn_} EdlmanEcgkñúgcMNuc x enH CaTUeTAKWCa karniyayR)ab;sarkarInUvxøwmsarénbNþaM Edlm©as;bNþaM)ansresrRBag CaGaT× rYcsarkarIsresrbBa©Úlkñúg lixityfaPUtnUvxøwmsarTaMgenaH[mann½ytampøÚvc,ab; . eyagtamRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa maRta 557 RkmenHTTYlsÁal;fa GnkçrCnk¾manlkçNsm,tþieFVICasakSIEdr ehIyviFIcuHhtßelxakñúgkrNIenH manEcgkñúg maRta 1180 . b:uEnþ edIm,I[sakSITTYlsÁal;fa kMNt;RtaCalayl½kçN_GkSrenaHRtwmRtUv edayeyag tamcMNuc X sakSIenaHminRtwmEtsþab;Etxøwmsarénmtksasn_EdlsarkarIsURt[m©as;bNþaM nig sakSIenaH sþab; dUcbBaØtiþkñúgcMNuc K b:ueNÑaHeT KWKYrEtBinitüemIlnUvxøwmsarEdl)ansresrenaHEdr . dUecñHehIy KYr[GñkecHGkSreFVIsakSIeTIbCakarRbesIr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 969 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 556 kfaxNÐTI 1 nig maRta 557 énRkmrdæb,evNI cas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1174>- mtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn 1-mtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn RtUveFVIeLIg edaym©as;bNþaMsresrBakü

TaMgGs; nig cuHéf¶ExqñaM edayxøÜnÉg ehIyRtUvcuHhtßelxaelIlixitenaH . mtk- 36

sasn_edaylixitÉkCnEdlRtUv)ansresrCMnYsedayGñkdéT b¤ EdlRtUv)an

sresredayeRbIma:sIundUcCaGgÁúlIelx CaGaT× nwgRtUvcat;TukCaemaX³ . 2-karbEnßm karlub b¤ karEkERbepSgeTot enAkñúgmtksasn_eday

lixitÉkCn BMumanGanuPaBeLIy ebIm©as;bNþaMmin)anbgðajnUvkEnøg ehIy

sresrbEnßmnUvehtuénkarEkERbenaH CaBiessebImin)ancuHhtßelxaeT .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIeFVImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa edIm,IeFVImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn m©as;bNþaMRtUvsresrmtksasn_TaMgmUl

RBmTaMgcuHéf¶ExqñaM edayxøÜnÉg ehIycuHhtßelxa . eBlEdlmanbBaðaGMBIsuRkwtPaBénmtksasn_enaHekIt eLIg eBlenaHsamIxøÜn)anTTYlmrNPaBehIy dUecñH eKminGacTamTar[m©as;bNþaMenaHeFVIesckþIEføgkarN_ )aneT ehtuenHehIyeBlenaHcaM)ac;RtUvepÞógemIlGkSr edayeFVIkareRbobeFobnwgGkSrrbs;samIxøÜn Edl)an sresrkñúglixitepSg²eBlenArs; ¬dUcCasMbuRt b¤ esovePAkMNt;ehtu CaGaTצ . ehtuenHehIy)anCatRmUv [m©as;bNþaMsresrxøwmsarénmtksasn_ nig TamTar[cuHhtßelxa CaGaT× edaysamIxøÜnpÞal; . dUecñH RbsinebIsamIxøÜncuHhtßelxaedayxøÜnÉg minmankarGnuvtþtammaRta 1180 eT . vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 RKan;EtEcgedIm,IbBa¢ak;Etb:ueNÑaH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgedIm,IbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;las;fa edayehtufa GacmankrNIEdlttiyCnpøas;bþÚr dUcCa sresrbEnßm b¤ lubecalBaküxøHkñúgmtksasn_ ehtuenHehIykñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaMxøÜnÉg cg;pøas;bþÚr dUcCasresrbEnßm b¤ lubBaküxøHecal RtUvsresrbBa¢ak;nUvkarpøas;bþÚrenaH ehIycaM)ac;RtUvcuHhtßelxapg Edr edIm,IbBa¢ak;emIledayepÞógeRbobeFobnwglixitepSgfa etIkarpøas;bþÚr dUcCasresrbEnßm b¤ karlubecal CaGaT× eFVIedaysamIxøÜnEmnb¤eT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 968 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 558 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1175>- mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at; mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at; RtUveFVIeLIg edayeyagtamTRmg;dUcxag

eRkamenH ³ k-m©as;bNþaMRtUvcuHhtßelxaelIlixitenaH .

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x-m©as;bNþaMRtUvdak;lixitenaHkñúgeRsambiTCit ehIyRtUvcuHhtßelxa b¤ sresrsBaØasMKal; b¤ meFüa)ayepSgeTotEdlGacvinicä½y)anGMBIkar)anebIk

b¤ min)anebIkeRsamlixitenaH enAmat;eRsamlixitenaH . K-m©as;bNþaMRtUvdak;lixitEdl)anbiTCitenaH enAcMeBaHmuxsarkarImñak;

nig sakSI 2 ¬BIr¦ nak; nig eFVIesckþIEføgkarN_fa lixitenHCalixitmtksasn_ rbs;xøÜn ehIyebImanCneRkABIsamIxøÜn)ansresr RtUveFVIesckþIEføgkarN_GMBIeQμaH nig lMenAzanrbs;CnEdl)ansresrenaH .

X-sarkarIRtUvcuHéf¶ExqñaMEdlsamIxøÜn)andak;lixitenaH nig sresr esckþIEføgkarN_rbs;m©as;bNþaM enAelIlixitEdlbiTCitenaH ehIyRtUvcuHhtß-elxaelIlixitenaH CamYyKñanwgsakSI nig m©as;bNþaM .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIeFVImtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at; . mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at; KWCaviFImtksasn_mYyEdlGnuBaØat[GñkecHGkSreFVImtksasn_edayrkSa

xøwmsarenaHCasm¶at;TaMgRsug ehIyEdlGackarBarkMu[mankarlubecal b¤ karlYcEkERbedayttiyCn . cMeBaHmtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn k¾dUcKñaEdr KWGacbiTedayRbfab;Rta ehIyRbsinebIttiyCn)anebIk edayminqøgkat;bBa¢ak;tamnItiviFIrbs;tulakareT RtUvTTYlBin½ysuIvil dUecñH Gaclak;karsm¶at;)anxøH k¾b:uEnþ Gacmankarlubecal b¤ EkERbedayttiyCnEdr . k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHmtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at;vij sarkarI CaGñkrkSaTuk dUecñH karebIk karlubecal karEkERb minGacekItmaneLIgeT .

edIm,IeFVImtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at; caM)ac;RtUvGnuelamtambBaØtþiBIcMNuc k dl; cMNuc X . viFIenHxus BImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn KWm©as;bNþaMmincaM)ac;sresrnUvxøwmsarénmtksasn_edayxøÜnÉgeT KWGacBwg [GñkepSgEdlxøÜneCOTukcitþ sresrCMnYs b¤ GaceRbIma:sIunGgÁúlIelx CaGaT× )an . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI sresredayxøÜnÉg nig cuHéf¶ExqñaM RBmTaMgcuHhtßelxaedayxøÜnpÞal; eTaHbICaminRsbnwgl½kçx½NÐénviFIeFVI mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at;k¾eday k¾mansuBlPaBCamtksasn_edaylixitÉkCnEdr ¬maRta 1171¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 970 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

38

maRta 1176>- mtksasn_énCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA 1-edIm,IeFVImtksasn_ enAeBlEdlCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA )an

sHes,IymYyry³eLIgvij nUvsmtßPaBkñúgkaryl;dwg nig vinicä½yGMBIlT§pltam

pøÚvc,ab;énskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn RtUvmanvtþmanrbs;evC¢bNÐit ya:gtic 2 ¬BIr¦ nak; . 2-evC¢bNÐitEdlmanvtþmanenAeBleFVImtksasn_ RtUvsresrbBa¢ak;bEnßm

elIlixitmtksasn_enaHfa enAeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)aneFVImtksasn_enaH m©as; bNþaMBMu)ansßitkñúgsßanPaBxVHsmtßPaBkñúgkaryl;dwg nig vinicä½yGMBIlT§pl

tampøÚvc,ab;énskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn edaysarmanvibtþisμartIeT ehIyRtUvcuHhtßelxa edaybBa¢ak;fa xøÜnCaevC¢bNÐitpgEdr .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIeFVImtksasn_kñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaMCaCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA . eTaHbICaGñkenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTAk¾eday k¾GacmaneBlEdlbuKÁlenaH)ansHes,IymYyry³eLIg

vij nUvsmtßPaBkñúgkaryl;dwg nig vinicä½ynUvlT§pltampøÚvc,ab;énskm μPaBrbs;xøÜnEdr dUecñH bBaØtþienH TTYlsÁal;nUvkareFVImtksasn_ enAeBlenaH . maRta 954 TTYlsÁal;nUvGaBah_BiBah_rbs;GñkenAeRkam GaNaBüa)alTUeTA dUecñH cMeBaHkareFVImtksasn_ k¾RtUvTTYlkarBicarNadUcKñaEdr . EtcaM)ac;RtUvmanRKUeBTü ya:gtic 2 nak; enAeBleFIVmtksasn_ edIm,IIeFVIkarbBa¢ak;emIlfa m©as;bNþaMBitCa)ansHes,IymYyry³ eLIgvijnUvsmtßPaBeFVImtksasn_ edIm,IeCosvagCemøaHenAeBlGnaKt . b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlGnItiCn)an RtUvRbkas[sßitenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA tammaRta 24 ehIy)ankøayCaCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al TUeTA CnenaHminGacGnuvtþtammaRtaenH)aneT rhUtdl;xøÜn)ankøayCanItiCn ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1168¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIkatBVkic©rbs;RKUeBTü EdlmanvtþmanenAeBleFVImtksasn_ . enHKWedIm,IbBa¢ak; [)anc,as;las;GMBIkarGnuvtþtamnItiviFI enAkñúgmtksasn_enaH . müa:geTot cMeBaHkrNIEdlcaM)ac;man vtþmanrbs;sakSI dUcCakareFVImtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt CaGaT× RtUvmanvtþmansakSIepSg eRkABIRKUeBTü pgEdr . RbsinebICnEdlenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA eFVImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn b¤ eFIVmtksasn_ edaylixitsm¶at; enAkñúgkrNInImYy²enH caM)ac;RtUvmanvtþmanrbs;RKUeBTüEdlmanEcgkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 enA eBlCnenaHsresrmtksasn_edaypÞal; b¤ enAeBlCnenaHbgðajxøwmsarénmtksasn_eTA[sarkarI .

müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlCnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA eFVImtksasn_ RtUvGnuvtþtammaRta 1197 ehIyRbsinebI)aneFVImtksasn_cMeBaHGñkGaNaBüa)al CaGaT× KWRtUvmankRmit . 39

¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 973 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1177>- mtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl; GayuCIvit

1-RbsinebICnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit edaysar Cm¶W b¤ ehtuepSgeTot manbMNgcg;eFVImtksasn_ mtksasn_enHGaceFVI)an

edaytRmUv[manvtþmanrbs;sakSIya:gtic 3 ¬bI¦ nak; ehIyedayRbkas

xøwmsarénmtksasn_enaH edaypÞal;mat; cMeBaHCnmñak; kñúgcMeNamsakSIenaH .

enAkñúgkrNIenH CnEdl)anTTYlkarRbkasedaypÞal;mat;enaH RtUvsresrCa layl½kçN_GkSr ehIyGan[sakSIsþab; b¤ [emIl ehIyenAeRkayeBlEdl

sakSInImYy²)anTTYlsÁal;fakarsresrenaHRtwmRtUvehIy sakSInImYy²enaH RtUv cuHhtßelxaelIlixitenaH .

2-mtksasn_Edl)aneFVItambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH BMuman

GanuPaBeLIy ebIsakSINamñak; b¤ buKÁlEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ BMu)andak; BaküsMueTAtulakar enAkñúgGMLúgeBl 1 ¬mYy¦ Ex Kitcab;BIéf¶Edl)aneFVI mtksasn_enaH ehIyBuM)anTTYlkarbBa¢ak;eT .

3-tulakarminGaceFVIkarbBa¢ak;mtksasn_)aneLIy RbsinebIBMumanCMenO Tukcitþfamtksasn_enaH ecjBIqnÞ³BitR)akdrbs;m©as;bNþaM .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHKWCabBaØtþiBiesssRmab;krNIEdlCnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit eFVImtk-

sasn_ . eTaHCakMBugsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvitk¾eday RbsinebImansmtßPaBeFVImtksasn_

edaylixitÉkCn CnenaHGaceFVI)an . müa:geTot RbsinebImaneBlGacehAsarkarI)an k¾GaceFVImtksasn_ edaylixityfaPUtEdr . k¾b:uEnþ GacmankrNIEdlKμansmtßPaB b¤ K μaneBlevla eBlenaHm©as;bNþaMk¾Gac eFVImtksasn_edaypÞal;mat; cMeBaHmuxGñkmanvtþman)anEdr . nItiviFIenHmanEcgkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 . KYrbBa¢ak;

40

pgEdrfa kñúgkrNIenHk¾eday CnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn CaGaT× minGaceFVICasakSI b¤ GñksegátkarN_ )aneLIy ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1172¦ .

edaysarEtkareFVImtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit KWeFIVtamviFIBiess kfaxNÐTI 2 tRmUv[mankarbBa¢ak;BItulakarkñúgGMLúgeBl 1 Ex KitBIéf¶Edl)aneFVImtksasn_enaH . rIÉkfaxNÐTI 3 vij CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIbTdæanénkarvinicä½yrbs;tulakar kñúgkrNIenH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 976 kfaxNÐTI 1/ TI 4 nig TI 5 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1178>- mtksasn_énCnEdlRtUvCab;XMuXaMg CaGaT× 1-buKÁlEdlCab;XMuXaMgenATIkEnøgdac;edayELk edaysalRkm b¤

saldIka b¤ edaysarkarcat;EcgEpñkrdæ)al GaceFVIlixitmtksasn_)an eday

RtUv[manvtþmanrbs;nKr)al b¤ m®nþIénmnÞIrXMuXaMgmñak; nig sakSI ya:gtic 2

¬BIr¦ nak; . 2-buKÁlEdlenAkñúgnava b¤ ynþehaH GaceFVIlixitmtksasn_)an eday

RtUv[manvtþmanembBa¢akar bri)alnava b¤ ynþehaH b¤ buKÁliknava b¤ ynþehaH mñak; nig sakSIya:gtic 2 ¬BIr¦ nak; .

3-enAeBleFVImtksasn_Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 b¤ TI 2 xag

elIenH m©as;bNþaMGaceFVImtksasn_ edaypÞal;mat; cMeBaHnKr)al m®nþIénmnÞIr XMuXaMg embBa¢akar bri)alnava b¤ ynþehaH b¤ buKÁliknava b¤ ynþehaH)an .

4-bBaØtþiBIcMNuc x dl;cMNuc g kfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1173 ¬mtk-sasn_edaylixityfaPUt¦ énRkmenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkrNI Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 3 xagelIenH . kñúgkrNIenH Bakü sarkarI RtUv)anbkRsayfaCa nKr)al m®nþIénmnÞIrXMuXaMg embBa¢akar bri)alnava b¤ ynþehaH b¤ buKÁliknava b¤ ynþehaH .

5-mtksasn_EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg edayeyagtambBaØtþiBIkfaxNÐTI 1

dl;kfaxNÐTI 4 xagelIenH BuMmanGanuPaBeLIy ebIm©as;bNþaMbnþenArs; kñúgGMLúg

41

eBl 6 ¬R)aMmYYy¦ Ex Kitcab;BIeBlEdlm©as;bNþaMenaH EbrCaGaceFVImtksasn_ )an tamTRmg;NamYyEdl)ankMNt;cab;BImaRta 1173 ¬mtksasn_eday

lixityfaPUt¦ dl;maRta 1175 ¬mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at;¦ énRkmenH eRkayeBlxøÜnRtUv)anedaHElgBImnÞIrXMuXaMg b¤ cuHBInava b¤ ynþehaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa CnEdlRtUvCab;XMuXaMg b¤ enAkñúgnava CaGaT× GaceFVImtksasn_edayviFIdUcKñanwg

kareFVImtksasn_edaylixityfaPUtEdr . CnTaMgenHGaceFVImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn edayeyagtam maRta 1174 )anEdr b:uEnþ mankrNIxøHEdlminGaceFVImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn)an edaysarCnenaH CaGnkçrCn b¤ manrbYséd ehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;manbBaØtþienH .

kfaxNÐTI 1 nig TI 2 Ecgfa CnEdlRtUvCab;XMuXaMg b¤ CnEdlenAkñúgnavaGaceFVImtksasn_ tambBaØtþi énmaRtaenH)an ehIymaRtaenHk¾EcgGMBICnEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgkrNIenHEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 3 nig TI 4 Ecgfa cMeBaHkrNIEdl)aneFVImtksasn_tamviFIEdl)anbBaØtþkñúgmaRtaenH Ca eKalkarN_ RtUveFVItamviFIdUcKñanwgkareFVImtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt EdlEcgkñúgmaRta 1173 ehIy kñúgkrNIenH nKr)al CaGaT× mantYnaTICasarkarI . müa:geTot kñúgmaRtaenH)anEcgfa RtUvGnuvtþdUcKñanwg maRta 1173 k¾b:uEnþ nKr)al CaGaT× minEmnCasarkarIeT dUecñH mtksasn_EdleFVIeLIgtambBaØtþiénmaRta enH minEmnCamtksasn_edaylixityfaPUteT . enHKWRKan;EtGnuvtþtamviFIeFVImtksasn_ EdlEcgkñúgmaRta 1173 b:ueNÑaH .

kfaxNÐTI 5 EcgGMBIGMLúgeBlEdlmtksasn_eFVIeLIgtammaRtaenHmansuBlPaB . mtksasn_Edl eFVIeLIgtambBaØtþiénmaRtaenH KWCamtksasn_beNþaHGasnñEtb:ueNÑaH . müa:geTot sPaBenHk¾GacmandUcKña cMeBaHkareFVImtksasn_EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 1177 sþIBImtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak; bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvitEdr k¾b:uEnþ edaysarEtCnEdlkMBugCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvitenaH mankarBi)ak nwgrs;)anCag 6 Ex ehIymüa:geTot manl½kçx½NÐTamTar[mankarbBa¢ak;edaytulakarkñúgGMLúgeBl 1 Ex. dUecñHehIy)anCaenAkñúgmaRta 1177 KμanbBaØtþidUcKñanwgbBaØtþikñúgkfaxNÐTI 5 enHeT . müa:geTot kfaxNÐ enHmin)anniyayGMBImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCneT . enHk¾eRBaHfa tamry³mtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn m©as;bNþaMGaclubecal b¤ pøas;bþÚrnUvmtksasn_TaMgGs;eBlNak¾)anEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 977 nig maRta 978 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

42

maRta 1179>- kareFVImtksasn_énbuKÁlEdlminGacniyay)an CaGaT× 1-enAkñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlminGacniyay)an eFVImtksasn_tamTRmg;Edl

)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1173 ¬mtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt¦ maRta 1175

¬mtksasn_edaylixitsm¶at;¦ maRta 1177 ¬mtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBug

CYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit¦ énRkmenH m©as;bNþaMenaHGacCMnYskarR)ab; )an edayeFVIesckþIEføgkarN_GMBIxøwmsarénmtksasn_ b¤ esckþIEføgkarN_fa lixitenaHCalixitmtksasn_ tamkarbkERbrbs;GñkbkERb b¤ sresredayéd

xøÜnpÞal; enAcMeBaHmuxsarkarI b¤ sakSI . 2-kñúgkrNIEdlsarkarI b¤ buKÁlepSgeTotEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmenH

RtUvGan[m©as;bNþaM b¤ sakSI sþab;nUvGtßn½yénmtksasn_ eRkayeBl)an

sresrCalayl½kçN_GkSrnUvxøwmsarénmtksasn_enaH ebIm©as;bNþaM nig sakSI enaH EbrCamnusSføg;minGacsþab;)aneT sarkarI b¤ buKÁlepSgeTotEdlRtUv)an

kMNt;enAkñúgRkmenH GacCMnYskarGan[sþab;)an edayR)ab;GMBIGtßn½yEdlxøÜn

)ansresrenaH tamkarbkERbrbs;GñkbkERb eTAm©as;bNþaM b¤ sakSIenaH . 3-kñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 nig TI 2 xagelIenH

sarkarI b¤ buKÁlepSgeTotEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmenH RtUvsresrGMBIehtuenaH cUleTAkñúglixitenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIbBaØtiþBiess CaGaT× kñúgkareFVImtksasn_rbs;buKÁlEdlminGacniyay)an . kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþiBiesssRmab;krNIeFVImtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt CaGaT× edaybuKÁlEdlmin

Gacniyay)an ehIykarR)ab;nUvqnÞ³rbs;samIxøÜndl;sarkarI GaceFVIeLIgedaymanGñkbkERbPasasBaØa b¤ sresredayédxøÜnpÞal; edIm,ICMnYskarR)ab;esckþIEføgkarN_ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþiBiesssRmab;krNIEdlm©as;bNþaM b¤ sakSI CamnusSføg;sþab;minB¤ . kñúgkrNIenH sarkarI b¤ CnepSgeTot EdlRtUv)ankMNt;kñúgRkmenH eRkayBI)ansresrCalayl½kçN_GkSrnUvxøwmsar énmtksasn_rYcral; GacR)ab;GMBIxøwmsarEdl)ansresrenaH tamry³karbkERbrbs;GñkbkERb eTAm©as; bNþaM b¤ sakSIenaH edIm,ICMnYskarGan[sþab; . 43

kfaxNÐTI 3 EcgGMBIkarsresrnUvehtukarN_kñúglixitxagelIenH kñúgkrNIEdl)aneFVItamnItiviFITaMgenH. ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 969-2/ maRta 972/ maRta 976 kfaxNÐTI 3 nig maRta 979 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNI Cb:un

maRta 1180>- karsresrnamRtkUl nig namxøÜn nig karpþitRmaméd CMnYs[

karcuHhtßelxa kñúgkrNIEdlsarkarI nig sakSI RtUvcuHhtßelxa sarkarI nig sakSI

RKan;EtsresrnamRtkUl nig namxøÜn nig pþitRmaméd CakarRKb;RKan;ehIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ edayeyageTAtamTMenomTmøab;km<úCa maRtaenHEcgfa GacsresrnamRtkUl nig namxøÜn nig pþit

Rmaméd CMnYskarcuHhtßelxa)an kñúgkrNIEdlsarkarI nig sakSIRtUvcuHhtßelxa . edaysarEtmankarcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBinitüepÞógemIlhtßelxasamIxøÜn ehtuenHehIy)anCaminGnuBaØat[

m©as;bNþaMpþitRmamédEdlCaviFIsRmYlenHeT .

maRta 1181>- bTb,BaØtþiBiesscMeBaHmtksasn_rbs;CnCatiExμrEdlrs; enAbreTs

ebICnCatiExμrmanbMNgcg;eFVImtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt b¤ lixit

sm¶at; enAkEnøgEdlmankugs‘ulénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCaRbcaMenA kugs‘ulenaH RtUvGnuvtþmuxnaTIrbs;sarkarI .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHCabBaØtþiBiesscMeBaHkrNIEdlCnCatiEx μrEdlrs;enAbreTseFVImtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt

b¤ edaylixitsm¶at; kñúgcMeNamviFIeFIVmtksasn_rbs;km<úCa . CnCatiEx μr eTaHbICaenAbreTsk¾eday k¾GaceFVImtksasn_edaylixitÉkCn tammaRta 1174 )anEdr.

müa:geTot eKk¾GaceFVImtksasn_tamviFIEdlRbeTsenaHman enAcMeBaHmuxsarkarIénRbeTsenaH)anEdr ehIytampøÚvc,ab;ÉkCnGnþrCati viFImYyNak¾nwgRtUvmansuBlPaBdUcKña . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IeFVImtksasn_ enA

44

cMeBaHmuxsarkarIbreTsenaH CaTUeTAeRcInEtRtUveFVIedayeRbIPasaRbeTsenaH ehtuenHehIy edIm,IGnuBaØat[ CnEdlminecHPasabreTs GacmanlT§PaBeFIVmtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt b¤ edaylixitsm¶at;CaPasa Ex μr)an kugs‘ulkm<úCaRtUv)anRbKl;siTi§[GnuvtþmuxnaTIrbs;sarkarI . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 984 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

EpñkTI 3 cMNucénmtksasn_

maRta 1182>- karkMNt;cMENkmt’k 1-mtkCnGackMNt;cMENkmt’k rbs;shsnþtiCntammtksasn_ b¤ Gac

bgðajqnÞ³pÞúyBIbBaØtiþénmaRta 1163 ¬cMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_ Biess¦ énRkmenH sþIBIcMENkmt’krbs;buKÁlEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess

)an . b:uEnþ karkMNt;cMENkmt’kEdlbMBanPaKbRmug RtUvGnuelamtambBaØtþi sþIBIPaKbRmug .

2-ebImtkCn)ankMNt;cMENkmt’k cMeBaHsnþtiCnEtmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; cMENkmt’krbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeTot RtUv kMNt;edayeyagtambBaØtþiénEpñkTI 3 ¬karsRmYlcMENkmt’k¦ CMBUkTI 2 .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa mtkCnGaceFVIkarkMNt;nUvcMENkmt’kénshsnþtiCn CaGaT_ edaymtksasn_ )an . Cabzm kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa mtkCnGaceFVIkarkMNt;nUvcMENkmt’kénsnþtiCn edaymtksasn_)an .

]TahrN_ krNIEdlCnEdlRtUvsn μtfaCasnþtiCn KWCaRbBn§ nig kUnBIrnak; cMENkmt’ktampøÚvc,ab;KW 1 PaK 3 mñak; k¾b:uEnþ mtkCnGackMNt;[GñkNamñak; kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH TTYlcMENk 1 PaK 2 )an . cMENk mt’kénsnþtiCnEdlmtkCnkMNt;enH GacehAfa {cMENkmt’ktamkarkMNt;} . karkMNt;cMENkmt’kGac eFVIedayviFIkMNt;nUvsmamaRt dUcCa 1 PaK 2 CaGaT× b¤ edayviFIkMNt;nUvRTBüCak;EsþgNamYy ¬]TahrN_ mt’kmansrubTaMgGs; 1000 duløar ehIykMNt;[snþtiCn A TTYlsnþtikm μCadIEdlmantémø es μ Inwg 350 duløar nig clnRTBüEdlmantémøesμ Inwg 150 duløar CaGaTצ . müa:geTot mtkCnGacbgðajqnÞ³epSgBI bBaØtþiénmaRta 1163 EdlEcgGMBIcMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess)an . ]TahrN_ A/ B nig

45

C TTYlmt’kesμIPaKKña ehIyenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ mt’kman 1000 duløar b:uEnþ A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ BiesscMnYn 500 duløarrYceTAehIy . dUecñH RbsinebIminmanmtksasn_eT cMENkmt’kEdl A GacTTYl )an Cak;EsþgKW 0 k¾b:uEnþ mtkCnGackMNt;[ A sñgmt’kEfm 300 duløareTot)an . kñúgkrNIenH cMENk mt’kCak;EsþgKW A )an 300 duløar ehIy B nig C TTYlcMENk 350 duløarmñak; ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1165¦. k¾b:uEnþ tamkarkMNt;enH kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn GacmanbuKÁlxøHRtUveKbMBannUvPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn . kñúg krNIenH buKÁlEdlRtUveKbMBanenaH GacTamTar[eFVIkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug)an edayeyagtam bBaØtþisþIBIPaKbRmug . vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐenH EcgbBa¢ak;GMBIcMNucenH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIviFIkMNt;cMENkmt’ksRmab;snþtiCnepSgeTot kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)aneFVIkar kMNt;cMENkmt’ksRmab;shsnþtiCnEtmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;enaH . viFIkMNt; enH RtUv)ankMNt;edaybBaØtþiénCMBUkTI 2 EpñkTI 3 sþIBI {karsRmYlcMENkmt’k} . ]TahrN_ snþtiCnman 3 nak; KW A/ B nig C rIÉmt’kman 1000 duløar ehIy A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiesscMnYn 500 duløar ehIymtkCn)ankMNt;Eckmt’k[ B cMnYn 800 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH RTBüEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’k KW 1500 duløar ¬1000+500¦ ehIycMENkmt’kKW 1500÷3=500 ehtudUecñH PaKEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa cMENkmt’krbs; A nig B KW 0 rIÉ C nwg)an 500 duløar ¬enHk¾eRBaHfa A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ BiesscMnYn 500 duløar rYceTAehIy ehIy B nwg)anTTYlcMENkmt’ktamkarkMNt; cMnYn 800 duløar¦ . k¾b:uEnþ RTBüEdlenAsl; eRkayBIdkcMENkEdlkMNt;sRmab; B enaH manEt 200 duløareT ehtuenHehIy C )anTTYlmt’kCak;EsþgEt 200 b:ueNÑaH ¬= 200×{(500÷ (500+0+0)}¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 902 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1183>- karkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckedaymtksasn_ CaGaT× mtkCn GackMNt;nUvviFIEbgEcktammtksasn_ b¤ GacRbKl;GaNtiþ[

ttiyCnkMNt;viFIenaH b¤ GachamXat;min[EbgEckenAkñúgGMMLúgeBlEdlmin

elIsBI 5 ¬R)aM¦ qñaM Kitcab;BIeBlEdlcab;epþImsnþtikmμenaH )an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgTTYlsÁal;[mtkCneFVIkarkMNt; GMBIviFIEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× edaymtksasn_ . Cabzm maRtaenHEcgfa mtkCnGaceFVIkarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k)an . mtkCnGackMNt;[

46

shsnþtiCn A sñgdI a, [ B sñgdI b, [ C sñgR)ak; [)anRbhak;RbEhlnwgcMENkmt’kEdlkMNt;eday c,ab; CaGaT× )an . müa:geTot mtkCnGaceFVIkarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k nig kMNt;nUvcMENkmt’k RBmKña )an . eTaHbICashsnþtiCn A, B nig C GacTTYlsnþtikm μtampÚøvc,ab; 1 PaK 3 mñak;k¾eday k¾GaceFVIkar kMNt;[ A TTYlsnþtikm μdIEdlmantémøesμ Inwg 1000 duløar [ B TTYlsnþtikmμCaR)ak; 500 duløar nig [ C TTYlsnþtikmμRTBüenAsl;epSgeTot ¬Edlmantémøesμ Inwg 800 duløar¦ )an .

bnÞab;mk maRtaenHEcgTTYlsÁal;nUvkarRbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCn kMNt;nUvkarEbgEckmt’k . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlkUnminTan;RKb;GayuCanItiCn karRbKl;GaNtþi[«BukbegáIt ¬RtUvCaCItarbs;snþtiCn¦ eFVIkar kMNt;karEbgEckmt’k . k¾b:uEnþ minGnuBaØat[RbKl;GaNtþi [shsnþtiCnNamYy)aneT . ehtuenHehIy kñúgenH)aneRbIBakü {ttiyCn} .

müa:geTot mtkCnGachamXat;min[EbgEckmt’kkñúgGMLúgeBlmYy EdlminelIs 5 qñaM)an cab;BI eBlEdlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ . ]TahrN_dUcCa karhamXat;minTan;[EbgEckmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlkUnmYycMnYn minTan;RKb;GayuCanItiCn CaedIm . GMLúgeBlenHRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 5 qñaM edaysarEtedIm,ItRmUveTAnwg vaküxNÐTI 2 kfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 211 sþIBIkarEbgEckvtßúkm μsiTi§GviPaK . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 908 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1184>- Gnub,TanRTBüsm,tþi m©as;bNþaMGaceFVIRbTankm μnUvRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; b¤ mYyEpñk b¤ GaceFVI

RbTankm μedaymtksasn_ tamviFIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1199 ¬niymn½y

énGc©½yTan¦ énRkmenH)an enAkñúgl½kçx½NÐEdlGnuelamtambBaØtþisþIBIPaK bRmug .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgTTYlsÁal;nUvkareFVIRbTankmμRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; b¤mYyEpñk tammtksasn_¬Gc©½yTan¦. m©as;bNþaMGaceFVIGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn[CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn b¤ ttiyCnEdlmin

EmnCasnþtiCn tammtksasn_)an . kñúgenaH kareFVIGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþi cMeBaHCnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfa CasnþtiCn RtUv)ansnμtfaCakarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k b¤ kMNt;nUvcMENkmt’k edayGnuelamtam maRtabnÞab; . cMNucenHnwgbkRsayenAkñúgmaRtabnÞab; . kareFVIGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþi cMeBaHttiyCn ehAfa

47

Gc©½yTan ¬maRta 1199¦ . RbTankmμedaymUlehtumrNPaB k¾Rbhak;RbEhlnwgGc©½yTanEdr k¾b:uEnþ Gc©½yTan KWCaGnub,TanénRTBüsm,tþiedaykarbgðajqnÞ³rbs;mtkCnEtmçag rIÉRbTankm μedaymUlehtu mrNPaB KWCaGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþitamkic©snüarvagTayk nig bdiKÁahk . skm μPaBBIrenHmancMNucrYm mYy KWkarekItmaneLIgnUvGanuPaBénkarepÞrRTBüsm,tþiedaymrNPaBrbs;Tayk ehtuenHehIy cMeBaH GanuPaBénRbTankmμedaymUlehtumrNPaB RtUvGnuvtþtambBaØtþisþIBIGc©½yTan¬maRta 577 kfaxNÐTI 2¦.

kñúgmaRtaenH)anEcgfa {kñúgl½kçx½NÐEdlGnuelamtambBaØtþisþIBIPaKbRmug} . enHKWCabBaØtþibBa¢ak; b:ueNÑaH ehIyRbsinebIlT§plénGc©½yTan bMBanPaKbRmugrbs;snþtiCn Gc©½yTanenaHGacRtUv)ankat;bnßy TaMgGs; b¤ mYyEpñk tamkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug .

maRta 1185>- Gnub,TanRTBüsm,tþicMeBaHsnþtiCn 1-ebImtkCn)aneFVImtksasn_EdlmanGtßn½yCakareFVIGnub,TanRTBü

sm,tþiCak;lak;EtmYy b¤ eRcIn [eTAshsnþtiCnEtmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; mtk-sasn_enaHRtUv)ansnμtfa)ankMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k elIkElgEtenAkñúgkrNI Edlmtksasn_enaHmanGtßn½yCaGc©½yTanya:gc,as;las; dUcCaGc©½yTanEdl

P¢ab;CamYynwgbnÞúk CaGaT× ehIyebItémøénRTBüsm,tþiEdl)ankMNt;enaH man

cMnYnelIsBIcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn enaHRtUvsnμtfa)ankMNt;cMENkmt’kpg

Edr . 2-kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)aneFVImtksasn_ cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEtmYyPaK

enAkñúgcMeNammt’k ebItémøénRTBüsm,tþienaH mancMnYnticCagcMENkmt’k Edl

snþtiCnenaHRtUvTTYl luHRtaEtBuMmankarbgðajqnÞ³epSgeTotenAkñúgmtksasn_ enaH RtUvsnμtfa)ankMNt;RtwmEtviFIEbgEckmt’kEdlRtUvFøak;eTAelIsnþtiCnenaH Etb:ueNÑaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHKWCabBaØtþisn μtGMBIGtßn½ytampøÚvc,ab;énmt’ksasn_EdleFVIGnub,TanRTBüCak;lak;mYy cMeBaH

snþtiCn edaymtkCn .

kfaxNÐTI 1 sn μtfa krNIdUcxagelIenHKWCakrNIeFVIkarkMNt;viFIEbgEckmt’k b¤ eFVIkarkMNt;cMENk

48

mt’k . kñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_enaH)aneFVIGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;mYy dl;buKÁlNamYyeRkABI snþtiCn Gacdwg)anPøamfaenHKWCaGc©½yTan k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkrNIeFVIGnub,TancMeBaHsnþtiCnvij PaKeRcIn minGacdwgfa enHCakarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× b¤ CaGc©½yTaneT . kñúgcMeNamsnþtiCn A, B nig C RbsinebImtkCn)aneFVImtksasn_mYykMNt;[ A TTYlsnþtikmμdICak;lak;NamYy [ B TTYlsnþtikmμ siT§ielIbMNulCaR)ak;beBaØIkñúgFnaKarNamYy ehIycMeBaH C [TTYlsnþtikmμRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;EdlenAsl; kñúgkrNIenH KYrKitfa qnÞ³rbs;mtkCn minEmnCakareFVIGc©½yTaneT EtCakarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× eTAvij CakarsmrmüCag . dUecñH eTaHbICamtksasn_enaHkMNt;Et[ A dIFøICak;lak;mYyk¾eday k¾RtUvKitfa qnÞ³rbs;mtkCn KWCakarkMNt;cMENkmt’k CaGaT× . edaysarEtGRtaBn§kñúgkrNIRbTankmμ nig krNI snþtikmμxusKña ehtuenHehIy )anCacaM)ac;manbBaØtþisnμtenH ¬CaTUeTA GRtaBn§elIRbTankmμx<s;Cag¦ . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgTMhMRkmrdæb,evNI kfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH nig maRta 1195 RtUv)anbBaØtþeLIgedIm,IbM)at; nUvPaBxusKñarvagRbTankm μ nig Gc©½yTan eTaHbICa)anvaytémøfa mtksasn_eFVIGnub,TanRTBüCak;lak; NamYy[snþtiCnenaH CakarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’kk¾eday b¤ )anvaytémøfa mtksasn_enaHCaGc©½yTan k¾eday elIkElgEtkrNIEdlsnþtiCnEdlRtUvTTYlRTBüsm,tþienaH)anTTYlmrNPaB CaGaT× . kñúgkrNI EdlsnþtiCnenaH)anTTYlmrNPaB CaGaT× RbsinebI)aneFVImtksasn_edIm,IkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k karkMNt;enHnwgmanGanuPaBeTAelITMnak;TMngkareFVIsnþtikmμCMnYsénsnþtiCnenaH ¬maRta 1196¦ k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebICaGc©½yTanvij nwgKμanGanuPaB ¬maRta 1200¦ . müa:geTot kñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 Xøa {ebItémøénRTBü sm,tþiEdl)ankMNt;enaH mancMnYnelIsBIcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn enaHRtUvsnμtfa )ankMNt;cMENkmt’kpg Edr} )anbBa¢ak;c,as;las;GMBIcMNucdUcteTA ³ cMeBaH]TahrN_xagelIenH kñúgkrNIEdlcMENkmt’ktampøÚv c,ab;rbs;snþtiCnbInak; A, B nig C man 1 PaK 3 mñak; témøéndIEdl)aneFVIGnub,Tandl; A KWesμ Inwg 1000 duløar siT§ielIbMNulRTBüCaR)ak;beBaØIEdl)aneFVIGnub,Tandl; B KWman 300 duløar ehIytémøénRTBüenA sl;Edl C )anTTYlenaH KWes μ Inwg 500 duløar bUksrubTaMgGs;eTAKW 1800 duløar . dUecñHcMENkmt’k sRmab;snþtiCnmñak;²tampøÚvc,ab;KW 600 duløar ehIykarkMNt;[ A enaH KWc,as;CakarkMNt;[elIs cMENkmt’ktampøÚvc,ab; .

kñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH RbsinebImtksasn_enaH)ankMNt;Et[ A TTYlsnþtikmμdIFøIEdlmantémø 1000 duløar nig B TTYlsnþtikmμsiT§ielIbMNulEdlCaR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKarcMnYn 300 duløarb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNIenH nwgmanbBaðafa etImt’kEdlenAsl;mantémøesμInwg 500 duløarenaH RtUv)aneTAGñkNa . ehtuenH ehIy)anCacaM)ac;RtUvmankfaxNÐTI 2 edIm,IeFVIkarsnμt . kñúgkrNIenH A )anTTYlelIscMENkmt’k tampøÚvc,ab;ehIy dUecñHminGacTTYlsnþtikmμmt’kepSgeTot)aneT b:uEnþ tambBaØtþisnμténkfaxNÐTI 2 enH

49

B nig C RtUvTTYlRTBüeRkABIdI cMnYn 800 duløar es μ IKña . ehtudUecñH edaysar B )anTTYlEtR)ak;beBaØI enAFnaKarEt 300 duløareT dUecñH B GacTTYlEfm 100 duløareTot BIRTBüenAsl; ehIy C GacTTYl 400 duløar BIRTBüenAsl; . müa:geTot RbsinebI {mankarbgðajqnÞ³epSgeTotenAkñúgmtksasn_} RtUvGnuelam tamqnÞ³enaH . ehtudUecñH ]TahrN_ enAkñúgmtksasn_mansresrfa {B GacTTYlEtR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar cMnYn 300 duløarb:ueNÑaH minGacTTYlmt’kepSgeToteT} kñúgkrNIenH C nwgTTYl)an 500 duløar EdlCamt’ksl;TaMgGs;enaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlsaldIkarbs;tulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 12 Ex kBaØa qñaM 1991 .

maRta 1186>- karkMNt;nUvGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ m©as;bNþaMGackMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_mñak; b¤ eRcInnak; b¤ GacRbKl;

GaNtiþ[ttiyCnkMNt;GñkRbtibtþienaH tammtksasn_)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa mtkCnGaceFVIkarcat;taMgGñkRbtibtiþmtksasn_ CaGaT× )an . mtkCnGaccat;taMgshsnþtiCnNamñak;eFVICaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)an . CaBiess kñúgkrNIEdl)an

eFVImtksasn_kMNt;[shsnþtiCnNamñak;TTYlsnþtikm μnUvmt’kTaMgGs; ehIyRBmCamYyKñaenH cat;taMg GñkenaH[eFVICaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ CakarmYygayRsYl . cMeBaHkarRbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCnkMNt; ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlRbKl;GaNtþiRTBü[nItibuKÁlmt’kEdlCattiyCnRKb;RKg mtkCnGacpþl;GaNtþi[ nItibuKÁlenaH eFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ CaGaT× )an .

müa:geTot kñúgmaRta 1214 )anEcgGMBImuxgarrbs;ttiyCnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþiedIm,IeFVIkarkMNt; GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehIyenAkñúgmaRta 1216 )anEcgGMBIkarTTYlyl;RBmkan;muxgarCaGñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_rbs;CnEdlRtUv)ankMNt; CaGaT× . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1006 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 576 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1187>- cMNucepSg² eRkABIeFVImtksasn_tamcMNucEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRkmenH m©as;bNþaM

50

GaceFVImtksasn_edaypþl;dMbUn μan b¤ eyabl; edIm,I[manPaBsuxdumrmnadl; RkumRKYsar nig cMNucepSg²eTot)an . enAkñúgkrNIenH snþtiCn CaGaT× RtUv eKarBeTAtammtksasn_enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa m©as;bNþaMGaceFVImtksasn_edaypþl;Caeyabl; edIm,I[manPaBsuxdumrmnadl;Rkum

RKYsar nig cMNucepSg²eTot CaGaT× )an . maRtaenHEcgfa eRkABIkarepÞrRTBüsm,tþi b¤ karTTYlsÁal;kUn ¬maRta 997¦ mktCnGaceFVImtksasn_Edlmann½yBak;B½n§nwgTMenomTmøab;kñúgsgÁm)an ehIyEcgGMBI krNIykic©eKarBtammtksasn_ EbbenHpgEdr . maRta 526 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa )anEcgfa bNþaMRbePTenHRtUvTukCac,ab;sRmab;RKYsar k¾b:uEnþ kñúgRkmfμIenH )anEcgRtwmEt[mankrNIykic©eKarB b:ueNÑaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 525 nig maRta 526 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

EpñkTI 4 karlubecalnUvmtksasn_

maRta 1188>- eBl nig TRmg;énkarlubecalnUvmtksasn_ m©as;bNþaMGaclubecalnUvmtksasn_ mYyPaK b¤ TaMgmUl enAeBlNa

k¾)an edayeyagtambBaØtþiénEpñkTI 4 ¬karlubecalnUvmtksasn_¦ enH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHbBa¢ak;c,as;las;fa GaclubecalnUvmtksasn_mYyPaK b¤ TaMgmUl)an . maRtaenHEcgfa karlubecal KWCaskmμPaBEdltRmUv[RsbeTAtamTRmg;kMNt; ehIyTRmg;énkarlub

ecal RtUveFVItambBaØtþiénEpñkenH . maRtabnþbnÞab;énEpñkenH TTYlsÁal;nUvkarlubmtksasn_ edayTRmg; bIy:ag . müa:geTot cMeBaHeBlevlaEdlGaclubmtksasn_)anvij maneRbIBakü {enAeBlNak¾)an} mann½yfa eRkayBI)aneFVImtksasn_rhUtdl;eBl)anTTYlmrNPaB mtkCnGaclubecalnUvmtksasn_ rbs;xøÜneBlNak¾)anEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1022 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 524 maRta 563 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

51

maRta 1189>- karlubecaledayTRmg;énmtksasn_ 1-m©as;bNþaMGaclubecalnUvmtksasn_ mYyPaK b¤ TaMgmUl)an tam

TRmg;énmtksasn_ . 2-ebImtksasn_Edl)aneFVIeRkayenH manPaBpÞúynwgmtksasn_Edl

)aneFVImun RtUvcat;Tukfa mtksasn_Edl)aneFVIeRkayenaH )anlubecalmtk-sasn_Edl)aneFVImun cMeBaHEpñkEdlpÞúyKñaenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarlubecaledayTRmg;énmtksasn_ . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa m©as;bNþaMGaclubecalnUvmtksasn_mYyPaK b¤ TaMgmUl)an tamTRmg;én

mtksasn_ . elIsBIenH minmanl½kçx½NÐkRmitGVIepSgeLIy . dUecñH eTaHbICamtksasn_enaH Camtksasn_ edaylixityfaPUtk¾eday k¾eKGaclubecalnUvmtksasn_enaHmYyPaK b¤ TaMgmUl tamTRmg;mtksasn_ edaylixitÉkCnk¾)an b¤ tammtksasn_rbs;CnEdlkMBugEtCYbRbTHeRKaHfñak;bnÞan;dl;GayuCIvit ¬maRta 1177¦ k¾)anEdr . edIm,IlubecalnUvmtksasn_munedayTRmg;énmtksasn_ KWRtUveFVImtksasn_fμ I mYyeTottamviFIeFVImtksasn_ edayeRbIviFIBIr mYyKWsresrkñúgmtksasn_fμ IbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;GMBIkar lubecal ]TahrN_ {lubecalnUvmtksasn_ EdlcuHenAéf¶TI 00 Ex 00 qñaM 00 TaMgRsug ¬b¤ xTI 1¦} nig viFImYyeTotEdlmanEcgk μ ñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 KWeFVImtksasn_eRkayEdlmanxøwmsarpÞúynwgmtksasn_mun .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþimYysRmab;krNIEdlmtksasn_eRkaymanxøwmsarpÞúynwgmtksasn_mun . ]TahrN_ kñúgmtksasn_mun manxøwmsarfa [ A TTYlsnþtikm μnUvRTBüTaMgGs; k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgmtksasn_ eRkay [ A TTYlsnþtikmμnUvdIFøICak;lak;mYy ehIy[ B TTYlsnþtikmμnUvsiTi§elIbMNulEdlCaR)ak;beBaØI enAFnaKar ehIy[ C TTYlRTBüepSgEdlenAsl;TaMgGs; . kñúgkrNIenH RtUvcat;Tukfa mtkCn)an lubecalnUvmtksasn_mun edaymtksasn_eRkay ehIymanEtmtksasn_eRkayeT EdlmanGanuPaB . müa:geTot kfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1170 )anEcgfa {kñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_EdlKμankarcuHéf¶ExqñaM mancMnYneRcIn ehIyebImtksasn_TaMgenH pÞúynwgKña GanuPaBénmtksasn_TaMgenaH RtUvkat;bnßyKñaeTAvij eTAmk} . dUecñH kñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH ebImanmtksasn_BIr EdlmanxøwmsarpÞúyKñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIy RbsinebImtksasn_TaMgBIrenH KμancuHéf¶ExqñaMRtwmRtUveT RtUvGnuvtþkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1170 edayman GaTiPaBCagkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH . tam]TahrN_xagelI manEtcMNucEdlfa A TTYlsnþtikmμdI b:ueNÑaH EdlminpÞúyKñanwgmtksasn_mun dUecñH cMNucenHmansuBlPaBCamtksasn_ . kñúgkrNIEdlmtk-

52

sasn_munmancuHéf¶ExqñaMRKb;RKan; Etmtksasn_eRkaymancuHEtEx nig qñaM minmancuHéf¶ EtqñaMenaH KWeRkaymtksasn_mun eBlenaHnwgmanbBaðfa etIRtUvGnuvtþmtksasn_NamYy . kñúgkrNIenH edaysar EtGacdwgya:gc,as;las;fa etImtksasn_NamYyCamtksasn_mun NamYyCamtksasn_eRkay dUecñH karGnuvtþtamkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH Cakarsmrmü . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1023 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 564 nig maRta 565 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1190>- karlubecalmtksasn_ edaykarcat;EcgnaeBlenArs; ebIm©as;bNþaM)aneFVIGnub,Tan b¤ )aneFVIskm μPaBepSgeTot cMeBaHvtßúEdl

Cakmμvtßúénmtksasn_ naeBlenArs; RtUvcat;Tukfa m©as;bNþaM)anlubecal

mtksasn_ cMeBaHEpñkEdlpÞúynwgGnub,Tan b¤ skm μPaBepSgenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaMxøÜnÉg)aneFVIGnub,Tan CaGaT× nUvvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénmtksasn_

RtUvcat;Tukfa mtkCn)anlubecalmtksasn_ cMeBaHEpñkEdlmanPaBpÞúyKñaenaH . ]TahrN_ tammtksasn_ clnvtßúCak;lak;mYyRtUv[CaGc©½yTandl; A k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM

)aneFVIRbTankmμnUvclnvtßúenaH[ B enAeBlEdlxøÜnenArs; RtUvcat;Tukfa samIxøÜn)anlubecalnUvEpñkenH énmtksasn_ . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúenaH RtUv)anttiyCneFVI[Ebk)ak; enaHminGaccat;Tuk fa )anlubecalnUvEpñkenHénmtksasn_)aneT . dUecñH eTaHbICa A min)aneFVIlT§km μvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúenaH k¾eday k¾GacTTYlnUvsiT§iTamTarnUvsMNgénkarxUcxat cMeBaHttiyCnenaH CMnYsvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúenaHEdr ¬maRta 1209¦ . kñúgmaRtaenH )anEcgfa {cMeBaHEpñkEdlpÞúy} )anesckIþfa cMeBaHkrNIEdlkñúgcMeNam snþtiCnbInak; KW A, B nig C mtkCn)aneFVImtksasn_[ A TTYlsnþtikm μdIFøICak;lak;mYy [ B TTYl snþtikmμsiTi§elIbMNulEdlCaR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar ehIy[ C TTYlsnþtikm μclnvtßúCak;lak;mYy RbsinebI dIenaH RtUv)aneFVIGnub,Tandl;ttiyCn enaHmanEtEpñkEdlBak;B½n§nwgdIenaHb:ueNÑaHEdlRtUvcat;Tukfa mtkCn )anlubecal ehIyxøwmsarénmtksasn_cMeBaH B b¤ C nwgminmankarb:HBal;eLIy . müa:geTot maRtaenH CabBaØtþiEcgeLIgkñúgn½yeKarBnUvqnÞ³rbs;m©as;bNþaM dUecñH RbsinebIm©as;bNþaMenaH)anlk;dIFøIenaH edIm,I[ A eFVIlT§kmμR)ak;CMnYsdIFøI eBlenaHminRtUvcat;Tukfa )anlubecalnUvmtksasn_enaHeT KWKYrEt[ A eFVIlT§kmμ R)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;enaH tamGanuPaBénmtksasn_ .

53

¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1023 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 566 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1191>- karlubecaledaykarbdiesFlixitmtksasn_ CaGaT× ebIm©as;bNþaM)anbMpøajc,ab;edIménmtksasn_ edayectna RtUvcat;Tukfa

)anlubecalmtksasn_ cMeBaHEpñkEdlRtUv)anbMpøajenaH . bBaØtþienHRtUvyk

mkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)anbMpøajvtßú EdlCakm μvtßúén

mtksasn_ edayectna .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarcat;TukCakarlubecalnUvmtksasn_ RbsinebImankarbMpøajmtksasn_ b¤ kar

bMpøajvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénmtksasn_ edaym©as;bNþaM . lixitmtksasn_KWCaPsþútagEtmYyKt;EdlGacbBa¢ak;fa manmtksasn_enaH . dUecñH RbsinebI

m©as;bNþaM)anbMpøajlixitenaHedayectna RtUvcat;Tukfa samIxøÜn)anlubecalmtksasn_Rtg;EpñkEdlxøÜn)an bMpøajenaH . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)anbMpøajkm μvtßúénmtksasn_ edayectna KWRtUvcat;Tukfa samIxøÜn)anlubecalnUvmtksasn_rbs;xøÜn dUckarcat;EcgvtßúenaHeBlenArs;Edr . kñúgkrNIEdllixit mtksasn_RtUv)anbMpøajedayTegIVrbs;ttiyCn b¤ edayRbFanskþi GanuPaBénkarlubecal minekIteLIgeT k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIlixitmtksasn_enaHemIlElgdac; K μanviFIGVIepSgeRkABIcat;Tukfa Epñkénmtksasn_enaH K μanGanuPaB . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1024 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 567 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1192>- kare)aHbg;siT§ilubecalmtksasn_ m©as;bNþaMminGace)aHbg;siT§ilubecalmtksasn_ )aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa eTaHbICam©as;bNþaM)ane)aHbg;siT§ilubecalmtksasn_k¾eday k¾skm μPaBenHRtUvCa

emaX³Edr . mUlehtuEdlminGac[e)aHbg;siT§ilubecalmtksasn_ edaysarEtTImYyKW rbbmtksasn_man

54

eKalbMNg eKarBnUvqnÞ³cugeRkayrbs;m©as;bNþaM TIBIrKW sßanPaBGacmankarpøas;bþÚr eRkayBI)aneFVIlixit mtksasn_ dUecñH karcgqnÞ³dMbUgrbs;m©as;bNþaMCaerogrhUtCakareFVIRCuleBk TIbIKW karlubecalnUv mtksasn_ mineFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;buKÁlNamñak;eT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1026 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1193>- karlubecalGc©½yTanEdlP¢ab;bnÞúk ebIGc©½ylaPIBMu)anGnuvtþkrNIykic©Edlm©as;bNþaM)antRmUv[Gc©½ylaPI

enaHTTYlbnÞúkCafñÚrnwgGc©½yTaneT GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ b¤ ebIK μanGñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_enaHeT snþtiCnGacdas;etOn[Gc©½ylaPIenaH GnuvtþkrNIykic© enaH edaykMNt;GMLúgeBlsmrmü ehIyRbsinebIGc©½ylaPIenaH min)anGnuvtþ krNIykic© enAkñúgGMLúgeBlenaHeT GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ b¤ snþtiCnenaH GacTamTareTAtulakar [lubecalGc©½yTanenaH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarlubecalnUvGc©½yTan kñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlEdlRtUvTTYlGc©½yTanEdlP¢ab;nUvbnÞúk

min)anGnuvtþkrNIykic©Edlm©as;bNþaM)antRmUvbuKÁlenaHGnuvtþ . kñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)aneFVIGc©½yTanEdlP¢ab;nUvbnÞúk m©as;bNþaMenaHeRcInEtrMBwgeTAelIkarGnuvtþbnÞúk

enaH . k¾b:uEnþ mtksasn_CaskmμPaBÉketaPaKI minEmnCakic©snüaGBaØmBaØeT ehtuenHehIy eTaHbICa Gc©½ylaPIminGnuvtþbnÞúkenaHk¾eday k¾minGaclubbM)at;nUvqnÞ³énGc©½yTan tamry³karlubecalnUvkic©snüa )anEdr . dUecñH kñúgkrNIEdlbuKÁlEdl)anTTYlGc©½yTanEdlP¢ab;bnÞúkenaH min)anGnuvtþkrNIykic©Edl tRmUv[eFVIenaHeT GñkRbtibtiþmtksasn_ CaGaT× RtUveFVIkardas;etOn[buKÁlenaHGnuvtþ ehIyRbsinebI enAEtminGnuvtþeT GacTamTar[tulakarlubecalGc©½yTanenaH)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1027 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 575 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

55

EpñkTI 5 GanuPaBénmtksasn_

maRta 1194>- eBlEdlmtksasn_begáItGanuPaB 1-mtksasn_ RtUvbegáItGanuPaB cab;BIeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYl

mrNPaB . 2-enAkñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_ P¢ab;CamYynwgl½kçx½NÐbg¥g; ebIl½kçx½NÐ

enaHRtUv)anbMeBjenAeRkayeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB mtksasn_ enaH RtUvmanGanuPaB cab;BIeBlEdll½kçx½NÐenaHRtUv)anbMeBj .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIeBlEdlmtksasn_begáItGanuPaB . mtksasn_RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykareFVIlixitmtksasn_tamviFIEdlmanEcgkñúgEpñkTI 3 . k¾b:uEnþ

CaeKalkarN_ mtksasn_enaHnwgmanGanuPaBenAeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB ¬kfaxNÐTI 1¦ . enHKWedaysarEtmtksasn_KWCaqnÞ³rbs;m©as;bNþaM kñúgkarseRmcnUvkm μsiT§iRTBüsm,tþi CaGaT× eRkayeBl EdlsamIxøÜnTTYlmrNPaB . kñúgkrNIEdl)anTTYlnUvkmμvtßúCak;lak;mYyedayGc©½yTan Gc©½ylaPInwg TTYllT§km μnUvkm μsiT§iénkmμvtßúenaH enAeBlmrNPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM edayEp¥keTAtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1. Gc©½ylaPI)anTTYlnUvkmμsiT§ielIkmμvtßúenaHBIm©as;bNþaMpÞal; edayK μanqøgkat;tamdMNak;kalénkarepÞr siT§iBIm©as;bNþaMeTAGñkRbtibtiþmtksasn_ b¤ snþtiCn ehIyTTYlbnþBIGñkenaHeT . cMeBaHkmμsiT§ielIGcln- vtßú k¾dUcKñaEdr KWGc©½ylaPInwgTTYlkmμsiT§ielIGclnvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénGc©½yTan enAeBlm©as;bNþaMTTYl mrNPaB edaymincaM)ac;cuHbBa¢I . ehIykarseRmc[Cak;lak;nUvTMnak;TMngénsiT§ienaH edaykarcuHbBa¢I b¤ karRbKl;kmμvtßúenaH CakargarCak;Esþgrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIkrNIEdlmtksasn_P¢ab;nwgl½kçx½NÐbg¥g; . ]TahrN_dUcCa kareFVIGc©½yTannUvdIFøI EdlmanpÞH edaytRmUv[manGaBah_BiBah_énGc©½ylaPICal½kçx½NÐbg¥g; . cMeBaHkrNIenH GanuPaBén mtksasn_enHnwgekIteLIgenAeBlmanGaBah_BiBah_ eRkayeBlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB . kñúgkrNIenH Gacsnñidæanfa Gc©½ylaPI)anTTYllT§km μnUvsiT§iEdlmanP¢ab;nUvl½kçx½NÐ enAeBlmrNPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIGc©½ylaPI)anerobGaBah_BiBah_muneBlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB l½kçx½NÐbg¥g;enaH)an seRmcmuneBlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB ehtuenHehIy GacbkRsayfa K μanP¢ab;nUvl½kçx½NÐenaHeT ¬sUm emIlmaRta 131 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un¦ . dUecñH GanuPaBénmtksasn_enaHnwgekIteLIgBIeBlEdlm©as;

56

bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB edayeyagtamkfaxNÐTI 1 . müa:geTot kfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH hak;dUcCamanPaBpÞúynwgkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtabnÞab; k¾b:uEnþ

maRtaenH EcgkrNITUeTAénmtksasn_EdlmanP¢ab;nwgl½kçx½NÐbg¥g; rIÉmaRtabnÞab;vij KWCa {bBaØtþicat;Tuk} edayBicarNapgEdreTAelIGanuPaBRbtiskm μénkarEbgEckmt’k dUecñH KWminpÞúyKñaeT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 985 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1195>- GanuPaBénkarkMNt;cMENkmt’k CaGaT× 1-ebImtkCn)ankMNt;cMENkmt’k b¤ viFIEbgEckmt’k edayeFVIGnub,Tan

RTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;EtmYy b¤ eRcIn [cMeBaHsnþtiCnEtmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; edaymtksasn_ RTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;enaH RtUvFøak;eTAsnþtiCnEdlnwgRtUvTTYl

RTBüsm,tþienaH edaysV½yRbvtþi RBmKñanwgeBlmtksasn_enaHbegáItGanuPaB . 2-enAkñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_ P¢ab;CamYynwgl½kçx½NÐbg¥g; ebIl½kçx½NÐ

enaHRtUv)anbMeBjenAeRkayeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB RTBüsm,tþi Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvcat;Tukfa RtUv)anFøak;eTA snþtiCnEdlnwgRtUvTTYlRTBüsm,tþienaH edayRbtiskm μ Kitcab;taMgBIeBl

EdlmtkCnenaH )anTTYlmrNPaB .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþisþIBIeBlEdlGanuPaBénkarkMNt;cMENkmt’k CaGaT× ekIteLIg edaykareFIVGnub,Tan

RTBüsm,tiþCak;lak; . kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIeBlEdlRTBüCak;lak;mYyRtUv)anFøak;eTAelIbuKÁlNamñak; kñúgkrNIEdl

)ankMNt;cMENkmt’k b¤ viFIEbgEckmt’k edaykareFIVGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;enaH . eTaHbICaman karkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’kk¾eday RbsinebIshsnþtiCnmin)anyl;RBmGMBIkarEbgEckmt’kenaHeT Gac enAmanmnÞilfa mt’kminTan;EbgEckeT KWmt’kenaHsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBkmμsiTi§GviPaKdEdl b¤ya:gNa . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmankarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k tammtksasn_ enaHeKGacKitfa mt’kRtUv)anEbgEck tamviFIEdl)ankMNt;enaH edaymincaM)ac;qøgkat;tamkarBiPakSaGMBIkarEbgEckmt’kedayshsnþtiCneT . dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHkarkMNt;cMENkmt’k edaykareFIVGnub,TanRTBüsm,tiþCak;lak; . ehIyGanuPaBénkarEbg 57

Eck nwgmanCaRbtiskmμ BIeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμeTA ¬maRta 1273¦ dUecñH eKGacvinicä½yedaycMeBaHEt mþgfa RTBüCak;lak;enaH RtUvFøak;edaysV½yRbvtþi eTAsnþtiCnBIeBlEdlmtksasn_enaHmanGanuPaB . cMeBaHkmμsiTi§elIGclnRTBü k¾dUcKñaEdr snþtiCneFIVlT§km μelIkm μsiTi§enaH RsbeBlEdlGanuPaBénmtk- sasn_ RtUvekIteLIg ¬)anesckIþfa RBmKñanwgeBlEdlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB . sUmemIlkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1194¦ . dUecñH tamlT§plénkfaxNÐTI 1 buKÁleRkABIsnþtiCnEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa nwgTTYl snþtikmμnUvRTBüCak;lak;enaH KμansiT§icat;EcgcMeBaHRTBüCak;lak;enaHeT eTaHbICacMeBaHcMENkmt’ktam pøÚvc,ab;k¾eday . kñúgkrNIEdlTTYlsnþtikm μtampøÚvc,ab;edayminmanmtksasn_ CadMbUg shsnþtiCn RtUveFIVlT§kmμsiTi§eTAtamcMENkmt’k rYcRtUvepÞrkñúgcMeNamsnþtiCnnUvcMENkGviPaKénmt’kCak;Esþg eTAtam ry³karEbgEckenaH k¾b:uEnþ cMNucenHKWCacMNucxusKñacm,g cMeBaHkrNIsnþtikm μtammtksasn_ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþiEcgsRmab;krNIEdlmtksasn_manP¢ab;nUvl½kçx½NÐbg¥g; ehIyl½kçx½NÐenaH RtUv)anseRmc eRkayeBlmrNPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM . ]TahrN_ krNIEdl)ankMNt;fa RbsinebITarkenAkñúg KP’ekItmk RtUvEbgEckmt’ktamviFImYy ehIyRbsinebIkUnenaHsøab;rYceTAehIyenAeBlekIt RtUvEbgEckmt’k tamviFImYyepSgeTot . RbsinebIl½kçx½NÐbg¥g;enaH RtUv)anseRmceRkayeBlmrNPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM tam RTwsþI BIeBlEdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB dl;eBlEdll½kçx½NÐenaH)anseRmc mt’ksßitenAeRkamsßanPaB km μsiT§iGviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCn ehIyRTBüCak;lak;enH RtUvFøak;eTAelIshsnþtiCnEdl)anTTYltamkar kMNt;cMENkmt’k b¤ tamkarkMNt;viFIEbgEckmt’kenH edaysarl½kçx½NÐbg¥g;enaH)anseRmc ¬sUmemIl maRtamun¦ b:uEnþ krNIenH manlkçN³dUcKñanwgGanuPaBRbtiskm μénkarEbgEckmt’k ¬maRta 1273¦ dUecñH RtUvcat;Tukfa km μsiT§iRtUvFøak;eTAelIsnþtiCnEdlRtUv)ankMNt; BIeBlEdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

saldIkarbs;tulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 19 Ex emsa qñaM 1991 nig saldIkarbs;tulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 10 Ex mifuna qñaM 2002

maRta 1196>- mrNPaBénCnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn CaGaT× 1-enAkñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)ankMNt;cMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn b¤ viFIén

karEbgEckmt’k edaymtksasn_ ebICnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn )an

TTYlmrNPaB enAmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ b¤ )an)at;bg;siT§isnþtikm μ eday

RtUvnwgbBaØtþiénmaRta 1150 ¬GP½BVbuKÁlénsnþtikm μ CaGaTצ énRkmenH b¤ eday

58

karkat;kal;snþtiCn karkMNt;enaHRtUv)ancat;Tukfa )aneFVIcMeBaHGñkTTYl

snþtikmμCMnYsrbs;CnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnenaH . 2-kñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH ebIK μanGñk

TTYlsnþtikm μCMnYsCnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCnenaHeT karkMNt;cMeBaH CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCnenaH BMuRtUvbegáItGanuPaBeLIy . bBaØtþienHRtUv ykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ .

3-eTaHbImanbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 b¤ TI 2 xagelIenHk¾eday ebImtkCn

)anbgðajqnÞ³epSg kñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelamtamqnÞ³enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGanuPaBénkarkMNt;cMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn b¤ karkMNt;nUvviFI;EbgEckmt’k eday

mtksasn_ kñúgkrNICnEdlRtUvsn μtfaCasnþtiCn)anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ CaGaT× . kñúgkrNIenH GacKitfa mtkCnmanqnÞ³cg;[GñkeFVIsnþtikm μCMnYsCnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnenaH

TTYlnUvcMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;enaH ehtuenHehIy)anCa kñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgfa karkMNt;enaHRtUv cat;Tukfa )aneFVIcMeBaHGñkTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYs .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa RbsinebIKμanGñkTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYsCnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCneT karkMNt; cMeBaHCnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCnenaH minRtUvbegáItGanuPaB . vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐenH CabBaØtþi sV½yRbvtþiEdlmanxøwmsarfa kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)ane)aHbg;nUvsnþtikmμ karkMNt;enHk¾K μanGanuPaBEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 3 )anEcgbBa¢ak;fa RbsinebIenAkñúgmtksasn_mankarbgðajqnÞ³Biess edaymtkCn RtUvGnuelamtamqnÞ³BiessenaH edaysarEtkfaxNÐTI 1 nig TI 2 CabBaØtþiEcgeLIg edayeKarBtam qnÞ³rbs;mtkCn . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 551 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1197>- karkRmitnUvmtksasn_ cMeBaHGñkGaNaBüa)al CaGaT× 1-ebICnEdlenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA )aneFVImtksasn_ EdlCapl

RbeyaCn_dl;GñkGaNaBüa)al b¤ shB½T§ b¤ bcäajatipÞal;rbs;GñkGaNaBüa)al

59

enaH enAmuneBlbBa©b;karKNnanUvcMNUlcMNaykñúgkic©karGaNaBüa)al mtk-sasn_enaHRtUvcat;TukCaemaX³ .

2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHkrNI EdljatielahitpÞal; shB½T§ b¤ bgb¥ÚnbegáIt CaGñkGaNaBüa)alTUeTA .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþifa GñkenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTAminGaceFVImtksasn_ Edlpþl;plRbeyaCn_

dl;GñkGaNaBüa)al CaGaT× eT RBmTaMgmanbBaØtþikrNIelIkElgpgEdr . GñkenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA GaceFVImtksasn_)an enAeBlEdlsamIxøÜn)ansHes,IymYyry³eLIg

vijnUvsmtßPaBkñúgkaryl;dwg nig vinicä½yGMBIlT§pltampÚøvc,ab;énskmμPaBrbs;xøÜn ¬maRta 1176¦ . k¾b:uEnþ smtßPaBrbs;Kat;minRKb;RKan;eBjeljeT ehIymankar)armÖfa GñkGaNaBüa)alrbs;Kat;Gace)ak R)as;Kat;[eFVImtksasn_sRmab;;CaplRbeyaCn_dl;GñkGaNaBüa)alenaH b¤ GñkenACuMvijrbs;xøÜnenaH ehtu enHehIy)anCakfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgfa mtksasn_enHRtUvTukCaemaX³ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 KWCabBaØtþiGBaØRtkm μsRmab;krNIEdljatielahitpÞal; shB½T§ b¤ bgb¥ÚnbegáIt Ca GñkGaNaBüa)al EdlPaKeRcIn GñkenAeRkamGaNaBüa)almanbMNg[mt’kxøÜneTACnTaMgenaH ehtuenH ehIy)anCakfaxNÐenHEcgfa mtksasn_cMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgenHmansuBlPaB eTaHbICamtksasn_enaH)anpþl; plRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTaMgenaHk¾eday . dUecñH Gacyl;eXIjfa maRtaenHmaneKalbMNgkRmitGMBIxøwmsarén mtksasn_ cMeBaHkrNIEdlGñkCMnajviC¢aCIv³dUcCaemFavI CaGaT× b¤ BU mIgrbs;samIxøÜn CaGñkGaNaBüa)al . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 966 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1198>- siT§iTTYlRTBüsm,tþi kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½yTanemaX³ CaGaT× ebIGc©½yTanBMu)anbegáItGanuPaB edaysarGc©½ylaPICaGP½BVbuKÁl b¤ TTYl

mrNPaB b¤ edaysarehtuepSgeTot b¤ ebIBMu)anbegáItGanuPaBedaysarkar e)aHbg; RTBüEdlGc©½ylaPIRtUvTTYlenaH RtUvFøak;eTAsnþtiCnrbs;mtkCn .

b:uEnþ ebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³epSgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelamtamqnÞ³enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦

60

maRtaenHEcgy:agc,as;fa CaeKalkarN_ kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½yTanRtUvCaemaX³ CaGaT× RTBüEdlGc©½y- laPIRtUvTTYlenaH nwgFøak;eTAsnþtiCnvij .

RbsinebIGc©½ylaPICaGP½BVbuKÁl ¬maRta 1150¦ b¤ RbsinebIGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaB ¬maRta 1200¦ GanuPaBénGc©½yTanminekIteLIgeT . {ehtuepSgeTot} mandUcCa kare)aHbg;Gc©½yTaneday Gc©½ylaPI ¬maRta 1201¦ ehIykñúgkrNIenH GanuPaBénGc©½yTanminekIteLIgeT . cMeBaHkrNITaMgenH RTBüEdlGc©½ylaPIRtUvTTYlenaH minFøak;eTAelICnNamñak;Edl)ankMNt;tamqnÞ³mtkCneT dUecñH RTBüenH RtUvFøak;eTAelIsnþtiCnvij . cMeBaHcMNucenH manehtuplc,as;las; ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)aneFVI Gc©½yTanskl [ A nig B mñak; 1 PaK 2 ehIyenAeBlEdl A )anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþIm snþtikmμenaH B minEmn)anTTYllT§km μTaMgGs;eT KW B )anTTYl 1 PaK 2 ehIycMENk 1 PaK 2 eTot Edl A RtUvTTYl RtUveFIVlT§kmμedaysnþtiCntampøÚvc,ab; . k¾b:uEnþ ]TahrN_ RbsinebImtkCn)anbgðajqnÞ³ Biesskñúgmtksasn_fa {A nig B GacTTYlGc©½yTan 1 PaK 2 mñak; . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIbuKÁlNa mñak;)anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ RTBüTaMgGs;RtUveFVIGc©½yTaneTA[CnEdlenArs;} CaGaT× kñúgkrNIenH RtUveKarBtamqnÞ³enaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 995 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 550 nig maRta 551énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

EpñkTI 6 Gc©½yTan

maRta 1199>- niymn½yénGc©½yTan Gc©½yTanskl KWCaRbTankm μEdlm©as;bNþaMeFVIeTA[mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcIn

nak; nUvRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; b¤ mYyEpñkEdlkMNt;eTAtamPaK rIÉGc©½yTanman

kMNt; KWCaRbTankm μEdlkMNt;RTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;; eTA[mnusSmñak; b¤ eRcIn

nak; edaymtksasn_ .

¬kMMNt;¦ Gc©½yTan KWCaRbTankm μnUvRTBüsm,tþiEdlm©as;bNþaMeFVIeTA[mnusSmñak; b¤eRcInnak; edaymtksasn_.

maRtaenH)anEcgbBa¢ak;fa Gc©½yTanmanBIrRbePT KWGc©½yTanskl nig Gc©½yTanmankMNt; . dUcEdl)anBnül;kñúgesckþIkMNt;énmaRta 1184 ehIy Gc©½yTanKWCakarepÞrRTBüsm,tþiedayskm μPaB

ÉketaPaKIrbs;m©as;bNþaM dUecñH manPaBxusKñanwgRbTankmμEdlepÞrRTBüsm,tþiBITaykeTA[bdiKÁahk tam

61

kic©snüaEdleFVIeLIgrvagTayk nig bdiKÁahk . kñúgcMeNamviFIeFVIGc©½yTan mandUcCaGc©½yTanedayviFIeFVI RbTankm μedaykMNt;[RTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; b¤ mYyEpñkEdlkMNt;tamGRta dUcCa 1 PaK 2 CaGaT× eTA[buKÁlCak;lak;NamYy b¤ viFIeFVIRbTankm μnUvRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;NamYy[buKÁlCak;lak;Namñak; dUcCa eFVIRbTankmμnUvdIFøINamYy[ A ehIydIFøIEdlenAsl;[ B CaGaT× . viFITImYy KWGc©½yTanskl rIÉviFITIBIr KWGc©½yTanmankMNt; . cMeBaHGc©½yTanmankMNt; RTBüsm,tþienaHRtUvFøak;eTAelIGc©½ylaPI RBmCamYyKña nwgkMeNIténGanuPaBénmtksasn_ k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHGc©½yTanskleTAelIRTBümYyPaKEdlkMNt;eTAtamGRta vij Gc©½ylaPIskl CaGaT× TaMgGs;caM)ac;RtUvBiPakSaKña edIm,IkMNt;nUvkmμsiT§iénRTBüsm,tþinImYy²enaH . dUecñH kñúgmaRta 1212 manEcgfa Gc©½ylaPIsklmansiT§i nig krNIykic© dUcsnþtiCnEdr ehtuenHehIy RtUveFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenH .

edayELk kñúgkrNIEdlttiyCneRkABIsnþtiCn)anTTYlGc©½yTanmankMNt; km μsiTi§énvtßúEdlCakmμvtßú k¾RtUvepÞreTA[Gc©½ylaPI RsbeBlEdlmtksasn_begáItGanuPaBEdr . dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHkrNIénGclnvtßú KWminmanl½kçx½NÐTamTar[mankarcuHbBa¢IedIm,IepÞreLIy eRBaHfa Gc©½yTank¾CasNæanmYyrbs;snþtikmμEdr. ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 964 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 527 maRta 570 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1200>- mrNPaBrbs;Gc©½ylaPI 1-Gc©½yTan BMubegáItGanuPaBeLIy ebIGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaB enAmun

b¤ kñúgeBlEdlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB . bBaØtþienHRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapg

Edr cMeBaHkrNIEdlGc©½yTanP¢ab;CamYynwgl½kçx½NÐbg¥g; ehIyGc©½ylaPI)an

TTYlmrNPaB enAmuneBlEdll½kçx½NÐenaHRtUv)anbMeBj . 2-eTaHbImanbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenHk¾eday ebIm©as;bNþaM)an

bgðajqnÞ³epSgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelamtamqnÞ³enaH . 3-kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnEdlRtUv)ansn μt CaGc©½ylaPI bBaØtþiénkfa-

xNÐTI 1 xagelIenH minraraMgcMeBaHkarykbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 maRta 1196

¬mrNPaBénCnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn CaGaTצ énRkmenH mkGnuvtþ eLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦

62

maRtaenH)anEcgc,as;las;fa kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaB mun b¤ RBmKñanwgeBlEdl m©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB CaeKalkarN_ Gc©½yTanminbegáItGanuPaBeT .

kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaB enAmun b¤ RBmKñanwgeBlEdl m©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB bcäajatipÞal; CaGaT× rbs;Gc©½ylaPIminGacTTYlGc©½yTanCMnYs)aneLIy eday sarEtCaFmμta Gc©½yTanRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayepþateTAelITMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜnrvagm©as;bNþaM nig Gc©½ylaPI .

edaysarEtkfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþieKarBqnÞ³rbs;m©as;bNþaM ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 enH)an Ecgc,as;las;fa RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³BiessepSgeTotenAkñúgmtksasn_ RtUveKarBtamqnÞ³ enaH .

kfaxNÐTI 3 KWCabBaØtþibBa¢ak;bEnßm edIm,IeCosvagnUvkarRCYlRcbl;Gt;RbeyaCn_ kñúgkrNIEdl CnEdlRtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn CaGc©½ylaPI . mtksasn_EdlmanxøwmsarepÞrRTBüsm,tþi cMeBaHCnEdl RtUv)ansn μtfaCasnþtiCn RtUvsn μtfaCakarkMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k b¤ karkMNt;nUvcMENkmt’k ¬maRta 1185¦ ehIykñúgkrNIEdlCnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCnenaH)anTTYlmrNPaB RtUvcat;TukfaCakar kMNt;cMeBaHCnEdleFVIsnþtikmμCMnYsbuKÁlenaH edayeyagtammaRta 1196 dUecñH manPaBxusKñanwgmaRta enH ehtuenHehIy)anCakfaxNÐTI 3 enH )anEcgbBa¢ak;[GaTiPaBeTAmaRtaenaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 994 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 547 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1201>- kare)aHbg;Gc©½yTan 1-enAeRkayeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB Gc©½ylaPIGace)aH

bg;Gc©½yTan enAeBlNak¾)an . b:uEnþ cMeBaHkare)aHbg;Gc©½yTanskl RtUv GnuelamtambBaØtþisþIBIkare)aHbg;snþtikmμ .

2-kare)aHbg;Gc©½yTan RtUvmanGanuPaBRbtiskm μ cab;BIeBlEdlm©as; bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgya:gc,as;las;fa Gc©½ylaPIGace)aHbg;Gc©½yTan)an . Gc©½yTan KWCakarepÞrRTBüsm,tþiedayskmμPaBÉketaPaKIrbs;m©as;bNþaM ehIyGanuPaBénGc©½yTan

nwgekIteLIgedaysV½yRbvtþi edaymrNPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaM edayK μanTak;TgnwgqnÞ³rbs;Gc©½ylaPIeT .

63

k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICaGc©½yTanenHmanplRbeyaCn_dl;Gc©½ylaPIk¾eday vaCakarminsmrmüeLIy RbsinebIbgçM[ Gc©½ylaPITTYlGc©½yTanenaH edayK μanTak;TgnwgqnÞ³rbs;Gc©½ylaPIenaH . ehtuenHehIy)anCa kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgTTYlsÁal;[Gc©½ylaPIGace)aHbg;Gc©½yTanenH)an . kñúgenH minmankMNt;eBlevlaénkare)aH bg;nUvGc©½yTanmankMNt;eT . edayELk edaysarEtmuneBlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB Gc©½ylaPIminTan; )anTTYlsiT§iGVIenAeLIyeT ehtuenHehIy kare)aHbg;muneBlmrNPaBrbs;m©as;bNþaMminmann½yGVIeT . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnCaGc©½ylaPI RbsinebIsnþtiCnenaH)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μ mann½yfa)an e)aHbg;Gc©½yTanEdr ¬maRta 1205¦ .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþibBa¢ak;bEnßmfa cMeBaHkrNIGc©½yTanskl Gc©½ylaPI mansiT§i nig krNIykic©dUcKñanwgsnþtiCnEdr ¬maRta 1212¦ dUecñH RtUvGnuelamtambBaØtþisþIBIkare)aHbg;snþtikm μ . )anesckIþfa edIm,Ie)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTanskl Gc©½ylaPIénGc©½yTansklenaH RtUvdak;BaküsMukare)aHbg; eTAtulakar kñúgGMLúgeBl 3 Ex bnÞab;BI)andwgfa manGc©½yTansklenH ¬maRta 1260¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgeLIgedIm,IbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;las;fa kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPI)ane)aHbg;Gc©½yTan GanuPaBenaHRtUvekIteLIgedayRbtiskmμ BIeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB ehIykm μvtßúénGc©½yTan enaHRtUvFøak;eTAelIsnþtiCnBIeBlenaHeTA ¬maRta 1198¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 986 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1202>- kardas;etOn rbs;CnEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ buKÁlEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§eTAnwgGc©½yTan b¤ CnEdlBak;B½n§nwg

plRbeyaCn_ Gacdas;etOn[Gc©½ylaPITTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;Gc©½yTan)an

edaykMNt;GMLúgeBlsmrmü . ebIGc©½ylaPImin)anbgðajqnÞ³ cMeBaHbuKÁlEdl

mankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§eTAnwgGc©½yTan enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enaHeT

RtUvcat;Tukfa Gc©½ylaPI)anTTYlsÁal;Gc©½yTanenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa buKÁlEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHGc©½yTan GaceFVIkardas;etOn[Gc©½y-

laPITTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;Gc©½yTan)an . buKÁlEdlGaceFVIkardas;etOn KWCnEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan ¬snþtiCn Gc©½ylaPIskl

64

b¤ nItibuKÁlmt’k¦ ehIyeRkABIenH KWCnEdlmanTMnak;TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_ . m©as;bMNulrbs;buKÁlEdlman krNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan b¤ B EdlCaGc©½ylaPIénmtksasn_ Edlmanxøwmsarfa {eFVIGc©½yTandIFøI mYykEnøgeTA[ A b:uEnþ RbsinebI A e)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTanenH eFVIGc½©yTaneTA[ B} CaGaT× suT§EtCaCnEdl manTMnak;TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_ . PaKIEdlGc©½ylaPIRtUveqøIy[c,as;las;GMBIkardas;etOnenaH KWCabuKÁl EdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan dUecñHehIy eBlEdlCnEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_eFVIkardas;etOn KYrEtbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;las;GMBIcMNucenH .

vaküx½NÐTI 2 énmaRtaenHEcgfa RbsinebIGc©½ylaPImin)anbgðajqnÞ³rbs;xøÜncMeBaHbuKÁlEdlman krNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan kñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;kñúgkardas;etOneT RtUvcat;Tukfa )anTTYlsÁal; Gc©½yTan . Gc©½yTanenaHRtUvbnþmanGanuPaB luHRtaEtGc©½ylaPImin)ane)aHbg;Gc©½yTaneT dUecñH)anCa mankarcat;TukdUcenH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 987 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1203>- kare)aHbg; b¤ karTTYlsÁal; edaysnþtiCnrbs;Gc©½ylaPI ebIGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaB edaymin)anTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;

Gc©½yTaneT snþtiCnrbs;Gc©½ylaPIenaH GacTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;Gc©½yTan

)an RtwmTMhMénsiT§ielIsnþtikm μrbs;xøÜn . b:uEnþ ebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³ epSgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelamtamqnÞ³enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarTTYlsÁal; b¤ kare)aHbg;edaysnþtiCnrbs;Gc©½ylaPI kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPI

)anTTYlmrNPaBedaymin)anTTYlsÁal; b¤ min)ane)aHbg;Gc©½ylaPI . RbsinebIGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaBmunm©as;bNþaM eyagtammaRta 1200 Gc©½yTanminRtUvbegáIt

GanuPaBeT k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaBmuneBlGc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaB Gc©½yTannwg begáItGanuPaB . kñúgkrNIenH snþtiCnrbs;Gc©½ylaPInwgTTYlsnþtikm μnUvGc©½yTanenaH . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI Gc©½ylaPI)anTTYlmrNPaBedaymin)anTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;Gc©½yTan snþtiCnénGc©½ylaPIenaH Gac TTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;)anRtwmTMhMénsiT§ielIsnþtikmμrbs;xøÜn .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH EcgeLIgedIm,IeKarBqnÞ³rbs;m©as;bNþaM .

65

¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 988 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1204>- karlubecalnUvkarTTYlsÁal; b¤ kare)aHbg; 1-karTTYlsÁal; b¤ kare)aHbg;Gc©½yTan BMuGaclubecalvij)aneT . 2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1252 ¬karlubecalkaryl;RBm b¤

kare)aHbg;¦ énRkmenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal; nig

kare)aHbg;Gc©½yTanenH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa Gc©½ylaPIEdl)anTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTanmþgehIy CaeKalkarN_ minGac

lubecalnUvkarTTYlsÁal; b¤ kare)aHbg;Edl)aneFVIenaHeT . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa GñkTTYlsiT§ielIkm μvtßúénGc©½yTanRtUv)ankMNt;edaykarTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;nUv

Gc©½yTanenH ehtuenHehIy edIm,IkarBarbuKÁlEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan b¤ CnEdlBak;B½n§nwg plRbeyaCn_ kñúgkfaxNÐenHmanEcgfa Gc©½ylaPIEdl)anTTYlsÁal; b¤ )ane)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTanmþgehIy minGaclubecalvij)aneT .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþiGBaØRtkm μénkfaxNÐTI 1 edayEcgfa karTTYlsÁal; b¤ kare)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTan EdleFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelIkarbgðajqnÞ³Edlmanvikar³ Gaclubecalvij)an . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdl Gc©½ylaPI)ane)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTan edaysarEtmankarKRmamkMEhg BICnEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwg Gc©½yTan Gc©½ylaPIGaclubecalnUvkare)aHbg;Gc©½yTanenaHvij)an . kfaxNÐTI 2 tRmUv[ykkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1252 sþIBIkarlubecalnUvkarTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;nUvsnþtikmμ mkGnuvtþdUcKña rYmTaMgGMLúg eBlEdlGaclubecalpgEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 989 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1205>- karTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg; kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPICasnþtiCn 1-kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPICasnþtiCn ebI)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μ buKÁlenaH

RtUv)ancat;Tukfa)ane)aHbg;Gc©½yTanpgEdr . Gc©½ylaPIenaH minGacTTYl

66

sÁal;Gc©½yTan edaye)aHbg;snþtikm μ)aneLIy . 2-eTaHbI)anTTYlsÁal;snþtikmμehIyk¾eday k¾Gc©½ylaPIEdl)ankMNt;

enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH Gace)aHbg;Gc©½yTanmankMNt; )anEdr .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiBiesssIþBIkarTTYlsÁal; b¤ e)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTan kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPICasnþtiCn . kñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 ]TahrN_fa kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnmankatBVkic© k¾b:uEnþ )aneFVIGc©½yTanedaybBa¢ak;fa

{eFVIGc©½yTan} [snþtiCnnUvRTBüCak;lak;mYy RbsinebITTYlsÁal;[snþtiCnTTYlykEtGc©½yTan eday e)aHbg;nUvsnþtikmμ CnenaHnwgminTTYlbnÞúknUvkatBVkic©eT KWTTYlykEtplRbeyaCn_b:ueNÑaH . karN_enHKW K μansmFm’eT ehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;manbBaØtþidUckfaxNÐTI 1 edIm,IkMu[mankarykEtcMeNjrYcxøÜnenaH. bBaØtþienHRtUverobcMeLIg edayBicarNapgEdreTAelItulüPaBCamYynwgcMNucEdlfa kñúgmtksasn_Edlman xøwmsareFVIGnub,TannUvRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;mYy[snþtiCn RtUvsnμtfa )ankMNt;nUvviFIEbgEckmt’k CaGaT× ¬maRta 1185¦ dUecñH RbsinebIminTTYlsÁal;snþtikmμeT snþtiCnminGaceFVIlT§kmμRTBüsm,tþienaHeT .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½ylaPICasnþtiCn eTaHbICa)anTTYlsÁal;snþtikm μk¾eday k¾Gac e)aHbg;nUvGc©½yTanmankMNt;Edr .

maRta 1206>- siT§iTTYlplrbs;Gc©½ylaPI Gc©½ylaPIGacTTYlpl cab;taMgBIeBlEdlxøÜnGacTamTar[GnuvtþGc©½y-

Tan)an . b:uEnþ ebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³epSgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelam

tamqnÞ³enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIsiT§iTTYlplénGc©½yTanmankMNt; rbs;Gc©½ylaPI . {eBlEdlxøÜnGacTamTar[GnuvtþGc©½yTan} tamFm μta sMedAelIeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB

ehIycMeBaHkrNIGc©½yTanEdlmanl½kçx½NÐbg¥g;vij KWsMedAeTAelIeBlEdlseRmcl½kçx½NÐenaH . vtßú b¤ siT§i EdlCakm μvtßúénGc©½yTan RtUv)anepÞreTA[Gc©½ylaPIenAeBlenaH ehtudUecñH Gc©½ylaPIRtUveFIVlT§kmμsiTi§ TTYlplenAeBlenaH . sUmbBa¢ak;fa {pl} manrYmTaMgplsIuvil dUcCakarR)ak;énR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar nig plFmμCati dUcCaEpøeQI CaGaT× .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH )anEcgc,as;las;fa m©as;bNþaMGaceFVImtksasn_EdlmanxøwmsarepSgBI

67

vaküxNÐTI 1 . ]TahrN_ RbsinebIkñúgmtksasn_)anEcgfa plEdlekIteLIgmuneBlRbKl;vtßúEdlCa km μvtßúénGc©½yTan mincaM)ac;[eTAGc©½ylaPIeT enaHRtUveKarBtamqnÞ³enH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 992 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1207>- Gc©½yTanénsiT§iEdlminsßitenAkñúgmt’k Gc©½yTan BMumanGanuPaBeLIy ebIsiT§iEdlCakmμvtßúénGc©½yTanenaH BMusßit

enAkñúgmt’k enAeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaB .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH)anbBa¢ak;c,as;las;fa cMeBaHGc©½yTanénsiT§iEdlminsßitkñúgmt’k K μanGanuPaBeT . Gc©½yTanKWCaskm μPaBcat;Ecgmt’k ehtuenHehIy RbsinebIsiT§iEdlCakmμvtßúénGc©½yTanenaH minsßit

enAkñúgmt’kenAeBlEdlm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlmrNPaBeT enaHGanuPaBminRtUvekIteLIy . ]TahrN_ cMnYnsrub énmt’kman 1000 duløar eBlenaH eTaHbICa)aneFVImtksasn_[TijdIEdlmantémø 3000 duløar [eTA A Edl)anCYyEfrkSaxøÜnk¾eday k¾minmanGanuPaBEdr . CnEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan mincaM)ac; ecjluyxøÜnÉg edIm,IRbtibtiþtamxøwmsarénmtksasn_eT . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebImtksasn_Ecgfa [lk; dICak;lak;mYy ehIyyk 500 duløar BIR)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;dIenaH [eTA A mtksasn_enaHnwgman suBlPaB . eTaHbICaenAkñúgmt’kK μanRTBüCasac;R)ak; b¤ CaR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKark¾eday k¾mandIenaHEdr dUecñH kñúgkrNIenH minRtUvGnuvtþtammaRtaenHeT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 996 vaküxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1208>- Gc©½yTanénvtßú b¤ siT§iEdlP¢ab;CamYynwgsiT§irbs;ttiyCn ebIvtßú b¤ siT§i EdlCakm μvtßúénGc©½yTan CakmμvtßúénsiT§irbs;ttiyCn enA

eBlEdlm©as;bNþaMTTYlmrNPaB Gc©½ylaPIminGacTamTar[rMlt;siT§ienaH cMeBaHCnEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan)aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦

68

maRtaenHRtUv)anEcgeLIgkñúgeKalbMNgdUcmaRtamunEdr KWkñúgkrNIEdlCaGc©½yTannUvvtßú b¤ siT§iEdl P¢ab;CamYysiT§irbs;ttiyCn Gc©½ylaPIminGacTamTar[rMlt;siT§ienaH cMeBaHCnEdlmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§ nwgGc©½yTan)aneLIy .

]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlkmμvtßúénGc©½yTan CadIEdlRtUv)anbegáIthIub:UEtk Gc©½ylaPIminGacTamTar cMeBaHsnþtiCnEdlCaCnmankrNIykic©Bak;B½n§nwgGc©½yTan [rMlt;hIub:UEtkenaH edaysgkatBVkic©EdlRtUv )anFanaedayhIub:UEtkenaHeT . RbsinebIenAkñúgmtksasn_manxøwmsarfa RtUvykR)ak;beBaØINamYymksg katBVkic©EdlRtUv)anFanaedayhIub:UEtk ehIyRbsinebIGacRbtibtiþtamcMNucenH)an Gc©½ylaPIGacTamTar[ GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_[Rbtibtþi)an . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIK μansresrdUcxagelIenHeT Gc©½ylaPIRtUvTTYl dIEdlmanCab;nUvbnÞúkénhIub:UEtkenaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1000 vaküxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1209>- ])aeTskmμelIvtßú 1-ebIm©as;bNþaMmansiT§iTamTarR)ak;sMNg cMeBaHttiyCn edaykar)at;

bg; b¤ EkbnøMvtßúEdlCakm μvtßúénGc©½yTan b¤ )at;bg;karkan;kab;vtßúenaH RtUvsnμt

fa)anyksiT§ienaH mkeFVICakmμvtßúénGc©½yTan . 2-kñúgkrNIEdlvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénGc©½yTan manPaBCab;Kña layKña b¤

Rcbl;KñanwgvtßúepSgeTot ebIm©as;bNþaM)ankøayCakmμsiT§ikrEtÉg b¤ Cam©as; km μsiT§iGviPaKénvtßúEdl)anpSM edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 186 ¬karCab;Kña rvagclnvtßú nig Gclnvtßú¦ b¤ maRta 198 ¬karCab;Kña karlayRcbl;Kñaén

clnvtßú¦ énRkmenH RtUvsn μtfa m©as;bNþaM)anykkm μsiT§iTaMgGs; b¤ km μsiT§i GviPaKenaH mkeFVICakmμvtßúénGc©½yTan .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarsn μtqnÞ³rbs;m©as;bNþaM kñúgkrNIEdlkmμvtßúénGc©½yTan)anRtUv)at;bg;edaysar

GMeBIrbs;ttiyCn k¾b:uEnþ m©as;bNþaMmin)anEklixitmtksasn_enaHeT . kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþisRmab;krNIEdlttiyCn)aneFVI[)at;bg;km μvtßúénGc©½yTan b¤ lYclk;vtßú

69

enaH[GñkdéT ehIyGñkdéTenaH)aneFVIlT§km μedaysucrit CaGaT× . kñúgkrNIdUcenH m©as;bNþaMmansiT§i TamTarnUvR)ak;sMNg dUcCasMNgénkarxUcxat CaGaT× BIttiyCnenaH dUecñH RtUvsn μtfa m©as;bNþaM)aneFVI Gc©½yTannUvsiT§ienaH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgsRmab;krNIvtßúEdlCakmμvtßúénGc©½yTa)anCab;Kña layKña b¤ Rcbl;KñanwgvtßúepSg eTot . cMeBaHkrNIdUcenH GacmankrNIEdlm©as;bNþaMGackøayCakm μsiT§ikrEtÉg b¤ Cam©as;kmμsiT§iGviPaK énvtßúCab;Kña CaGaT× ehIyk¾GacmankrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)at;bg;nUvkmμsiT§ielIvtßúenaHEdr edayeyagtambBaØtþi énmaRta 186 b¤ maRta 198 . cMeBaHkrNITI 1 enH kfaxNÐTI 2 enH)ansn μtfa kmμvtßúénGc©½yTanenaH KWkm μsiT§ielIvtßúTaMgenaH b¤ cMENkkm μsiT§iGviPaK . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdl)an)at;bg;km μsiT§ielIkm μvtßúén Gc©½yTanenaH edaysarEtlT§plénkarP¢ab;KñanwgvtßúepSg RbsinebIGacTamTarnUvR)ak;sMNgBIttiyCnenaH RtUvGnuvtþtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 . kñúgkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)an)at;bg;nUvkm μsiT§ielIkmμvtßúénGc©½yTanEdl RtUv)anP¢ab;CaEpñkmYyénvtßúepSgeTotEdlCakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜn RtUvcat;Tukfa samIxøÜn)anlubmtksasn_enaH edayeyagtammaRta 1190 .

edayehtufa maRtaenHCabBaØtþisnμt ehtuenHehIy RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³epSg RtUvGnuvtþ tamqnÞ³enaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 999 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1210>- ])aeTskmμelIvtßú énGc©½yTanénsiT§ielIbMNul 1-kñúgkrNIEdlsiT§ielIbMNulRtUv)anykmkeFVICakm μvtßúénGc©½yTan ebI

m©as;bNþaM)anTTYlsMNg ehIyebIvtßúEdl)anTTYlenaH enAEtmankñúgmt’k RtUv sn μtfa)anykvtßúenaHmkeFVICakmμvtßúénGc©½yTan .

2-cMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulEdlmaneKalbMNgsgCaR)ak; RtUvsn μtfa)an

ykR)ak; nig R)ak;beBaØI mkeFVICakmμvtßúénGc©½yTan RtwmkRmiténR)ak;Edlman

enAkñúgmt’k nig R)ak;Edl)anbBa©ÚlkñúgR)ak;beBaØI eRkayBI)ansg .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarsn μtqnÞ³rbs;m©as;bNþaM kñúgkrNIEdlsiT§ielIbMNulRtUv)anykmkeFIVCakmμvtßúén

Gc©½yTan ehIym©as;bNþaM)anTTYlkarsgcMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulenaH .

70

kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþisRmab;krNIeFVIGc©½yTannUvsiT§ielIbMNul eRkABIsiT§ielIbMNulCaR)ak; ¬dUcCa siT§i TamTar[RbKl;clnvtßú¦ . RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlkarsg ¬TTYlkarRbKl;¦ eBlEdlenArs; ehIyebI vtßúEdl)anTTYlenaH enAEtmankñúgmt’k RtUvsn μtfa )anykvtßúenaHmkeFIVCakm μvtßúénGc©½yTan .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþisRmab;krNIEdleFVIGc©½yTannUvsiT§ielIbMNulEdlmaneKalbMNgsgCaR)ak; ¬]TahrN_ R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar¦ . RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM)anTTYlsMNgeBlenArs; RtUvsn μtfa )anykR)ak; nig R)ak;beBaØIenaH mkeFVICakm μvtßúénGc©½yTan RtwmkRmiténR)ak;EdlmanenAkñúgmt’k nig R)ak;Edl)anbBa©Úl kñúgR)ak;beBaØI eRkayBI)anTTYlkarsg . RbsinebI)aneRbIR)as;R)ak;Edl)anTTYlBIkarsgenaHTaMgGs; PaKeRcInKWCakrNIEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1190 . k¾b:uEnþ R)ak;minGacEbgEckfa R)ak;enHCaR)ak;NamYyeT dUecñH tamc,ab;rdæb,evNI karedjedalfa m©as;bNþaM)ancMNayR)ak;GVImYyenaH vaKμann½yGVIeT . rIÉR)ak;beBaØI k¾Gaccat;TukdUcR)ak;Edr ehtuenHehIy)anCa kñúgenH)ansn μtfa m©as;bNþaM)anykR)ak;TaMgenaHmkeFVICa km μvtßúénGc©½yTan RtwmkRmiténR)ak;Edlmankñúgmt’k nig R)ak;Edl)anbBa©ÚlkñúgR)ak;beBaØIeRkayeBl )anTTYlkarsg .

maRtaenHCabBaØtþisn μtEdr ehtuenHehIy RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³epSg RtUvGnuvtþtamqnÞ³enaH. ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1001 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1211>- karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gc©½ylaPI enAkñúgGc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúk 1-CnEdl)anTTYlGc©½yTanPa¢b;bnÞúk RtUvTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarGnuvtþkr-

NIykic©EdlxøÜnTTYlbnÞúk RtwmEtkRmitEdlminelIsBItémøénkmμvtßúénGc©½yTan

enaHb:ueNÑaH . 2-ebItémøénkm μvtßúénGc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúk )ancuHfy edaysarkarTTYl

sÁal;snþtikm μedaymankRmit b¤ edaysarkarTamTarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaK

bRmug Gc©½ylaPIRtUvrYcputBIkrNIykic©EdlxøÜnRtUvTTYlbnÞúk tamsmamaRtén

PaKEdlcuHfyenaH . b:uEnþ ebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³epSgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUv GnuelamtamqnÞ³enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gc©½ylaPI kñúgkrNIEdlmanGc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúk .

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Gc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúk KWCaGc©½yTanEdlGc©½ylaPIRtUvTTYlbnÞúknUvkrNIykic©kMNt;mYytampøÚvc,ab; . ]TahrN_ RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM A )aneFVImtksasn_Edlmanxøwmsarfa {eFVIGc©½yTannUvdIFøImYy[ B . k¾b:uEnþ B RtUvbg;[ C 1000 duløar} enHKWCaGc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúk .

kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþikMNt;fa témøénkm μvtßúénGc©½yTan KWCakRmiténkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gc©½ylaPI Edl)anTTYlGc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúkenaH eRBaHfa CaeKalkarN_ Gc©½yTanRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IplRbeyaCn_ rbs;Gc©½ylaPI . kñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH eBleFVImtksasn_ dIEdlCakmμvtßúenaH mantémø 2000 duløar ehIy A )aneFVImtksasn_eday[ B TTYlbnÞúkEt 1000 duløareT . k¾b:uEnþ eBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ témødIenaH)anFøak;cuHenARtwmEt 800 duløarEtb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNIenH RbsinebI B )anbg;eTA[ C CaR)ak; cMnYn 800 duløareTA nwgGaceFVIlT§kmμdIenaHehIy .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gc©½ylaPI cMeBaHkrNIEdltémøénkm μvtßúénGc©½yTan EdlmanP¢ab;bnÞúk RtUv)ancuHfy edaysarkarTTYlsÁal;snþtikmμedaymankRmit b¤ edaysarkarTamTar kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug . ]TahrN_ edaysarEt)anTTYlsÁal;snþtikm μedaymankRmit )anCaRtUv yksMNgBIkm μvtßúénGc½©yTanEdlP¢ab;bnÞúkeTAsg ehIytémøénGc©½yTanenaHRtUvFøak; . RbsinebIm©as;bNþaM A )aneFVImtksasn_mYyEdlmanxøwmsarfa {eFVIGc©½yTancMeBaH B nUvR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKarcMnYn 1000 duløar. k¾b:uEnþ B RtUvbg;[ C kñúgmYyEx 10 duløar kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM eBlEdl C enArs;} k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI)anyk 500 duløar BIR)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKarenaHeTAsgkatBVkic©enAkñúgmt’k ehIyenAsl;Et 500 duløarenaH kñúgkrNIenH Gacbg;[ C RtwmEtkRmitén 500 duløar CakarRKb;RKan;ehIy . müa:geTot cMeBaH krNIEdlsnþtiCnEdlRtUv)anbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn )anTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugenaH cMeBaHkmμvtßúénGc©½yTanP¢ab;bnÞúkenaH EdleFVI[témøénGc©½yTanenaHcuHfy k¾RtUvGnuvtþdUcKñaEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1002 kfaxNÐTI 1 nig maRta 1003 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1212>- siT§i nig krNIykic©rbs;Gc©½ylaPIskl 1-Gc©½ylaPIskl mansiT§i nig krNIykic© dUcKñanwgsnþtiCn . 2-ebImt’kTaMgGs;RtUv)aneFVIGc©½yTanskl[eTAbuKÁlepSgEdlminEmn

CasnþtiCn snþtiCnRtUv)ancat;Tukfa min)anTTYlsnþtikm μ elIkElgEtsiT§ielI PaKbRmug .

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¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHCabBaØtþisþIBIsiT§i nig krNIykic©rbs;Gc©½ylaPIskl . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa Gc©½ylaPIsklmansiT§i nig krNIykic©dUcKñanwgsnþtiCnEdr . kñúgkrNIEdl)an

eFVIGc©½yTansklnUvRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs;dl;CnNamñak; CnenaHGaceFVIlT§kmμnUvRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; enAeBl cab;epþImsnþtikmμ . ehIyCnenaHRtUvTTYlbnÞúknUvkatBVkic©TaMgGs;EdlmtkCnman dUecñH Cak;EsþgKWminxusGIV BIkarTTYlsnþtikm μedaysnþtiCnEtmñak;ÉgenaHeT . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIGc©½yTanskl edaykMNt;nUvGRta enaHcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenaHrvagGc©½ylaPIsklepSgeTot b¤ snþtiCn ehtudUecñH karkMNt;fa mansiT§i nig krNIykic©dUcsnþtiCnEdrenaH nwgmankargayRsYl cMeBaHTMnak;TMngtampøÚvc,ab; .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþibBa¢ak;fa cMeBaHkrNIGc©½yTanskl[mt’kTaMgGs;eTA[buKÁleRkABIsnþtiCn enaHnwgmancm¶l;fa etIsnþtiCnRtUvTTYlbnÞúknUvkatBVkic©EdlmtkCnenaHman b¤ y:agNa ehtuenHehIy )anCaRtUvCat;Tukfa snþtiCnmin)anTTYlsnþtikmμeT edIm,IbBa¢ak;[c,as;GMBIkarminTTYlnUvbnÞúknUvkatBVkic© enaH . k¾b:uEnþ snþtiCnmanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn ehtudUecñH cMeBaHsiT§ielIPaKbRmugenaH snþtiCnGacGnuvtþ siT§ikñúgnamCasnþtiCn)an . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdl«BukmankUn A nig B k¾b:uEnþ )aneFVIGc©½yTanskl nUvmt’kTaMgGs;[eTARbBn§eRkAc,ab; C ¬RTBüskmμman 1000 duløar bMNulman 200 duløar¦ enaH C nwgTTYlbnþTaMgGs; rIÉ A nig B vij minTTYlbnþGVIesaH . k¾b:uEnþ A nig B manPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn KW ¬1000-200¦÷2÷2=200 duløarmñak; ehtuenHehIy GacTamTar[ C kat;bnßymt’kGc©½yTanedIm,I b®gÁb;PaKbRmugrbs;xøÜncMeBaHcMnYn 200 duløaenaH . edayELk cMeBaHmtksasn_Edl[Cnmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTTYlsnþtikmμnUvRTBüTaMgGs; K μanbBaØtþiEcgBiessGIVeLIy . k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHkrNIEdl A nig B CasnþtiCn ehIymt’kskm μman 1000 duløar bMNulman 200 duløar RbsinebIKitdl;krNI EdleFVIGc©½yTanskl[ A enaH B RtUv)anbMBansiT§ielIPaKbRmugcMnYn ¬1000-200¦÷ 2÷2+200÷2 = 200 duløar edayeyagtammaRta 1231 nig maRta 1234 dUecñH dUckrNIxagelIEdr KW B GacTamTar [kat;bnßy 200 duløar EdlCaPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 990 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

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EpñkTI 7 karRbtibtþiþmtksasn_

maRta 1213>- karBinitübBa¢ak; nig karebIklixitmtksasn_ 1-GñkEfrkSaRKb;RKglixitmtksasn_ RtUvdak;BaküsMukarbBa¢ak;lixitenaH

edayP¢ab;lixitmtksasn_enaH CUneTAtulakar edayK μankaryWtya:v eRkayBI xøÜn)andwgGMBIkarcab;epþImsnþtikmμ . bBaØtþienHRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaH krNIEdlK μanGñkEfrkSaRKb;RKg eRkayeBlEdlsnþtiCn b¤ GñkBak;B½n§nwg

plRbeyaCn_epSgeTot )anrkeXIjlixitmtksasn_enaH . 2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaH

mtksasn_Edl)aneFVIedaylixityfaPUt . 3-lixitmtksasn_EdlbiTedayRbfab;Rta GacebIk)anEtenAtulakar

edaymanvtþmanrbs;GñksegátkarN_CasnþtiCn b¤ GñkBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ b¤ GñktMNagrbs;CnenaH .

4-buKÁlEdl)anebIklixitmtksasn_ enAeRkAtulakar edaypÞúynwg

bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 3 xagelIenH nwgRtUvBin½ysIuvilCaR)ak; minelIsBI 1>000>000 ¬mYylan¦ erol .

5-cMeBaHlixitmtksasn_ eTaHbICa)anebIkenAeRkAtulakar edaypÞúynwg

bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 3 xagelIenH k¾eday minRtUv)at;bg;GanuPaB edaysarEt

mUlehtuenaHeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHbBaØtþeLIgedIm,IkMNt;nUvnItiviFIénkarBinitübBa¢ak;kñúgtulakar nUvmtksasn_ eRkABImtksasn_

edaylixityfaPUt. cMeBaHmtksasn_EdleFVIeLIgeRkABIlixityfaPUt caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBinitübBa¢ak;lixitmtksasn_enaH .

karBinitübBa¢ak;lixitmtksasn_ eFIVeLIgedIm,I[CnEdlmanBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_bBa¢ak;dwgB¤ nigedIm,I kMNt;nUvxøwmsarénmtksasn_enaHRtwmeBlenaH eCosvagkMu[mankarlYcEkERbeRkaykarBinitübBa¢ak;enaH . dUecñH eTaHCamanbBaðaTak;TgnwgTRmg; b¤ xøwmsar énmtksasn_k¾eday k¾nItiviFIbBa¢ak;RtUv)anGnuvtþEdr .

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kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBICnEdlmankrNIykic©dak;BaküsMu nig eBlevlaEdlRtUvdak;BaküsMueFVIkarBinitü bBa¢ak; . CnEdlmankrNIykic© KWCaGñkEfrkSaRKb;RKglixitmtksasn_ b¤ snþtiCnEdl)anrkeXIjlixit enaH b¤ CnBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_epSgeTot . bBaØtþienH)anEcgfa GñkEfrkSaRKb;RKglixitmtksasn_ RtUvdak;BaküsMu[eFVIkarBinitübBa¢ak; enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ mann½yfa eRkayBI)andwgfa m©as;bNþaM)an TTYlmrNPaB rIÉCnEdl)anrkeXIjlixitmtksasn_vij RtUvdak;BaküsMueRkayeBlEdlrkeXIjlixitenaH edayK μankaryWtya:v .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlCalixitmtksasn_edaylixityfaPUt mincaM)ac;eFVIkarBinitübBa¢ak; eT. enHKWedaysarEtlixitmtksasn_edaylixityfaPUtminsUvmankarlYcEkERbeT .

kfaxNÐTI 3 Ecgfa cMeBaHmtksasn_EdlbiTedayRbfab;Rtavij RtUvebIkenAkñúgnItiviFIénkarBinitü bBa¢ak;enAtulakar edIm,IkarBarkMu[mankarlYcEkERb . müa:geTot kfaxNÐTI 4 RtUv)anEcgeLIgedIm,IFana[ mankareKarBtamkfaxNÐTI 3 ehIybBaØtþGMBIkarBin½ysIuvilCaR)ak; kñúgkrNIEdl)anRbRBwtþpÞúynwgkfaxNÐ TI 3 eday)anebIklixitenaHedayÉkÉg .

kfaxNÐTI 5 CabBaØtþiedIm,IbBa¢ak;fa eTaHCamanGñkNaeFVIxusnwgbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 3 edayebIklixit mtksasn_ eRkAnItiviFIBinitübBa¢ak;rbs;tulakark¾eday k¾lixitmtksasn_minGackøayCaemaX³eday mUlehtuenHEdr. ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1004 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 571 nig vaküxNÐTI 3 maRta 577 énRkmrdæb,evNI cas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1214>- karkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ 1-ebIm©as;bNþaM)anRbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCnkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_

tammtksasn_ CnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþi RtUvkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehIy

RtUvCUndMNwgenaHeTA[snþtiCn edayK μankaryWtya:v . 2-ebICnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþiEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelI

enH manbMNglaQb;BIGaNtþienaH CnenaHRtUvCUndMNwgGMBIehtuenaH eTA[

snþtiCn edayK μankaryWty:av .

¬kMMNt;¦

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maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFIénkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)anRbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCnkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ edayeyagtammaRta 1186 .

kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa CnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþi RtUvkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehIyRtUvCUndMNwgenaH eTA[snþtiCn edayKμankaryWtya:v . müa:geTot RbsinebIm©as;bNþaMmin)anhameT CnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþi enH GackMNt;ykxøÜnÉgeFIVCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_k¾)anEdr .

eTaHbICa)anTTYlGaNtþiBIm©as;bNþaM[kMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_k¾eday k¾minEmn)anesckIþfa Cn Edl)anTTYlGaNtþienaH mankrNIykic©RtUvEtTTYlmuxgarenHedaysV½yRbvtþiEdr eBalKWCnenaHGacbdiesF minTTYlGaNtiþ)an . kfaxNÐTI 2 RtUv)anbBaØtþeLIgedayykKMnitenHCamUldæan . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdl m©as;bNþaM)anRbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCnkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_tammtksasn_ RbsinebIttiyCnenaHmin )anlubecalnUvGaNtþienHvijeT minGacyknItiviFIepSgNamYy edIm,IeFIVkareRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ )aneLIy ehtuenHehIy RbsinebICnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþienaH manbMNglaQb;BIGaNtiþenaH CnenaHRtUvCUn dMNwgGMBIehtuenaH eTA[snþtiCn edayK μankaryWtya:v .

müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlCnEdl)anTTYlGaNtþimin)aneFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RBmTaMg minbgðajqnÞ³laQb;BIGaNtþienHeT nItivitIénkardas;etOn nwgRtUv)aneFVIeLIg edayeyagtammaRta 1216 kfaxNÐTI 2 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1006 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1215>- karkan;muxgarrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ebIGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ )anyl;RBmkan;muxgarehIy GñkRbtibtþimtk-

sasn_enaH RtUvGnuvtþParkic©enaH Pøam² .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarkan;muxgarrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . m©as;bNþaMGaceFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)an edayeyagtammaRta 1186 k¾b:uEnþ GñkEdlRtUv

)ankMNt;[bMeBjmuxgarCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH TTYlkan;muxgarenaH b¤ y:agNa KWRtUveKarBtam qnÞ³rbs;CnenaH . ehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;manbBaØtþienH .

müa:geTot CnEdlRtUv)anRbKl;GaNtþi[eFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUveFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþi

76

mtksasn_tambBaØtþiénmaRtamunenH ehIyeRkABIenH tulakark¾GaceRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ eday eyagtammaRta 1218 Edr . kñúgkrNIenH tamFm μta RtUvsYreyabl;GñkEdlRtUv)ankMNt; b¤ nwgRtUv)an eRCIstaMgenaHsin munnwgeFVIkarkMNt; b¤ eRCIstaMg ehIyebIGñkEdl)anTTYlnUvkarkMNt; b¤ eRCIstaMg CaGñk Rbtibtþimtksasn_enaH )anyl;RBmkan;muxgarenHehIy RtUvGnuvtþParkic©enaHCabnÞan; .

müa:geTot RbsinebI)anyl;RBmkan;muxgarehIy GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH minGacdkkaryl;RBmenaH vij)aneT . edIm,IlaQb; RtUvmankarGnuBaØatBItulakar edayeyagtammaRta 1227 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1007 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1216>- kardas;etOn[GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_kan;muxgar 1-snþtiCn b¤ CnEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_epSgeTot GackMNt;GMLúg

eBlsmrmü ehIydas;etOn cMeBaHCnEdlRtUv)ankMNt;CaGñkRbtibtþimtk-sasn_ [eqøIybBa¢ak;c,as;kñúgGMLúgeBlenaH GMBIkaryl;RBm b¤ minyl;RBmkan; muxgarCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)an . ebIGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ min)aneqøIy

bBa¢ak;c,as; kñúgGMLúgeBlenaHeT RtUvcat;Tukfa )anlaQb;BIkargarenaH . 2-bBaØtþiénvaküxNÐTI 1 énkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKña

pgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlttiyCn EdlRtUv)anRbKl;GaNtþi[kMNt;GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ BMu)ankMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ [)anqab;rh½s . kñúgkrNIenH ebIttiyCnenaHmin)ankMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ enAkñúgGMLúgeBlenaHeT RtUv cat;Tukfa )anlaQb;BIGaNtþienaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFIsRmab;krNIEdlGñkEdlRtUv)ankMNt;[eFIVCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ b¤ ttiyCn

EdlRtUv)anRbKl;GaNtþi[eFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ minmaneFVIGIVeLIy . kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþisRmab;krNIEdlGñkEdlRtUv)ankMNt;[eFIVCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ min)anbgðaj

qnÞ³[)anc,as;las;fa yl;RBm b¤ bdiesFnUvkarkan;muxgarenH . karkan; b¤ minkan;muxgarenH CakarN_mYy EdlsnþtiCn b¤ CnEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ mankarcab;Garm μN_xøaMgNas; . müa:geTot RbsinebIK μan

77

GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eT minGacRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH)aneLIy ehtuenHehIy)anCabBaØtþ[GñkEdl Bak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ GaceFVIkardas;etOn edIm,I[GñkenaHeqøIybBa¢ak;fa etIyl;RBmkan;muxgarenaH b¤ y:agNa . ehIyRbsinebICnEdlRtUv)ankMNt;[eFIVCaGñkRbtibtiþmtksasn_enaH enAEtmineqøIytbnwg kardas;etOnenaH RtUvcat;Tukfa CnenaH)anbdiesFminkan;muxgarenH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþisRmab;krNIEdlttiyCnEdlRtUv)anRbKl;GaNtþi[eFVIkarkMNt;GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ min)aneFVIkarkMNt;enH[)anqab;rh½s . kñúgkrNIenH k¾dUcKñaEdr KW[CnEdlBak;B½n§nwg plRbeyaCn_ GaceFVIkardas;etOn)an .

RbsinebI)ancat;Tukfa GñkenaH)anbdiesFkarkan;muxgar tamnItiviFITaMgenH tulakarRtUveFVIkareRCIstaMg GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ edayeyagtammaRta 1218 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1008 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1217>- buKÁlEdlminGackøayCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ CnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA CnenAeRkamhitUbtßmÖ GnItiCn nig Cn

FnkS½y BMuGaceFVICaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBImUlehtuénkarxVHlkçNsm,tþieFIVCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_CaGñkeFVIskmμPaBKtiyutþ enAeBlRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehtuenHehIy karEdl

kMNt;fa CnEdlRtUv)ankRmitsmtßPaBkñúgkareFIVskm μPaB minmanlkçNsm,tþieFIVCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ KWCakarsmrmü . enHKWCaTsSn³dUcKñanwgmaRta 649 EdlEcgGMBImUlehtuénkarbBa©b;GaNtþiEdr . müa:g eTot eTaHCaKμanmUlehtukgVHlkçNsm,tþiCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enAeBlcUlkan;muxgark¾eday EtRbsin ebImanmUlehtudUcEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 649 kfaxNÐTI 1 )anekIteLIgeRkaykarkan;muxgar enaHk¾RtUv )at;bg;zan³CaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enHEdr . eRBaHfa eyagtammaRta 1229 bBaØtþisþIBIGaNtþi RtUv)an ykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1009 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

78

maRta 1218>- kareRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ebIK μanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eT b¤ ebI)at;bg;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_

tulakarGaceRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)an tamkarTamTarrbs;snþtiCn b¤ GñkBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa tulakarGaceFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RbsinebIKμanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_

CaGaT× . m©as;bNþaMGaceFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ b¤ GacRbKl;GaNtþi[ttiyCneFVIkarkMNt;Gñk

Rbtibtþimtksasn_ edaymtksasn_)an . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmin)aneFVImtksasn_sþIBIbBaðaenH b¤ kñúgkrNIEdlGñkRtUv)aneRCIstaMgenaHbdiesFminRBmkan;muxgareT enaHmann½yfa GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ K μanvtþmantaMgBIedImmk . müa:geTot GacmankrNIEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)ankan;muxgarehIy Et eRkaymk )anTTYlkarGnuBaØatBItulakar[laQb; b¤ k¾)anTTYlmrNPaB b¤ k¾manmUlehtuénkarxVH lkçNsm,tþicMeBaHCndEdlenaHekItmaneLIg . cMeBaHkrNITaMgenH tulakarGaceFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ tamkarTamTarrbs;snþtiCn b¤ CnEdlBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1010 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1219>- kareFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐénRTBüsm,tþi 1-GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_RtUveFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐénRTBüsm,tþi ehIyRbKl;

bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐenaHeTA[snþtiCn edayK μankaryWtya:v . 2-snþtiCn Gacmanvtþman enAeBlEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ eFVIbBa¢I

sareBIP½NÐénRTBüsm,tþi)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa eRkayBI)ankan;muxgarehIy dMbUgbMput GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_RtUverobcMeFVIbBa¢I

sareBIP½NÐ CaGaT× Pøam . bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐmt’kenHcaM)ac;man edIm,IkMNt;c,as;las;nUvkm μvtßúénsiT§iRKb;RKgcat;Ecgmt’k ¬maRta

79

1220¦ rbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RBmTaMgedIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBImUldæanénkrNIykic©RbKl; ¬maRta 1229 nig maRta 642¦ krNIykic©raykarN_ ¬maRta 1229 nig maRta 641¦ RBmTaMgkrNIykic©sgsMNg ¬maRta 1229 nig maRta 643¦ rbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . dUecñH kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgfa GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ dMbUgbMput RtUveFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐmt’k ehIyRtUvRbKl;bBa¢IenaHeTA[snþtiCn .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGnuBaØat[snþtiCnmanvtþmankñúgeBleFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐmt’kenH edIm,I[manPaBc,as; las; . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1011 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1220>- siT§iGMNac muxnaTI énGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ mansiT§i nig krNIykic©kñúgkarRKb;RKgmt’k nig

eFVInUvral;skmμPaBepSgeTotEdlcaM)ac; edIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgbBa¢ak;fa GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ mansiT§i nig krNIykic©EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIral;skmμPaB

kñúgkarRbtibtþimtksasn_ enAkñúgsiT§iGMNac nig muxnaTIrbs;xøÚn . GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_CaGñkEdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMgedIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehtuenHehIy RtUvpþl;siT§i

nig krNIykic© edIm,IRKb;RKgmt’k nig eFVInUvral;skm μPaBepSgeTotEdlcaM)ac; edIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_ tambBaØtþiénmaRtaenH . GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_énmt’kTaMgGs;GacsgnUvkatBVkic©EdlCamt’k rIÉm©as; bMNulrbs;mtkCnvij k¾GacTamTar[GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enHsgbMNul)anEdr . müa:geTot RbsinebI GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_minGnuvtþGc©½yTantamkarEcgkñúgmtksasn_eT Gc©½ylaPIGacTamTar[GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_enaHGnuvtþ)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta1012 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 577 vaküxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1221>- kar)at;bg;nUvsiT§icat;Ecgrbs;snþtiCn 1-ebImanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ snþtiCnBMuGaccat;Ecgmt’k b¤ eFVIskmμ-

PaBepSgeTotEdlnaM[raraMgdl;karRbtibtþimtksasn_)aneLIy .

80

2-karcat;EcgEdl)aneFVIpÞúynwgbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH BMuman

GanuPaBeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ snþtiCnK μansiT§icat;Ecgmt’keT . mt’kRtUvFøak;eTAelIsnþtiCn BIeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ ¬maRta 1147 kfaxNÐTI 1¦ . kñúgkrNIEdl

manGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ k¾dUcKñaEdr . cMeBaHkrNIGc©½yTanmankMNt; kmμsiT§ielIvtßúEdlCakm μvtßúén Gc©½yTanenaH RtUvkøayCarbs;Gc©½ylaPI RBmKñanwgeBlEdlmtksasn_begáItGanuPaB k¾b:uEnþ krNIykic© cuHbBa¢IsIþBIkarepÞrkmμsiTi§ nig krNIykic©RbKl;nUvvtßúEdlCakm μvtßú CaedIm KWkøayeTACabnÞúkrbs;snþtiCn . GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_manEtsiT§iRKb;RKgcat;Ecgmt’kb:ueNÑaH minEmnCaRbFanénsiT§i nig krNIykic©eT . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCasnþtiCnCaRbFanénsiT§i nig krNIykic©k¾eday kñúgkrNIEdlmanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RbsinebIsnþtiCnmansiT§icat;EcgpgEdr enaHGacmankrNIEdlkarcat;Ecgrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ nig rbs;snþtiCn minsIuKña ehIyeFIV[GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_minGacbMeBjmuxnaTI)aneBjelj ¬]TahrN_ dUcCakarGnuvtþkrNIykic©cuHbBa¢IsIþBIkarepÞrkm μsiTi§ EdlRtUvCabnÞúkrbs;snþtiCn kñúgkrNIGc©½yTanmankMNt; CaedIm¦ . dUecñHehIy)anCamaRtaenH)andkhUtsiT§icat;EcgBIsnþtiCn .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþibBa¢ak;[)anc,as;las;nUveKalKMniténkfaxNÐTI 1 . sUmemIlsaldIkarbs; tulakarkMBUlCb:uncas; éf¶TI 16 Ex mifuna qñaM 1930 nig saldIkarbs;tulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 23 Ex emsa qñaM 1987 . müa:geTot RbsinebIkUnbMNulrbs;mtkCn)ansgbMNulcMeBaHsnþtiCn edaymin)andwg nUvvtþmanrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ GacGnuvtþtammaRta 439 )an ehIyRbsinebICnNa)anTijclnvtßú EdlCamt’kBIsnþtiCn GacGnuvtþtammaRta 193 )an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1013 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1222>- karRbtibtþimtksasn_ cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdl)ankMNt;Cak; lak;

kñúgkrNImtksasn_ Tak;TgnwgRTBüsm,tþiEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak; bBaØtþi cab;BImaRta 1219 ¬kareFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐénRTBüsm,tþi¦ rhUtdl;maRta 1221

¬kar)at;bg;nUvsiT§icat;Ecgrbs;snþtiCn¦ énRkmenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþ cMeBaHEt

81

eTAelIRTBüsm,tþienaHb:ueNÑaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlxøwmsarénmtksasn_manEtcMeBaHmt’kmYyPaK minEmnTaMgGs; bBaØtþi

sþIBIsiT§i nig krNIykic©rbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUvGnuvtþEtcMeBaHPaKénmt’kenaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1014 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

maRta 1223>- zan³énGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ 1-GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUveFVIskmμPaB enAkñúgnamCaGñkRbtibtþimtk-

sasn_ cMeBaHmt’kEdlxøÜnRtUvRbtibtþi . 2-skm μPaBEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)aneFVICamuxnaTI RtUvmanGanuPaB

pÞal; cMeBaHsnþtiCn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBITMnak;TMngrvagGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ nig mt’k RBmTaMgsnþtiCnEdlCaRbFanénmt’k

enaH . GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ mansiT§iRKb;RKgcat;Ecgmt’k ¬maRta 1220¦ b:uEnþ snþtiCnCaRbFanénmt’k .

dUecñH mancm¶l;fa enAkñúgbNþwg CaGaT× etIKYrsresrfa {GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ EdlCaGñktMNagrbs; snþtiCn 00} Edrb¤eT . ehtuenHehIy)anCakfaxNÐTI 1 )anbBa¢ak;c,as;las;fa GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUveFVIskm μPaB enAkñúgnamCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ cMeBaHmt’k . ]TahrN_Cak;Esþg KWGñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ A RtUveFVIskm μPaBKtiyutþkñúgnamsamIxøÜnCa A enaH edaybBa¢ak;sresrfa {GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_rbs;mtkCneQ μaH 00} .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa skm μPaBEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_)anGnuvtþkñúgnammuxnaTIrbs;xøÜn RtUvman GanuPaB cMeBaHsnþtiCnEdlCaRbFanénmt’k dUcCakrNIEdlskm μPaBrbs;GñktMNag manGanuPaBpÞal; cMeBaHm©as;siT§iEdr . ehtudUecñH kñúgkrNIEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ GnuvtþGc©½yTan eKvaytémøfa snþtiCn EdlCaGñkmankrNIykic©eFVIGc©©½yTan )anGnuvtþGc©½yTanenaHEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1015 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un )ancat;Tukfa GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ CaGñktMNagrbs;snþtiCn 82

k¾b:uEnþ edaymankarriHKn;eRcIn ehtuenHehIy)anCaRtUvEcgbBa¢ak;[c,as; .

maRta 1224>- siT§ieRCIstaMgbnþ rbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ 1-ebIK μanmUlehtuEdlBMuGaceCosvag)aneT GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ BMu

Gac[ttiyCnGnuvtþParkic©rbs;xøÜn)aneLIy . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHminRtUvykmk

GnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHkrNIEdlm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³epSg enAkñúgmtksasn_ . 2-kñúgkrNIEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ )an[ttiyCnGnuvtþParkic©rbs;

xøÜn edayeyagtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH RtUvTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkareRCIstaMg nig karRtYtBinitüCnenaH cMeBaHGc©½ylaPI nig

snþtiCn . ebIGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ )an[ttiyCnGnuvtþParkic©enaH edaypÞúy

nwgbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvsgsMNgénkarxUcxat EdlekIteLIg

edaysarehtuenaH cMeBaHGc©½ylaPI nig snþtiCn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkrNIEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_[ttiyCnGnuvtþkic©karrbs;xøÜn . kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþiEcgc,as;las;fa CaeKalkarN_ GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_minGac[ttiyCnGnuvtþ

kic©karrbs;xøÜn)aneLIy . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmanmUlehtuEdlBMuGaceCosvag)aneT RBmTaMgkñúgkrNIEdl mankarEcgGnuBaØatTukCamunkñúglixitmtksasn_ Gac[ttiyCnGnuvtþkic©karenaH)an . karminGnuBaØat[ ttiyCnGnuvtþkic©karenH CaeKalkarN_ KwedaysarEtmtkCn)aneCOTukcitþeTAelIcMeNHdwg nig smtßPaB rbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH ehIy)aneRCIstaMgGñkenaHeFVICaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ edayRbKl;siT§iEdl manlkçN³Capþac;mux dUecñH KWmann½ydUcKñanwgGñktMNagEdl)aneFVIkic©snüaCamYym©as;siT§iEdr ¬maRta 376¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ kñúgkrNIEdl)an[ttiyCnGnuvtþ kic©karrbs;xøÜn . Cabzm kñúgkrNIEdlGac[ttiyCnGnuvtþkic©karenaHedayeyagtamkfaxNÐTI 1 GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGc©½ylaPI nig snþtiCn kñúgkareRCIstaMg nig RtYtBinitü ttiyCnenaH . karTTYlxusRtUvenH dUcKñanwgkrNIEdlGñktMNag)aneRCIstaMgGnutMNag ¬maRta 377 kfaxNÐTI 1¦ . bnÞab;mk kñúgkrNIEdl)aneRCIstaMg[ttiyCnGnuvtþkic©kar edayxusnwgkfaxNÐTI 1 enH enaHnwgkøayCakarmin)anbMeBjkrNIykic© ehtuenHehIyRtUvsgnUvsMNgénkarxUcxatTaMgRsug EdlminGac 83

ekIteLIg RbsinebImin)an[ttiyCnenaHGnuvtþkic©karCMnYsenaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1016 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1225>- shGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ 1-kñúgkrNIEdlGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_maneRcInnak; karGnuvtþParkic©enaH

RtUvseRmcedaysemøgelIsBIBak;kNþal . b:uEnþ ebIm©as;bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³ epSgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelamtamqnÞ³enaH .

2-eTaHbImanbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenHk¾eday GñkRbtibtþimtk-sasn_nImYy² GaceFVIskmμPaBrkSaTuk)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarRbtibtþikic©kar kñúgkrNIEdlmanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eRcInnak; . RkmenHK μanbBaØtþiNamYyeFVIkarkRmitnUvcMnYnGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eT dUecñH m©as;bNþaM b¤ tulakarGac

eFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eRcInnak;)an . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIenH karRbtibtþi kic©karRtUveFVIedaymtiPaKeRcIn . enHKWCaeKalKMnitdUckñúgmaRta 208 sþIBIkarRKb;RKgvtßúkm μsiT§iGviPaK nig maRta 702 sþIBIviFIGnuvtþkic©karrbs;Rkumh‘unEdr . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIlixitmtksasn_manEcgfa ebIman karExVgKMnitKñarvagGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_eRcInnak; RtUvsþab;eyabl;buKÁlBiessNamñak; RtUveKarBtamqnÞ³ enaH . müa:geTot eBleFVIbNþwg shGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_TaMgGs;RtUvbMeBjkic©karCamYyKña . karEdl shGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_Namñak;TTYlnUvsalRkmEtmñak;Ég KWmanPaBpÞúynwgeKalKMnitEdlhammin[ shGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_Namñak;cat;Ecgmt’kEtmñak;Ég kñúgkrNIEdlmanshGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmankarkMNt;nUvmuxgar nig siT§irbs;shGñkshRbtibtþimtksasn_mñak;² tam mtksasn_ ¬]TahrN_ A mansiT§iseRmcGVI²sþIBIGclnRTBü ehIy B mansiT§iseRmcGVI²sþIBIsiT§ielIbMNul CaGaTצ cMeBaHcMNucenaH Gaccat;EcgedayÉkÉg)an ehIyGackøayCaPaKIénbNþwgEtÉg)an .

kfaxNÐTI 2 manEcgbBa¢ak;fa cMeBaHskmμPaBrkSaTukvij GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_mñak;² GaceFVI EtÉg)an . enHmaneKalKMnitdUckñúgmaRta 206 sþIBIkarEfTaMvtßúkmμsiT§iGviPaKEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1017 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

84

maRta 1226>- kéRmrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ 1-GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ GacTTYlkéRmEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmtksasn_

)an . 2-kñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_BMu)ankMNt;kéRmeT tulakarRtUvkMNt;cMnYn

TwkR)ak;énkéRmenaH tamBaküsMurbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ebIyl;eXIjfa smrmükñúgkarbg;kéRm edayBicarNaeTAelIsßanPaBénmt’k TMnak;TMngrvagm©as; bNþaM nig GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ nig sßanPaBepSgeTot .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHCabBaØtþiEcgGMBIkéRmrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . karRbtibtþimtksasn_ k¾dUckargarGaNtþiEdr GacmanBIrya:g KWkarRbtibtþiedayykkéRm nig kar

RbtibtþiedayminykkéRm . k¾b:uEnþ GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_mansiT§i nig krNIykic©kñúgkarRKb;RKgmt’k nig eFVIral;skm μPaBepSgeTotEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_ müa:geTot eBlRbtibtþikic©karenaH RtUvcat;Ecg kic©karedayRbugRby½tñ kñúgnamCaGñkRKb;RKgsucrit ¬maRta 640¦ ehIybnÞúkmuxgarenHF¶n;F¶rNas; dUecñH KYrEtTTYlkéRm . CaBiess kñúgkrNIEdl)aneRCIstaMgttiyCnEdlminEmnCasnþtiCn [eFVICaGñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ KYrEtmankéRm .

rIÉcMnYnTwkR)ak;énkéRmenaHvij eyagtamkfaxNÐTI 1 RbsinebImankMNt;enAkñúglixitmtksasn_ RtUv Gnuvtþtammtksasn_enaH . RbsinebIkñúgmtksasn_kMNt;fa BMumankéRmeT enaHminmansiT§iTamTarkéRmeT dUecñH ebImineBjcitþ GacbdiesFminkan;muxgarenH)an .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_BMu)ankMNt;kéRmeT tulakarRtUvkMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;én kéRmenaH tamBaküsMurbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . enAkñúgkfaxNÐdEdlenH maneRbIXøa {ebIyl;eXIjfa smrmükñúgkarbg;kéRm} KWedaysarfa GacmankrNIEdlsnþtiCneFVICaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehIyEdl karRbtibtþienaHmanPaBgayRsYl dUecñH mincaM)ac;[kéRmk¾)anEdr . kñúgkrNIEdlttiyCnCaGñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ eTaHCatick¾eday k¾tulakarKYrEtkMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;énkéRmenHEdr . eBlkMNt;cMnYnTwkR)ak;én kéRmenH RtUvBicarNaeTAelIsßanPaBénmt’k TMnak;TMngrvagm©as;bNþaM nig GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RBmTaMg sßanPaBepSg²eTot . ]TahrN_dUcCa RbsinebItulakar)aneRCIstaMgemFavI CaGaT× EdlCaGñkmanCMnaj xagc,ab;eFVICaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ CaBiess kñúgkrNIEdl)aneFVIbNþwg edIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH RtUv pþl;kéRm[)ansmrmütamenaHEdr .

85

¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1018 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1227>- karlaQb; nig karbBaÄb;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ 1-ebImanmUlehtuRtwmRtUv GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ GaclaQb;BIParkic©

)an edayTTYlkarGnuBaØatBItulakar . 2-ebIGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ )aneFVsRbEhskñúgParkic© b¤ ebImanmUlehtu

RtwmRtUvepSgeTot GñkBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar[

bBaÄb;CnenaH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþisþIBIkarlaQb; nig karbBaÄb;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ edaymanxøwmsarfa edIm,IlaQb;

b¤ bBaÄb;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RtUvmankarseRmcedaytulakar . kfaxNÐTI 1 )anbBa¢ak;fa edIm,IlaQb;BImuxgarrbs;xøÜn GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_RtUvmanmUlehtuRtwmRtUv

ehIycaM)ac;mankarGnuBaØatBItulakar . enHKWedaysarEtmuxgarrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ KWeFVI[)an seRmcnUvqnÞ³rbs;mtkCnEdl)anTTYlmrNPaBehIy ehtuenHehIy mann½ydUcCakargarGaNaBüa)al mYyRbePTEdr . mUlehtuRtwmRtUvenaHmandUcCa manCm¶W eTAbMeBjebskkmμenAq¶ayry³eBlEvg kan;kab; muxgarmYyf μ IEdlmmajwkhYsehtu CaGaT× .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþibBaÄb;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . bBaØtþienHEcgfa RbsinebImanmUlehtuRtwmRtUv CnEdlTak;TgnwgplRbeyaCn_ dUcCasnþtiCn b¤ Gc©½ylaPI CaGaT× Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar[bBaÄb; GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH)an . mUlehtuénkarbBaÄb;mandUcCa PaBx¢ilRcGUsbMeBjmuxgar kar)at;xøÜn rbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ manCm¶Wry³eBlEvgEdlCa]bsKÁkñúgkarRbtibtþi CaGaT× . müa:geTot kñúgkrNI EdlmanmUlehtuEdlminGackøayCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ )anekIteLIg dUcmanEcgkñúgmaRta 1217 GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaHRtUv)at;bg;edaysV½yRbvtþinUvzan³rbs;xøÜn ehtuenHehIy snþtiCn b¤ CnEdl Tak;TgnwgplRbeyaCn_epSgeTot Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar[eRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_fμI tam maRta 1218 )an edaymincaM)ac;mannItiviFIsMu[bBaÄb;eLIy . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1019 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

86

maRta 1228>- esahu‘yénkarRbtibtþiþmtksasn_ esah‘uyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRbtibtþiþmtksasn_ RtUvCabnÞúkénmt’k .

b:uEnþ minGacbnßyPaKbRmug edaysarbnÞúkenHeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa esah‘uyedIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_ CabnÞúkmYyénmt’k ehtuenHehIy Gackat;BImt’kenaH

)an . esah‘uyedIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_mandUcCa esah‘uycaM)ac;sRmab;nItiviFIBinitübBa¢ak;lixitmtksasn_

esah‘uyeFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐmt’k esah‘uyRKb;RKgmt’k kéRmGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ CaGaT× . GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_ Gackat;esah‘uyTaMgenHBImt’k)an .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenHEcgfa karkat;esah‘uyRbtibtþimtksasn_enHminGacbnßyPaKbRmug)aneT . dUecñH PaKénesah‘uyEdlGacbnßyPaKbRmugenaH CabnÞúkrbs;Gc©½ylaPI . ]TahrN_ mt’kman 1000 duløar ehIysnþtiCn A nig B RtUvTTYlsnþtikm μesμ IPaKKña . mtkCn)aneFIVmtksasn_ edayKitdl; PaKbRmugrbs; B ¬250 duløar¦ ehIy)ankMNt;[ A 730 duløar . rIÉesah‘uyRbtibtþimtksasn_vij RtUvcMNayGs; 50 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH tambBaØtþiénvaküxNÐTI 1 esah‘uy 50 duløar RtUvykBImt’k 270 duløarEdlenAsl; bnÞab;BIpþl;[ A cMnYn 730 duløarrYc k¾b:uEnþ tamvaküxNÐTI 2 vij Gackat;ykRtwmEt 20 duløar EdlenAsl;BIPaKbRmugEtb:ueNÑaH enAsl; 30 duløareTot CabnÞúkrbs; A Edl)anTTYllT§km μ 730 duløar tammtksasn_ . RbsinebI B minTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugeT RtUvkat;esah‘uyBI 270 duløar EdlCamt’ksl;enaH edayeyagtamvaküxNÐTI 1 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1021 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1229>- karGnuvtþdUcKña tambBaØtþisþIBIGaNtþi bBaØtþisþIBIGaNtþi RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHmuxnaTIrbs;Gñk

Rbtibtþimtksasn_ elIkElgEtmanPaBpÞúynwglkçN³éntYnaTIrbs;GñkRbtibtþi mtksasn_enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦

87

maRtaenHEcgfa bBaØtþisþIBIGaNtþi RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHmuxnaTIrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtk- sasn_ RbsinebIminmanPaBpÞúynwglkçN³éntYnaTIrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaHeT .

bBaØtþisþIBIGaNtþi EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHmuxnaTIrbs;GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_enaH edayeyagtammaRtaenH mandUcCa maRta 640 sþIBIkrNIykic©RbugRby½tñrbs;GaNtþiKahk/ maRta 641 sþIBIkrNIykic©raykarN_rbs;GaNtþiKahk/ maRta 642 sþIBIkrNIykic©RbKl;rbs;GaNtþiKahk/ maRta 643 sþIBIkrNIykic©sgsMNgénkarxUcxatrbs;GaNtþiKahkEdl)aneRbIR)ak;/ maRta 645 sþIBIkrNIykic© bg;esah‘uyCamunrbs;GaNtþiTayk/ maRta 646 sþIBIsiT§iTamTar[sgmkvij CaGaT× nUvesah‘uyrbs; GaNtþiKahk/ maRta 649 sþIBImUlehtuénkarbBa©b;GaNtþi/ maRta 650 sþIBIkrNIykic©se®gÁaHbnÞan; rbs;GaNtþiKahk enAeRkayeBlbBa©b;GaNtþi .

CMBUkTI 4 PaKbRmug

EpñkTI 1 bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA ¬kMMNt;¦

rbbPaKbRmug KWCarbbFanamYyPaKéncMENkmt’kkMNt;edayc,ab; cMeBaHsnþtiCnEdlkMNt;eday c,ab; . mtkCnmanesrIPaBkñúgkareFVImtksasn_ k¾b:uEnþ rbbenHTTYlsÁal;[snþtiCnEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; mYycMnYn eFVIkarbdiesFnUvesrIPaBenHmYyPaK . rbbPaKbRmugenH mantYnaTIsRmYlsnþtikmμtamc,ab; nig snþtikmμtammtksasn_ ehtuenHehIy)anCabnÞab;BI {CMBUkTI 2 sþIBIsnþtikm μtamc,ab;} nig {CMBUkTI 3 sþIBIsnþtikmμtammtksasn_} mandak; {CMBUkTI 4 sþIBIPaKbRmugenH} . müa:geTot enAkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIcas; rbs;km<úCa maRta 528 nig maRta 529 man[niymn½yénPaKbRmug k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgRkmenH Gacyl;n½y)an edayemIlbBaØtþiTaMgGs;enH ehtuenHehIymincaM)ac;manniymn½yeT .

kñúgrbbPaKbRmugenH manviFIFananUvPaKbRmugedaykarbdiesFmtksasn_ CaGaT× edaysnþtiCn EdlRtUveKbMBansiT§ielIPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn nig viFIhammin[mtkCnykmt’kmYycMnYneTAeFVICakm μvtßúén mtksasn_ CaGaT× . Rkmrdæb,evNICb:un CaGaT× )aneRCIserIsykviFITI 1 rIÉRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa b¤ Rkmrdæb,evNI)araMgvij )aneRCIserIsykviFITI 2 . kñúgRkmenH eyIgeRCIserIsykviFITI 1 . enHKWedaysarEt RbsinebIbuKÁlEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug min)anGHGagnUvPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜneT KYrEteKarBnUvqnÞ³rbs; mtkCn tamlT§PaBEdlGaceFVIeTA)an .

88

maRta 1230>- GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug 1-bcäajatipÞal; b¤ «Bukmþay b¤ CIdUnCIta nig shB½T§rbs;mtkCn

GaceFVIlT§km μnUvRTBüsm,tþi dUcxageRkamenH ³ k-1 PaK 3 ¬mYyPaKbI¦ énRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn kñúgkrNIEdlman

EtsnþtiCnCa«Bukmþay b¤ CIdUn CItab:ueNÑaH . x-1 PaK 2 ¬mYyPaKBIr¦ énRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn kñúgkrNIepSg .

2-kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugnImYy²

GacTTYlPaKbRmug tamsmamaRténcMENkmt’k)an . 3-bBaØtþiénmaRta 1157 ¬snþtikm μCMnYs¦ nig maRta 1158 ¬cMENkmt’k

kñúgkrNIénsnþtikm μCMnYs¦ énRkmenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHPaK

bRmug .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþikMNt;nUvCnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug RBmTaMgcMENkrbs;GñkenaH . Cabzm kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa kñúgcMeNamsnþtiCnEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; manEtbcäajatipÞal; b¤ «Bukmþay

b¤ CIdUnCIta nig shB½T§rbs;mtkCneT EdlCaGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug . mann½yfa snþtiCn eRkABIbgb¥Ún begáItrbs;mtkCn nig CnTTYlsnþtikm μCMnYsbgb¥ÚnbegáItenaH CaGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlbcäajatipÞal;rbs;mtkCn )anTTYlmrNPaB muneBlmtkCnTTYlmrNPaB CnEdlTTYl snþtikmμCMnYs k¾RtUvmanPaKbRmug edaybBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 3 Edr . bnÞab;mk kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa CaeKalkarN_ PaKbRmug KW 1 PaK 2 énmt’krbs;mtkCn ehIycMeBaHkrNIEdlmanEt«Bukmþay b¤ manEt CIdUnCItaCasnþtiCn PaKbRmug KW 1 PaK 3 énmt’krbs;mtkCn . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmanEtkUnmñak; nig shB½T§rbs;mtkCn CasnþtiCn PaKbRmugsRmab;GñkTaMgenaH KW 1 PaK 2 énmt’krbs;mtkCn .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugmaneRcInnak; RtUveFVIkarEbgEckRTBüEdl RtUv)ancat;TukCaPaKbRmugenaH eTAtamsmamaRténcMENkmt’k . cMeBaH]TahrN_xagelIenH cMENkmt’k manesμIPaKKña ehtuenHehIy PaKbRmugrbs;kUn RBmTaMgshB½T§enaH KW 1 PaK 4 énmt’ksRmab;mñak;² . kñúgkrNIEdl«Bukmþay nig shB½T§ rYmTaMgGs; 3 nak;CasnþtiCn cMENkmt’ksnþtikm μrbs;shB½T§KW 1 PaK 3 ehIymt’kEdlsl;RtUvEckesμ IPaKKñaeTA[«Bukmþay ¬maRta 1162 cMNuc x¦ dUecñH mñak;)anTTYl 1

89

PaK 3 . ehtuenHehIy PaKbRmugKW 1 PaK 6 sRmab;mñak;² . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs; mtkCn nig shB½T§ CasnþtiCn eyagtamkfaxNÐTI 1 cMNucTI x PaKbRmug man 1 PaK 2 énmt’k k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmanbgb¥ÚnbegáIt cMENkmt’krbs;shB½T§KW 1 PaK 2 ¬maRta 1162 cMNuc K¦ dUecñH shB½T§ RtUvTTYlPaKbRmuges μInwg 1 PaK 4 énmt’kTaMgGs; .

kfaxNÐTI 3 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIsnþtikmμCMnYs PaKbRmugk¾RtUvEckesμ IPaKKñarvagCnEdlTTYlsnþtikmμ CMnYsEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1028 nig maRta 1044 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 530 maRta 536 kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 1 nig maRta 538 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1231>- RTBüEdlCamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug 1-PaKbRmug RtUvKNnaedayykRTBüsm,tþiEdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;

epþImeFVIsnþtikmμ bUktémøénplRbeyaCn_Biess Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1163

¬cMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess¦ nig témøénRTBüsm,tþiRbTankmμ Edl)ankMNt;kñúgmaRta 1232 ¬RbTankm μEdlCamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaK

bRmug¦ énRkmenH ehIydknUvcMnYnR)ak;srubénkatBVkic©ecj . 2-siT§iEdlP¢ab;CamYynwgl½kçx½NÐ b¤ siT§iEdlGMLúgeBlmanGtßiPaBmin

c,as;las; RtUvkMNt;témøenaH edayEp¥ktamkarvaytémørbs;Gñkvaytémø Edl

RtUv)aneRCIstaMgedaytulakar . 3-katBVkic©Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvrab;bBa©Úl

pgEdr nUvesah‘uybuNüsBtamzan³rbs;mtkCn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIRTBüsm,tþiEdlCamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug . karKNnaPaKbRmug RtUveFVIeLIg

edaymaRtaenH CamYynwgmaRta 1234 sþIBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;énkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug CaGaT× .

kfaxNÐTI 1 )ankMNt;fa RTBüskm μEdlCamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug manRTBüEdlmaneBlcab;

90

epþImsnþtikmμ plRbeyaCn_Biess RBmTaMgRbTankmμEdlykmkeFVICamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug . {RTBüsm,tþiEdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikmμ} enH mincaM)ac;Bnül;eT . cMeBaH {témøénpl RbeyaCn_Biess} vij sUmemIlesckþIkMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1163 . témøsrubénRTBüEdlmanenAeBl cab;epþImsnþtikmμ nig témøénplRbeyaCn_Biess esμ InwgRTBüEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamt’k . enHKWedIm,I[ mansmμPaBCak;EsþgrvagshsnþtiCn . elIsBIenH k¾manbUkEfmTaMgtémøénRTBüRbTankm μEdl)ankMNt; kñúgmaRtabnÞab;pgEdr eRBaHfa RTBüEdl)aneFVIRbTankmμcMeBaHttiyCneRkABIsnþtiCn k¾GackøayeTACa km μvtßúénkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugEdr . cMeBaHcMNucenH sUmemIlesckþIkMNt;lm¥itenAkñúg maRtabnÞab; . bnÞab;mk RtUvdknUvtémøsrubénkatBVkic©rbs;mtkCn BItémøsrubénRTBüskmμTaMgGs; eRBaHfa RtUvykRTBüsuT§mkeFVICamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§ A rbs;mtkCn RBmTaMgkUn B nig C RtUvTTYlsnþtikm μesμ IPaKKña . enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ mt’krbs; mtkCnmanRTBü 1000 duløar B )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 500 duløar ehIykatBVkic©EdlRtUveFVI snþtikmμman 300 duløar eRkABIenH mtkCnmannarIkMNan;eQ μaH D ehIy)aneFVIRbTankm μRTBü 1000 duløar eTA[narIenaH enA 6 Ex muneBlmrNPaB . kñúgkrNIenH RTBüEdlCamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug KW 1000+500+1000-300=2200 duløar . dUecñH eyagtammaRtamun 2200÷2÷3=367 duløar KWCa RTBüsuT§EdlCaPaKbRmugrbs;mñak;² ¬cMnYnR)ak;Edlmñak;²GacTamTaredIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug KWepSgBIenH . sUmemIlmaRta 1234¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþisþIBIviFIvaytémøGMBIsiT§iEdlP¢ab;CamYynwgl½kçx½NÐ b¤ siT§iEdlGMLúgeBlman GtßiPaBminc,as;las; .

kfaxNÐTI 3 CabBaØtþiEcgfa kñúgcMeNamkatBVkic©EdlRtUv)anTTYlbnþedaysnþtikmμ RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlpgEdr nUvesah‘uybuNüsB tamzan³rbs;mtkCn . tamFmμta katBVkic©EdlRtUv)anTTYlbnþedaysnþtikmμ sMedA eTAelIkatBVkic©EdlmtkCnman muneBlTTYlmrNPaB b:uEnþ k¾manrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgesah‘uybuNüsB tamzan³ rbs;mtkCnenaH CaGaT× Edr . edayELk minRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlnUvkatBVkic©EdlsnþtiCnRtUvTTYlbnÞúkeday Gc©½yTaneT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1029 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 3 sUmemIlmaRta 1947 maRta 1968 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g; .

91

maRta 1232>- RbTankm μEdlCamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug 1-RbTankm μEdl)ankMNt;dUcxageRkamenH RtUvkøayCamUldæankñúgkar

KNnaPaKbRmug elIkElgEtplRbeyaCn_BiessEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1163 ¬cMENkmt’krbs;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess¦ énRkmenH ³

k- RbTankm μEdl)aneFVIkñúgGMLúgeBl 1 ¬mYy¦ qñaM enAmuneBlcab; epþImsnþtikmμ .

x- eRkABIRbTankm μEdl)ankMNt;kñúgcMNuc k xagelIenH RbTankm μ EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg edayPaKIsgxag)andwgfa nwgbNþal[xUcxatdl;Gñkman

siT§ielIPaKbRmug . 2-enAkñúgCMBUkTI 4 ¬PaKbRmug¦ enH karelIkElgkatBVkic©edayminyk

témøfñÚr RtUvcat;TukfaCaRbTankmμ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIRbTankmμEdlCamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug . RbTankm μenHk¾Cakm μvtßúénkarkat;

bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug edayeyagtammaRta 1233 xageRkamEdr . cMeBaHRbTankm μeBlenArs; eyageTAtamkfaxNÐTI 1 cMNuc k CaeKalkarN_ RbTankmμEdl)aneFVI

kñúgGMLúgeBlmYyqñaM muneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ Cakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug . karEdl)an kRmitGMLúgeBlEtmYyqñaMmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμenH KWedaysarEtedIm,IkMu[mankarbMBanminRtwmRtUvdl; plRbeyaCn_rbs;Gc©½ylaPI nig edIm,I[mansuvtßiPaBkñúgkic©karCMnYj . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlPaKITaMg sgxag)andwgfa RbTankmμnwgbNþal[mankarxUcxatdl;CnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug enaHmincaM)ac;man karkRmitnUvGMLúgeBldUcenHeLIy eBalKWRKb;krNITaMgGs;enH nwgkøayCakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßy dUc)anEcg kñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 . karTTYlsÁal;faCa GMeBIbMBan b¤ minEmnenaH RtUveFVIeLIgedayeRbobeFobRTBüsm,tþisrub EdlmtkCnmaneBleFVIRbTankm μ nig témøRTBüEdl)aneFVIRbTankmμ . ]TahrN_ RbsinebIeBlenaH mtkCnmanCag 10 mWunduløar ehIy)an[ 1000 duløar eTACnEdl)aneFVIviPaKTandl;kic©karCMnYjrbs;xøÜn enHminEmnCakarbMBaneT . ehIyebIeRkaymkeTot sßanPaBénRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn)anFøak;cuHxøaMg enAsl;Et 3000 duløar k¾eday k¾minEmnCakarbMBandUcKña .

kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 2 manEcgelIkElgcMeBaHplRbeyaCn_Biess . enHKWedaysarfa kñúgbBaØtþi

92

maRtamun mankarkMNt;rYceTAehIyfa ykplRbeyaCn_BiessmkeFVICamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug . müa:geTot RbsinebImtkCnmankUnbInak; KW A, B nig C ehIy A )anTTYlRbTankm μnUvRTBüsm,tþi CaeRcIn sRmab;CaTunkñúgkic©karCMnYjrbs;xøÜn ehIyRbsinebI A )ane)aHbg;nUvsiT§isnþtikmμ dUecñHkrNIenH A minEmn CasnþtiCneT ehtuenHehIy RbTankmμEdlBak;B½n§enH minEmnCaplRbeyaCn_BiesseT . dUecñH kñúgkrNIenH edIm,IkMNt;fa RtUvykRbTankmμenH mkeFVICamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug b¤ y:agNaenaH RtUvemIlfa etIkrNIenHRsbnwgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRtaenHEdrb¤eT . eTaHCaRbTankmμenH RtUv)aneFVICag 1 qñaM muneBl cab;epþImsnþtikmμk¾eday RbsinebIBinitüelITMnak;TMngrvagPaKITaMgenaHeTA eXIjfa mankargayRsYlnwg kMNt;faCaGMeBIEdl)andwgfamankarbMBan .

kfaxNÐTI 2 )ancat;Tukfa karelIkElgkatBVkic©edayminyktémøfñÚr CaRbTankmμ . cMeBaHKMnitenH RbEhlCaK μanmtiRbqaMgeT . cMeBaHkarelIkElgkatBVkic©edaymantémøfñÚrminsmrmü CaGaT× manEcgkñúg maRta 1242 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 1030 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig saldIkatulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 24 ExmIna qñaM 1998.

maRta 1233>- RTBüsm,tþiEdlCakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug Gc©½yTan karkMNt;cMENkmt’ktammtksasn_ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_

Biess nig RbTankmμEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1232 ¬RbTankm μEdlCa mUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug¦ xagelIenH KWCakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,I b®gÁb;PaKbRmug . b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½yTancMeBaHsnþtiCn karkMNt;cMENk

mt’k nig karTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess RtUvkøayCakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,I b®gÁb;PaKbRmug km μvtßúénkarkat;bnßyenaH manRtwmEtEpñkEdlelIsBIcMnYnTwk

R)ak;énPaKbRmugrbs;snþtiCnenaHb:ueNÑaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIRTBüsm,tþiEdlCakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug . RTBüsm,tþiEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRtaenH KWCaEpñkmYyénRTBüsm,tþiEdlykmkeFVICamUldæanedIm,IKNna

PaKbRmugEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1231 . mann½yfa kñúgcMeNam {RTBüsm,tþiEdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab; epþImsnþtikmμ} RTBüEdlRtUvykmkeFVICakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug KWmanRTBüEdl)aneFVI

93

RbTankm μ nig RTBüEdl)ankMNt;CacMENkmt’ktammtksasn_ RBmTaMgplRbeyaCn_Biess nig RbTankmμ Edl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1232 ¬RbTankmμEdlCamUldæankñúgkarKNnaPaKbRmug¦ . edayELk cMeBaHRTBü sm,tþiEdlenAsl;BIRTBüsm,tþiEdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ tamFmμta RtUveFVIkarEbgEckeTA [CnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug .

]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnmanbInak; KW A, B nig C ehIymt’kman 1000 duløar ehIy A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 5000 duløar dUecñH cMENkmt’krbs; A KW 0 duløar/ B nig C TTYl 500 duløar mñak; . k¾b:uEnþ PaKbRmugEdlGacTamTar)anKW ¬1000+5000¦÷2÷3 = 1000 duløar dUecñH B nig C RtUv A bMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn 500 duløarmñak; .

kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnmanbInak; KW A, B nig C ehIymt’kman 1000 duløar nig bMNulman 300 duløar/ A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 500 duløar/ cMENkmt’kEdlmtkCn)ankMNt;eTA[ B man 800 duløar enaH A nwgTTYl)an 0 duløar ¬eRkABIenH )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 500 duløarrYcehIy¦ B nwgTTYl 800 duløar ehIy C nwgTTYl 200 duløar ¬eRkABIenH snþtiCnTaMgenaHRtUvTTYlbnÞúknUvkatBVkic© 100 duløar mñak;¦. kñúgkrNIenH PaKbRmugEdlGacTamTar)anKW ¬1000+500-300¦÷2÷3+300÷3 = 300 duløar ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1234¦ dUecñHmanEt C eTEdlRtUveKbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜncMnYn 100 duløar . dUecñH GacTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugenHBI B ¬maRta 1236¦ .

krNImYyeTot KWsnþtiCnmanbInak; KW A, B nig C/ mt’kman 1000 duløar nig bMNul 900 duløar/ 5 qñaMmun A )anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess 500 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH cMENkmt’krbs; A KW 0 duløar/ B nig C mñak; 500 duløar ¬RbsinebIKitGMBIkatBVkic©EfmeTot KW A )an -300 duløar ehIy B nig C )anmñak; 200 duløar¦ ehtuenHehIy minmanGñkNamñak;RtUveKbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜneT . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI A )ane)aHbg; siT§isnþtikm μrbs;xøÜn ehIyplRbeyaCn_BiessRtUv)anpþl; edaydwgfa mankarbMBanPaKbRmug enaHPaK bRmugrbs; B nig C KW ¬1000+500-900¦÷2÷3+900÷2 = 550 duløar . k¾b:uEnþ mñak;²)anTTYlEt 500 duløarb:ueNÑaH dUecñH mñak;²RtUv A bMBanPaKbRmug 50 duløar . RbsinebI A min)anbMBanedayTuc©riteT PaKbRmugrbs; B nig C KW ¬1000-900¦÷2÷3+900÷2 = 467 duløar dUecñH kñúgkrNIenH minmankar bMBaneTAelIPaKbRmugeT .

kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½yTancMeBaHsnþtiCn CaGaT× Cakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug RbsinebI snþtiCnEdlRtUveKTamTar[kat;bnßyenaH RtUv)anbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜneTAvij edaysarkarkat;bnßyenaH nwgmanbBaða . ehtuenHehIy)anCaRtUvmanbBaØtþiEdlmanEcgkñúgvaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH edIm,IkarBar PaKbRmug . ]TahrN_ snþtiCnmanbInak; KW A, B nig C/ mt’kman 300 duløar/ plRbeyaCn_BiesscMeBaH

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A KW 900 duløar ehIymtkCn)ankMNt;tammtksasn_[ B TTYlsnþtikm μ 200 duløar . dUecñH cMENkmt’kCak;Esþg KW A )an 0/ B )an 200 duløar ehIy C )an 100duløar . k¾b:uEnþ PaKbRmug KW ¬300+900¦÷2÷3 = 200 duløar dUecñH C RtUveKbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn 100 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH eyagtammaRta 1236 karkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug RtUveFVICadMbUg cMeBaH B EdlCasnþtiCnEdl)an TTYlsnþtikm μtamkarkMNt; k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkat;bnßyBI B eTA B enHnwgRtUveKbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜneTAvij ehtuenHehIy eyageTAtamvaküxNÐenH cMENkmt’krbs; B minEmnCakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb; PaKbRmugeT ehIy C GacTamTar[kat;bnßy 100 duløar BI 900 duløar EdlCaplRbeyaCn_BiesscMeBaH A vij . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 1031 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig cMeBaHvaküxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlsaldIkaéntulakarkMBUl Cb:unéf¶TI 26 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 1998 .

maRta 1234>- cMnYnTwkR)ak;énkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugGacTamTar)anedaykarkat;

bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug KWCacMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUv)anKNna edayykcMnYn

TwkR)ak;énPaKbRmug dkcMnYnsrubénRTBüsm,tþiEdlGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug

)anTTYledaysnþtikm μ nig cMnYnénplRbeyaCn_Biess ehIybUkbBa©ÚlnUv cMnYnTwkR)ak;énkatBVkic©EdlbuKÁlenaHRtUvTTYlbnÞúkedaysnþtikm μ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;énkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug . maRtaenHmankarBi)aknwgyl; edaysartRmUv[ {bUkbBa©ÚlnUvcMnYnTwkR)ak;énkatBVkic©EdlbuKÁlenaHRtUv

TTYlbnÞúk} . k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgmaRta 1231 kfaxNÐTI 1 cMnYnRTBüsuT§EdldknwgcMnYnsrubénkatBVkic© RtUvykmkeFVICamUldæanénkarKNnaPaKbRmug ehtuenHehIy RbsinebIminKitdl;katBVkic©EdlCnmansiT§ielI PaKbRmug )anTTYledaysnþtikm μeT minGacFananUvcMnYnénPaKbRmugrbs;CnenaHeT . müa:geTot enAkñúg maRta 1231 kfaxNÐTI 1 enH GacEcg)anEdrfa ykcMnYnsrubénRTBüskmμmkeFVICamUldæan énkarKNna PaKbRmug)an edayminKitdl;katBVkic©Edl)anTTYledaysnþtikm μeT . k¾b:uEnþ cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvTTYl bnÞúkcMeBaHkatBVkic©enH GacxusKñaeTAtamCnEdlmansiT§elIPaKbRmug dUecñHehIy)anCaenAkñúgRkmenH

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min)anykKMnitenHmkEcgeT . ]TahrN_ snþtiCnmanshB½T§ A CIdUn B nig CIta C/ mt’kman 1000 duløar nig bMNul 300 duløar/ plRbeyaCn_BiesscMeBaH A man 1000 duløar ehIymankarkMNt;nUv cMENkmt’k[eTA A 500 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH tamsnþtikm μ A )anTTYl 500 duløar ¬eRkABIenH )anTTYl plRbeyaCn_Biess 1000 duløar rYcehIy¦ B nig C )anTTYl 250 duløarmñak; ¬eRkABIenH A RtUvTTYl snþtikmμnUvkatBVkic© 150 duløar ehIy B nig C RtUvTTYlsnþtikm μnUvkatBVkic© 75 duløarmñak;¦ . kñúgkrNIenH cMnYnTwkR)ak;Edl B nig C GacTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugrbs;xøÜnKW ¬1000+1000-300¦÷

2÷2÷2+75 = 287>5 duløar . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIenH RTBüskm μEdlRtUvykmkeFVICamUldæanénkarKNna PaKbRmugvij KW ¬1000+1000¦÷2÷2÷2 = 250 duløar . dUecñH cMnYnR)ak;EdlGacTamTarenaH xusKñarvagviFIKNnaTaMBIrenaH .

EpñkTI 2 viFIkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug

maRta 1235>- karTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug nig GñkTTYlbnþenaH GacTamTar[eFVIkarkat;

bnßyGc©½yTan CaGaT× cMeBaHCnEdl)anTTYlRTBüsm,tþi b¤ plRbeyaCn_Edl

Cakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug)an RtwmkRmitEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IrkSa PaKbRmugenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH KWCabBaØtþisþIBIkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug Edlmanxøwmsarfa CnEdlRtUv)anbMBan

PaKbRmug GacyksiT§iEdlCakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyenaHmkeFVICarbs;xøÜn)an edayeFVIkarTamTar[kat;bnßy Gc©½yTan CaGaT× .

xøwmsarlm¥iténkarTamTar[kat;bnßyenH )anEcgBImaRtabnÞab;enH rIÉmaRtaenHvij KWCamaRtamUldæan énkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugenH . maRtaenH)anEcgfa {GacTamTar} mann½yfa Gñkman siT§ielIPaKbRmug nigRbtisiT§irbs;GñkenaH manesrIPaBkñúgkarTamTar b¤ minTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb; PaKbRmug . RbsinebImin)anGnuvtþsiT§ienHeT mtksasn_mansuBlPaBeBjelj . lkçN³tampøÚvc,ab; énkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugKWCa {siT§ibegáItTMnak;TMngKtiyutþ} eT ehtuenHehIy tamry³ karGnuvtþsiT§ienH edayCnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug Gc©½yTan nig RbTankm μ CaGaT× RtUv)at;bg;nUvGanuPaB

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edaysV½yRbvtþi kñúgkRmiténkarbMBanPaKbRmug rIÉsiT§iEdlGc©½ylaPI CaGaT× )aneFVIlT§kmμ k¾RtUvFøak;BI mtkCn eTACnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugEdlTTYlsnþtikmμenH eTAtamkRmiténPaKbRmugenHEdr . kñúgkrNI EdlkmμsiTi§elIGclnvtßú )ankøayCakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug tamry³karkat;bnßyenH EpñkEdlesμ InwgPaKbRmugRtUvFøak;eTAelICnEdlmansiTi§elIPaKbRmug edaymincuHbBa¢I .

müa:geTot karTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugenH mincaM)ac;eFVIedaydak;BakübNþwgeT KWRKan;Et bgðajqnÞ³CakarRKb;RKan;ehIy . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIPaKImçageTotminyl;RBmeT manEtdak;BakübNþwg . b:uEnþ RbsinebI)anbgðajqnÞ³kñúgGMLúgeBlénGaC£ayukal Edl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1245 siT§ienHRtUvFøak;eTAelICn EdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugBIeBlenaHeTA ehtuenHehIyeTaHCa)andak;BakübNþwgeRkayGMLúgeBlenH k¾min manbBaðaEdr ebI)anbgðajqnÞ³kñúgGMLúgeBlenaH . cMNucenH manPaBxusKñanwgmaRta 540 nig maRta 552 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1031 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1236>- lMdab;énkarkat;bnßy RbTankm μ nig karTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess BMuGackat;bnßy)aneLIy

ebImin)ankat;bnßyBIGc©½yTan nig cMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;tammtksasn_ CamuneT .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa etIRtUvykRTBüNamkeFVICakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßymun kñúgcMeNamRTBüEdlCakm μvtßú

énkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug edayeyagtammaRta 1233 . maRtaenH)ankMNt;fa RtUvykGc©½yTan nig cMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;tammtksasn_ mkeFVICakmμvtßú

énkarkat;bnßy munRbTankmμ nig karTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess . enHKWedaysarEteKalKMniténrbbPaK bRmug KWedIm,IFanaTuknUvmt’kmYyPaKsRmab;[CnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug . b:uEnþ RbsinebIeFVIkarkRmit nUvkm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßy RtwmEtmt’k GaceTACabMBaneTAelIPaKbRmugeTAvij edaysarkareFVIRbTankmμ eBlenArs; . ehtudUecñH RbTankm μ CaGaT× k¾RtUvkøayCakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßy kñúgTMhMEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1232 Edr . plRbeyaCn_Biessk¾CaRbTankm μeBlenArs;mYyRbePTEdr . k¾b:uEnþ karykplRbeyaCn_ BiessTaMgGs; mkeFVICakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßy naM[mansmPaBmYyrvagshsnþtiCn ehtuenHehIy)anCa

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maRta 1233 )anEcgdUcenH . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebImt’kEdlmanenAeBlcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikm μ manRKab;RKan; edIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug enaHmincaM)ac;elIkkarcat;EcgeBlmtkCnenArs;mkb®gÁb;PaKbRmugeT . dUecñH eKal KMnitenHRtUv)anEcgkñúgmaRtaenH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1033 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1237>- karkat;bnßyGc©½yTan CaGaT× 1-dMbUg RtUveFVIkarkat;bnßyBIGc©½yTan nig cMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;

cMeBaHsnþtiCn enAkñúgeBlCamYyKña ehIyRbsinebIenAEtxVH RtUveFVIkarkat;bnßy

BIGc©½yTanEdl)aneFVIcMeBaHbuKÁlepSgeRkABIsnþtiCn . 2-Gc©½yTan RtUveFVIkarkat;bnßyeTAtamsmamaRténtémørbs;kmμvtßúenaH .

bBaØtþienH k¾RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHcMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;tam

viFIeFVIGnub,TanRTBüsm,tþiEdlmankMNt; EtmYycMNuc b¤ eRcIncMNuc . b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlGc©½yTanEdleFVIcMeBaHsnþtiCn nig cMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt; enaH Cakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug EpñkEdlelIsBIcMnYnR)ak;én

PaKbRmugrbs;snþtiCnenaH RtUvcat;TukfaCatémøénkmμvtßú . 3-cMENkmt’ktammtksasn_ Edl)ankMNt;CaPaKénmt’k RtUvkat;

bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug edayeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrPaKenaH . 4-eTaHbImanbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 TI 2 nig TI 3 xagelIenHk¾eday ebIm©as;

bNþaM)anbgðajqnÞ³BiessepSg kñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuelameTAtamqnÞ³enaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFIénkarkat;bnßyGc©½yTan nig karkat;bnßycMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt;tam

mtksasn_ . kfaxNÐTI 1 manEcgfa RtUvEbgEckc,as;las;Gc©©½yTan CaGaT× sRmab;snþtiCn BIGc©½yTanepSgeTot

ehIyRtUveFVIkarkat;bnßyBIGc©½yTan CaGaT× sRmab;snþtiCn Camun . enHKWedaysarEtsnþtiCnRtUvTTYl snþtikmμnUvzan³CakUnbMNulénGc©½yTan BImtkCn dUecñH dMbUgRtUvsRmYlépÞkñúgsnþtiCnCamunsin ehIy

98

RbsinebIminRKb;RKan;eT eTIbGackat;bnßyBIrbs;GñkxageRkA . kfaxNÐTI 2 manEcglm¥itGMBIviFIkat;bnßyGc©½yTan CaGaT× . ]TahrN_ mansnþtiCn KWkUnrbs;

mtkCn A nig B ehIymt’kman 1000 duløar EtdIEdlmantémøes μ Inwg 900 duløar RtUv)aneFVIGc©½yTan eTA[CneRkABIsnþtiCn KWCa C . PaKbRmugrbs; A nig B KW 250 duløarmñak; Et)anTTYlsnþtikmμRTBü EdlenAsl; 50 duløar mñak;b:ueNÑaH dUecñH KWGc©½yTaneTA[ C enaH bMBanPaKbRmugrbs; A nig B 200 duløar mñak; . dUecñH A nig B GacTamTarBI C [kat;bnßy 200 duløar ¬mann½yfa cMENkénkmμsiTi§GviPaKKW 2 PaK 9¦ sRmab;mñak; BIdIenaH)an . RbsinebIdIEdlCakmμvtßúenaHmaneRcIn KWmYymantémø 600 duløar ehIy mYyeTottémø 300 duløar kñúgkrNIenH RtUveFVIkarkat;bnßyeTAtamsmamaRténtémøénkm μvtßúenaH ]TahrN_ cMeBaHdIEdlmantémø 600 duløar KWGacTamTar[kat;bnßy 2 PaK 3 én 200 duløar EdlRtUvCa 133 duløar ¬dUecñH cMENkénkm μsiTi§GviPaKKW 2 PaK 9 Edr¦ . kñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH RbsinebI)ankMNt;cMENk mt’k[ A TTYlsnþtikmμnUvdIEdlmantémø 900 duløar ehIyebIeTaHCa B eFVIlT§km μnUvcMENkmt’kEdlenA sl; 100 duløar k¾eday k¾enAEtRtUv)anbMBanPaKbRmug 150 duløar Edr dUecñH GacTamTar[kat;bnßy 150 duløarenH BIkarkMNt;cMENkmt’ksnþtikm μenH)an . kñúgkrNIEdldIman 2 LÚt_vij cMeBaHdIEdlmantémø 600 duløar GacTamTar[kat;bnßy 2 PaK 3 én 150 duløar eBalKW 100 duløar ehIy[kat;bnßy 50 duløar cMeBaHdItémø 300 duløar .

kñúgmaRta 1235 enAeBlkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugedayshsnþtiCnNamñak; PaKbRmugrbs; shsnþtiCnepSgeTotminRtUv)anbMBaneT . viFIkat;bnßyénkrNIenHmanEcgkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 vaküxNÐTI 2 . ]TahrN_ snþtiCnman 3nak; KW A/ B nig C/ mt’kman 1500 duløar ehIykñúgmtksasn_ )ankMNt;[ A TTYlsnþtikm μnUvcMENk 1200 duløar ehIy B TTYlsnþtikmμnUvcMENk 300 duløar . kñúgkrNIenH snþtiCnmñak;²manPaKbRmug 1500÷2÷3 = 250 duløar dUecñH manEt C eT EdlRtUv)anbMBanPaKbRmug TaMgGs; . kñúgkrNIenH A nig B RtUvkat;bnßytamsmamaRt 950³50 EdlCatYelx)anmkBIkardk 250 duløar BIcMENkEdlxøÜn)anTTYltammtksasn_ ¬dUecñH A RtUvkat;bnßy 237/5 duløar rIÉ B vij RtUv)an kat;bnßy 12/5 duløar¦ .

kfaxNÐTI 3 manEcgGMBIviFIkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug kñúgkrNIEdlmankarkMNt;nUvcMENk snþtikmμtamsmamaRtedaymtksasn_ . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnman 3 nak; KW A, B nig C ehIy RTBüTTYlsnþtikm μrbs; A KW 4 PaK 5 ehIy B KW 1 PaK 5 karkat;bnßyBIcMENkmt’krbs; A KW 237/5 PaK 1500 ehIykarkat;bnßyBIcMENkmt’krbs; B KW 12/5 PaK 1500 . tamlT§plenH C )anTTYl snþtikmμ ¬237/5+12/5¦ PaK 1500 )anesckIþfa 1 PaK 6 .

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kfaxNÐTI 4 CabBaØtþiTTYlsÁal;nUvkarkMNt;Camuntammtksasn_ nUvviFIeFVIkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb; PaKbRmug edaymtkCn . ]TahrN_xagelIenH EdlmansnþtiCn 3 nak; KW A, B nig C ehIymtkCn)an kMNt;[eTA A 1200 duløar/ [eTA B 300 duløar ehIyeRkABIenH mankMNt;fa RbsinebIRtUvkat;bnßy edIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmugrbs; C RtUvkat;bnßy 250 duløar BI A . kñúgkrNIenH RtUvGnuvtþtammtksasn_enH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1034 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1238>- lMdab;énkarkat;bnßyRbTankm μ CaGaT× 1-karkat;bnßyRbTankm μ b¤ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess RtUvcab;epþIm

BIRbTankm μ b¤ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiessEdl)aneFVIeRkayeK bnÞab;mk RtUv eFVIcMeBaHRbTankm μ b¤ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiessEdl)aneFVIBImunmkCabnþ bnÞab; .

2-ebI)aneFVIRbTankm μ b¤ TTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess elIsBI 20 ¬émÖ¦ qñaM enAmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ bdiKÁahk b¤ snþtiCnEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_ BiessenaHGacbdiesFnUvkarTamTarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIlMdab; CaGaT× énkarkat;bnßyRbTankm μ b¤ plRbeyaCn_Biess kñúgkrNI

EdlminGaceFVIkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug)an edayRtwmEtBIRTBüEdlmtkCnmanenAeBlcab;epþIm snþtikmμ .

kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)aneFVIRbTankmμnUvRTBüCaeRcIn dl;CnEdlRtUv)an sn μtfaCasnþtiCn CaGaT× eBlxøÜnenArs; karkat;bnßyRbTankmμ b¤ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess RtUvcab; epþImBIRbTankmμ b¤ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiessEdl)aneFVIeRkayeK . b:uEnþ RbsinebICnEdlRtUv)an eFVIkarkat;bnßy CasnþtiCn ehIysamIxøÜnRtUv)anbMBanedaysarkarkat;bnßyenH karkat;bnßyenHRtUveFVIeLIg edaydknUvPaKbRmugrbs;snþtiCnenHsin ¬maRta 1233¦ . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnmanshB½T§ A nig kUn B nig C ehIy 3 qñaMmuneBlTTYlmrNPaB mtkCn)aneFVIRbTankmμ[ B edIm,IeFIVCaTun sRmab;muxCMnYj 1100 duløar ehIyknøHqñaMmunnwgTTYlmrNPaB )aneFVIRbTankm μ[ A cMnYn 300 duløar . CalT§pl mt’kenAsl;Et 100 duløarb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNIenH eTaHbICa C TTYlykTaMgGs;k¾eday k¾enAEt

100

RtUv)anbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;xøÜn 150 duløareTot . dUecñH C nwgTamTarBI A Edl)anTTYlRbTankm μ eRkay enaH kat;bnßyBIkarTTYlRbTankm μ edIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKRbmugenaH . k¾b:uEnþ kat;bnßy)anEt 50 duløar edaydk BIPaKbRmugrbs; A b:ueNÑaH ehIy 100 duløarEdlenAxVHenaH C GacTamTar[kat;bnßyBI B )an .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlRbTankm μ b¤ karTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiessenaH RtUv)aneFVIeLIg yUryarNas;ehIy bdiKÁahk b¤ snþtiCnEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_Biess GacbdiesFnUvkarTamTarkat; bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug)an . enHCaeKalKMnitdUcGaC£ayukalénkarrlt;siT§iEdr k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIyk GMLúgeBl 10 qñaMénGaC£ayukalénkarrlt;siT§ienaH mkGnuvtþkñúgenH dUcCaxøIeBk . ]TahrN_ eBlmanGayu 65 qñaM mtkCn)aneFVIRbTankm μRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜnswgEtTaMgGs;eTA[CnEdlRtUv)ansnμtfaCasnþtiCn BiessNamñak; ehIy)anTTYlmrNPaBeBlmanGayu 76 qñaM snþtiCnepSgeTotElg)anTTYlnUvPaKbRmug rbs;xøÜneTA eXIjfa minmansmPaBrvagsnþtiCn dUecñHehIy)anCakñúgenH GMLúgeBlenH RtUv)ankMNt; 20 qñaMeTAvij . dUecñH kñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH RbsinebIRbTankm μcMeBaH B edIm,Ikic©karCMnYjrbs;xøÜnenaH )anknøgputCag 20 qñaMehIy B GacbdiesFmin[kat;bnßy)an . pÞúyeTAvij tamkarTamTarrbs; C Rbsin ebI B yl;RBmRbKl;vijcMnYn 100 duløar [ C enaH k¾minmanbBaðaGIVEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 1035 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

maRta 1239>- karsgplmkvij shsnþtiCn Gc©½ylaPI b¤ bdiKÁahk eRkABIRTBüsm,tþi b¤ R)ak;sMNg

EdlRtUvsgmkvijenaH RtUvsgmkvijpgEdrnUvplEdlekIteLIgeRkayBIéf¶Edl

)anTamTar[eFVIkarkat;bnßy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa Gc©½ylaPI CaGaT× EdlRtUv)anTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug RtUvsgmkvij

pgEdrnUvplEdlekIteLIg eRkayBIéf¶Edl)anTamTar[eFVIkarkat;bnßyenaH . maRtaenH GacGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIEdlshsnþtiCn nig Gc©½ylaPI )anTTYlBitR)akdnUvmt’kenaH .

]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmankarkMNt;nUvsmamaRténcMENkmt’k k¾b:uEnþ min)aneFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenaH eTAtamsmamaRtenaHeT enaHshsnþtiCnEdlRtUv)anTamTar[kat;bnßyenaH minGaceFVIlT§kmμnUvplenH )aneT ehtuenHehIy kñúgkrNIenHminGacGnuvtþmaRtaenH)aneT .

101

müa:geTot plEdlCakmμvtßúénsMNgenH minRtUvkRmitRtwmEtplEdl)aneFVIlT§km μBitR)akd eRkayéf¶ Edl)aneFVIkarTamTareT . KWbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 3 énmaRta 156 RtUvGnuvtþedaysTis )anesckIþfa RtUvmankrNIykic©sgsMNgnUvtémøénplEdlRtUv)anxUcxat b¤ eFVsRbEhskñúgkarTTYl edaykMhus cab;BI éf¶Edl)anTTYlkarTamTar[kat;bnßy . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1036 én Rkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1240>- bnÞúkénkarxatbg; edayGsaFnPaB karxatbg;EdlekIteLIgedaysarGsaFnPaB rbs;shsnþtiCn Gc©½y-

laPI b¤ bdiKÁahk EdlRtUvTTYlkarkat;bnßy RtUvFøak;CabnÞúkrbs;GñkmansiT§ielI PaKbRmug .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa RbsinebIshsnþtiCn Gc©½ylaPI b¤ bdiKÁahk EdlRtUvTTYlkarkat;bnßy minGac

sgRTBüEdl)anTTYlBImtkCnvij)an b¤ minGacsgnUvtémøénRTBüenaH)an edaysarGsaFnPaB karxat bg;EdlekIteLIgedaysarGsaFnPaBrbs;shsnþtiCnenaH RtUvFøak;CabnÞúkrbs;GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug . kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageToténsiT§iTamTar[sg sßitkñúgGsaFnPaB tameKalkarN_énRkmrdæb,evNI GñkmansiT§i CaGñkTTYlbnÞúknUvkarxatbg;enaH ehIymaRtaenHk¾GnuvtþtameKalkarN_enHEdr . lT§pl énkarGnuvtþmaRtaenHKW eTaHCaGñkmankatBVkic©CaGñkGsaFnk¾eday GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugenaH minGac TamTar[GñkmankatBVkic©kñúglMdab;bnÞab; sgnUvcMENkEdlTamTarmin)anRKb;enaHeT . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNI enAkñúgmaRta 1238 eTaHbICa A CaGñkGsaFn ehIyminGacsg 50 duløarcMeBaH C )ank¾eday k¾ C minGacTamTar[ B sgelIsBIcMnYn 100 duløar EdlxøÜnRtUvsgenaHeT ehIyeTaHCa C manPaKbRmug 250 duløark¾eday tamPaBBit )anTTYlEt 200 duløarb:ueNÑaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1037 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1241>- karkat;bnßyRbTankm μEdlmanP¢ab;bnÞúk cMeBaHRbTankm μEdlmanP¢ab;bnÞúk Edl)andktémøénbnÞúkecjBIkñúgtémø

102

énkm μvtßúenaH GacTamTar[eFVIkarkat;bnßy)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ témøénRbTankmμEdlP¢ab;bnÞúk KWCatémøénkmμvtßúenaH dknwgtémøénbnÞúk ehtuenHehIy maRtaenHEcgfa

cMeBaHRbTankm μEdlmanP¢ab;bnÞúk témøénkm μvtßúdknwgtémøénbnÞúk KWCakm μvtßúénkarkat;bnßy . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1038 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1242>- karkat;bnßycMeBaHkic©snüa CaGaT× EdlRtUvcat;TukfaCa RbTankm μ

1-kic©snüaEdl)aneFVIedayyktémøfñÚrminRtwmRtUv RtUvcat;TukfaCaRbTan-km μ EtkñúgkrNIEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg edayPaKITaMgsgxag)andwgfa nwgbNþal

[xUcxatdl;GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNIenH ebIGñkmansiT§ielI PaKbRmug TamTar[eFVIkarkat;bnßyenaH GñkenaHRtUvsgtémøfñÚrenaHmkvij .

2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaH karelIkElgkatBVkic© edayyktémøfñÚrminRtwmRtUv .

¬kMMNt;¦ rbbPaKbRmug KWCarbbkarBarCnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug BIkarcat;EcgedayK μankéRm dUecñH cMeBaH

kic©snüaEdlmantémøfñÚrminRtwmRtUv CaGaT× k¾KYrEtykmkeFVICakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug Edr . dUecñHehIy)anCamaRtaenH)ancat;Tukfa kic©snüaRbePTenHk¾CaRbTankm μEdr RbsinebIRsbnwgl½kçx½NÐ kMNt;mYy ehIyEcgGMBIkarsgnUvtémøfñÚrenaH)an .

kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnmanRTBümYytémø 500 duløar ehIy)anlk;Et 100 duløarb:ueNÑaH RbsinebIPaKITaMgsgxag)andwgfa karlk;TijenHnwgbMBanPaKbRmugrbs;snþtiCn kic©snüaenaHRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbTankmμ ehIykøayeTACakmμvtßúénkarkat;bnßy . k¾b:uEnþ eBleFVIkarkat; bnßykarlk;TijenH témøfñÚr 100 duløar RtUvsgeTA[GñkTijvij edIm,IrkSanUvsmPaBrvagPaKI .

kfaxNÐTI 2 kMNt;fa RtUvcat;EcgdUcKñaEdr cMeBaHkarelIkElgkatBVkic©edayyktémøfñÚrminRtwmRtUv . müa:geTot karelIkElgkatBVkic©edayK μantémøfñÚr RtUvcat;TukfaCaRbTankm μcMeBaHcMnYnR)ak;TaMgGs; eday

103

eyagtammaRta 1232 kfaxNÐTI 2 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 1039 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

maRta 1243>- karkat;bnßykñúgkrNIEdl)ancat;EcgkmμvtßúénRbTankm μ 1-ebIshsnþtiCn Gc©½ylaPI b¤ bdiKÁahk EdlRtUvTTYlkarkat;bnßy

)aneFVIGnub,TannUvkmμvtßúénRbTankm μ eTA[GñkdéT CnenaHRtUvsgcMnYnTwkR)ak; kñúgkRmiténtémøenAeBlEdl)ancat;EcgenaH eTA[GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug .

b:uEnþ RbsinebIGnub,TanikenaH)andwgfa nwgbNþal[xUcxatdl;GñkmansiT§ielI PaKbRmug enAeBleFVIGnub,Tan GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugk¾GacTamTar[kat; bnßycMeBaHGnub,TanikenaH )anEdr .

2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaH krNIEdlshsnþtiCn Gc©½ylaPI b¤ bdiKÁahk )anbegáItsiT§ielIkm μvtßúén RbTankm μenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIcat;EcgEdlGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugGaceFVI)an cMeBaHkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnEdl

RtUvTTYlkarkat;bnßy CaGaT× )aneFIVGnub,TannUvkm μvtßúénRbTankmμeTA[GñkdéT b¤ )anbegáItplubePaK b¤ siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS CaGaT× sRmab;GñkdéT .

kfaxNÐTI 1 KWCabBaØtþisRmab;krNIEdl)aneFIVGnub,TannUvkmμvtßúeTA[GñkdéT EdlmanEcgfa kñúg krNIenH Ganub,TayIRtUvsgCaR)ak; kñúgkRmiiténtémøenAeBlEdl)ancat;EcgenaH eTA[GñkmansiT§ielIPaK bRmug . müa:geTot enAeBleFVIGnub,TanenaH RbsinebIGnub,Tanik)andwgfa nwgbNþal[mankarxUcxat dl;GñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugenaH k¾GacTamTar[kat;bnßy cMeBaHGnub,Tanik )anEdr . dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgmaRta 1235 rYcmkehIy lkçN³tampøÚvc,ab;énsiT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy edIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug KWCa {siT§ibegáItTMnak;TMngKtiyutþ} dUecñH Gc©½yTan b¤ RbTankmμ CaGaT× RtUv)at;bg;nUv GanuPaBedaysV½yRbvtþi kñúgkRmitEdl)anbMBandl;PaKbRmugenaH edaykarGnuvtþsiT§irbs;GñkmansiT§ielI PaKbRmugenaH . dUecñH siT§iEdlGc©½ylaPI)anTTYl RtUvFøak;eTAelIGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug Edl)anTTYl snþtikmμBImtkCn kñúgkRmitenaH . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlkmμvtßúenaHRtUv)anepÞreTA[GñkdéT RbsinebIcat;Tuk 104

fa Gnub,TanenaHKμansuBlPaBeT nwgeFVI[)at;bg;nUvsuvtßiPaBkñúgkic©karCMnYj ehtuenHehIy kñúgkrNIenH RKan;EttRmUv[sgtémøenaHb:ueNÑaH ehIymanEtkrNIEdlRbsinebIGnub,Tanik)andwgfa nwgbNþal[mankar xUcxatdl;GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug enAeBlEdl)anTTYlGnub,TanenaHeT EdlRtUvcat;Tukfa Gnub,TanenaH K μansuBlPaB tameKalkarN_ .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþisRmab;krNIEdlmankarbegáItplubePaK b¤ siT§iR)atiePaKRbtükS CaGaT× sRmab; GñkdéT . edaysarbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdrcMeBaHkrNIenH RbsinebIplubePaKI CaGaT× CaCnTuc©rit eBlbegáItsiT§ienaH GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug GacGHGagGMBIkarrlt;siT§i CaGaT× enaH)an ehIyRbsinebIplubePaKI CaGaT× kan;kab;km μvtßúenaH GacTamTar[RbKl;vij b¤ GacTamTar[Gñkman siT§ielIhIub:UEtklubecalnUvkarcuHbBa¢IénkarbegáIthIub:UEtkenaH)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1040 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1244>- sMNgedaybg;témø 1-shsnþtiCn Gc©½ylaPI b¤ bdiKÁahk GacrYcputBIkatBVkic©énkarsg

)an edaybg;témøéncMENkmt’kEdl)ankMNt; témøénkm μvtßúénGc©½yTan b¤ témø énkm μvtßúénRbTankm μ eTA[GñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug RtwmkRmitEdlRtUvTTYl

karkat;bnßy . 2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaH

krNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgvaküxNÐTI 2 kfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1243 ¬karkat; bnßykñúgkrNIEdl)ancat;EcgkmμvtßúénRbTankmμ¦ xagelIenH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa GñkmankatBVkic©énkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug GacrYcputBIkatBVkic©én

karsg)an edaybg;témøénkm μvtßúenaHeTA[GñkEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug . dUcEdl)anBnül;kñúgmaRta 1235 rYcehIy lkçN³tampøÚvc,ab;énkarkat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug KWCa {siT§ibegáItTMnak;TMngKtiyutþ} dUecñH siT§iEdlGc©½ylaPI CaGaT× )anTTYl RtUvFøak;eTAlIGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug Edl)anTTYlsnþtikmμBI mtkCn edaykarGnuvtþsiT§irbs;GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug kñúgkRmitedIm,IrkSaPaKbRmugenaH . k¾b:uEnþ eday BicarNadl;karkarBarCIvPaBrs;enArbs;GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugenaH mincaM)ac;sgvtßúenaHvijeT RKan;Etsg

105

éføenaHvij CakarRKb;RKan;ehIy . kfaxNÐTI 1 RtUv)anEcgeLIg kñúgeKalKMnitenH . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlGñkmankatBVkic©)anGHGagfanwgsgéfø ehIy)anRBmeRBogKñaelItémøenaH

eRkayBI)ansgéføenaHehIy siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßynwgrlt;edaysV½yRbvtþi . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIGñkman katBVkic©)antva:nwgkarsgéføenH tambNþwgénkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug etIRtUveFIVkar vinicä½yya:gdUcemþc KWCabBaðamYyEdr . RbsinebIedaysarRKan;EteFVIkartva:enH siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßyenH RtUvrlt; ehIyelIkecalnUvkarTamTarenaHeTA nwgeFVI[xUcplRbeyaCn_ya:gF¶n;F¶rdl;GñkmansiT§i . pÞúyeTA vij karTTYlsÁal;nUvkarTamTar RbsinebIBuM)ansgéføBitR)akd k¾CabBaðamYyEdlxusnwgeKalKMnitén maRtaenHEdr CaBiess eBlEdlmanvivaTsþIBItémøenH . dUecñH enAkñúgesckþIseRmcbBa©b;énsalRkm b¤ saldIka tulakarKYrEtbBa¢ak;fa bgÁab;[sgnUvvtßúedaykarkat;bnßy ehIykMNt;témøCamun ehIyRbsinebI GñkmankatBVkic©)ansg 00 erol GñkmankatBVkic©enHGacrYcputBIkar[sgvtßúenaH)an .

müa:geTot RbsinebIGñkmankatBVkic©min)anGHGagfa nwgsgedaybg;témøeT GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug minGacTamTar[sgCaR)ak;)aneT KWGacRtwmEtTamTar[sgvtßúenaHvijEtb:ueNÑaH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmankarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug cMeBaHGnub,Tanik CaGaT× EdlCaCnTuc©ritGMBIkarbgá[mankarxUcxatdl;GñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug k¾Gnub,Tanik CaGaT× enaH Gacsgedaybg;CaR)ak;)anEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1041 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

EpñkTI 3 karrMlt;siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy

maRta 1245>- GaC£ayukalénkarrMlt;siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy RtUvrlt;edayGaCJayukal ebIGMLúgeBl 1 ¬mYy¦

qñaM )anknøghYs Kitcab;BIeBlEdlGñkmansiT§ielIPaKbRmug)andwgGMBIkarcab; epþImsnþtikmμ nig karkMNt;cMENkmt’k Gc©½yTan RbTankmμ b¤ karTTYlpl

RbeyaCn_BiessEdlRtUvkat;bnßy . siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy k¾RtUvrlt;eday

GaCJayukal ebIGMLúgeBl 5 ¬R)aM¦ qñaM )anknøghYs Kitcab;BIeBlcab;epþIm

snþtikmμ .

106

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGaC£ayukalénkarrMlt;siT§iTamTar[kat;bnßy . kñúgcMeNamGMLúgeBlénGaC£ayukalénkarrMlt;siT§i GMLúgeBlxøI KWRtUv)anEcgtRmUveTAnwgGMLúgeBlén

GaC£ayukalénkarGnuvtþsiT§ilubecalnUvGMeBIEdlnaM[xUcxatplRbeyaCn_ rIÉGMLúgeBlEvgvij RtUv)anEcg tRmUveTAnwg 5 qñaM EdlCaGMLúgeBlTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ . karlubecalnUvGMeBIEdlnaM[xUcxat plRbeyaCn_ caM)ac;RtUvGnuvtþtampøÚvtulakar ¬maRta 428 kfaxNÐTI 1¦ rIÉkarTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,I b®gÁb;PaKbRmug mincaM)ac;GnuvtþtampøÚvtulakareT . dUecñH GacGnuvtþsiT§ienHkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enH cMeBaHGñkmankatBVkic© edaymincaM)ac;dak;BakübNþwgeT . tamry³karGnuvtþsiT§iTamTarenH kmμsiT§iTaMgmUl b¤ mYyPaKénkmμvtßú RtUvepÞreTAGñkmansiT§iedaysV½yRbvtþi . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIGñkmankatBVkic©min)anRbKl; b¤ shRbtibtþikareFVInItiviFIcuHbBa¢IeT caM)ac;RtUvdak;BakübNþwg . cMNucenH KWdUcKñanwgkrNIEdl)anbegáIt kic©snüalk;Tij k¾b:uEnþ Gñklk;min)anGnuvtþkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1042 énRkmrdæb,evNICbu:n nig maRta 540 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1246>- kare)aHbg;PaKbRmug PaKbRmug Gace)aHbg;ecalTaMgGs; b¤ mYyEpñk)an . b:uEnþ kare)aHbg;

PaKbRmugenAmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ manGanuPaB luHRtaEt)anTTYlkarGnu-BaØatBItulakar .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa Gace)aHbg;PaKbRmug)an . kare)aHbg;nUvPaKbRmug GaceFVI)anedaykarbgðajqnÞ³Etmçag cMeBaHGñkmankatBVkic© . tamFm μta

karrlt;énsiT§iTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug nwgekIteLIgedaykarminGnuvtþsiT§ikñúgGMLúgeBlEdl )anEcgkñúgmaRtamunenH . b:uEnþ man]TahrN_ dUcCakarTTYlR)ak;kMNt;mYyBICnEdlmankatBVkic© ehIyCa fñÚr KWRtUve)aHbg;nUvPaKbRmugEdlenAxVH CaedIm .

vaküxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa edIm,Ie)aHbg;nUvPaKbRmugmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ caM)ac;RtUvmankarGnuBaØat BItulakar . edIm,IkMu[mankare)aHbg;siT§ienHTukCamun edaysarEtcaj;GMNacrbs;«Bukmþay CaGaT× caM)ac; RtUvmankarBinitütagnamCaGaNaBüa)al edaytulakar . tulakarEdlTTYlBaküsMu[GnuBaØatenaH RtUveFVI

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karvinicä½yedayBinitüemIlfa etIkare)aHbg;enaH CaqnÞ³Bitrbs;CnEdlmansiT§ielIPaKbRmugb¤eT etIkare)aH bg;enaHmanPaBsmehtusmplEdrb¤eT etIcaM)ac;e)aHbg;b¤eT etImantémøCafñÚrEdrb¤eT CaGaT× . müa:geTot eTaHCa)ane)aHbg;siT§ienHmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ edayTTYlkarGnuBaØatBItulakark¾eday k¾GñkmansiT§ielI PaKbRmugenaHGacdak;BaküsMu[tulakarlubecalkarGnuBaØatmun)an enAmuneBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μEdr Rbsin ebIsßanPaBmankarpøas;bþÚreRkayeBle)aHbg;siT§ienaH . enHKWeyagtamkarbkRsayfa tulakarGaclub ecalnUvkarGnuBaØatþmun tamBaküsuM)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1043 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1247>- krNICashsnþtiCn karrlt;edayGaC£ayukal énsiT§iTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug

rbs;snþtiCnNamñak; b¤ kare)aHbg;PaKbRmugedayshsnþtiCnNamñak; BMuman

\T§iBleTAelIPaKbRmugrbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeToteT .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmanshsnþtiCn PaKbRmugrbs;mñak;²manepSgBIKña dUecñH karrlt;eday

GaC£ayukalénsiT§iTamTar[kat;bnßyedIm,Ib®gÁb;PaKbRmug rbs;shsnþtiCnNamñak; BMuman\T§iBleTAelI PaKbRmugrbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeT .

maRtaenH KWCalT§plEdl)anmkedaysV½yRbvtþiBImaRta 1230 kfaxNÐTI 2 k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IkMu[mankar yl;eXIjdUcKñacMeBaHkare)aHbg;nUvsnþtikmμ caM)ac;RtUvmanbBaØtþienH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1043 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

CMBUkTI 5 karyl;RBm nig kare)aHbg;snþtikmμ

EpñkTI 1 bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA

maRta 1248>- GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg; 1-snþtiCn RtUveFVIkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;snþtikm μ TaMgRsug b¤ eday

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kRmit enAkñúgGMLúgeBl 3 ¬bI¦ Ex Kitcab;BIeBlEdl)andwgfa snþtikmμcMeBaH xøÜn )ancab;epþIm . b:uEnþ GMLúgeBlenH GacBnüareTot)an tamBaküsMurbs;snþti-CneTAtulakar .

2-snþtiCn GaceFVIkarRsavRCavmt’k)an enAmuneBleFVIkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg; .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIkarGace)aHbg;ecal b¤ Gacyl;RBmTaMgRsug b¤ edaykRmit nUvsnþtikmμ

RBmTaMgGMLúgeBlEdlRtUveFVIkarseRmcenaH . snþtiCnGace)aHbg;snþtikm μ)an . kñúgRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa maRta 583 snþtiCnEdlman

PaKbRmugminGace)aHbg;snþtikm μ)aneT ehIyRbsinebImtkCnmankatBVkic© RtUvsgkatBVkic©enH[rYcTaMg Gs; . k¾b:uEnþ ebIkMNt;dUecñH snþtiCnEdlRKan;Et)aneFVIsnþtikm μ GacFnkS½y)an ehIyenHCakarF¶n;F¶reBk ehtuenHehIy)anCaRkmenHTTYlsÁal;[snþtiCnTaMgGs;e)aHbg;snþtikm μ)an . enHKWmincMeBaHEtkrNIEdl mt’krbs;mtkCnminRKb;RKan;edIm,IsgkatBVkic©eT eTaHCamtkCnKμankatBVkic©k¾eday karmincg;bMEbkmt’k ehIytRmUv[snþtiCnNamñak;TTYlsrub b¤ karmincg;Bak;B½n§nwgshsnþtiCnepSgeTot edaysarkarmincUl citþKñaCaedIm krNITaMgenHsuT§EtGacmankare)aHbg;snþtikm μ . müa:geTot karyl;RBmedaykRmitrbs; snþtiCn k¾GacTTYlsÁal;)anEdr . karyl;RBmedaykRmit KWkaryl;RBmedaybRmugTuknUvsMNgkatBVkic© nig Gc©½yTanrbs;mtkCn)an RtwmkRmiténRTBüsm,tþiEdlxøÜn)anTTYltamry³snþtikmμEtb:ueNÑaH ¬maRta 1256¦ ehIy . viFIenHRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;;krNIEdlcMnYnTwkR)ak;énkatBVkic© minc,as;las; CaGaT× . müa:g eTot snþtiCnk¾Gacyl;RBmTaMgRsug)an edayTTYlbnþTaMgGs;nUvmt’kskmμ nig mt’kGkmμ . edayELk karyl;RBm nig kare)aHbg; minGaceFVIcMeBaHEtsnþtikm μmYyPaK)aneT ehIyeTaHbICa)aneFVIdUecñaHk¾eday k¾K μansuBlPaBEdr . maRta 1947 nig maRta 1950 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g; manEcgbBa¢ak;Edr k¾b:uEnþ kñúgenHCakarFmμtaeT .

kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa GMLúgeBlEdlRtUveFVIkarvinicä½yeRCIserIsRbePTNamYy ¬ehAfa GMLúgeBlKit [)anditdl;¦ KW 3 Ex Kitcab;BIeBlEdl)andwgfa snþtikm μcMeBaHxøÜn)ancab;epþIm . RbsinebIGMLúgeBl enHEvgeBk Gacman\T§iBldl;karGnuvtþsiT§irbs;GñkmansiT§ielIbMNulcMeBaHmtkCn ehtuenHehIy)anCa )ankMNt;GMLúgeBldUcenH . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmt’ksßitenAkEnøgeRcIn CaGaT× mankarBi)aknwgseRmce)aH bg; b¤ yl;RBmkñúgGMLúgeBl 3 ExenHEdr dUecñH muneBl 3 ExenH)anknøgput Gacdak;BaküsMu[tulakar

109

Bnüar {GMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;} enH)an . cMeBaHtulakarEdl)anTTYlBaküsMuenH RtUveFVIkarkMNt;GMLúg eBlEdlRtUvBnüarenH edayvinicä½yeTAtamcMnYn b¤ KuNPaBénmt’k b¤ katBVkic© EdlTTYledaysnþtikm μ CaGaT× . CaBiess edIm,IeFVIkaryl;RBmedaymankRmit caM)ac;RtUveFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ ¬maRta 1257¦ ehIyEdlGacmankarcaM)ac;xøaMgkñúgkarBnüarGMLúgeBl .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa snþtiCnGacRsavRCavmt’k)an munnwgeFIVkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg; . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 915 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1249>- krNIBiessénGMLúgeBl ebIsnþtiCnTTYlmrNPaB ebIsnþtiCn)anTTYlmrNPaB enAmuneBleFVIkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;

GMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkar yl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ xagelIenH RtUvKNnaedayKitcab;BIeBlEdlsnþtiCn

rbs;CnenaH )andwgfa snþtikm μcMeBaHxøÜn )ancab;epþIm .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkrNIBIessén {GMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;} kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)anTTYlmrNPaB

edaymin)aneFVIkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg; . ]TahrN_ A )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIy B nig C CasnþtiCnrbs; A k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI B )anTTYlmrNPaB

edayminTan;yl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;enAeLIy GMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;cMeBaH A rbs; D EdlCasnþtiCnrbs; B RtUvKNnaedayKitBIeBlEdl D )andwgfa )ancab;epþImsnþtikm μBI B . kñúgkrNIenH D k¾RtUveFVIkaryl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;nUvsnþtikm μcMeBaHmt’krbs; B Edr k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebI D )ane)aHbg;nUvsnþtikm μcMeBaHmt’krbs; B eBlenaHKWminGaceFIVkaryl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;nUvsnþtikm μcMeBaHmt’krbs; A )aneT mann½yfa D )ane)aHbg; ecalTaMgrbs; A TaMgrbs; B . D GaceFVIkaryl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;ecalnUvsnþtikmμcMeBaHmt’krbs; A )an EtkñúgkrNIEdl)anyl;RBmnUvsnþtikmμcMeBaHmt’krbs; B b:ueNÑaH . D Gacyl;RBmedaykRmitnUvsnþtikm μ cMeBaHmt’krbs; B ehIyGacyl;RBmTaMgRsugnUvsnþtikmμcMeBaHmt’krbs; A )an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 916 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

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maRta 1250>- krNIBiessénGMLúgeBl ebIsnþtiCnCaGnItiCn CaGaT× ebIsnþtiCn CaGnItiCn b¤ CnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA GMLúgeBl

Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ xagelIenH RtUvKNnaedayKitcab;BIeBlEdlGñktMNagEdlc,ab; )ankMNt;enaH )andwgfa snþtikmμcMeBaHCnEdlCaGnItiCn b¤ CnenAeRkam

GaNaBüa)alTUeTAenaH )ancab;epþIm .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiBiessénGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl; kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnCaGnItiCn b¤ CnenAeRkam

GaNaBüa)alTUeTA . RbsinebIsnþtiCnCaGnItiCn b¤ CaCnEdlenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTA karyl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg; caM)ac;

RtUv[GñkmansiT§iGMNacem)a b¤ GñkGaNaBüa)al eFIVkarseRmcedIm,IsamIxøÜnenaH ¬maRta 1053/ maRta 1080/ maRta 1114¦ . dUecñH GMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;enHRtUvKNna edayKitcab;BIeBlEdlGñkTaMg enaH)andwgfa snþtikmμcMeBaHCnEdlCaGnItiCn b¤ CnenAeRkamGaNaBüa)alTUeTAenaH )ancab;epþIm . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdl«Buk b¤ mþayEdlCaCnEdlmanGMNacem)aEtÉg )anTTYlmrNPaB GMLúgeBl Kit[)anditdl;sRmab;kUnEdlCasnþtiCnenH ¬GnItiCn¦ RtUvKNna cab;BIéf¶EdlGñkGaNaBüa)alsRmab; GnItiCnrbs;kUnenHRtUv)aneRCIstaMg . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 917 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1251>- krNIBiessénGMLúgeBl ebIsnþtiCnmindwgGMBIGtßiPaBén

katBVkic© 1-kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCnmankatBVkic©EdlmancMnYnTwkR)ak;eRcIn ehIy

minGacykmt’keTAsg[RKb;cMnYn)aneT ebIsnþtiCnminGacdwgGMBIGtßiPaBén

katBVkic©enaH tamsßanPaBénCIvPaBrbs;mtkCn sßanPaBénRTBüsm,tþirbs; mtkCn b¤ sßanPaBepSg²eTot GMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1

énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ xagelIenH RtUvKNna

111

edayKitcab;BIeBlEdlsnþtiCn)andwgGMBIGtßiPaBénkatBVkic©enaH . 2-kñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH ebIsnþtiCn

)ancat;Ecgmt’kedIm,IsgkatBVkic©epSg EdlRtUv)anTTYltamry³snþtikmμ enA muneBl)andwgGMBIGtßiPaBénkatBVkic©Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 dEdl

enH bBaØtþiéncMNuc k maRta 1255 ¬karyl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;¦ énRkmenH minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiBiesssþIBIGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl; kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnmin)andwgGMBIGtßiPaBén

katBVkic©EdlmtkCnman . kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)andwgfa mtkCnmankatBVkic©eRcIn b¤ GacmankatBVkic©eRcIn snþtiCnc,as;Ca

nwge)aHbg; b¤ TTYlsnþtikm μedaymankRmit . k¾b:uEnþ mankrNIxøHEdlsnþtiCn minGacdwg)anfa etImtkCn mankatBVkic©eRcIn edaysarsßanPaBénCIvPaBrs;enArbs;mtkCn sßanPaBénRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn b¤ sßanPaBepSg²eTot . ]TahrN_ mtkCn)anFanasRmab;ttiyCnNamñak; k¾b:uEnþ eRkayeBlcab;epþIm snþtikmμ ttiyCnenaHRtUvFnkS½y ehIym©as;bMNulenaH)anmkTamTar[snþtiCnGnuvtþkatBVkic©FanaenaH . cMeBaHkrNIenH eTaHbICasnþtiCnenaHmin)ane)aHbg; b¤ yl;RBmedaymankRmit kñúgGMLúgeBlKit[)an ditdl;k¾eday RbsinebI[snþtiCnenaHTTYlxusRtUvnUvbnÞúkenHEdr KWCakareFVIRCulhYsehtueBk . ehtuenH ehIy)anCa kñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 manEcgfa kñúgkrNIenH GMLúgeBlRtUvKit[)anditdl;enH RtUvKNnacab; BIeBlEdlsnþtiCn)andwgfa mankatBVkic©enaH . bBaØtþienHRtUv)anEcgeLIg edayeyageTAtamsaldIka rbs;tulakarkMBUlCb:un éf¶TI 27 Exemsa qñaM 1984 . saldIkaenHseRmcfa RbsinebIsnþtiCneCOCak;fa mtkCnenHK μanmt’kskmμeT ehIykareCOCak;enHmanehtuplsmrmü GMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;enH RtUv KNnaBIeBlEdl)andwgfa mankatBVkic© . kfaxNÐTI 1 )anBRgIkeKalKMnitenH edayEcgfa eTaHbICa snþtiCn)andwgfa manmt’kk¾eday k¾Gace)aHbg;nUvsnþtikm μ)an CaGaT× Edr .

eTaHbICamanbBaØtþiBiessdUckñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 sþIBIGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;k¾eday RbsinebIman mUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;epSgeTot k¾mankrNIEdlminGacTTYlnUvGMeNayplénbBaØtþi BiessenHEdr . dUecñH kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa eTaHbICasnþtiCn)ancat;Ecgmt’kehIy muneBl)andwgfa mankatBVkic©enaHk¾eday RbsinebIkarcat;EcgenaHRtUv)aneFVIedIm,IsgkatBVkic©epSgeTotEdlRtUvTTYleday snþtikmμ RtUvcat;Tukfa minEmnCakrNIEdlmanmUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;eT edaysarkar

112

cat;EcgenaH caM)ac;edIm,IGnuvtþkatBVkic© . sUmemIlesckIþkMNt; enAkñúgmaRta 1255 cMNuc k .

maRta 1252>- karlubecalkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg; 1-karyl;RBm nig kare)aHbg;snþtikm μ minGaclubecal)aneLIy eTaH

CaenAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúg

eBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ énRkmenH k¾eday . 2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH BMuraraMgcMeBaHkarlubecalnUvkaryl;

RBm b¤ e)aHbg;snþtikm μ edayykmUlehtumanvikar³kñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³eLIy .

b:uEnþ siT§ilubecalenH RtUvrlt; ebIBMu)anGnuvtþ enAkñúgGMLúgeBl 6 ¬R)aMmYy¦ Ex

Kitcab;BIeBlEdlGacpþl;sc©anumti)an . bBaØtþienHRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapg

Edr cMeBaHkrNIEdlBMu)anGnuvtþsiT§ilubecalenAkñúgGMLúgeBl 5 ¬R)aM¦ qñaM Kit

cab;BIeBlEdlcab;epþImeFVIsnþtikm μ . 3-buKÁlEdlmanbMNgcg;lubecal karyl;RBmedaykRmit b¤ kar

e)aHbg; tambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 xagelIenH RtUvdak;BaküsMulubecalenaH eTA tulakar .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHmanEcgfa CaeKalkarN_ minGaclubecalnUvkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;snþtikm μ)aneT . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa eTaHbICakñúgGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;k¾eday k¾karyl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;nUv

snþtikmμEdl)aneFVImþgehIy minGaclubecalvij)aneLIy . karkRmitnUvsiT§ilubecalenH KWedaysarEt karyl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;nUvsnþtikm μenH man\T§iBlya:gxøaMgeTAelIplRbeyaCn_rbs;CnBak;B½n§dUcCa snþtiCnEdlmanlMdab;bnÞab; b¤ CnmansiT§ielIbMNulEdlTTYledaysnþtikmμ CaGaT× .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþimYyEdlGac[lubecalnUvkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;)an kñúgkrNIEdlman mUlehtufa manvikar³kñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³ dUcCakrNIEdl A nig B CashsnþtiCn ehIy A )anKRmamkMEhg B [e)aHbg;ecalsnþtikm μedIm,ITTYlmt’kEtÉg . kñúgkrNIEdlmanvikar³kñúgkarbgðajqnÞ³yl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg; manPaBcaM)ac;RtUvkarBarsnþtiCnEdl)anbgðajqnÞ³enH ehtudUecñH maRtaenHTTYlsÁal;siT§ilubecal rbs;CnenaH . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebITuk[CnenaHmansiT§ienHrhUteTA nwgeFVI[man\T§iBleTAelIplRbeyaCn_rbs;

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CnEdlBak;B½n§ ehtuenHehIy)anCamankarkRmiitnUvGMLúgeBlEdlGacGnuvtþsiT§ilubecalenH . müa:geTot eTaHbICaGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;enH )anknøgputedaysarkarPan;RcLMk¾eday k¾minGaclubecalnUvkar yl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;)anEdr eRBaHfa minmankarbgðajqnÞ³ .

kfaxNÐTI 3 EcgGMBIviFIlubecalnUvkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;tambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlmankarlubecalnUvskm μPaBcat;EcgEdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCakaryl;RBmTaMg

Rsug edaysarmUlehtuénkarPan;RcLM CaGaT× karyl;RBmTaMgRsugenaHnwg)at;bg; dUecñHmincaM)ac;dak;BaküsMu lubecaleTAtulakar tambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 3 enHeT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 919 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1253>- karhamXat;min[eFVIbNþwgcMeBaHsnþtiCn enAmunkaryl; RBm

siT§iTamTarcMeBaHebtikP½NÐ BMuGacykmkGHGagkñúgbNþwgcMeBaHsnþtiCn

enAmuneBlyl;RBmelIsnþtikm μ)aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa minGacyksiT§iTamTarcMeBaHmt’kmkGHGagkñúgbNþwgcMeBaHsnþtiCn enAmuneBlyl;

RBmTTYlsnþtikmμ)aneT . kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnminTan;)anyl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;ecalnUvsnþtikm μeT GñkTTYlbnþcugeRkayrbs;

mtkCn minTan;c,as;las;eT . dUecñH maRtaenHRtUv)anbBaØtþeLIgsRmab;krNIenH . kñúgkrNIenH RbsinebI m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCncg;eFVIbNþwg Cabzm RtUvTamTar[eFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ tammaRta 1264 sin ehIyRtUveFVIbNþwgcMeBaHGñkRKb;RKgenH . müa:geTot dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHkrNIEdl mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB enAeBlbNþwgcMeBaHmtkCnenaHkMBugRtUv)ancat;kar ehIynItiviFIbNþwgenaH RtUv p¥ak rhUtdl;eBlEdlsnþtiCnyl;RBmsnþtikm μenaH . kñúgkrNIenH RbsinebIPaKImçageTotcg;bnþbNþwgenH [)anqab; caM)ac;RtUvTamTar[eRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 1958 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g;

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EpñkTI 2 karyl;RBm

maRta 1254>- karyl;RBmTaMgRsug ebIsnþtiCn)anyl;RBmTaMgRsug RtUvTTYlbnþedayK μankRmit nUvsiT§i nig

katBVkic©rbs;mtkCnenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGanuPaBtampøÚvc,ab;énkaryl;RBmTaMgRsug . CaeKalkarN_ maRtaenHEcgdUcmaRta 1147 Edr k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;las;nUvcMNucxusKña

nwgkaryl;RBmedaymankRmiit enAkñúgmaRtaenH eRbIBakü {K μankRmit} . etIkaryl;RBmTaMgRsug GaceFIV)antamkarbgðajqnÞ³Edrb¤eT ehIyRbsinebIGac etIRtUvbgðajqnÞ³enaH

cMeBaHnrNa TaMgenHKWCabBaða . karyl;RBmedaykRmit RBmTaMgkare)aHbg; caM)ac;dak;BaküsuMeTAtulakar b:uEnþ maRtaenH nig maRtabnÞab; KμanEcgfa RtUvdak;BaküsuMeTAtulakareFVIeT . enARbeTsCb:un cMeBaHcMNucenH yutþisa®sþ nig TsSn³TUeTA bkRsayfa Gacyl;RBmTaMgRsug tamkarbgðajqnÞ³)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 920 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1255>- karyl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab; kñúgkrNIEdlkMNt;dUcxageRkamenH RtUvcat;Tukfa snþtiCn)anyl;RBm

TaMgRsugtamc,ab; ³ k-ebIsnþtiCn)ancat;Ecgmt’kenaH TaMgGs; b¤ mYyPaK . b:uEnþ

bBaØtþienH minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy cMeBaHskmμPaBrkSa nig skm μPaBRtwmEtCa karRKb;RKg .

x-ebIsnþtiCnmin)anyl;RBmedaykRmit b¤ e)aHbg; enAkñúgGMLúgeBl

Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ énRkmenH .

K-eTaHbICasnþtiCn)anyl;RBmedaykRmit b¤ e)aHbg; k¾eday

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ebIsnþtiCn)anlak;mt’kTaMgGs; b¤ mYyPaK b¤ )aneRbIR)as;mt’kenaHedIm,IxøÜn .

b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHminRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy enAeRkayeBlEdlCnEdl)ankøayCa snþtiCnedaysarkare)aHbg;rbs;snþtiCnlMdab;mun)anyl;RBm .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkareFIV b¤ karmineFIVskm μPaBkMNt;mYyedaysnþtiCn EdlkøayeTACamUlehtuén

karyl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab; . cMNuc k Ecgfa karcat;Ecgmt’kedaysnþtiCn nwgkøayCamUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab; .

müa:geTot kñúgGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl; eTaHbICaGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ)aneFVIskm μPaBbNþwg CaGaT× sþIBImt’k edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1264 k¾eday skm μPaBenHminEmnCaskm μPaBrbs; snþtiCneT ehtuenHehIyminGacykcMNuc k enHmkGnuvtþ)aneT . vaküxNÐTI 2 éncMNucenHbBa¢ak;fa eTaHbICa)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μ CaGaT× k¾eday k¾snþtiCnEdlkan;kab;mt’kenaH mankrNIykic©rkSaRKb;RKg mt’kenaHEdr dUecñH eTaHbICasnþtiCnenaH)aneFVIskm μPaBcaM)ac;edIm,IrkSakarBarmt’kk¾eday k¾skm μPaBenH minEmnCamUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;eT . müa:geTot kñúgcMNucenH manbBaØtþiGBaØRtkmμ énmaRta 1251 kfaxNÐTI 2 . enAkñúgvaküxNÐTI 2 éncMNucenH manKMnitmYyfa [rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkrNIEdl {)ancat;Ecgmt’kedIm,IsgkatBVkic©EdlTTYltamry³snþtikm μ} dUcmaRta 1251 kfaxNÐTI 2 Edr . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdl)ancat;Ecgmt’kedIm,IsgkatBVkic©EdlTTYltamry³snþtikmμ edayykkarN_Edlmt’kskmμ maneRcInCagkatBVkic©EdlTTYledaysnþtikm μ krNIenHKWCakaryl;RBmTTYlsnþtikmμ ehtuenHehIykñúg vaküxNÐTI 2 éncMNuc k enH minmanbBa©ÚlkrNIenHeT . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkrNIRsbnwgmaRta 1251 kfaxNÐTI 1 karcat;Ecgmt’kRtUv)aneFVIedaykarPan;RcLMrbs;snþtiCn RtUvCYyse®gÁaHGñkenaH RtwmkRmitén {karcat;Ecgmt’kedIm,IsgkatBVkic©EdlTTYltamry³snþtikm μ} EdlKμaneKalbMNgbegáInRTBüsamIxøÜn .

cMNuc x Ecgfa karknøgputénGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl; KWCamUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;. karkMNt;nUvGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl;enH KWsRmab;GnuvtþbBaØtþiéncMNucenH .

cMNuc K KWCabBaØtþidak;TNÐkm μ cMeBaHkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μecal k¾b:uEnþ )aneFVIskm μPaB pÞúyBIenH . kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnénlMdab;bnÞab;)anyl;RBm snþtikm μenHRtUv[eTAsnþtiCnlMdab;bnÞab;enaH edIm,I[mansßirPaBtampøÚvc,ab; ehtuenHehIy)anCamanbBaØtþidUcvaküxNÐTI 2 éncMNuc K enH . müa:geTot RbsinebIsnþtiCnlMdab;mun)aneFVIskm μPaBEdl)anEcgkñúgcMNucenH snþtiCnlMdab;bnÞab;GaceFVIkarTamTar [snþtiCnlMdab;munenaHRbKl;mt’kmkvij b¤ GaceFVIkarTamTar[CnenaHsgnUvsMNgénkarxUcxat)an .

116

cMeBaHskmμPaBEdl)aneFVIeRkaykaryl;RBmedaykRmit k¾manbBaØtþiRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgcMNucenH kñúg maRta 1259 Edr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 921 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un . cMeBaHvaküxNÐTI 2 éncMNuc k sUmemIlmaRta 587 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaHcMNuc x sUmemIlmaRta 592 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNI cas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaHcMNuc K sUmemIlmaRta 586 vaküxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

maRta 1256>- karyl;RBmedaymankRmit 1-snþtiCnGacyl;RBm edaybRmugTuknUvsMNgkatBVkic© nig Gc©½yTan

rbs;mtkCn)an RtwmkRmiténRTBüsm,tþiEdlxøÜn)anTTYltamry³snþtikmμ Et

b:ueNÑaH . 2-ebIsnþtiCnmaneRcInnak; karyl;RBmedaykRmitenH GaceFVI)an luHRta

EtshsnþtiCnenaH)aneFVIedayrYmKñaTaMgGs; .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgsþIBIkaryl;RBmedaymankRmit ehIykMNt;niymn½yenH CaGaT× . kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIniymn½yénkaryl;RBmedaymankRmit Edlmanxøwmsarfa eFVIsnþtikmμEdlbRmug

sRmab;sgnUvkatBVkic©Edl)anTTYledaysnþtikmμ edaysgRtwmkRmiiténRTBüsm,tþiEdl)anTTYl eday snþtikmμ . mann½yfa snþtiCnkøayeTACakUnbMNul edayTTYlsnþtikm μnUvkatBVkic©TaMgGs;rbs;mtkCn k¾b:uEnþ snþtiCnGackRmitkarTTYlxusRtUvsg RtwmEtkRmiténmt’kEdl)anTTYledaysnþtikmμ)an . Rbsin ebIsnþtiCnsμ ½RKcitþsgkatBVkic©elIsBImt’kskmμk¾eday k¾minEmnCakarsgedayK μankatBVkic©Edr dUecñHkar sgenH mansuBlPaB . tamRTwsþIsikSacMENkénkatBVkic©EdlelIsmt’kskmμenH eKehAfa katBVkic© Fm μCati ehIymanlkçN³dUckatBVkic©EdlputGMLúgeBlGaC£ayukalEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa cMeBaHkrNIénshsnþtikm μ karyl;RBmedaymankRmitRtUveFVIeLIgrYmTaMgGs;Kña . eBlyl;RBmedaymankRmit caM)ac;RtUvmannItiviFICRmHbBa¢IedIm,I[mansmPaBkñúgkarsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNul rbs;mtkCn ehIyshsnþtikmμTaMgGs;RtUvmankarÉkPaBkñúgkarsgenaH . enHk¾eRBaHfa RbsinebImanEt snþtiCnmYycMnYn)anyl;RBmTaMgRsug ehIy)anGHGagnUvcMENkmt’kenaH karCRmHbBa¢InUvmt’kTaMgGs; nwgK μandMeNIrkarl¥eT . RbsinebIsnþtiCnmYycMnYn)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ enaHKμanbBaðaecaTeT . CnEdl)an

117

e)aHbg;snþtikmμ RtUvcat;Tukfa minEmnCasnþtiCnenaHtaMgBIdMbUgmk ehtuenHehIy snþtiCnEdlenAsl;enaH yl;RBmedaymankRmitrYmKñaeTA)anehIy . müa:geTot mankrNIEdlsnþtiCnmYycMnYn kñúgsnþtiCnEdl yl;RBmedaymankRmit manehtuEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgbBaØtþiénmaRta 1259 kfaxNÐTI 1 ehIyRtUv TTYlxusRtUvdUcKñanwgkaryl;RBmTaMgRsug edayeyagtamkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenaH . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIenH mt’kTaMgGs;RtUvqøgkat;tamnItiviFICRmHbBa¢I dUecñH snþtiCnEdlnwgTTYlxusRtUv tambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1259 enaH minGacGHGagfa xøÜnmansiT§ielIcMENkmt’kskmμEdlminTan;bBa©b;nItiviFIénkarCRmH bBa¢IenHeLIy . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 922 maRta 923 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 590 maRta 604 énRkmrdæb,evNI cas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1257>- viFIénkaryl;RBmedaykRmit snþtiCnEdlmanbMNgcg;yl;RBmedaykRmit RtUveFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ

ehIyRtUvdak;BaküsuMGMBIkaryl;RBmedaykRmitenaH eTAtulakar enAkñúgGMLúgeBl

Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ énRkmenH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH KWCabBaØtþiEcgGMBIviFI CaGaT× sRmab;eFVIkaryl;RBmedaykRmit . edIm,IeFVIkaryl;RBmedaykRmit snþtiCnRtUvdak;BaküsMueTAtulakarkñúgGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl; . kñúg

krNIénshsnþtikmμ eTaHbImansnþtiCnNamñak;Edl)anTuk[GMLúgeBlenHknøgputk¾eday GacKNna GMLúgeBlenH edayykéf¶EdlsnþtiCncugeRkayeKdwgfa snþtikm μ)ancab;epþIm mkeFVICamUldæan . kñúgkrNI énshsnþtikm μ shsnþtiCnTaMgGs; RtUvdak;BaküsuMeTAtulakar edIm,IeFVIkaryl;RBmedaykRmit ¬maRta 1256 kfaxNÐTI 2¦. dUecñH karKNnaGMLúgeBlenHKWedIm,IkarBarsiT§irbs;snþtiCnEdldwgGMBIkarcab;epþIm snþtikmμeRkayeK .

enAeBlEdldak;BaküsMueTAtulakar snþtiCnRtUvdak;bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐénmt’k . TRmg;énbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ K μanEcgkñúgbBaØtþieT k¾b:uEnþ RtUveFVIsresrmt’kskm μ mt’kGkm μ EdlsnþtiCn)anTTYlbnþedaycab;epþIm snþtikmμTaMgGs; kñúgkRmitEdlmanlT§PaBGacdwg . RbsinebImin)anbBa¢ak;kñúgbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐenH[)an

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RKb;RKan;edayectna RtUvcat;TukfaCakaryl;RBmTaMgRsug ¬maRta 1259¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlGacs μan)anfa caM)ac;RtUvkareBlevla edIm,IeFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐmt’kenaH snþtiCnGacsMu[BnüarGMLúgeBlKit[)anditdl; enH)an edayeyagtammaRta 1248 kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 1 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 924 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 591 maRta 586 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1258>- GanuPaBénkaryl;RBmedaykRmit 1-kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)anyl;RBmedaykRmit m©as;bMNulrbs;mtk-

Cn BMuGactamTamTar[snþtiCnTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnrbs; snþtiCnenaH)aneLIy .

2-kñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH siTi§ nig katBVkic© rbs;snþtiCnEdlmancMeBaHmtkCnenaH RtUvcat;Tukfamin)anrlt;edayBüakul-PaBeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGanuPaBénkaryl;RBmedaykRmit Edlmanxøwmsarfa m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn min

GacTamTar[snþtiCnTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnrbs;snþtiCnenaH)aneLIy CaGaT× . kfaxNÐTI 1 CabBaØtþisþIBIGanuPaBCasarFatuénkaryl;RBmedaykRmit . eTaHbICa)anyl;RBmedaykRmitk¾eday tampøÚvc,ab; mt’kenaHRtUvFøak;eTAsnþtiCn k¾b:uEnþ CasarFatu

RTBüsm,tþienaHRtUveFVIkarCRmHbBa¢IepSgBIRTBüsm,tþipÞal;rbs;snþtiCn ehtuenHehIy siT§ielIbMNul nig katBVkic©rbs;snþtiCn nig mtkCn minGacrlt;edayBüakulPaBeT eBalKWcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarCRmHbBa¢I eday nItiviFIdUcKñanwgkarCRmHbBa¢IsiT§ielIbMNul nig katBVkic©epSgEdr . dUecñH kfaxNÐTI 2 )anEcgfa siTi§ nig katBVkic©rbs;snþtiCnEdlmancMeBaHmtkCnenaH RtUvcat;Tukfa min)anrlt;edayBüakulPaBeLIy .

müa:geTot karRKb;RKg b¤ karCRmHbBa¢I CaGaT× énRTBüsm,tþi kñúgkrNIEdlmankaryl;RBmedaykRmit manEcgBImaRta 1280 eTA . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 925 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

119

maRta 1259>- krNIEdlehtuénkaryl;RBmtamc,ab; ekIteLIg eRkaykar yl;RBmedaykRmit

1-kñúgkrNIEdlCnEdl)aneFVIsnþtikm μEtmñak;Ég )anyl;RBmeday

kRmit ebIsnþtiCnenaHmin)ansresrRTBüsm,tþiTaMgGs; b¤ mYyPaK enAkñúgbBa¢I sareBIP½NÐ edayTuc©rit b¤ ebImanehtuEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgcMNuc k b¤ K én

maRta 1255 ¬karyl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;¦ énRkmenH ekIteLIgcMeBaHsnþti-CnenaH RtUvcat;Tukfa snþtiCnenaH)anyl;RBmTaMgRsug ehIyesckþIEføgkarN_ énkaryl;RBmedaykRmit minbegáItGanuPaB taMgBIdMbUgmk .

2-ebImanmUlehtudUckMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH cMeBaHsh-snþtiCnmñak; b¤ eRcInnak; Edl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn

GacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜneTAelIshsnþtiCnmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;enaH cMeBaHcMnYnTwk

R)ak;énsiT§ielIbMNul EdlBMuGacTTYlkarsgedaymt’k tamcMENkmt’knImYy²

enaH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa cMeBaHsnþtiCnEdl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit RbsinebImanmUlehtuEdlRtUvcat;TukCa

karyl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab; plRbeyaCn_énkaryl;RBmedaykRmitRtUv)an)at;bg; ehIysnþtiCnenaH RtUv TTYlxusRtUvdUcKñanwgkrNIEdl)anyl;RBmTaMgRsugEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIkrNIEdlmanmUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab; kñúgkrNIEdlCnEdl)an eFIVsnþtikmμEtmñak;Ég )anyl;RBmedaykRmit . krNIenHxusKñanwgkrNIénkfaxNÐTI 2 KWGacpÞúkTMnYl xusRtUvTaMgGs;[snþtiCnenHPøamk¾K μanbBaðaGIVEdr ¬eRkayBI)anykRTBüsm,tþipÞal;rbs;snþtiCnenHmksg katBVkic©ehIy RbsinebIenAsl;mt’kEdlTTYledaysnþtikmμ mt’kenaHnwg)aneTAsnþtiCnenH dUecñHbUksrub eTAeXIjsUnü¦ ehIyRtUvcat;TukfaCakaryl;RBmTaMgRsug .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIkrNIEdlCashsnþtikm μ ehIysnþtiCnmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn TaMgenaH manmUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab; . kñúgkrNIenH Cabzm RtUveFVIkarCRmHbBa¢IGMBI mt’ksin ehIybnÞab;mk RbsinebIenAmankarxVHxat GacykRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnrbs;snþtiCnEdlman mUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;enaHmksgbEnßm . rIÉkRmiténkarTTYlxusRtUv KWRtwmTMhMén

120

cMENkmt’kEdlsnþtiCnenaH)anTTYlb:ueNÑaH . cMeBaHkRmiténkarTTYlxusRtUvenH eTaHbICakaryl;RBm edaykRmitk¾eday shsnþtiCnRtUvTTYlbnþnUvkatBVkic©rbs;mtkCn eTAtamcMENkmt’k k¾b:uEnþ karTTYlxus RtUvmanTMhMRtwmEtmt’k dUecñH kñúgsßanPaBenH karkekIteLIgénGanuPaBdUcKñanwgkrNIEdlsnþtiCnenaH)an yl;RBmTaMgRsug KWCakarEdlsnþtiCnenaH)anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHcMENkmt’kEdlxøÜn)anTTYl . dUecñH kñúgkfaxNÐenH )anEcgfa {m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCnGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜneTAelIshsnþtiCnmñak; b¤ eRcIn nak;enaH cMeBaHcMnYnTwkR)ak;énsiT§ielIbMNul >>>>>>>>>>> tamcMENkmt’knImYy²enaH)an} mann½yfa mindak; TNÐkmμ[CnenaHTTYlxusRtUvrhUtdl;katBVkic©TaMgGs;eT . cMeBaHkarN_Edl[TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHEtEpñk EdlxVHxat RbsinebImin)aneFVIkarCRmHeT minGacdwgc,as;las;nUvTMhMénkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;snþtiCnEdl manmUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;enaHeT dUecñHehIy)anCakñúgkfaxNÐenH)anEcgfa {cMnYnTwk R)ak;énsiT§ielIbMNulEdlBMuGacTTYlkarsgedaymt’k} edIm,IbBa¢ak;c,as;fa RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHEtEpñk EdlxVHeRkayeBlCRmHbBa¢IEtb:ueNÑaH .

müa:geTot kfaxNÐTI 1 RBmTaMgTI 2 enH minRtwmEtGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIEdlmanmUlehtuénkaryl;RBm TaMgRsugtamc,ab; eRkaykardak;BaküsMuyl;RBmedaykRmitrbs;snþtiCnb:ueNÑaHeT KWRtUvGnuvtþpgEdrcMeBaH krNIEdlmanmUlehtuenH munkardak;BaküsMuyl;RBmedaykRmit . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 937 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

EpñkTI 3 kare)aHbg;

maRta 1260>- kare)aHbg;snþtikmμ buKÁlEdlmanbMNge)aHbg;snþtikm μ RtUvdak;BaküsMukare)aHbg;snþtikm μ

enaH eTAtulakar .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFIénkare)aHbg;snþtikmμ . kardak;BaküsMueTAtulakar RtUveFVIkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1248 CaGaT× . kñúgkrNIén

shsnþtikmμ buKÁlmYycMnYnGaceFVI)an edaymincaM)ac;e)aHbg;TaMgGs;KñaeT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 938 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 585 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa 121

maRta 1261 fμI>- GanuPaBénkare)aHbg; buKÁlEdl)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ RtUvcat;Tukfa buKÁlenaHminEmnCasnþtiCn

cMeBaHsnþtikmμenaH taMgBIdMbUgmk . 2

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtiþEcgGMBIGanuPaBénkare)aHbg; KWCnEdl)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ RtUvcat;Tukfa minEmnCa

snþtiCntaMgBIdMbUg . kñúgmaRtaenH edaysarEtmanbBaØtþifa {taMgBIdMbUg} dUecñHCnEdl)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ RtUvcat;Tukfa

minEmnCasnþtiCntaMgBIdMbUg . kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn RbsinebImanEtCnmYycMnYneTEdl)ane)aHbg; snþtikmμ snþtiCnepSgeTotCaGñkTTYlsnþtikm μ . GñkEdlmanlMdab;bnÞab; GacTTYlsnþtikm μ)an luHRtaEt shsnþtiCnlMdab;munTaMgGs;)ane)aHbg; .

maRtaenHmanEcgfa {cMeBaHsnþtikm μenaH} . ]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIEdl«BukeQμaH A )anTTYlmrNPaB ehIymþayeQ μaH B k¾)anTTYlmrNPaBCabnþbnÞab; kUneQ μaH C rbs;GñkTaMgBIrenH Gace)aHbg;Etsnþtikmμ cMeBaH A )an b¤k¾Gace)aHbg;EtsnþtikmμcMeBaH B k¾)an EtkñúgkrNIenH Kμan\T§iBleTAvijeTAmkeT . kñúgkrNIEdl C )ane)aHbg;snþtikm μcMeBaHEt A snþtikmμrbs; A nwgRtUvFøak;eTAelI B RBmTaMgbgb¥ÚnbegáIt epSgeTot b¤ CnEdlmanlMdab;bnÞab; ¬buBVjatipÞal; CaGaTצ . dUecñH RbsinebI B min)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ ehIy C k¾min)ane)aHbg;tamkarEcgénmaRta 1249 EdrenaH C GacTTYlsnþtikmμrYmTaMgcMENkEdl B

)anTTYlsnþtikmμBI A Edr edaysarkarTTYlsnþtikmμBI B enH . pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebI C )ane)aHbg; snþtikmμEtBI B enaH C GacTTYlsnþtikm μnUvmt’kskmμ RBmTaMgGkmμrbs; A Bak;kNþal EtminGac TTYlsnþtikm μnUvmt’krbs; B RBmTaMgcMENkmt’kEdl B )anTTYlBI A edaysnþtikmμeT .

müa:geTot cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgmt’k eRkaymankare)aHbg;snþtikmμ manEcgkñúgmaRta 1262 kfaxNÐTI 2 vaküxNÐTI 2 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 939 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 588 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

2 maRta 1261 enH RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkmμ edayc,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNI .

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CMBUkTI 6 karRKb;RKg nig karEbgEckmt’k

EpñkTI 1 karRKb;RKgmt’k

maRta 1262>- karrkSaTuk nig karRKb;RKgmt’k 1-snþtiCnEdlkan;kab;mt’k enAeBlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB RtUv

rkSaTuk nig RKb;RKgmt’kenaH rhUtdl;eBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’k . b:uEnþ karrkSa Tuk nig karRKb;RKgenH RtUvGnuelamtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1263 ¬karrkSaTukeday

GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_¦ xageRkamenH . 2-eTaHbICaenAmuneBlyl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;snþtikm μk¾eday snþtiCnRtUv

RKb;RKgmt’kenaH edayRbugRby½tñ dUcKñanwgRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnpgEdr . eTaHbI CaenAeRkayeBle)aHbg;snþtikmμk¾eday bBaØtþienHRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr rhUtdl;eBlbuKÁlEdl)ankøayCasnþtiCn edaysarkare)aHbg;enaH Gaccab; epþImeFVIkarRKb;RKgmt’kenaH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ kñúgkrNIEdlCnEdl)anTTYlsnþtikm μEtÉg edayKμanmtksasn_ )anyl;RBmTaMgRsugnUvsnþtikmμ

mt’kTaMgGs;nwgFøak;eTAGñkenaH dUecñHK μanbBaðaGVIekIteLIgeT . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlCashsnþtikmμ b¤ krNI Edlmankar)ane)aHbg;snþtikmμ cMeBaHTMnak;TMngnwgsnþtiCnepSgeTot CaGaT× karrkSaTuk nig karRKb;RKg mt’kenaH GacmanbBaða . maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarrkSaTuk nig RKb;RKgmt’kkñúgkrNIenH .

kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIénshsnþtikm μ snþtiCnEdlkan;kab;mt’kenAeBlEdlmtkCnTTYl mrNPaB RtUvrkSaTuk nig RKb;RKgmt’kenaH rhUtdl;eBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’k . enHKWedaysarEt KYrEtTuk mt’kenaH[mansßanPaBdEdl rhUtdl;eBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenaH . cMeBaHmt’kEdlminRtUv)ankan;kab; edaysnþtiCnNamñak;eT enAeBlEdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB snþtiCnTaMgGs; RtUvrkSaTuk nig RKb;RKgCa mYyKña .

kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 2 KWCabBaØtþiEdlEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmanmtksasn_ eyagtammaRta 1263 GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_CaGñkRKb;RKgmt’kEdlmtksasn_)ankMNt;m©as;ehIy dUecñH kñúgkrNIenH bBaØtþién maRta 1263 manGaTiPaBCag .

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kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa Cabzm enAkñúgGMLúgeBlKit[ditdl;Edl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1248 snþtiCn RtUvRKb;RKgmt’kenaHedayRbugRby½tñ dUcKñanwgRTBüsm,tþipÞal;xøÜnEdr . RbsinebIsnþtiCn)ane)aHbg; snþtikmμ eBlenaHmt’knwgkøayCaRTBüsm,tþirbs;CndéT dUecñH enHCabBaØtþisþIBIkatBVkic©rkSaTuknUvRTBü sm,tþiEdlminTan;manm©as;enAeLIy . bnÞab;mk kñúgkrNIEdl)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μ KWCakarrkSaTuknUv RTBüsm,tþirbs;GñkdéT dUecñH RtUvrkSaTuknUvRTBüsm,tþienaHrhUtdl;eBlEdlGñkEdl)ankøayCasnþtiCn edaysarkare)aHbg;enH Gaccab;epþImRKb;RKgmt’kenH)an . ehtuenHehIy)anCa enAkñúgmaRta 1255 cMNuc k vaküxNÐTI 2 Ecgy:agc,as;fa {skmμPaBrkSa nig skmμPaBRtwmEtCakarRKb;RKg} minRtUv)anykmkeFVICa mUlehtuénkaryl;RBmTaMgRsugtamc,ab;eT . müa:geTot eBlsnþtiCnf μ ITamTar[RbKl;mt’kenaHvij KWCakarFm μta EdlRtUvRbKl;eTA[eKCabnÞan; . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 594 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa rIÉkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 918 nig maRta 940 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un .

maRta 1263>- karrkSaTukedayGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ ebI)ankan;muxgarCaGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ehIy GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_

enaH RtUveFVIkarRKb;RKgmt’k . b:uEnþ RbsinebImtksasn_Tak;TgnwgRTBüsm,tþi EdlmankMNt; RtUvRKb;RKgEtRTBüsm,tþienaHb:ueNÑaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarRKb;RKgmt’kedayGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ . eyagtammaRta 1220 GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ mansiT§i nig krNIykic© kñúgkarRKb;RKgmt’k nig

eFVInUvral;skm μPaBepSgeTotEdlcaM)ac; edIm,IRbtibtþimtksasn_ ehtuenHehIy enAkñúgEpñkenH EdlEcgGMBI karRKb;RKgmt’k k¾manbEnßmmaRtaenHCaBiess edayEcgfa GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_RtUvRKb;RKgmt’k eBl cab;epþImkan;kab;muxgar .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRta enHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlmtksasn_EcgGMBIRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;NamYy dUcCa karNIEdlmt’kmandIb:unμanLÚt_Edr Etmtksasn_kMNt;GMBIGc©½yTannUvdImYycMnYneTA[buKÁlNamñak;b:ueNÑaH CaGaT× GñkRbtibtþimtksasn_RtUvRKb;RKgEtRTBüsm,tþiCak;lak;enaHb:ueNÑaH . cMeBaHmt’kEdlminman Ecgkñúgmtksasn_ RtUvGnuvtþtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1262 .

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¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 1012 nig maRta 1014 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1264>- GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ 1-ebIK μanGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ RKb;RKgmt’kTaMgmUleT snþtiCn Gc©½y-

laPI b¤ m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar [eFVIkareRCIstaMg

GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ)an rhUtdl;eBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’k . 2-eTaHbICamanbBaØtþiénmaRta 1253 ¬karhamXat;min[eFVIbNþwgcMeBaH

snþtiCn enAmunkaryl;RBm¦ énRkmenH k¾eday GñkRKb;RKgCabeNþaHGasnñ EdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMgedaybBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH KWCaGñkTTYlbnÞúk

kñúgbNþwgenaH cMeBaHsiT§iTamTarEdlTak;Tgnwgmt’k enAkñúgnamCaGñkTTYlbnÞúk

kñúgbNþwgrbs;snþtiCnénmtkCn edaybBa¢ak;eQ μaHmtkCnenaHpg rhUtdl; eBlEdlsnþtiCnyl;RBmTTYlsnþtikmμenaH .

3-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 nig kfaxNÐTI 3 énmaRta 40 ¬siT§irbs;GñkRKb; RKgRTBüsm,tþi CaGaTצ énRkmenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHGñkRKb; RKgCabeNþaHGasnñ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ . GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ minRtwmEt

RKb;RKgmt’kbu:eNÑaHeT b:uEnþ k¾GaceFVICaGñkTTYlbnÞúkkñúgbNþwg cMeBaHsiT§iTamTarBak;B½n§nwgmt’kenaH)an edIm,IrkSakarBarmt’kenaH CaGaT× .

kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIkareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ . snþtiCnCaGaT× Gacdak;BaküsMu eTAtulakar[eRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ)an . cMeBaHsnþtiCn GacmankrNIEdlsnþtiCn EdlkMBugkan;kab;mt’k eFIVkarcat;Ecgmt’kenaH muneBl)anRBmeRBogGMBIkarEbgEckmt’k b¤ GacmankrNI EdlmankarcaM)ac;rkSakarBarmt’kedaydak;BakübNþwg b:uEnþ mankarBi)aknwgRBmeRBogKñarvagsnþtiCn GMBIviFIrkSakarBarenH . kñúgkrNITaMgenH snþtiCnNamñak; b¤ eRcInnak; GacTamTar[eRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKg mt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ)an edIm,I[CnenHRKb;RKgmt’k RBmTaMgdak;BakübNþwg . cMeBaHGc©½ylaPIvij

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RbsinebI)aneRCIstaMgGñkRbtibtþimtksasn_ehIy RbEhlCamincaM)ac;manGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ eT k¾b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHRtUv)anEcgeLIgsRmab;eBlEdlGacmankrNIBiess . cMeBaHGñkmansiT§ielIbMNul rbs;mtkCnvij PaBcaM)ac;[manGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ manx<s;CageK . mann½yfa m©as;bMNul rbs;mtkCn mansiT§ielIbMNulEdlGacykRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCnmksg b:uEnþ edaysarEtmtkCn)an TTYlmrNPaB siT§ielIbMNulenH RtUv)anEbgEckeTAtamcMENkmt’krbs;shsnþtiCn ehIykñúgkrNIEdl manm©as;bMNulcMeBaHsnþtiCnpÞal; m©as;bMNulenHGacGnuvtþsiT§ienHcMeBaHcMENkkmμsiT§iGviPaKrbs;snþtiCn EdlCakUnbMNul . dUUecñH caM)ac;RtUvrkSakarBarmt’kenaH muneBlEdlmt’kenaHRtUv)anEckCacMENk b¤ muneBlEdlm©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCnCak;lak;Namñak; GnuvtþsiT§ienaHcMeBaHcMENkkmμsiT§iGviPaKmt’kenaH . kñúgkrNIenH eTaHBICaman b¤ Kμankare)aHbg; b¤ karyl;RBmrbs;snþtiCnk¾eday k¾m©as;bMNulénmtkCnGac TamTar[eRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ edIm,IrkSakarBarmt’k ehIydak;BaküsMu[rkSakarBar cMeBaHGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñenaH . cMNucenHmanBnül;kñúgEpñkTI 3 énCMBUkenH sþIBIkarsRmYl rvagm©as;bMNul .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIsiT§iGMNacBiessrbs;GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ . sRmab;eKalbMNgEdl )anbBa¢ak;xagelIenH GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñk¾RtUv)anpþl;pgEdrnUvtYnaTIEdlehAfa GñkkarBarmt’k ¬Nachlaßpfleger¦ EdlmanEcgkñúgRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g; maRta 1960 kfaxNÐTI 3 nigmaRta 1961 . Rkmrdæb,evNICb:un k¾Ecg[snþtiCnGacdak;BaküsMu[tulakareFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKg)anEdr k¾b:uEnþ siT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKgkñúgkrNIenH KWmanRtwmEtsiT§iGMNacdUcGñkRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tiþrbs;buKÁlGvtþman Etb:ueNÑaH . rIÉmaRtaenHvij edIm,IseRmcnUveKalbMNgxagelIenH )anpþl;lkçNsm,tiþ[eFIVCaGñkTTYl bnÞúkkñúgbNþwgcMeBaHsiT§iTamTarBak;B½n§nwgmt’k . dUecñH GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñenaHGaceFVIbNþwg edIm,IrkSakarBar b¤ RKb;RKgmt’kenH)an ehIymüa:geTot k¾GacRtUvsnþtiCnbþwgGMBImt’k)anEdr . eTaHCakñúg krNINak¾eday GanuPaBénsalRkm saldIka b¤ karsHCa man\T§iBleTAelIsnþtiCnpgEdr .

müa:geTot kñúgkrNIénshsnþtikm μ muxnaTIrbs;GñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñenH nwgRtUvman {rhUt dl;eBleFIVkarEbgEckmt’k} dUcmanEcgkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 k¾b:uEnþ eyagtamkfaxNÐTI 2 vij shsnþtiCn GacTTYlbnþnUvsiT§iRKb;RKgBIGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ eRkayeBleFIVkaryl;RBm)an . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtikmμEtÉg k¾dUcKñaEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 595 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa rIÉcMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 1960 kfaxNÐTI 3 nig maRta 1961 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g; .

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maRta 1265>- esah‘uyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgmt’k esah‘uyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgmt’k RtUvcMNayecjBIkñúgRTBüsm,tþienaH .

b:uEnþ esah‘uyEdlekItecjBIkMhusrbs;snþtiCn KWCabnÞúkrbs;snþtiCnenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgc,as;las;fa CaeKalkarN_ esah‘uycaM)ac;edIm,IrkSakarBarmt’k CaGaT× RtUvcMNayecj

BImt’k . {esah‘uyEdlTak;TgeTAnwgmt’k} EdlmanEcgkñúgmaRtaenH KWmandUcCa kéRmsRmab;GñkRKb;RKgmt’k

EdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMgkñúgkrNIEdlKμansnþtiCn tammaRta 1291 CaGaT× . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 885 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

EpñkTI 2 karEbgEckmt’k

maRta 1266 fμI>- karBiPakSaEbgEckmt’k 1-shsnþtiCnGaccab;epþImBiPakSaEbgEckmt’k enAeBlNak¾)an ebI

GMLúgeBl 1 ¬mYy¦ Ex )anknøgput eRkayBIkarcab;epþImsnþtikm μ . b:uEnþ cMeBaH karpøas;bþÚreQμaHm©as;siT§ielImt’k edaysarlT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k RtUvGnu-elamtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1277 ¬karhamXat;min[pøas;bþÚreQ μaHm©as;siT§i¦ én

RkmenH b¤ cMeBaHkrNIEdlmtkCnhamXat;karEbgEckmt’ktammtksasn_ karEbgEckmt’kBuMGaceFVI)aneLIy enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlhamXat;enaH .

2-edIm,IepÞrsiTi§cMeBaHvtßútamkarEbgEckmt’k karEbgEckRtUveFVItamTRmg; caM)ac;edIm,IepÞrsiT§inImYy²enaH dUcCalixitCalay l½kçN_GkSr CaGaT× .3

¬kMMNt;¦ karEbgEckmt’k CaeKalkarN_ RtUveFVItamkarBiPakSarvagshsnþtiCn k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkarBiPakSaenaH

3 kfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1266 enH RtUv)aneFVIviesaFnkmμ edayc,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNI .

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min)anTTYlnUvlT§pll¥eT tulakarnwgeFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenaH . maRtaenHCabBaØtþisþIBIkarEbgEckmt’k edaykarBiPakSarvagshsnþtiCn .

kñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; eyagtammaRta 1148 mt’kRtUvsßitenAeRkamkm μsiT§iGviPaKrbs; shsnþtiCn ehIykarEbgEckmt’k KWCakarbþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagshsnþtiCnnImYy² nUvcMENkénkmμsiT§i GviPaKrbs;samIxøÜnmñak;² cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþieRcInEdlCakmμsiT§iGviPaKenH rYckMNt;[mt’knImYy²enaH Føak;Ca km μsiT§iÉkraCüedayELkrbs;shsnþtiCnNamñak; b¤ CakmμsiTi§GviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCnkMNt;mYy . dUecñH edIm,IEbgEckmt’k caM)ac;RtUvmankarRBmeRBogrvagshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; . kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn eTaHbICa manGñkEdl)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BiesseRcIn CaehtueFIV[GñkenaHminGacTTYlsnþtikmμ)an edayeyagtam maRta 1163 kfaxNÐTI 2 k¾eday k¾caM)ac;[snþtiCnenaHcUlrYmkñúgkarBiPakSaEbgEckmt’k edIm,I [snþtiCnenaHbBa¢ak;GMBIkarN_enHEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa ebIGMLúgeBlmYyEx)anknøgput eRkayBIkarcab;epþImsnþtikm μ shsnþtiCnGac cab;epþImBiPakSaKña edIm,IEbgEckmt’keBlNak¾)anEdr . tamPaBCak;Esþg RtUvrkshsnþtiCn ¬]TahrN_ RtUvRsavRCavemIlfa etIBIedImmk mtkCnmankUnEdlmkBIGaBah_BiBah_BImun b¤eT b¤ mankUnEdlxøÜn)an TTYlsÁal;b¤eT ? CaGaTצ ehIybnÞab;mk RtUvkMNt;fa etIshsnþtiCnyl;RBm b¤ e)aHbg;snþtikmμ rYckMNt;nUvTMhMénshsnþtiCn ehIybnÞab;mkeTot eFVIkarBiPakSaedIm,IEbgEckmt’k dUecñH RtUvkareBlevla eRcInKYrsmEdr . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICakarRsavRCav CaGaT× enaHGaceFVI)angayRsYlk¾eday kñúgGMLúgeBlmYyEx eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn caM)ac;RtUvpþl;kareKarBcMeBaHviBaØaNkç½n§mtkCn ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúg GMLúgeBlmYyExenH hammin[EbgEckmt’k . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICakñúgGMLúgeBlenHk¾eday edaysarEtksipl CaGaT× GacmankarxUcxatebITukecal dUecñH Gaclk;bþÚrCaR)ak;)an ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1262¦ ehIykñúg krNIenH TwkR)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;enH nwgkøayCakm μvtßúénkarEbgEckmt’k .

kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 2 XøaxagedIm EcgbBa¢ak;fa edIm,IkarBarm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn eTaHbICa karBiPakSa)anTTYllT§pll¥k¾eday k¾kñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;mYy minGacbþÚreQ μaHBImtkCneTA[snþtiCnEdr. cMeBaHbBaðalm¥it sUmemIlesckþIkMNt;kñúgmaRta 1277 nig esckIþkMNt;enAedImEpñkTI 3 .

kfaxNÐTI 1 vaküxNÐTI 2 XøaxageRkay EcgGMBIkrNIEdlmtkCn)anhamXat;min[eFVIkarEbgEck mt’kkñúgGMLúgeBleRkam 5 qñaM edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1183 . enAkñúgmmaRta 1266 enH )anEcg fa {karEbgEckmt’kBuMGaceFVI)aneLIy enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlhamXat;enaH} . eKGacbkRsayfa minGac dak;BaküsMuTamTar[tulakarseRmcesckþIGMBIkarEbgEckmt’k k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIGMLúgeBlmYyEx)anknøgput eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn ehIyshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;)anRBmeRBogKña GaceFVIkarEbgEckmt’k)an

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edayK μanTak;Tgnwgmtksasn_eT )anesckIþfakarbkRsaysRmYlk¾RtUv)anGnuBaØatpgEdr . enAkñúgRbeTs Cb:un bBaØtþienHRtUv)anbkRsayya:gdUecñH . bBaðaenHk¾dUcKñaEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;)an RBmeRBogeFVIkarEbgEckmt’k EdlmanxøwmsarxusBIviFIEbgEckmt’kEdl)ankMNt;edaymtksasn_ ehIy eBlenaH RtUveFVIkarEbgEckmt’ktamkarBiPakSaenaH . tampøÚvc,ab; eKbkRsaykarEbgEckEbbenHfa CakarEdlshsnþtiCn)aneFVIRbTankm μ b¤ bþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmk bnÞab;BImt’kRtUv)anFøak;eTAelIsnþtiCn Cak;lak; tamry³mtksasn_ .

karBiPakSaEbgEckmt’kenaH minEmnCaskmμPaBcaM)ac;manTRmg;eT ehIymincaM)ac;eFVICalayl½kçN_ GkSr . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgcMeNammt’kTaMgGs; manmt’kxøHRtUvkarmanTRmg;kMNt;mYyedIm,IepÞrsiT§i b¤ edIm,I[ manl½kçx½NÐttaMg . ehtuenHehIy enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 manEcgfa edIm,IepÞrsiTi§cMeBaHvtßú tamkarEbgEck mt’k karEbgEckRtUveFVItamTRmg;caM)ac;edIm,IepÞrsiT§inImYy²enaH . ]TahrN_ CalT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k dIFIøRtUv)anEbgEck kñúgkrNIEdlcMENkénkmμsiTi§GviPaKRtUv)anepÞr b¤ kñúgkrNIEdldIFøIEdlmaneQ μaH mtkCn RtUvdak;CakmμsiTi§rbs;snþtiCnkMNt;NamYyEtmñak;Ég edIm,IcuHbBa¢IbBa¢ak;GMBIkarepÞrTaMgenH RtUveFIV lixityfaPUt ¬sUmemIlmaRta 336 kfaxNÐTI 2¦ . müa:geTot cMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulEdlCakm μvtßúénkar EbgEckmt’k edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaEbgEckmt’kenaHeTA[kMNt;snþtiCnNamñak;Cam©as;siT§iEtmñak;Ég enaHcaM )ac;RtUveFVItamnItiviFIedIm,IbMeBjl½kçx½NÐttaMg Edl)ankMNt;kñúgmaRta 1275 . dUecñH eTaHbICasnþtiCn epSgeTot)anRBmeRBogEbgEckmt’ktampÞal;mat;k¾eday RbsinebImineFVInItiviFIenaHeT eKnwgvaytémøfa karBiPakSaEbgEckmt’kmin)aneFVIeLIgrvagshsnþtiCnenaHeT ehIycaM)ac;RtUvdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar[eFVI karEbgEckmt’k . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 907 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 597 maRta 596 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

maRta 1267>- mUldæanénkarEbgEck 1-ebIBMu)ankMNt;viFIEbgEckenAkñúgmtksasn_eT karEbgEckmt’kenH RtUv

eFVIedayBicarNaeTAelIRbePT nig lkçN³énvtßú b¤ siT§iEdlmanenAkñúgmt’k b¤ Gayu muxrbr sßanPaBpøÚvkay nig pøÚvcitþ sßanPaBCIvPaB rbs;shsnþtiCn

nImYy² nig sßanPaBepSgeTot .

129

2-kñúgkrNIEdlkarEbgEckbNþal[mankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rdl;témø ebI yl;eXIjfasmrmü shsnþtiCnGac[shsnþtiCnNamñak; eFVIlT§kmμRTBü sm,tþienaH)an edaydak;l½kçx½NÐ[bg;R)ak;sRmYl cMeBaHshsnþtiCnepSg

eTot tamkarBiPakSa .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBImUldæanénkarEbgEckmt’k . kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIcMNucEdlRtUvKitBicarNa eBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’k cMNucnImYy²enaHCa]TahrN_

ehIyenAxagcugXøa EfmTaMg)anEcgfa [BicarNa {sßanPaBepSgeTot} pgEdr . eBlEdleFVIkarBiPakSa EbgEckmt’krvagshsnþtiCn shsnþtiCnRtUvBicarNadl;cMNucTaMgGs;enH b:uEnþ RbsinebIshsnþtiCn TaMgGs;)anRBmeRBogKña eTaHbICaxøwmsarénkarRBmeRBogenaHxusnwgeKalKMniténmaRtaenHk¾eday ebIxøwmsar enaHminpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nig TMenomTmøab;l¥eT k¾karN_enHK μan\T§iBleTAelIGanuPaBénkarRBm eRBogenaHEdr . kfaxNÐenH mann½ytampøÚvc,ab; edIm,IykmkeFVICamUldæan kñúgkarvinicä½yemIlfa etIxøwmsar énkarBiPakSaenaHpÞúynwgsNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ nig TMenomTmøab;l¥b¤eT nig kñúgkarEbgEckmt’k eday tulakar edayeyagtammaRta 1270 .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIviFIEbgEcktamviFIbg;R)ak;sRmYl . kñúgkarEbgEckvtßúkm μsiTi§GviPaK ¬maRta 212¦ )anEcgGMBIdMeNaHRsayedayR)ak;sMNg ehIyeKalKMniténmaRtaenHk¾mandUcKñaEdr . mü:ageTot kfaxNÐenH EcgGMBIl½kçx½NÐfa {kñúgkrNIEdlkarEbgEckbNþal[mankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rdl;témø} . bBaØtþi enHRtUvGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIEdltulakareFVIkarEbgEckmt’ktammaRta 1270 . RbsinebIshsnþtiCnRBmeBog edaysμ ½RKcitþ eTaHbICamt’kNamYyGacEbgEck)ank¾eday GacBiPakSa eday[CnNamñak;TTYlmt’kenaH EtÉg ehIyCnenaHbg;R)ak;sRmYlTA[shsnþtiCnepSgeTot)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 906 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 612 énRkmrdæb,evNI cas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 614 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa nig maRta 109 énbTb,BaØtþisþIBIkarvinicä½yerOgkþIRKYsarCb:un .

maRta 1268>- siT§iGaTiPaBrbs;shB½T§ kñúgkrNIEdlshB½T§køayCasnþtiCn ebImanRTBüsm,tþiEdlTTYl)anCa

130

km μsiT§iGviPaKCamYynwgmtkCn kñúgeBlmancMNgGaBah_BiBah_ enAkñúgkarEbg

Eckmt’k shB½T§enHmanGaTiPaBCagshsnþtiCnepSgeTot kñúgkarTTYlyk

cMENkkmμsiT§iGviPaKEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRTBüsm,tþienaH rhUtdl;RKb;cMnYnéncMENk

mt’kenaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgTTYlsÁal;nUvsiT§iGaTiPaBkñúgkareFIVlT§kmμrbs;shB½T§EdlenArs; cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþirYm

rbs;shB½T§ nig mtkCn eBlenArs; . enAkñúgmaRta 973 RTBüsm,tþiEdlbþIRbBn§TaMgsgxag b¤ mçag)aneFVIlT§km μ eBlmancMNgGaBah_- BiBah_ CaeKalkarN_ KWCaRTBüsm,tþirYm . dUecñH RbsinebIbþI b¤ RbBn§Namñak;TTYlmrNPaB Bak;kNþal énRTBüsm,tþienaH Carbs;shB½T§EdlenArs; ehIyBak;kNþaleTot Camt’k . k¾b:uEnþ RTBüsm,tþiRbePTenH kñúgkrNICaeRcIn shB½T§EdlenArs;EtgEtmanbMNgcg;TTYlEtmñak;Ég edIm,ICaGnusSavrIy_rvagshB½T§ EdlenArs; nig mtkCn ehIyRbsinebITTYl)ankm μsiT§iÉkÉg TMnak;TMngpøÚvc,ab; eBleRkay k¾minsUvman bBaðaEdr . dUecñHehIy)anCakñúgkarEbgEckmt’k maRtaenHTTYlsÁal;[shB½T§ manGaTiPaBCagshsnþ- tiCnepSgeTot kñúgkarTTYlcMENkkm μsiTi§GviPaKrbs;mtkCn cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþirYm rhUtdl;)anTTYl RKb;cMnYnnUvcMENkmt’krbs;xøÜn .

maRta 1269>- sMNgénkatBVkic©rbs;mtkCn CaGaT× ebImtkCnmankatBVkic© shsnþtiCnRtUvEbgEckmt’k edayBicarNaBI

karN_fa xøÜnRtUvsgkatBVkic©enaH nig minGacbþÚrPaKbnÞúkénkatBVkic©enaH eday

K μankaryl;RBmBIsMNak;m©as;bMNuleLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ dUcEdl)anBnül;BIedImrYcehIy KnßIenH)aneRCIserIsykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi dUecñH

kñúgkrNIénshsnþtikmμ shsnþtiCnmñak;²RtUvTTYlbnþminRtwmEtsiT§irbs;mtkCneT KWTaMgkrNIykic© pgEdr eTAtamcMENkmt’krbs;xøÜn ¬maRta 1148¦ . maRtaenH EcgGMBIviFIEbgEckmt’kkñúgkrNIEdl mtkCnmankatBVkic© .

cMeBaHrbbc,ab;snþtikmμ RbsinebI)aneRCIserIsykeKalkarN_CRmHbBa¢I KWRtUvTTYlsnþtikmμEtmt’k

131

Edlsl;BIkarCRmHbBa¢IénkatBVkic©EdlRtUveFVIsnþtikm μb:uNÑaH ehIyeFVIkarEbgEckmt’kskmμEdlsl;enaH . k¾b:uEnþ viFIenHs μ úKsμajNas; ehIycMNayesah‘uyeRcInpg ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúgKnßIenH )aneRCIserIsyk eKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþivij . k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgkarBiPakSaEbgEckmt’k RbsinebIkatBVkic©Edl RtUveFVIsnþtikm μRtUv)anedaHRsayrYcral;Camun enaHnwgminbnSl;TuknUvbBaðaeLIy . dUecñH maRtaenHEcgfa RtUveFVIkarEbgEckmt’kedayBicarNadl;karsgkatBVkic©pgEdr . ]TahrN_ RbsinebImtkCnmanR)ak;beBaØI kñúgFnaKar shsnþtiCnGacykR)ak;beBaØIenHsgbMNulsin b¤ k¾shsnþtiCnTaMgGs;GacRBmeRBoglk; RTBüsm,tþikMNt;NamYy ehIyykR)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;RTBüenaHsgbMNulEdlRtUvTTYltamsnþtikm μ sin . mann½yfa maRtaenH)anykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedays½VyRbvtþimkeRbI b:uEnþ k¾manykGtßRbeyaCn_ éneKalkarN_CRmHbBa¢IbBa©ÚlKñapgEdr . Xøa {edayBicarNaBIkarN_fa >>> minGacbþÚrPaKbnÞúkénkatBVkic© >>> edayK μankaryl;RBmBIsMNak;m©as;bMNuleLIy} mann½yfa RtUvBicarNafa katBVkic©EdlTTYleday snþtikmμ RtUv)anEbkEckedaysV½yRbvtþi eTAtamsmamaRténcMENkmñak;² enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ ehIy minGacbþÚrnUvsmamaRténbnÞúkenH)aneT eTaHbICamankarRBmeRBogBIshsnþtiCnk¾eday . dUecñH kñúgkrNI EdlmtkCn)aneFVIGaCIvkm μGVImYy ehIymanRTBüskmμpg nig RTBüGkm μpg edIm,IeFIVkarRBmeRBog [shsnþtiCnNamñak; b¤ eRcInnak; TTYlkatBVkic©Bak;B½n§nwgGaCIvkm μenaH CMnYs[karTTYlbnþGaCIvkmμ Tal;Etmankaryl;RBmBIm©as;bMNul ehIymaRtaenHk¾)anEcgc,as;las;GMBIcMNucenH . cMeBaHm©as;bMNulvij eKnwgBicarNafa etIsnþtiCnEdl)anTTYlbnþnUvGaCIvkmμenaH maneTBekaslüEdrb¤eT etIRTBüskm μEdl CnenaH)aneFVIlT§km μmanb:un μan CaGaT× ehIyyl;RBm b¤ eRCIserIskarEbgEcksiT§ielIbMNulrbs;xøÜnenH eTA[shsnþtiCnmñak;²TTYlxusRtUv .

maRta 1270>- karEbgEckedaytulakar 1-ebIkarBiPakSarvagshsnþtiCn cMeBaHkarEbgEckmt’k BMu)anseRmc b¤

ebIBMuGacBiPakSa)aneT shsnþtiCnNamñak; Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar [eFVI karEbgEckmt’kenaH)an .

2-kñúgkarEbgEckmt’k eRkABIbBaØtþicab;BImaRta 1267 ¬mUldæanénkar EbgEck¦ rhUtdl;maRta 1269 ¬sMNgénkatBVkic©rbs;mtkCn CaGaTצ xag

elIenH tulakarRtUveFVIkarBicarNanUvTMenomTmøab;enAkñúgtMbn;enaH nig mtielIs

BIBak;kNþalrbs;shsnþtiCn .

132

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFI nig eKalkarN_ CaGaT× kñúgkrNIrEdltulakarEbgEckmt’kCMnYsshsnþtiCn . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlkarBiPakSarvagshsnþtiCnGMBIkarEbgEckmt’k BMu)anseRmc b¤

kñúgkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnBMuGacBiPakSa)aneT shsnþtiCnNamñak;Gacdak;BaküsMueTAtulakar [eFVIkarEbg Eckmt’kenaH)an . enHCabBaØtþidUcKñanwgbBaØtþiénmaRta 212 sþIBIviFIEbgEckvtßúkm μsiT§iGviPaK . tulakarmin GaceFVIkarEbgEckmt’kedayqnÞanusiT§irbs;xøÜn)aneT eBalKWGaceFIV)anEteBlEdlmanBaküsMuBIshsnþtiCn b:ueNÑaH . {ebIkarBiPakSarvagshsnþtiCn cMeBaHkarEbgEckmt’k BMu)anseRmc b¤ ebIBMuGaceFIV)aneT} shsnþtiCnmñak; b¤ eRcInnak;GaceFVIBaküsMu[tulakareFVIkarEbgEckmt’k cMeBaHshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;epSg eTotEdlCaPaKImçageTot)an .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIeKalkarN_kñúgkarEbgEckmt’kedaytulakar . bBaØtþicab;BImaRta 1267 dl; maRta 1269 KWCaeKalkarN_énkarEbgEckmt’krvagshsnþtiCn RBmCamYyKñaenH k¾CaeKalkarN_ énkarEbgEckmt’kedaytulakarEdr . elIsBIenH tulakarRtUvBicarNadl; {TMenomTmøab;enAkñúgtMbn;{ nig {mtiPaKeRcInelIsBIBak;kNþalrbs;shsnþtiCn} pgEdr . cMeBaH {mtiPaKeRcInelIsBIBak;kNþalrbs; shsnþtiCn} krNIPaKeRcInEdl)ancab;epþImeFVIkarBiPakSaedIm,IEbgEckmt’k EtminGaceFVIeTA)aneTenaH KWedaysarEtkñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn manshsnþtiCnNamñak; b¤ PaKticenaH minsuxcitþsRmbmtiBiess rbs;xøÜneTAnwgmtiPaKeRcIn ehtuenHehIy)anCacaM)ac;manbBaØtþienH . b:uEnþ eTaHbICamanmtiPaKeRcInrbs; shsnþtiCnk¾eday RbsinebImtienaHminsmrmüeT k¾tulakarminRtUvyktammtienaHEdr ehIyeTaHbICa mtiPaKtick¾eday RbsinebIsmrmü tulakarKYrEtsþab;tammtiPaKticenaHEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 907 kfaxNÐTI 2 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 611 én Rkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 612 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

maRta 1271>- karbþÚrCaR)ak;edaykarlk; cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdlminGacTTYlkarRBmeRBogGMBIkarEbgEck b¤ GMBI

buKÁlEdlRtUvTTYl rvagshsnþtiCneT tulakarGaclk; ehIyeFVIkarEbgEck

R)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;enaH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦

133

maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIlk;mt’k nig EbgEckR)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;mt’k . ]TahrN_ mt’kmanEtdImYyLÚt_ nig R)ak;beBaØIkñúgFnaKar k¾b:uEnþ mankrNIEdlshsnþtiCn)anExVgKMnit

KñaedayTamTardILÚt_enH b¤ ExVgKMnitKñaGMBIviFIEbgEck b¤ RbsinebIEbgEckeTA témøéndIenaHnwgFøak; CaedIm . kñúgkrNIenH RtUv[dIenaHeTAsnþtiCnNamñak; ehIy[CnenaHbg;CaR)ak;sRmYleTA[snþtiCn epSgeTot tam maRta 1267 kfaxNÐTI 2 )anEdr k¾b:uEnþ mankrNIxøHEdlK μansnþtiCnNamñak; manlT§PaBedIm,Ibg;R)ak; sRmYlenaH)an . dUecñH kñúgkrNIenH edIm,IEbgEckmt’k tulakarGacdak;mt’kenaH lk;)an . nItiviFIénkarlk; mt’kenaHmandUcCa karbgÁab;edaytulakar [shsnþtiCnlk;tamviFIlk;LayLúg ehIyGacykmaRta 212 sþIBIviFIEbgEckvtßúkmμsiT§iGviPaKmkeyag)an . RbsinebIsalRkmGMBIkarEbgEckmt’kmin)ancUlCa sßaBreT karlk;k¾minGaceFVIeTA)anEdr dUecñH esckþIseRmcbBa©b;énsalRkm GMBIkarEbgEckmt’k kñúgkrNI enH KWdUcCa {RtUvlk;GclnvtßúEdlmanenAkñúgbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐEdlP¢ab;CamYyenH ehIykat;nUvesah‘uycaM)ac; BIéfølk;enaH ehIyenAsl;b:unμanenaH snþtiCn A, B nig C TTYlCasnþtikmμ esμ IPaKKña} . RbsinebImanRKab; t,Úgtémø 100 duløar eRkABIdIenH ehIy[ A TTYllT§kmμRKab;t,ÚgenH ehIylk;GclnvtßúEdlmanbBaðaenH esckþIseRmcbBa©b;énsalRkm KW {1> A RtUvTTYlsnþtikm μRKab;t,Úg EdlmanenAkñúgbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐEdlP¢ab; CamYyenH . 2> RtUvlk;GclnvtßúEdlmanenAkñúgbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ EdlP¢ab;CamYyenH ehIykat;nUvesah‘uycaM )ac;BIéfølk;enaH ehIybUknwgR)ak; 100 duløar ehIy 1 PaK 3 éncMnYnR)ak;enH snþtiCn B nig C RtUvTTYl snþtikmμ ehIyenAsl;b:un μan snþtiCn A CaGñkTTYlsnþtikm μ} . müa:geTot enAeBlEdlkMBugcat;karerOgkþI GMBIkarEbgEckmt’k tulakarGaceFVIsMNUmBr[shsnþtiCn lk;mt’k ehIyshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;Kña Gaclk; RTBüEdlCakm μvtßúénmt’kenH eTAtamsMNUmBrenH)an . kñúgkrNIenH éfølk;k¾Camt’kEdr ¬sUmemIlmaRta 1272¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 615 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa nig maRta 15-4 énc,ab;sþIBIkarvinicä½yerOgkþIRKYsarCb:un

maRta 1272>- RTBüEdlRtUv)aneFVIlT§km μ edayEp¥kelIkarcat;EcgRTBü sm,tþi enAmuneBlEbgEck CaGaT×

RTBüEdlRtUv)aneFVIlT§km μ edaykarsgCMnYskar)at;bg; karxUcxat b¤ karbMBanykkmμvtßúmt’k b¤ tamkic©snüaEdlykmt’kCakmμvtßú edayEp¥kelIsiT§i EdlsßitenAkñúgmt’kenaH RtUvsßitenAkñúgmt’k .

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¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIRTBüEdl)aneFVIlT§kmμedaykarcat;Ecgmt’k CaGaT× . {RTBüEdlRtUv)aneFVIlT§km μ >>>> edayEp¥kelIsiT§iEdlsßitenAkñúgmt’kenaH} sMedAeTAelIplFm μCati b¤

plsIuvilEdlekIteLIgBImt’k dUcCa karR)ak;EdlekIteLIgeRkayeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ cMeBaHR)ak;beBaØIkñúg FnaKarEdlCamt’k CaGaT× . rIÉ {RTBüEdlRtUv)aneFVIlT§km μ edaykarsgCMnYskar)at;bg; karxUcxat b¤ karbMBanykkmμvtßúmt’k} mandUcCa siT§ielIbMNulEdlGacTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxat b¤ R)ak;sMNgén karxUcxat kñúgkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnNamñak;kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; b¤ ttiyCnNamYy TTYlbnÞúk nUvkatBVkic©sgsMNgénkarxUcxatedaysarkareFVI[)at;bg;mt’k CaedIm . müa:geTot {RTBüEdlRtUv)aneFVI lT§kmμ >>>>>> tamkic©snüaEdlykmt’kCakmμvtßú} mandUcCa R)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk;mt’kedayshsnþtiCn TaMgGs; b¤ edaytulakar tambBaØtþiénmaRta 1271 . R)ak;TaMgGs;enH suT§EtCavtßúCMnYsmt’k ehIyEdl CaPaKénmt’kenaH dUecñH GackøayCakm μvtßúénkarEbgEck)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 2041 vaküxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g;

maRta 1273>- GanuPaBénkarEbgEck 1-karEbgEckmt’k manGanuPaBRbtiskmμ Kitcab;BIeBlEdl)ancab;epþIm

snþtikmμ . b:uEnþ karEbgEckenH BMuGacbMBansiT§irbs;ttiyCnEdl)ancuHbBa¢I b¤ )anTTYll½kçx½NÐttaMg)aneLIy .

2-shsnþtiCnnImYy² RtUvTTYlyklixitbBa¢ak;siT§iEdlTak;TgeTAnwg

RTBüsm,tþiEdlxøÜn)aneFVIlT§km μ .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGanuPaBénkarEbgEckmt’k . kfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa karEbgEckmt’k manGanuPaBRbtiskmμ Kitcab;BIeBlEdl)ancab;epþImsnþtikmμ .

cMeBaHsnþtikmμ kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdl)aneRCIserIsykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi manRbeTsxøH TTYlsÁal;nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μénkarEbgEck ¬Cb:un/ )araMg CaGaTצ ehIymanRbeTsxøH minTTYlsÁal; nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μEdr KWtampøÚvc,ab; [qøgkat;tamdMNak;kalepÞrBImtkCneTAkm μsiT§iGviPaKrbs; shsnþtiCn ehIyBIkmμsiT§iGviPaKeTAkmμsiT§ierog²xøÜn ¬GaløWm:g; sViIs CaGaTצ . maRtaenHTTYlsÁal;

135

nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μ edaysarEt)anBicarNacMeBaHmenaseBa©tnatamc,ab;rbs;snþtiCn . eBl)anEbgEck mt’k RbsinebITTYlsÁal;nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μenH enaHnwgmanesckIþfa snþtiCnTTUlmt’kBImtkCnpÞal; KWminEmn)anTTYlBIshsnþtiCnepSgeT ehtuenHehIy snþtiCnenaHGacmanmenaseBa©tnaBiesscMeBaH mt’kenaH)an . müa:geTot ebIeFVIdUecñHeTA ]TahrN_ nItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢IGclnvtßú k¾mincaM)ac;qøgkat;tam dMNak;kalcuHbBa¢InUvkm μsiT§iGviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCn KWGaceRCIserIsyknItiviFIepÞrkmμsiT§ipÞal;BImtkCn eTA snþtiCnEdl)anlT§km μedaykarEbgEckenH .

kñúgkrNIEbgEckmt’kEdlCaGclnvtßú eday[snþtiCnNamYyTTYlkm μsiTi§EtÉg bBaØtþiénmaRta 135 minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy . )anesckIþfa karcuHbBa¢IkñúgkrNIenH RtUv)anbkRsayfaCakarcuHbBa¢IedIm,Iman l½kçx½NÐttaMgdUcmanbBaØtþkñúgmaRta 134 kfaxNÐTI 1 . kñúgkrNIEdlGclnvtßúsißtkñúgsßanPaBkm μsiTi§ GviPaK tamshsnþtikmμ enaHshsnþtiCnGaceRbIR)as; nig GaRs½yplGclnvtßúTaMgGs; EdlCamt’kenaH )an b:uEnþ minEmnEckmYyPaK[snþtiCn A ehIymYyPaKeTot[snþtiCn B eRbIR)as; nig GaRs½yplenaH eLIy eBalKWshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; RtUvRKb;RKgGclnvtßúTaMgGs;EdlCamt’kenaH kñúglkçN³RtYtKña . ehIykarpþl;karRKb;RKgenaHRbmUlpþúMeTA[shsnþtiCnmYycMnYn CakarEbgEckmt’k . dUecñH CalT§plén karEbgEckmt’k kñúgkrNIEdl[shsnþtiCn A TTYlkmμsiTi§EtÉg RbsinebIeQμaHenAkñúgbBa¢IenAEtCarbs; mtkCnenAeLIy GaccuHbBa¢IepÞrkm μsiTi§edaypÞal;eTA[ A )an . mü:ageTot RbsinebIeQ μaH A nig B

RtUv)ancuHbBa¢ICam©as;km μsiT§iGviPaK tamry³snþtikm μtamc,ab; karepÞrcMENkkmμsiTi§GviPaKrbs; B eTA A

KWRKan;EtCaeFIVCalkçN³bec©keTsb:ueNÑaH . RbsinebIepþateTAelIGanuPaBénkarEbgEckmt’k hak;dUcCa maRta 135 RtUvykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHkarEbgEckmt’k edaysarkarepÞrcMENksiTi§ edayEp¥kelIkarRBmeRBog . b:uEnþ RbsinebIsinepþatelIeKalbMNgrbs;rbbEbgEckmt’k karepÞrcMENkkm μsiTi§GviPaK KWCakarrMlay sßanPaBkmμsiTi§GviPaKrbs;mt’k dUecñH maRta 135 minRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIkarkarBarttiyCnedIm,I[mansuvtßiPaBkñúgkic©karCMnYj . kñúg krNIénshsnþtikmμ edayEp¥keTAtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1148 mt’kRtUvsßitenAkñúgkmμsiT§iGviPaK eTAtam smamaRténcMENkrbs;shsnþtiCn dUecñH eTaHbICamunkarEbgEckmt’kk¾eday k¾shsnþtiCnGaceFVI Gnub,TancMENkrbs;xøÜneTA[ttiyCn)an b¤ k¾m©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCnNamñak; GacrwbGUsnUvcMENkmt’k rbs;snþtiCnenaH)anEdr . dUecñH RbsinebITTYlsÁal;nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μenHedayK μanl½kçx½NÐeT nwgeFVI [)at;bg;nUvsuvtßiPaBkñúgkic©karCMnYj ehtuenHehIy)anCaGanuPaBRbtiskm μénkarEbgEckmt’kenH minRtUv )anTTYlsÁal; cMeBaHttiyCnEdl)aneFIVnItiviFIcuHbBa¢I b¤ manl½kçx½NÐttaMg)aneLIy . tamlT§plenH karEbgEckmt’kGacnwg)at;bg;nUvGtßn½y EteBlenaH shsnþtiCnEdl)anTTYl\T§iBledaysarEtvtþman

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rbs;ttiyCnenH GacTamTar[shsnþtiCnEdl)anbegáIt[manmUlehtuenH TTYlxusRtUv)an b¤ Gac lubecalnUvkarEbgEckmt’kenH edayykkarPan;RbLMCamUlehtu ehIyEbgEcksaCafμ IeLIgvij .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa tamlT§plénkarEbgEck shsnþtiCnEdl)anlT§km μnUvsiT§iEdlmanlixit¼b½NÑ bBa¢ak;siT§i GacTTYllixit¼b½NÑbBa¢ak;siT§ienaH)an . enHKWCabBaØtþiedIm,I[karepÞrsiT§ienHeFVIeLIgedayKμan karyWtya:v ]TahrN_ snþtiCnEdl)anlT§kmμnUvsiT§ielIR)ak;beBaØIrbs;mtkCn GacTTYlykesovePA KNnIFnaKarBIsnþtiCnEdl)anrkSaesovePAKNnIenaHTuk)an . cMeBaHkrNIEdlsiT§ielIbMNulCakm μvtßúén karEbgEckmt’kvij Tak;TgnwgkfaxNÐenH sUmemIlmaRta 1275 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 1 sUmemIlmaRta 909 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 616 én Rkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa .

maRta 1274>- karTamTarrbs;CnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eRkaykarEbg

Eckmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlCnEdl)ankøayCasnþtiCn edaysarCnenaHRtUv)anTTYl

sÁal; eRkayeBlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB manbMNgTamTar[EbgEckmt’k

ebIshsnþtiCnepSgeTot)anEbgEckmt’k b¤ )aneFVIkarcat;EcgepSgeTotcMeBaH mt’k CnenaHmansiT§iTamTar[sgedaytémøEtb:ueNÑaH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFITamTarcMENkmt’krbs;CnEdl)ankøayCasnþtiCn edaykarTTYlsÁal; eRkay

mrNPaBrbs;mt’kCn EdlkarTTYlsÁal;enH)aneFVIeLIgeRkaykarEbgEckmt’k . kñúgkrNIEdlkarTTYlsÁal;eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn RtUv)aneFVIeLIgeRkaykarEbgEckmt’k eday

sarEtkarBiPakSaedIm,IEbgEckmt’k RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaymanvtþmanrbs;shsnþtiCnTaMgGs;enAeBlenaH dUecñH karBiPakSaenaHmansuBlPaB . pÞúyeTAvij kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn)anTTYlsÁal;CakUneBlenArs; k¾b:uEnþ edaysarEtsnþtiCnepSgeTotmin)andwg ehIy)andkCnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enaHecjBIkarBiPakSaEbgEck mt’k b¤ kñúgkrNIEdlkarTTYlsÁal;eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCnRtUv)aneFVIeLIgmunkarEbgEckmt’k k¾b:uEnþ snþtiCnepSgeTotmin)anykcitþTukdak;edaymin[CnenaHcUlrYmkñúgkarEbgEck eBlenHkarEbgEckenaH min)aneFVIeLIgedaymanvtþmanrbs;snþtiCnTaMgGs;eT dUecñH karEbgEckenaHemaX³ . cMeBaHkrNIBIrxag

137

eRkayenH kUnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; GacTamTarcMeBaHsnþtiCnepSgeTot [eFVIkarEbgEckmt’ksaCaf μ I eLIgvij)an ¬edaysarfa enHCakarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ dUecñH GaceFVIkarTamTarEtkñúgGMLúgeBl Edl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1304 b:ueNÑaH¦ . cMeBaHkrNITI 1 mann½yfa krNIEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRtaenH kar BiPakSaEbgEckmansuBlPaB dUecñH kUnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enaH minGacTamTar[eFVIkarEbgEck saCaf μ I eLIgvij)aneT k¾b:uEnþ karTTYlsÁal;manGanuPaBRbtiskmμ ¬maRta 999¦ dUecñH CnenaHKYrEtRtUv)anTTYlnUv siT§iGVImYy kñúgnamCasnþtiCnmñak; . dUecñHehIy)anCamaRtaenHEcgfa mansiT§iTamTar[sgedaytémøCa R)ak;b:ueNÑaH . karTamTarenH k¾CakarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμEdr dUecñH RtUveFVIkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)an EcgkñúgmaRta 1304 . edaysarkarTamTar[TTYlsÁal;eRkaymrNPaB GaceFVI)anEtkñúgGMLúgeBl 1 qñaM eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCnb:ueNÑaH ¬maRta 1001¦ ehIyGMLúgeBlénkarTamTarEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta enH man 4 qñaM b¤ elIs cab;BIeBlEdldak;BakübNþwgTamTar[TTYlsÁal; dUecñH KμanbBaðaGVIcMeBaHGMLúgeBl eT . RbsinebIsnþtiCnepSg)aneFVIskm μPaBBnüWtnItiviFIénbNþwg edIm,I[GMLúgeBlenH knøgput karN_Edl snþtiCnepSgelIkeLIgnUvmaRta 1304 KWCakarbMBansiT§i . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 910 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1275>- l½kçx½NÐttaMg CaGaT× énkarEbgEcksiTi§elIbMNul 1-enAkñúgkarEbgEckmt’k kñúgkrNIEdl)anEbgEcksiT§ielIbMNulEdl

mtkCnman eTAtamPaKeRkABIcMENkmt’kEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; ebIshsnþti-CnTaMgGs;min)anCUndMNwgBIkarEbgEckenaH b¤ ebIkarEbgEckmt’kenaH RtUv)an

eFVIedaylixityfaPUt Etmin)anbgðajlixitenaH b¤ RbKl;lixitcmøgenaH eTA[kUnbMNuleT BMuGacttaMgCamYykUnbMNul)aneLIy .

2-kUnbMNulénmtkCn Edl)ansgsMNgtamcMENkmt’kEdlkMNt; edayc,ab; cMeBaHshsnþtiCn enAmuneBl)anTTYldMNwg dUc)ankMNt;enAkñúg

kfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH GacttaMgcMeBaHshsnþtiCnEdl)aneFVIlT§kmμsiT§ielI bMNul tamkarEbgEckmt’kenaH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiBiesssþIBIl½kçx½NÐttaMgkñúgkrNIEbgEcksiT§ielIbMNulrbs;mtkCn eTAtamPaK

138

eRkABIcMENkmt’kkMNt;edayc,ab; . kñúgcMeNamsiT§ielIbMNulrbs;mtkCnEdlGacEbgEck)an dUcCaR)ak;beBaØI CaGaT× RtUvEbgEckeday

sV½yRbvtþieTAshsnþtiCn tamcMENkEdlkMNt;edayc,ab; edayEp¥keTAtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1148 kfaxNÐ TI 1 . k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebImankarRBmeRBogBIshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; siT§ielIbMNulenHk¾GacykmkeFVICakm μvtßú énkarEbgEckmt’k)anEdr ehIyGacEbgEckeTAtamPaKeRkABIcMENkmt’kkMNt;edayc,ab;)anEdr . k¾b:uEnþ cMeBaHkUnbMNulcMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulenHvij karEbgEckeTAtamPaKeRkABIcMENkmt’kkMNt;edayc,ab; KWK μan GVIepSgeRkABIkareFVIGnub,TansiT§ielIbMNulenHeT dUecñHehIy RbsinebIGnub,TayImin)anCUndMNwgtambBaØtþién maRta 503 eT kUnbMNulenHmincaM)ac;eFVItamkarBiPakSaénkarEbgEckmt’kenaHeT . dUecñH rhUtdl;eBl EdlsnþtiCnTaMgGs; eRkABIsnþtiCnEdl)aneFVIlT§kmμnUvsiT§ielIbMNuledaykarEbgEckenaH )anCUndMNwgdl; kUnbMNul karEbgEckmt’kenaH KμanGtßn½yeT ehtuenHehIy)anCakfaxNÐTI 1 enH kMNt;GMBIviFICUndMNwg BiessenH . kñúgcMeNamviFICUndMNwgTaMgenaH karCUndMNwgedayshsnþtiCnTaMgGs; minxusBIbBaØtþiénmaRta 503 eT . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlkarEbgEckmt’kRtUv)aneFVIedaylixityfaPUt karbgðajlixityfaPUtenH b¤ karRbKl;lixitcmøgénlixityfaPUtenH KWCaviFIBiessmYy .

kfaxNÐTI 2 KWCabBaØtþibBa¢ak;GMBIlT§plEdl)anmkBIkarbkRsayénmaRta 503 .

maRta 1276>- karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana rbs;shsnþtiCn shsnþtiCnmñak;² RtUvmanbnÞúkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana eTAtamsmamaRt

éncMENkmt’kenaH dUcCaGñklk;Edr cMeBaHshsnþtiCndéTeTot .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiEcgeLIgedIm,I[shsnþtiCnepSgTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana eRbobbIdUcCaGñklk;Edr

kñúgkrNIEdlvtßú b¤ siT§iEdlsnþtiCn)anTTYltamlT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k manvikar³ . karEbgEckmt’k KWCakareFVI[mt’kEdlenAkñúgsßanPaBCakmμsiT§iGviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCn [eTACa

km μsiT§iEtmñak; edaykarBiPakSarbs;shsnþtiCn dUecñHehIy tamPaBCak;Esþg KWCakarlk;Tij b¤ kardUr . dUecñH karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFana Edl)anEcgkñúgmaRtaenH CakarFm μtaeT . müa:geTot maRta 1273 TTYlsÁal;nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μénkarEbgEckmt’k ehIyRbsinebIcg;sgát;eTAelIcMNucenH maRtaenHGacKit faCabBaØtþisþIBIkarTTYlxusRtUvBiess k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICaTTYlsÁal;nUvGanuPaBRbtiskm μk¾eday k¾CasarFatu enAEtqøgkat;tamdMNak;kalpøas;bþÚrBIkm μsiT§irbs;mtkCneTACakm μsiT§iGviPaKrbs;shsnþtiCn nig BIkmμsiT§i

139

GviPaKeTACakm μsiT§iEtmñak; ehtuenHehIy karTTYlsÁal;nUvkarTTYlxusRtUvBiessenHmanehtuplRKb;RKan;. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlvikar³enaHF¶n;F¶r ¬]TahrN_ mt’kmanGclvtßú nig R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar ehIytam lT§plénkarEbgEckmt’k snþtiCn A )anTTYlGclnvtßú rIÉ B )anTTYlR)ak;beBaØI k¾b:uEnþ eBleRkaymk )andwgfa GclnvtßúCakm μsiT§irbs;GñkepSg¦ nwglubecalkarEbgEckenHedaysarmankarPan;RcLM rYceFVI karEbgEckmt’ksaCaf μ IeLIgvij . müa:geTot tamFm μta snþtiCnEdlcg;TTYllT§km μnUvvtßúNamYyeRcIn Etman»kasBinitüvtßúenaH nig BicarNa[)anc,as;las; ehIyeBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’k PaKeRcIn)andwgGMBI vikar³enaHehIy dUecñHminsUvmanvikar³kM)aMgeT . dUecñH krNIEdlRtUvGnuvtþmaRtaenHmanticNas; . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 911 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

EpñkTI 3 karsRmYlrvagm©as;bMNul

¬kMMNt;¦ eBlEdl)aneRCIserIsykeKalkarN_TTYlbnþedaysV½yRbvtþisRmab;snþtikmμ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn

mankatBVkic© ehIysnþtiCnmankatBVkic©pÞal;xøÜn RbsinebIK μanbBaØtþisRmYleT eRkayeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCnGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜncMeBaHRTBüsm,tþipÞal;rbs;snþtiCn ehIym©as;bMNulrbs; snþtiCnk¾GacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜncMeBaHcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCnenaH . k¾b:uEnþ tamkarBit m©as;bMNulrbs; mtkCnc,as;CamansiT§ielIbMNulEdlGacykmt’kmkTukbRmug b¤ k¾m©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCnc,as;Caman siT§ielIbMNulEdlGacykRTBüpÞal;rbs;snþtiCnehIy . viFIsRmYlrvagCnTaMgenaHmandUcCarbbbMEbkRTBü sm,tþiEdlmanenAkñúgrdæb,evNICb:un k¾b:uEnþ rbbenHykkarcuHbBa¢ICal½kçx½NÐttaMg dUecñH tamPaBCak;Esþg eKminsUveRbIeT . ehtudUecñH kñúgGMLúgeBlmYyeRkayBIsnþtikm μ ¬tamFmμta 3 Ex¦ RtUvhamkMu[eFVIkarepÞr eQ μaHmt’keTA[snþtiCn ehIykñúgGMLúgeBlenH m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn GacTamTar[eRCIstaMgGñkRKb; RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñ edayeyagtammaRta 1264 ehIyGacebIkpøÚv[TamTar[eFVIkarrkSakarBarRTBü sm,tþienaH CaGaT× cMeBaHGñkRKb;RKgmt’kCabeNþaHGasnñenaH . kñúgGMLúgeBlenH m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn minGacGnuvtþsiT§ieTAelIRTBüpÞal;rbs;snþtiCneT EtkñúgGMLúgeBlenH m©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCnGaccat;Ecg [rkSakarBarRTBüsm,tþipÞal;rbs;snþtiCn CaGaT× )an . enHCaviFIsRmYlrvagGñkTaMgBIrenH .

müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μ b¤ )anyl;RBmedaykRmit m©as;bMNulrbs; mtkCnminGacGnuvtþsiT§ieTAelIRTBüsm,tþipÞal;rbs;snþtiCn)aneT rIÉm©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCnk¾minGac GnuvtþsiT§ieTAelIcMENkmt’krbs;snþtiCn)anEdr dUecñHminGacGnuvtþtamviFIsRmYlénEpñkenHeT . 140

maRta 1277>- karhamXat;min[pøas;bþÚreQμaHm©as;siT§i snþtiCn nig GñkRKb;RKgmt’k minGacpøas;bþÚreQμaHm©as;siT§ielImt’k

eTA[snþtiCn b¤ Gc©½ylaPI )aneLIy rhUtdl;eBlEdlGMLúgeBlEdl)an

kMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aH bg;¦ énRkmenH )anknøghYs . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHminRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy

cMeBaHkrNIEdlpøas;bþÚreQ μaHm©as;siT§ielImt’k tamPaBcaM)ac;edIm,IsgkatBVkic© rbs;mtkCn .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;mYy minGacbþÚreQ μaHm©as;siT§ielImt’keTA[snþtiCn b¤ eTA[

Gc©½ylaPI)aneT edayEp¥keTAtammUlehtuEdl)anBnül;kñúgesckþIkMNt;xagelIenH . ehIykñúgenH karmin )ankMNt; {3 Ex eRkayeBlcab;epþImsnþtikm μ} sRmab;GMLúgeBlenH ehIyyk {GMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt; enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦} KWedaysarEtkñúgkrNI EdlsnþtiCnlMdab;TI 1 )ane)aHbg;snþtikmμecalTaMgGs;Kña bBaðadEdlenHnwgekIteLIgcMeBaHsnþtiCnlMdab; TI 2 . bBaðaenH k¾mandUcKñacMeBaHmaRta 1278 nig maRta 1279 Edr .

vaküxNÐTI 1 énmaRtaenH KWCabBaØtþiedIm,I[GaceFVInItiviFIbþÚrCaR)ak;Pøam sRmab;krNIEdl)anbþÚrmt’k CaR)ak; edIm,IsgbMNulrbs;mtkCn .

maRta 1278>- m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn m©as;bMNulénmtkCnBuMGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜn cMeBaHRTBüsm,tþipÞal;rbs;

snþtiCn)aneLIy rhUtdl;eBlEdlGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248 ¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ énRkmenH )an

knøghYs .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;mYy m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCnminGacGnuvtþsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþipÞal;

rbs;snþtiCn)aneT edayEp¥keTAelImUlehtuEdl)anBnül;xagelIenH . müa:geTot eTaHbICasnþtiCn)aneFVI

141

karyl;RBmTaMgRsug kñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1248 kfaxNÐ TI 1 k¾eday k¾dUcKñaEdr KW eyagtammaRtaenH m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn RtUvTTYlkarkRmitkñúgkarGnuvtþsiT§i . bBaðaenHk¾mandUcKñaEdr sRmab;maRta 1279 .

maRta 1279>- m©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCn m©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCn minGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜn cMeBaHmt’k)aneLIy

rhUtdl;eBlEdlGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1248

¬GMLúgeBlénkaryl;RBm b¤ kare)aHbg;¦ énRkmenH )anknøghYs .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;mYy m©as;bMNulrbs;snþtiCnminGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜnelImt’krbs;

snþtiCnenaH)aneT edayEp¥keTAelImUlehtuEdl)anBnül;xagelIenH .

EpñkTI 4 karCRmH CaGaT× enAkñúgkrNIEdlmankaryl;RBmedaykRmit

maRta 1280>- karRKb;RKgmt’kenAeRkayeBlyl;RBmedaykRmit Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvbnþkarRKb;RKgmt’k edayRbugRby½tñ kñúgnam

CaGñkRKb;RKgedaysucrit .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa snþtiCnRtUvRKb;RKgmt’kbnþeTot eRkayBI)anyl;RBmedaymankRmit . karyl;RBmedaykRmit KWCanItiviFICRmHEdlmanlkçN³dUcCaFnkS½yénmt’kEdr dUecñH bBaØtþienHEcgfa

Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvRKb;RKgmt’kbnþeTot edayRbugRby½tñ kñúgnamCaGñkRKb;RKgedaysucrit . kñúgkrNIénsnþtikm μEtÉg snþtiCnEdl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit CaGñkmankrNIykic©RKb;RKg rIÉkñúgkrNI énshsnþtikm μvij snþtiCnEdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMgCaGñkRKb;RKgmt’k edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1289 kfaxNÐTI 1 CaGñkmankrNIykic©RKb;RKg .

müa:geTot edIm,IeFVIkarCRmHmt’k CnEdl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvGnuvtþtamnItiviFIEdl)anEcg BImaRtaenH rhUtdl;maRta 1288 . snþtiCnEdl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit GacTTYlsnþtikm μnUvmt’k skmμEdlenAsl;BIkarCRmH)an ehIy)anyl;RBmTTYledaykRmit edaysarEtxøÜnsgÇwmfa GacTTYl

142

snþtikmμnUvmt’kenH ¬RbsinebIKμansgÇwmfa nwg)anTTYleT eKc,as;Cae)aHbg;snþtikmμehIy¦ dUecñH eTaHbICa [GnuvtþnItiviFIenH k¾K μanbBaðaGVIEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 926 kfaxNÐTI 1 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1281>- karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn 1-Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvCUndMNwgCasaFaN³ enAkñúgGMLúgeBl 5

¬R)aM¦ éf¶ bnÞab;BI)anyl;RBmedaykRmitehIy cMeBaHm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn

nig Gc©½ylaPITaMgGs; GMBIkarN_EdlxøÜn)anyl;RBmedaykRmit nig karN_ Edlm©as;bMNul nig Gc©½ylaPITaMgenaH RtUvesñIsuMGMBIkarTamTarenAkñúgGMLúg

eBlEdlkMNt; . b:uEnþ GMLúgeBlenH minRtUv[ticCag 2 ¬BIr¦ Ex eLIy . 2-enAkñúgkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xag

elIenH Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvsresrbEnßmfa ebIm©as;bMNulmin)anesñIsMu enAkñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;enaHeT siT§ielIbMNulenaHnwgRtUvdkecjBIkarCRmH .

b:uEnþ Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmitenH minGacdkm©as;bMNulEdlxøÜn)andwgecj)an

eLIy . 3-Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvdas;etOnedayELk² cMeBaHm©as;bMNul

EdlxøÜn)andwg[eFVIkaresñIsMu .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa edIm,IeFVIkarCRmHmt’k RtUvCUndMNwgGMBIkaryl;RBmedaykRmitenaH CaGaT× eTA

m©as;bMNul ehIykñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;mYy RbsinebIm©as;bMNulmin)anesñIsMueT RtUvdkeQ μaHGñkenaHecjBI karCRmHmt’k .

edIm,IeFVIkarCRmHmt’k GñkEdl)anyl;RBmedaymankRmit ¬mann½yfaCasnþtiCnEdlRtUvGnuvtþnItiviFI CRmH¦ caM)ac;RtUvdwgGMBIGtßiPaBrbs;m©as;bMNul . edaysarmtkCn)anbnSl;TuknUvkic©snüax©IbriePaKR)ak; b¤ )anbegáIthIub:UEtkelIGclnvtßúEdlCamt’k b¤ mansresrmtksasn_bBa¢ak;kareFVIGc©½yTancMeBaHttiyCn CaGaT× mankrNIEdlGñkyl;RBmedaykRmitGacdwgGMBIGtißPaBénm©as;bMNul . k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIEdlmtkCn

143

min)anbnSl;TuknUvGVIsRmab;[dwg muneBlTTYlmrNPaBeT minGacdwgGMBIGtißPaBénm©as;bMNuleLIy . dUecñHehIy)anCakñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 Ecgfa kñúgGMLúgeBl 5 éf¶ eRkaykaryl;RBmedaykRmit Gñkyl;RBm edaykRmitenaHRtUvCUndMNwgCasaFarN³cMeBaHm©as;bMNul nig cMeBaHGc©½ylaPITaMgGs; GMBIkarN_EdlxøÜn )anyl;RBmedaykRmit nig GMBIkarN_Edlm©as;bMNul nig Gc©½ylaPIenaHRtUvesñIsuMGMBIkarTamTar kñúgGMLúg eBlkMNt;mYy . karCUndMNwgenH KWCakardas;etOn[m©as;bMNulesñIsMu ehIybnÞab;mkRtUvcUldl;dMNak;kal énnItiviFICRmHmt’k .

tamkfaxNÐTI 1 nig kfaxNÐTI 2 xøwmsarénkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ RtUvbBa¢ak;GMBIkarN_EdlmtkCn )anTTYlmrNPaB karN_EdlsnþtiCn)anyl;RBmedaykRmit karN_Edlm©as;bMNul CaGaT× RtUvesñIsMu GMBIkarTamTarsiT§ielIbMNulkñúgGMLúgeBlkMNt;mYy RBmTaMgkarN_Edlm©as;bMNul CaGaT× enaH nwgRtUvdk ecjBIkarCRmHbBa¢Í kñúgkrNIEdlmin)anesñIsuM[Tan;eBlevla . karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³enH RtUv)aneFVIeLIg edIm,Irkm©as;bMNulEdlGñkyl;RBmedaykRmitmin)andwg dUecñHehIy cMeBaHm©as;bMNulEdlxøÜn)andwg RtUveFVI kardas;etOn cMeBaHm©as;bMNulmñak;²edayELk edIm,I[eKesñIsMu ¬kfaxNÐTI 3¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 927 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1282>- siT§ibdiesFkarsgenAkñúgGMLúgeBldas;etOn enAmuneBlputGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³

Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn¦ xagelIenH Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit GacbdiesFkarsg cMeBaH m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn nig Gc©½ylaPI)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgbBa¢ak;fa enAkñúgGMLúgeBldas;etOn Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit GacbdiesFkarsgcMeBaH

m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn nig Gc©½ylaPI edIm,I[mansmPaBrvagm©as;bMNul tamnItiviFICRmH . eTaHbICamanbBaØtiþénmaRtaenHk¾eday kñúgkrNIEdlkarxUcxat)anekIteLIgcMeBaHm©as;bMNulepSgeTot

edaysarkarsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNulNamñak;kñúgGMLúgeBlénkardas;etOnenH GñkEdl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvsgnUvsMNgénkarxUcxatcMeBaHm©as;bMNulEdl)anTTYlnUvkarxUcxatenaH edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1287 . eKalbMNgénmaRtaenH KWrkSanUvsmPaBkñúgkarsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNul dUecñHehIy kñúgkrNIEdl

144

m©as;bMNulmansiT§iGaTiPaBkñúgkarTTYlkarsg dUcCakrNIEdlmt’k)andak;CahIub:UEtk b¤ manÉksiTi§ CaGaT× eTaHbICaenAkñúgGMLúgeBldas;etOnk¾eday k¾m©as;bMNulenHGacGnuvtþsiT§ienaH)anEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 928 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1283>- karsgtamkarEckcMENk eRkayeBlEdlGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³

Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn¦ xagelIenH )anknøghYs Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvyk

mt’kenaHmksg[m©as;bMNulEdl)anesñIsMuenAkñúgGMLúgeBlenaH nig m©as;bMNul

epSgeTotEdlxøÜn)andwg eTAtamsmamaRténcMnYnTwkR)ak;énsiT§ielIbMNulnImYy² enaH . b:uEnþ karsgenH BMuGacbMBansiT§irbs;m©as;bMNulEdlmansiT§iGaTiPaB

)aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþiEcgGMBIkarsgedayEckcMENk eRkayGMLúgeBlkMNtsRmab;;karCUndMNwg . eyagtammaRtaenH nig maRtaBak;B½n§epSgeTot lMdab;énkarsgmandUcteTA ³ 1-m©as;bMNulEdlmansiT§iGaTiPaB ¬vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH¦ 2-m©as;bMNulEdl)anesñIsMukñúgGMLúgeBlCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig m©as;bMNulEdl)andwgedayGñk yl;RBmedaykRmit ¬elIkElgEtGc©½ylaPInImYy² . vaküxNÐTI 1 énmaRtaenH¦ 3-Gc©©½ylaPIEdl)anesñIsMukñúgGMLúgeBlCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig Gc©½ylaPIEdl)andwgedayGñkyl; RBmedaykRmit ¬maRta 1285¦ 4-m©as;bMNul nig Gc©½ylaPI Edlmin)anesñIsMukñúgGMLúgeBlCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ ehIyGñkyl;RBm edaykRmit min)andwg ¬maRta 1288¦ bnÞab;mk ]TahrN_ RbsinebIminGacsgbMNulcMeBaHm©as;bMNulTaMgGs;énlMdab;TI 2 eT RtUvsg

eTAtamsmamaRténTwkR)ak;énsiT§ielIbMNulTaMgenaH rIÉcMeBaHm©as;bMNullMdab;TI 3 eTA mincaM)ac;sgeT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 929 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

145

maRta 1284>- karsgkatBVkic© CaGaT× enAmuneBlkMNt; 1-eTaHbICasiT§ielIbMNulminTan;dl;eBlkMNt;sgk¾eday Gñkyl;RBm

edaykRmit RtUvsgedayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1283 ¬karsgtamkarEck

cMENk¦ xagelIenH . 2-cMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulEdlP¢ab;nwgl½kçx½NÐ b¤ siT§ielIbMNulEdlGMLúg

eBlbnþGtßiPaBminBitR)akd Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmitRtUvsgsiT§ielIbMNulenaH edayeyagtamkarvaytémørbs;GñkvaytémøEdlRtUv)aneRCIs taMgedaytulakar .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa karsgkñúgkrNIyl;RBmedaykRmit KWCakarCRmHmt’k ehtuenHehIy eTaHbICasiT§ielI

bMNulEdlminTan;dl;eBlRtUvsgk¾eday k¾RtUvsgEdr . edayeyagtamkfaxNÐTI 1 eBlsgkatBVkic©muneBlkMNt;RtUvsg KYrEtdkbnßynUvkarR)ak;sRmab;

GMLúgeBlcab;BIeBlsgdl;eBlkMNt;RtUvsg ¬{karR)ak;Bak;kNþalkal}¦ . cMeBaHviFIKNnakarR)ak;Bak; kNþalkal manviFIBIr KWviFIKNnatamrUbmnþ Leibniz ¬viFIKNnakarR)ak;smas¦ nig viFIKNnatamrUbmnþ Hoffman ¬viFIKNnakarR)ak;Fm μta¦ ehIyenARbeTsCb:un eKykkarR)ak;smas .

cMeBaHsiT§ielIbMNulEdlP¢ab;l½kçx½NÐ b¤ siT§ielIbMNulEdlGMLúgeBlbnþGtßiPaBminBitR)akd Edl)an EcgkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 témøCasarFatuénsiT§ielIbMNulenaHmanxusKñaeTAtamsßanPaBénPaBGacbMeBjl½kçx½NÐ énsiT§ienaH CaGaT× dUecñHehIyRtUv[GñkEdlRtUv)aneRCIstaMgedaytulakar eFVIkarvaytémøsiT§ienaH ehIy RtUvsgeTAtamtémøenaH . GñkvaytémøRtUvvaytémøeTAtamPaBBitCak;Esþg b¤ tampøÚvc,ab; nUvPaBén karbMeBjl½kçx½NÐ CaGaT× ehIyeFVIkarKNnatémøenaH . ]TahrN_ mankic©snüamYyfa bg;[mYyqñaM 100 duløar rhUtmYyCIvit kñúgkrNIenH RtUveFVIkar)a:n;sμannUvGMLúgeBlEdlGacrs;ranmanCIvit edayemIleTAtam GayukalmFüm b¤ sßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;GñkBak;B½n§ CaGaT× ehIykat;bnßynUvkarR)ak;Bak;kNþalkal Edl KNnatamviFIxagelI bnÞab;mkeFVIkarKNnanUvtémøbc©úb,nñénsiTi§enaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 930 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

146

maRta 1285>- karsgcMeBaHGc©½ylaPI Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit minGacsgeTA[Gc©½ylaPI)aneLIy ebIminTan;

)ansgcMeBaHm©as;bMNulnImYy² tambBaØtþiénmaRta 1283 ¬karsgtamkarEck

cMENk¦ nig maRta 1284 ¬karsgkatBVkic© CaGaT× enAmuneBlkMNt;¦ xagelI enH .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa karsgcMeBaHGc©½ylaPI RtUvmanlMdab;eRkaykarsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn . mUlehtuénkartak;EtgbBaØtþienH KWTImYy siT§irbs;m©as;bMNulénmtkCn RtUv)ankMNt;CasßaBrmuneBl

cab;epþImsnþtikmμ edayemIleTAtamsßanPaBRTBüsm,tþirbs;mtkCn pÞúyeTAvij siT§irbs;Gc©½ylaPI RtUv )aneFVIlT§kmμedaycitþsb,úrsFm’rbs;mtkCnedayÉketaPaKI ehtuenHehIy RtUv[GaTiPaBeTAelIsiT§irbs; m©as;bMNulénmtkCnvij . TIBIr KWRbsinebI[smPaBrvagm©as;bMNul nig Gc©½ylaPIeTA GacmankrNIEdl eFVIGc©½yTanedaymaneKalbMNgbMBansiT§irbs;m©as;bMNul . maRta 574 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa k¾maneKalKMnitdUcKñaEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 931 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1286>- karbþÚrmt’kCaR)ak; 1-RbsinebIcaM)ac;RtUvlk;mt’kedIm,Isg edayeyagtambBaØtþicab;BImaRta

1283 ¬karsgtamkarEckcMENk¦ rhUtdl;maRta 1285 ¬karsgcMeBaH Gc©½ylaPI¦ xagelIenH Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvlk;mt’kenaH tamviFIlk; edaybgçM b¤ lk;kñúgtémøx<s;Cagkarvaytémørbs;GñkvaytémøEdlRtUv)aneRCIs

taMgedaytulakar . 2-Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn b¤ Gc©½ylaPI Gac

køayCaGñkTijedaypÞal;xøÜn enAkñúgkarlk;edaybgçM b¤ karlk;Edl)ankMNt; enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ 147

maRtaenHEcgGMBIviFIlk; kñúgkrNIEdlmanPaBcaM)ac;RtUvbþÚrCaR)ak;nUvmt’k edIm,IsgbMNul . kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIviFIlk; KWkarlk;edaybgçM b¤ karlk;edayxøÜnÉgkñúgtémøx<s;Cagkarvaytémørbs;

GñkvaytémøEdl)aneRCIstaMgedaytulakar . karEcgdUcenH KWedaysarEtRtUvlk;tamtémøRtwmRtUvmYyedIm,I kMu[xUcRbeyaCn_rbs;m©as;bMNul . KYrEteRCIstaMgGñkvaytémøGclnvtßú eFIVCaGñkvaytémø .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþisþIBIGñkTijtamkarlk;edaybgçM b¤ tamkarlk;TijenH . tampøÚvc,ab; Gñkyl; RBmedaykRmit CaGñkTTYlsnþtikmμ dUecñHhak;dUcCakarTijvtßúrbs;xøÜnÉg manlkçN³pÞúy k¾b:uEnþ CasarFatu eBleFVIkarCRmH vtßúenHRtUvcat;TukCavtßúepSgBIRTBüsm,tþirbs;snþtiCn dUecñHehIy GñkenHk¾manlkçNsm,tþi CaGñkTijEdr . maRta 1258 kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa GanuPaBénkaryl;RBmedaykRmit KWkarcat;Tukfa siT§i nig krNIykic©EdlsnþtiCnmancMeBaHmtkCnenaH minRtUv)anrlt;edayBüakulPaBeT ehIymaRta 1286 enHmaneKalKMnitdUcKñaEdr . cMeBaHm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn b¤ Gc©½ylaPIvij RKan;EtEcgtamPaBCak;Esþg Etb:ueNÑaH cMENkÉkarTUTat;nUvéfølk;Tij nig témøénsiT§ielIbMNulrbs;xøÜn minGaceFVI)aneT edayeyageTA tameKalKMniténbBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 932 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1287>- karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarsgminRtwmRtUv 1-RbsinebIGñkyl;RBmedaykRmitmankareFVsRbEhs kñúgkarCUndMNwg

CasaFarN³ b¤ kardas;etOnEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwg

CasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn¦ énRkmenH b¤ ebIBMuGacsgeTA[m©as;bMNul b¤ Gc©½ylaPIdéTeTot edaysar)ansgeTA[m©as;bMNul b¤ Gc©½ylaPINaepSg

enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRtadEdlenHeT Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmitenaH RtUvsg

sMNgkarxUcxatEdlekIteLIgedaysarehtuenaH . 2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH BMuraraMgkarTamTarsMNgkarxUcxat

rbs;m©as;bMNul b¤ Gc©½ylaPIdéT cMeBaHm©as;bMNul b¤ Gc©½ylaPIEdl)an

TTYlkarsg edaydwgGMBIPaBminRtwmRtUvénkarsgenaH .

148

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþisþIGMBIkarTamTarsMNgénkarxUcxatcMeBaHGñkyl;RBmedaykRmit nig m©as;bMNul

CaGaT× Edl)anTTYlkarsg fIVt,itEt)andwgGMBIPaBminRtwmRtUvénkarsg kñúgkrNIEdlGñkyl;RBmeday kRmit )ansgeTA[m©as;bMNul b¤ Gc©½ylaPICak;lak;NamYy edaykarmineKarBtamnItiviFI ehIyEdleFIV[ xUcxatdl;m©as;bMNul epSgeTot CaGaT× .

kfaxNÐTI 1 )anEcgEtGMBIkarxUcxatEdl)anekIteLIg edaysarGñkyl;RBmedaykRmitmankareFVs RbEhskñúgkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ b¤ kardas;etOnEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1281 b¤ edaysar Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit)ansgedayminGnuvtþsiT§ibdiesFkarsg kñúgGMLúgeBldas;etOn eTaHbICamanbBaØtþi énmaRta 1282 k¾eday b:ueNÑaH . ehIymaRta 1282 EcgEtGMBIsiT§i ehtuenHehIy maRtaenH)anEcg BiessGMBIkrNIykic©kñúgkarsgnUvsMNgénkarxUcxat . eRkABIenH cMeBaHkarsgminRtwmRtUvedaymineKarB tambBaØtþicab;BImaRta 1283 dl; maRta 1285 tamkarbkRsay Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUvsgnUv sMNgénkarxUcxatedaysarGMeBIenH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa m©as;bMNul CaGaT× EdlTTYlkarxUcxatedaysarlT§plénkarsgminRtwmRtUv GacTamTarnUvsMNgénkarxUcxatBIm©as;bMNul CaGaT× Edl)anTTYlkarsg eTaHbICa)andwgfa manPaBmin RtwmRtUvkñúgkarsgenaHkIþ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 934 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1288>- krNIEdlBMu)anesñIsMu m©as;bMNul nig Gc©½ylaPI EdlBMu)anesñIsMuenAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)an

kMNt;enAkñúgkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 én

maRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn¦ énRkmenH ehIyEdl

Gñkyl;RBmedaykRmitBMuGacdwg)an GacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜn)an RtwmEtcMeBaH RTBüsm,tþiEdlenAesssl;b:ueNÑaH . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHminRtUvykmkGnuvtþeLIy

cMeBaHCnEdlmansiT§iR)atiePaKelIvtßú b¤ siT§iEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;kñúgcMeNam

mt’k .

¬kMMNt;¦

149

maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNul eRkaynItiviFICRmHmt’k . karsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNul CaGaT× RtUveFVItamlMdab;Edl)anBnül;kñúgesckþIkMNt;énmaRta 1283 .

ehIyeRkayBI)ansgeTAlMdab;TI 3 Edl)anbgðajkñúgenaH mann½yfa eRkayBI)ansgcMeBaHGc©½ylaPI ehIy enAsl;mt’keTot GacsgcMeBaHm©as;bMNul CaGaT× EdlmanlMdab;TI 4 mann½yfa m©as;bMNulEdlmin)an esñIsuMkñúgGMLúgeBlCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ RBmTaMgGc©½ylaPIEdlGñkyl;RBmedaykRmitmin)andwg Gac GnuvtþsiT§ieTAelImt’kEdlenAsl;enaH . maRtaenHminEcgGMBIGMLúgeBlEdlGacGnuvtþsiT§ienaHeT k¾b:uEnþ GacbkRsayfa GacGnuvtþsiT§ienHrhUtdl;eBlEdlmt’kenAsl;enaHRtUv)anBüakuleTAnwgRTBüsm,tþipÞal; xøÜnrbs;snþtiCn b¤ rhUtdl;eBlEdlsnþtiCnenaH)ancat;EcgRTBüsm,tþiEdlenAsl;enaH . enHk¾eRBaHfa enAeBlsnþtiCnEdl)anyl;RBmedaykRmit )aneFVIrhUtdl;nItiviFIénkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³EdlbBa¢ak;GMBI kardkhUtsiT§iehIykIþ karN_Edl[m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCnmansiTi§TamTarrhUt drabNaminTan;knøgput GaCJayukalénkarrlt;siTi§enaH minEmnCakarRtwmRtUveLIy .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH CabBaØtþiGBaØRtkm μsþIBICnEdlmansiTi§R)atiePaKelIvtßú b¤ siTi§Cak;lak;NamYy kñúgcMeNammt’k . cMeBaHvtßú b¤ siTi§Cak;lak;NamYyEdlRtUvCakmμvtßúénsiT§iR)atiePaK kñúgkrNIEdl)an bþÚrCaR)ak;kñúgnItiviFICRmH CnEdlmansiTi§R)atiePaK GacTTYlsMNgCaGaTiPaBBIR)ak;Edl)anmkBIkarlk; tamnItiviFIén])aeTskmμelIvtßú ehIykñúgkrNIEdl)aneFVsRbEhs siT§ielIbMNulEdlRtUv)anFanaeday siT§iR)atiePaKenaH nwgkøayeTACasiT§iEdlminRtUv)anFana . ehtuenH vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH EcgGMBIvtßú CaGaT× Edlmin)anbþÚrCaR)ak; kñúgnItiviFICRmH . eTaHbICa)anyl;RBmedaykRmitk¾eday k¾Kμan\T§iBleTAelI siT§iR)atiePaKEdr dUecñH vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH RKan;EtCabBaØtþieRkInrMlwkGMBIkarN_enHb:ueNÑaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 935 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1289>- krNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; 1-enAkñúgkrNIEdlmansnþtiCneRcInnak; ebImankaryl;RBmedaykRmit

tulakarRtUveRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k BIkñúgcMeNamsnþtiCnTaMgenaH . 2-GñkRKb;RKg RtUvbMeBjral;skmμPaBcaM)ac;kñúgkarRKb;RKgmt’k nig sg

katBVkic© edIm,IxøÜnÉgpÞal; nig CMnYsshsnþtiCndéTeTot . 3-bBaØtþicab;BImaRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn¦

150

rhUtdl;maRta 1288 ¬krNIEdlBMu)anesñIsMu¦ xagelIenH RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUc

KñapgEdr cMeBaHGñkRKb;RKg . b:uEnþ GMLúgeBlEdlRtUvCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOn¦ énRkmenH mancMnYn 10 ¬db;¦ éf¶ bnÞab;BI)aneRCIstaMgGñk

RKb;RKg .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa kñúgkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;)anyl;RBmedaykRmit RtUveRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKg

mt’k ehIyGñkRKb;RKgmt’kenHRtUveFVInItiviFICRmH CaGaT× . kñúgkrNIshsnþtikmμ snþtiCnTaMgGs;Edlmin)ane)aHbg;snþtikm μ RtUvdak;BaküsMuyl;RBmedaykRmit

TaMgGs;Kña ¬maRta 1256 kfaxNÐTI 2¦ . kñúgkrNIenH kfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRtaenHEcgfa enAeBlEdl TTYlBaküsMuenH tulakarRtUveRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kBIkñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn . eBldak;BaküsMuyl;RBm edaykRmit tamFm μta shsnþtiCnRtUvTamTar[tulakareFVIkareRCIstaMgCnNamñak;kñúgcMeNamshsnþtiCn TaMgGs;enaHeFVICaGñkRKb;RKgmt’k . kareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’krebobenH k¾eRBaHfa RbsinebIeFVIkarCRmH mt’kedayshsnþtiCnTaMgGs;KñaeTA mankarsμúKsμajNas; .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIsiT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKg . tampøÚvc,ab; GñkRKb;RKgRtUv)anvaytémøfaCa GñktMNagtampøÚvc,ab;rbs;shsnþtiCnepSgeTot .

kfaxNÐTI 3 CabBaØtþisþIBIkarGnuvtþdUcKñaEdlBak;B½n§nwgnItiviFICRmH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 936 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

CMBUkTI 7 ntißPaBénsnþtiCn

maRta 1290>- nItibuKÁlmt’k RbsinebIBMuc,as;famansnþtiCneT mt’kenaHRtUvkøayCanItibuKÁl .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgfa RbsinebIBMuc,as;famansnþtiCneT mt’kenaHRtUvkøayCanItibuKÁl . kñúgkrNIEdlK μansnþtiCneT RbFanénkmμsiTi§mt’kenaHk¾KμanEdr dUecñH RbsinebIK μanbBaØtþiGMBIkrNIenHeT

151

cMeBaHGclvtßú RtUvFøak;eTACakmμsiT§irbs;rdæ ¬sUmemIlmaRta 161¦ rIÉclnvtßúvij GñkEdl)ankan;kab;mun GacnwgkøayeTACakm μsiT§ikrénclnvtßúenaH ¬sUmemIlmaRta 188¦ . dUecñH m©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn nwg mankarBi)akkñúgkarTTYlkarsg b¤ k¾karRbECgykclnvtßúnwgGacekIteLIg ehIyeFVI[mankarRCYlRcbl; dl;sgÁm ehtuenHehIy)anCaRtUvcat;Tukfamt’kenaHCanItibuKÁl ehIy[nItibuKÁlenaHeFVICaRbFanénsiT§ielI mt’kenaH . bnÞab;mk RtUveFVIkarCRmH CaGaT× eTAtamnItiviFIEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRtabnþbnÞab;enH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 951 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1291>- kareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKg 1-kñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1290 ¬nItibuKÁlmt’k¦ xagelI

enH tulakarRtUveRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k tamBaküsMurbs;buKÁlEdlmanTMnak; TMngnwgplRbeyaCn_ emXMu b¤ ecAsgáat;énlMenAzan cugeRkayrbs;mtkCn b¤ tMNagGyükar .

2-ebI)aneRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’kehIy tulakarRtUveFVIkarCUndMNwgCa saFarN³GMBIkarN_enaH edayK μankaryWtya:v .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBInItiviFIénkareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k . kñúgkrNIEdlmindwgc,as;las;famansnþtiCn mt’kRtUvcat;TukfaCanItibuKÁltampøÚvc,ab; edaysV½yRbvtþi

edayeyagtambBaØtþiénmaRta 1290 k¾b:uEnþ K μanGñkNaRKb;RKgeT ehtuenHehIy)anCatRmUv[tulakar eFVIkareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k tamBaküsuMrbs;buKÁlCak;lak;Namñak;Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRtaenH . Gñk RKb;RKgmt’k RtUvTTYlsiT§i nig katBVkic©EdlEcgkñúgbBaØtþiénmaRta 1292 ehIyRtUvRbtibtþinUvkic©kar c,ab;mYycMnYnFM dUecñHehIy KYrEteRCIstaMgGñkc,ab; dUcCaemFavI [TTYlmuxgarenH eTIbCakarsmrmü .

kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBInItiviFICUndMNwgCasaFarN³eRkayeBleRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 952 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

152

maRta 1292>- siT§i nig katBVkic©rbs;GñkRKb;RKg 1-GñkRKb;RKg RtUveFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐEdlTak;TgeTAnwgmt’k edayK μan

karyWtya:v . 2-GñkRKb;RKg RtUvEfrkSa nig RKb;RKgmt’k . ebImankarcaM)ac;edIm,IEf

rkSa nig RKb;RKgmt’kenaH GñkRKb;RKgGacbþÚrmt’kCaR)ak; b¤ Gaccat;Ecg

mt’kenaH)an edayTTYlkarGnuBaØatBItulakar . 3-ebImankarTamTarBIm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn b¤ Gc©½ylaPI GñkRKb;RKg

RtUvraykarN_GMBIsßanPaBénmt’keTA[CnenaH . 4-GñkRKb;RKgRtUvGnuvtþtamcMNucnImYy² Edl)ankMNt;kñúgbBaØtþicab;BI

maRta 1282 ¬siT§ibdiesFkarsgenAkñúgGMLúgeBldas;etOn¦ rhUtdl;maRta 1288 ¬krNIEdlBMu)anesñIsMu¦ énRkmenH EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKña eday

eyagtambBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1296 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig

kardas;etOncMeBaHm©as;bMNul CaGaTצ xageRkamenH . 5-tamkarbgÁab;rbs;tulakar GñkRKb;RKg RtUvRsavRCavGgÁehtu ehIyRtUv

eFVIesckþIraykarN_GMBIlT§plenaHeTAtulakar .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþisþIBIsiT§i nig katBVkic©rbs;GñkRKb;RKgmt’k . nItibuKÁlmt’kRtUvRKb;RKgedayGñkRKb;RKgmt’k . kargarsMxan;²rbs;GñkRKb;RKgmt’k KWkarkþab;[dwg

GMBImt’kTaMgGs; karsgbMNulrbs;mtkCn ehIykarEbgEckmt’kEdlenAsl;eTA[GñkmannisS½yBiess b¤ bgVilmt’kenaHeTA[rdæ ehIyedIm,IeFIVkargarTaMgenH kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; RtUvcat;EcgbþÚrmt’kenaHCaR)ak; eday TTYlkarGnuBaØatBItulakar . maRtaenHEcgGMBIsiT§i nig katBVkic©EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIskm μPaBTaMgGs;enH . GñkRKb;RKgmt’k KWCaGñktMNagrbs;nItibuKÁlmt’k ¬GñktMNagEdlc,ab;)ankMNt;¦ ehIyeFVIskm μPaB KtiyutþkñúgnamCa {GñkRKb;RKgnItibuKÁlmt’krbs;mtkCneQμaH >>>>>>} .

kfaxNÐTI 1 KWCakareFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐEdlTak;Tgnwgmt’k . kareFIVbBa¢IKWminRtwmEtRTBüskmμeT ral;katBVkic©énsnþtikmμEdlGacdwg)an k¾caM)ac;RtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúgbBa¢IenHTaMgGs; .

kfaxNÐTI 2 KWkarEfrkSa nig karRKb;RKgmt’k ehIykarEfrkSa nig karRKb;RKgenHRtUveFVIedIm,I[)an

153

seRmcnUveKalbMNgEdl)anBnül;xagelIenH dUecñH RbsinebImankarcaM)ac; GñkRKb;RKgGacbþÚrCaR)ak; b¤ cat;Ecgmt’kenaH edayTTYlkarGnuBaØatBItulakar)an .

kfaxNÐTI 3 KWkrNIykic©eFVIkarraykarN_cMeBaHm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn CaGaT× . GñkRKb;RKgRtUv pþl;CacMhnUvBt’manepSg²sþIBItémøénmt’k b¤ xøwmsar [GñkEdlmanBak;B½n§nwgplRbeyaCn_ .

kfaxNÐTI 4 KWCabBaØtþieRkInrMlwk . kfaxNÐTI 5 KWCakrNIykic©eFVIkarRsavRCavnUvGgÁehtu . karRsavRCavenH minRtwmEtmankarRsavRCav

GMBImt’kb:ueNÑaHeT manrYmTaMgkarRsavRCavGñkmannisS½yBiessEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1299 pgEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 953 nig maRta 954 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1293>- kéRmsRmab; GñkRKb;RKg tulakarGacpþl;kéRmsmrmü ecjBIkñúgcMeNammt’k [eTAGñkRKb;RKg

)an edayKitBicarNaeTAelIsßanPaBénmt’k nig sßanPaBepSgeTot .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkéRmsRmab;GñkRKb;RKgmt’k . dUcEdl)anBnül;kñúgmaRta 1291 rYcmkehIy KYrEteRCIstaMgGñkc,ab; dUcCaemFavI CaGaT× eFVICa

GñkRKb;RKgmt’k dUecñHehIyRtUvEtbg;kéRm[smrmüeTAtamenaHEdr . enARbeTsCb:un tulakar)anbegáItnUv taragbTdæanénkéRmenH edayyktémømt’k GMLúgeBlRKb;RKgkic©karEdlRtUveFVI ¬manbNþwgb¤eT )anbþÚr mt’kCaR)ak;b¤eT CaGaTצ mkeFVICamUldæanénkarKNna edIm,IseRmcnUvkéRmenHedaylkçN³stüanum½t . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 953 nig maRta 29 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1294>- krNIEdldwgc,as;GMBIsnþtiCn RbsinebIdwgc,as;famansnþtiCn nItibuKÁlmt’kRtUvcat;TukfaBMumanGtßiPaB

taMgBIdMbUg . b:uEnþ bBaØtþienHBMuraraMgGanuPaBénskm μPaBEdlGñkRKb;RKg)aneFVI ehIy enAkñúgTMhMénsiT§iGMNacrbs;xøÜneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ 154

maRtaenHEcgGMBIkrNIEdl)andwgfamansnþtiCn eRkayeBleRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k . eRkayeBl)aneRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKgmt’k ehIyGñkRKb;RKgmt’kenH )anGnuvtþsiT§i nig katBVkic©

tambBaØtþiénmaRta 1292 ehIy kñúgkrNIEdl)andwgGMBIsnþtiCn tamkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³edIm,IEsVgrk snþtiCntammaRta 1297 b¤ edaymUlehtuepSg² GanuPaBénkar[kmμsiTi§mt’keTAnrNamñak; b¤ GanuPaBén karcat;Ecgmt’knwgmanbBaða . maRtaenH )ancat;Tukfa nItibuKÁlmt’k K μanGtßiPaBtaMgBIdMbUg ehIycat;Tukfa snþtiCn)anTTYlsnþtikmμmt’kenaH taMgBIeBlEdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB rIÉskmμPaBEdl)aneFVIeLIg eRkamsiT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKgmt’kRtUvcat;TukfamansuBlPaB edIm,IkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;ttiyCn pgEdr . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 955 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1295>- eBlrlt;siT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKg 1-siT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKg RtUvrlt; enAeBlEdlsnþtiCn)anyl;

RBmTTYlsnþtikmμ . 2-ebIsnþtiCn)anyl;RBmTTYlsnþtikmμehIy GñkRKb;RKgRtUvKNnaGMBI

karRKb;RKgenaH cMeBaHsnþtiCn edayK μankaryWtya:v .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIsiT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKgmt’k kñúgkrNIEdl)andwgfamansnþtiCn . kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIeBlrlt;siT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKg . eTaHbICa)andwgfamansnþtiCnk¾eday

RbsinebIsnþtiCnenHe)aHbg;snþtikmμ enaHnwgFøak;cUlkñúgsßanPaBmindwgfamansnþtiCnc,as;las;mþgeTot dUecñH maRtaenHbBa¢ak;fa siT§iGMNacrbs;GñkRKb;RKgminRtUvrlt;rhUtdl;snþtiCnyl;RBmsnþtikm μ . kar yl;RBmenH manrYmTaMgkaryl;RBmTaMgRsug nig karyl;RBmedaykRmit .

kfaxNÐTI 2 CabBaØtþibgÁab;[GñkRKb;RKgmt’kbgðaj[)anc,as;las;nUvsßanPaBEdlxøÜn)anRKb;RKg rhUtdl;eBlenaH kñúgkrNIEdlsnþtiCn)anyl;RBmsnþtikmμ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 956 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

155

maRta 1296>- karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOncMeBaHm©as;bMNul

CaGaT× 1-ebIBMu)andwgc,as;GMBIGtßiPaBénsnþtiCn enAkñúgGMLúgeBl 2 ¬BIr¦ Ex

bnÞab;BI)aneFVIkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 2 én

maRta 1291 ¬kareRCIstaMgGñkRKb;RKg¦ énRkmenHeT GñkRKb;RKg RtUvCUndMNwg

CasaFarN³ edayK μankaryWtya:v cMeBaHm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn nig Gc©½y-laPITaMgGs; GMBIkarN_Edlm©as;bMNul nig Gc©½ylaPITaMgenaH RtUvesñIsuMGMBI karTamTarkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlkMNt; . b:uEnþ GMLúgeBlenH minRtUv[ticCag 2

¬BIr¦ Ex eLIy . 2-bBaØtþiénkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1281 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig

kardas;etOn¦ nig bBaØtþicab;BImaRta 1282 ¬siT§ibdiesFkarsgenAkñúgGMLúgeBl

das;etOn¦ rhUtdl;maRta 1288 ¬krNIEdlBMu)anesñIsMu¦ énRkmenH RtUvykmk

GnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr cMeBaHkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH .

b:uEnþ GñkRKb;RKg BMuGackøayCaGñkTijenAkñúgkarlk;edaybgçM b¤ karlk;Edl)an

kMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1286 ¬karbþÚrmt’kCaR)ak;¦ énRkmenH Edl

RtUv)anykmkGnuvtþdUcKña )aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþisþIBIkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOncMeBaHm©as;bMNul CaGaT× . eKalbMNgénnItibuKÁlmt’k KWkarCRmHmt’k ehtuenHehIy Cabzm mt’kRtUvykeTAsgm©as;bMNul

rbs;mtkCn nig Gc©½ylaPI . nItiviFIenH RsedogKñanwgkrNIénkaryl;RBmedaykRmitEdr dUecñH CaeKal karN_ bBaØtþicab;BImaRta 1281 dl;maRta 1288 RtUvykmkGnuvtþdUcKñapgEdr . k¾b:uEnþ bBaØtþiGMBIGMLúg eBlEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1281 minGacykmkGnuvtþdUcKña ehtuenHehIy)anCakñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta enH EcgbBa¢ak;c,as;las;GMBIGMLúgeBl ehIykfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIkarGnuvtþdUcKña tambBaØtiþcab;BIkfaxNÐTI 2 énmaRta 1281 eTA .

edaysarEtGñkRKb;RKgmt’k CaGñktMNagtampøÚvc,ab;rbs;nItibuKÁlmt’k vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBIkarkRmitcMeBaHCnenaH . cMNucenH xusKñanwgGñkyl;RBmedaykRmit .

156

¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 957 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1297>- karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³EsVgrksnþtiCn 1-eRkayBIGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 énmaRta 1296

¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ nig kardas;etOncMeBaHm©as;bMNul CaGaTצ xagelI enH )anknøghYs RbsinebIenAEtminTan;dwgc,as;famansnþtiCnenAeLIy tam

BaküsMurbs;GñkRKb;RKg b¤ tMNagGyükar tulakarRtUveFVIkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ fa RbsinebImansnþtiCn snþtiCnenaHRtUveFVIkaresñIsMuGMBIkarN_enaH enAkñúgGMLúg

eBlEdlkMNt; . b:uEnþ GMLúgeBlenH minRtUv[ticCag 6 ¬R)aMmYy¦ Ex eLIy . 2-ebI)a:n;RbmaNeXIjfaK μanesssl;mt’keT GñkRKb;RKg b¤ tMNag

Gyükar minGaceFVIkarTamTarEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenHeLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH CabBaØtþisþIBIkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³edIm,IEsVgrksnþtiCn . karCUndMNwgcMeBaHm©as;bMNul CaGaT× EdlEcgkñúgmaRta 1296 CakarCUndMNwgcMeBaHm©as;bMNulrbs;

mtkCn CaGaT× ehIytamry³karCUndMNwgenH eKGacdwgfa mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB nig GñkRKb;RKgmt’k RtUv)aneRCIstaMg . ehtuenHehIy RbsinebImansnþtiCn snþtiCnenHGacdwgfa snþtikmμRtUv)ancab;epþIm tam ry³karCUndMNwgenH . k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IeFVIkardkhUtsiT§iEdlEcgkñúgmaRta 1298 maRtaenHEcgCa buerl½kçx½NÐfa RtUveFVIkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ cMeBaHsnþtiCn .

k¾b:uEnþ kardkhUtsiT§isnþtiCn CaGaT× KWCarbbmYyEdlbegáIteLIgedIm,IeFVIkarseRmc[)anqab;rh½s nUvGñkEdlRtUvTTYlmt’k kñúgkrNIEdlmanmt’k ehIykñúgkrNIEdl)a:n;RbmaNeXIjfa K μanesssl;mt’k eRkayBIkarsgbMNul CaGaT× rbs;mtkCneT eTaHbICaxMRbwgERbgEsVgrksnþtiCnk¾eday k¾KμanRbeyaCn_ Edr. ehtuenHehIy)anCa cMeBaHkrNIEbbenH kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa mincaM)ac;EsVgrksnþtiCneT . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdl)a:n;RbmaNeXIjfaK μanesssl;mt’keT RbsinebIm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCnmaneRcInnak; kar RKb;RKgmt’kRtUvbBa©b; eRkayBI)ansgedayEckcMENk edayeyageTAtammaRta 1283 EdlRtUv)an ykmkGnuvtþdUcKña tammaRta 1296 kfaxNÐTI 2 b¤ bþÚreTAnItiviFIFnkS½yénmt’kenaH.

157

¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 958 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1298>- kardkhUtsiT§itamkarCUndMNwgCasaFarN³ ebIK μankaresñIsMufa xøÜnCasnþtiCn enAkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúg

bBaØtþiénmaRta 1297 ¬karCUndMNwgCasaFarN³EsVgrksnþtiCn¦ xagelIenHeT

snþtiCn RBmTaMgm©as;bMNulrbs;mtkCn nig Gc©½ylaPI EdlGñkRKb;RKgmin

Gacdwg)an BMuGacGnuvtþsiT§i)aneLIy .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkardkhUtsiT§isnþtiCn CaGaT× EdlCalT§plénkarRbkasCasaFarN³ edayeyagtam

maRta 1297 . kñúgkrNIEdlK μansnþtiCnecjbgðajxøÜntamkarRbkasCasaFarN³ edIm,IEsVgsnþtiCn tambBaØtþién

maRta 1297 manPaBcaM)ac;RtUvdkhUtsiT§iBIsnþtiCn edIm,IeFVIkarEbgEckmt’keTA[GñkmannisS½yBiess CaGaT× . snþtiCnnwgRtUv)andkhUtsiT§i bnÞab;BImtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB ehIycaM)ac;RtUvqøgkat;tam karRbkasCasaFarN³ 3 dg mann½yfa ya:gtic 8 Ex . dUecñH karkarBarsiT§irbs;snþtiCn GacKitfa RKb;RKan;ehIy .

müa:geTot cMeBaHm©as;bMNul b¤ Gc©½ylaPIEdlGñkRKb;RKgmin)andwgeTenaH edaysarEtmin)anesñIsuMGMBI karTamTarsiT§ikñúgGMLúgeBlénkarRbkasCasaFarN³Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 maRta 1296 Ca bzm GacTTYlkarsgBIRTBüEdlesssl;Etb:ueNÑaH ¬maRta 1288 EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþdUcKña tammaRta 1296 kfaxNÐTI 2¦ elIsBIenH RbsinebImin)anesñIsuMsiT§ienAkñúgGMLúgeBlRbkasCasaFarN³Edl)an kMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1297 EfmeToteT RtUvdkhUtsiT§iedayeyagtammaRta 1298 enH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 958-2 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un

maRta 1299>- karEckmt’k[eTACnEdlmannisS½yBiess 1-enAkñúgkrNIEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1298 ¬kardkhUtsiT§itamkar

CUndMNwgCasaFarN³¦ xagelIenH ebIyl;eXIjfasmrmü tulakarGacEckmYy

158

Epñkénmt’kEdlenAesssl;eRkaykarCRmH eTA[CnEdlmanCIvPaBCamYyKña nwgmtkCn CnEdl)anxitxMemIlEfTaMBüa)almtkCn nig CnEdlmannisS½y

BiessepSgeTot tamBaküsuMrbs;CnenaH . b:uEnþ cMnYnsrubéntémøRTBüEdlRtUv EckeTA[enaH minRtUvelIsBIcMnYnBak;kNþalénmt’kEdlenAesssl;enaHeT .

2-BaküsuMEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH RtUveFVIenAkñúg

GMLúgeBl 3 ¬bI¦ Ex eRkayBIGMLúgeBlEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgmaRta 1297 ¬kar CUndMNwgCasaFarN³EsVgrksnþtiCn¦ xagelIenH )anknøghYs edaybBa¢ak; GMBIehtuénnisS½yBiessenaH[)anc,as;las; .

3-kñúgkarEckRTBüEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkfaxNÐTI 1 xagelIenH tulakar

GacRsavRCavGMBIGgÁehtu)an . ebIenAkñúgkarRsavRCavenH tulakarGacsYreyabl; rbs;emXMu b¤ ecAsgáat;)an .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkarEckmt’kedaytulakar tamBaküsuMrbs;CnEdlmannisS½yBiess . enAkñúgRkmenH TMhMénsnþtiCnEdlc,ab;)ankMNt; RtUv)ankRmitRtwmEtbcäajatipÞal; buBVjatipÞal;

bgb¥ÚnbegáIt nig kUnrbs;bgb¥ÚnbegáItenaH RBmTaMgshB½T§rbs;mtkCnenaH ehtudUecñH ]TahrN_ kμ ÜyGac TTYlsnþtikm μBI«Bukma)an k¾b:uEnþ «BukmaminRtUvTTYlsnþtikmμBIkμ ÜyeT ehIybgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyk¾minGac TTYlsnþtikm μeTAvijeTAmk)anEdr . k¾b:uEnþ k¾GacmankrNICnEdlmin)anerobGaBah_BiBah_ ehIy«Bukmþay CaGaT× )anTTYlmrNPaBehIy k¾b:uEnþ rs;enAsuxdumrmna CamYybgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYy ehIyCnenaH)anTTYl mrNPaBEtK μanbnSl;TuknUvmtksasn_ . kñúgkrNIRbePTenH karEckmt’k[bgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyenaH KWCakar smrmü . müa:geTot buKÁlEdl)anrs;enAÉekaEtÉgswgEtmYyCIvit Etdl;eBlcas;Cra )anGñkCitxag CYyemIlEfrkSa . kñúgkrNIenH eTaHbICaminEmnCasac;jatik¾eday k¾karEckmt’krbs;buKÁlenaH [eTA GñkCitxagenH CakarmYyRsbnwgqnÞ³rbs;mtkCnEdr . dUecñH kñúgkrNIEdlmanCnEdlmanCIvPaBrs;enA CamYynwgmtkCn CnEdl)anxitxMRbwgERbgemIlEfTaMBüa)almtkCn b¤ CnepSgeTotEdlmannisS½yBiess nwgmtkCn maRtaenHTTYlsÁal;nUvkarEckmt’k[GñkTaMgenaH tamBaküsMurbs;GñkenaH eTaHbICaman b¤ K μanTMnak;TMngCajatiCamYymtkCnk¾eday .

kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIl½kçx½NÐénkarEckmt’k Edll½kçx½NÐTaMgenHmankarenAsl;mt’keRkaykarCRmH

159

karmanBaküsMuBICnEdlmannisS½yBiessnwgmtkCn nig karmannisS½yBiessEdlsmrmünwgTTYlmt’k ¬enHKWCaGtßn½yén {ebIyl;eXIjfasmrmü}¦ . kñúgkrNIEdlCnmannisS½yBiessmaneRcInnak; RtUvEck mt’k[CnmannisS½yenaHmYyPaKmñak; eTAtamTMhMénnisS½yBiessenaH .

vaküxNÐTI 2 énkfaxNÐTI 1 enH Ecgfa cMnYnsrubénRTBüEdl)anEck[CnTaMgenaH minGacelIs BIcMnYnBak;kNþalénmt’kEdlsl;rbs;mtkCnenaH)aneT . GacmankrNIeRcInEdlmtkCnEdlKμansnþtiCn GacmanCIvPaBrs;enA edayTTYlCMnYyBIsgÁm dUecñHehIy KYrsgKuNdl;sgÁmmYyPaKvij eday[mt’k enaHeTACaRTBürdæya:gticBak;kNþal . k¾b:uEnþ eTaHbICakñúgvaküxNÐTI 2 enH EcgdUecñHk¾eday k¾minEmn mann½yfaCakarkRmitcMeBaHmtksasn_eT KWmtkCnGaceFVIGc©½yTanmt’kTaMgGs;[buKÁlCak;lak;Namñak; b¤ eRcInnak;)an .

kfaxNÐTI 2 KWCabBaØtþiGMBIkardak;BaküsMurbs;CnmannisS½yBiess . karEdlmankMNt;nUvGMLúgeBl dak;BaküsuMenaH KWedaysarEtminKYrcat;TukvtßúenaH[enACanItibuKÁlmt’krhUteT müa:gKWedIm,IeRtomkñúgkrNI EdlmanCnmannisS½yBiesseRcInnak;pgEdr .

kfaxNÐTI 3 EcgGMBIsiT§iRsavRCavnUvGgÁehtuedaytulakar . emXMu b¤ ecAsgáat; GacdwgnUvCIvPaBrbs; mtkCneBlenArs; edaypÞal; b¤ tamry³GñkeFVIkareRkambgÁab; ehtuenH)anCakMNt;fa GacsYreyabl; BIGñkTaMgenaH)an . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 958-3 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un . cMeBaHEpñkxageRkayénkfaxNÐTI 2 vij sUmemIl maRta 119-2 énbTb,BaØtþisþIBIkarvinicä½yerOgkþIRKYsarrbs;Cb:un .

maRta 1300>- mt’kEdlFøak;eTACaRTBürdæ mt’kEdlminRtUv)ancat;Ecg tambBaØtþiénmaRta 1299 ¬karEckmt’k[

eTACnEdlmannisS½yBiess¦ xagelIenH RtUvFøak;eTACaRTBürdæ . kñúgkrNIenH GñkRKb;RKgRtUvKNnaGMBIkarRKb;RKgenaH ehIydak;CUneTAtulakar edayK μan

karyWtya:v .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIkardak;mt’keTACaRTBüsm,tiþrdæ . cMeBaHmt’kEdlK μansnþtiCn ehIyminRtUv)anEckeTA[CnEdlmannisS½yBiess RtUvkøayeTACaRTBürdæ.

160

vaküxNÐTI 2 énmaRtaenH)anEcgfa GñkRKb;RKgmt’kRtUvKNnaGMBIkarRKb;RKg ehIydak;CUneTAtulakar edayK μankaryWtya:v . müa:geTot eyagtambBaØtþiénmaRtaenH mt’kEdlRtUv)anEck[eTACnEdlman nisS½yBiess RtUvkøayCaRTBürdæ edaysV½yRbvtþi . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 959 énRkmrdæb,evNICb:un nig maRta 503 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

CMBUkTI 8 karTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ

¬kMMNt;¦ CMBUkenHmanbBaØtþsþIBIkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ . karTamTar[eFVIbdiTanenH manPaBxusnwg

krNIEdlsnþtiCneFVIkarTamTaredIm,Iykmt’kmkvij kñúgkrNIEdlttiyCnEdlK μanBak;B½n§ )ankan;kab; mt’kedayK μansiT§iEdlnaM[manmUlehtuKtiyutþénkarkan;kab; . karTamTaredIm,Iykmt’kmkvijenH KWCa karTamTaredayeyagtambBaØtþiTUeTAGMBIsiT§iRbtükS CaGaT× ehIybBaØtþikñúgCMBUkenHminGacykmkGnuvtþeT. dUcEdl)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1302 fa {GacTamTarcMeBaHCnEdl)anTTYlmt’k tamsiT§isnþtikmμEdlBuMRtUv )aneTACnenaH [RbKl;mkvijnUvRTBüEdl)anTTYlenaH} Edr kñúgkrNIEdlCnEdleKyl;faCasnþtiCn tamsPaBxageRkA kMBugkan;kab;mt’kedaymUlehtuTTYlsnþtikmμ CMBUkenH KWCabBaØtþisRmab;[snþtiCnBit R)akdeFVIkarTamTarykmkvijnUvmt’kedaysnþtiCnBitR)akd cMeBaHsnþtikmμ {EdlRtUv)andkhUtsiT§i snþtikmμ} dUcEdlEcgkñúgmaRta 1301 . mUlehtuénkarekItmaneLIgnUvsPaBenH KW]TahrN_ man kMNt;RtaNamYyxusenAkñúgsMbuRtkMeNIt ehIykUnEdlminEmnCakUnBitR)akdrbs;mtkCn)anTTYlsnþtikm μ BImtkCnenaH edayEp¥kelIsMbuRtkMeNItenH b¤ krNIEdlmunnwgrYmrs;CamYyRKYsarenH mtkCnmankUnCamYy GñkepSg k¾b:uEnþ min)anTak;TgCayUryarNas;mkehIy ehIymankarTTYlsnþtikm μEtkñúgrgVg;RKYsar CaGaT× . kñúgkrNITI 1 enH KWCakrNIEdlbuKÁlK μanlkçN³sm,tþiCasnþtiCn)anTTYlsnþtikm μ . krNITI 2 KWCakrNI EdlsnþtiCn)anTTYlnUvsnþtikm μelIscMENkmt’krbs;xøÜn . eTaHbICakrNINak¾eday k¾bBaØtþiénCMBUkenHRtUv ykmkGnuvtþEdr .

maRta 1301>- eKalbMNgénkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ snþtiCnEdlRtUv)andkhUtsiT§isnþtikmμ GacTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ

edIm,ITTYlbdiTanénmt’kTaMgGs; b¤ mYyPaK )an .

161

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIeKalbMNgénkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ . rYmTaMgmaRta 1302 bBa¢ak;c,as;

las;fa GVIeTAEdlehAfa karTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ . karTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ KWCakarTamTarrbs;snþtiCn [eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμEdlxøÜnRtUv)andkhUt

siT§isnþtikm μ ehIyxøwmsarlm¥iténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ cMNucenHRtUv)anEcgkñúgmaRta 1302 ya:gc,as;las; . müa:geTot kñúgkrNIEdlCashsnþtikm μEdlmansnþtiCnRsbc,ab;eRcInnak; RbsinebI snþtiCnepSgeTotminTan;)anBiPakSaEbgEckmt’kenAeLIyeT kar {dkhUtsiT§isnþtikmμ} enaH minTan;ekIt eLIgenAeLIyeT dUecñHkrNIenH snþtiCnminTTYlnUvkarkRmitedayCMBUkenHeT ehIyGacesñIsMu[shsnþtiCn epSgeToteFVIkarBiPakSakarEbgEckmt’k eBlNak¾)anEdr . kñúgkrNIEdlshsnþtiCnepSgeTot )an BiPakSakarEbgEckmt’krYcehIy eTIbRtUvGnuvtþtamCMBUkenH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 623 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

maRta 1302>- Gtßn½yénkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTannUvsnþtikm μ 1-snþtiCnGacTamTarcMeBaHCnEdl)anTTYlmt’k tamsiT§isnþtikmμEdl

BMuRtUv)aneTACnenaH [RbKl;mkvij nUvRTBüEdl)anTTYlenaH . 2-RTBüEdlPaKImçageToténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ )anTTYl tam

kic©snüaEdlykmt’keFVICakmμvtßú k¾RtUvkøayCakmμvtßúénkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTannUv snþtikmμpgEdr .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIGtßn½yénkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTannUvsnþtikmμ . ]TahrN_ CnEdlminEmnCakUnBitR)akdrbs;mtkCnesaH EtenAkñúgsMbuRtkMeNItsresrxusfa CnenaH

CakUnrbs;mtkCn ehIyCnenaH)anTTYllT§km μnUvmt’k tamry³siT§isnþtikmμEdltamBitxøÜnK μanesaH . kñúgkrNIenH maRtaenHEcgfa snþtiCnBitR)akdGaceFVIkarTamTar[CnenaHRbKl;nUvmt’kenaHmkvij)an . dUckrNIenHEdr kñúgkrNIEdlCnminEmnCasnþtiCnBitR)akd)anTTYllT§km μnUvRTBüsm,tþi edaysnþtikmμ CnEdlCasnþtiCnBitR)akdGacTamTar[CnenaHRbKl;RTBüsm,tþiEdlCnenaH)anTTYlTaMgGs;mkvij)an. eRkABIenH mankrNIEdlsnþtiCn)anTTYlsnþtikm μelIscMENkmt’krbs;xøÜn . ]TahrN_ eBlenArs;

162

mtkCn)anTTYlsÁal;buKÁlNamñak;CakUnrbs;xøÜn k¾b:uEnþ edaysarEtRKYsarrbs;mtkCnmin)andwg ehIy min)anTak;TgnwgCnenaHeT dUecñHehIyshB½T§ nig kUnrbs;mtkCnenaH )aneCOCak;fa snþtiCnmanEt samIxøÚnb:ueNÑaH ehIy)aneFVIlT§kmμnUvmt’kerog²xøÜn edayEbgEckmt’krYcehIy . kñúgkrNIenH CnEdl RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CakUn RtUveKbMBannUvcMENkmt’krbs;xøÜn dUecñH CnenaHGacTamTar[eFVIbdiTannUv snþtikmμcMeBaHsnþtiCnepSgeTot)an . viFITamTarCak;EsþgkñúgkrNIenH KWkarTamTar[eFVIkarEbgEckmt’k saCafμIeTot . karEbgEckmt’kEdl)aneFVIeLIgedayGvtþmanrbs;snþtiCnenH KWCakarEbgEckemaX³ edaysarmansnþtiCnminRKb;cMnYn . müa:geTot caM)ac;RtUvkarBarCnEdl)anTTYlGnub,TannUvmt’k BICnEdl )anbnøMzan³rbs;xøÜnCasnþtiCn dUecñH PaKImçageToténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ KWsMedAelI {CnEdl)an TTYlmt’k tamsiT§isnþtikm μEdlBMuRtUv)aneTACnenaH} .

müa:geTot cMeBaHkrNIEdlCnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn TamTarmt’k eRkay karEbgEck EcgkñúgmaRta 1274 kñúgkrNIenH CnEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eRkaymrNPaBrbs;mtkCn minEmnCasnþtiCn enAeBleFVIkarEbgEckmt’kenaHeT dUecñH karEbgEckmt’kenaHmansuBlPaB ehtuenH ehIy)anCaEcgbBaØtiþBiessdUckñúgmaRta 1274 .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageToténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTan )anlk;mt’kenaHehIy CaeKalkarN_ minGacTamTar[eFVIbdiTancMeBaHGñkTij)aneT dUecñH GaceFVIkarTamTarnUvéfølk;EdlCavtßú CMnYsmt’kenaH)an ¬edayELk tamkarbkRsay RbsinebIGñkTij)andwgfa CnEdl)anbnøMzan³rbs;xøÜn CasnþtiCnEdlCaGñklk;enaH K μansiT§isnþtikm μeTAelImt’kenaHeT ehIyenAEteFVIkic©snüalk;TijeTotenaH snþtiCnBitR)akdGacTTYlmkvijnUvvtßúEdlCakm μvtßúénkarlk;TijenaH edayGHGagfa km μsiT§ielIvtßúenaH minRtUv)anepÞreTAGñkTij edaykic©snüalk;TijenaH)aneT¦ . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

sUmemIlmaRta 624 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa . cMeBaHkfaxNÐTI 2 sUmemIlmaRta 2019 énRkmrdæb,evNIGaløWm:g; .

maRta 1303>- xøwmsarénkrNIykic©RbKl;vij 1-PaKImçageToténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ RtUvRbKl;mt’kmk[

snþtiCnEdl)anTamTarvij . ebIPaKImçageTotsucrit CnenaHmansiT§irkSaTuknUv pl nig karR)ak;Edl)anTTYl siT§iTamTar[sgvijnUvesah‘uyEdl)anbegáIn

163

témøcMeBaHRTBüenaH ehIymansiT§iTamTarsMNgcMeBaHkatBVkic©EdlRtUv)anTTYl

tamry³snþtikm μ Edl)ansgrYcehIyenaH . 2-ebIPaKImçageTotTuc©rit CnenaHmankatBVkic©RtUvRbKl;vijnUvpl nig

karR)ak;Edl)anTTYl ehIyminRtwmEtKμansiT§iTamTarsMNgcMeBaHkatBVkic©Edl

RtUv)anTTYltamry³snþtikm μEdl)ansgenaHeT EfmTaMgKμansiT§iTamTar[sg

vijnUvesah‘uyEdl)anbegáIntémøcMeBaHRTBüenaHpg .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenHEcgGMBIxøwmsarénkrNIykic©RbKl;vij rbs;PaKImçageToténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikm μ . kfaxNÐTI 1 EcgGMBIkarEdlRtUvEtRbKl;mt’kvij RBmTaMgEcgGMBIsiT§iénkareFVIlT§kmμnUvpl CaGaT×

kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageTotenaHsucrit . kfaxNÐTI 2 EcgGMBITMnak;TMngénsiT§ibnÞab;bnSMrbs;PaKImçageTot kñúgkrNIEdlPaKImçageTotTuc©rit .

karmin[mansiT§iTamTarsMNg cMeBaHkatBVkic©EdlTTYledaysnþtikmμ EdlxøÜn)ansgrYcral; CaGaT× hak; dUcCakareFVIRCuleBk k¾b:uEnþ edaysarEtCnenaH)andwgfa xøÜnK μansiT§isnþtikm μ b:uEnþ enAEtTTYlsnþtikmμ ehIyEfmTaMg)anecjesah‘uyedIm,IsgeTotenaH dUecñH Gaccat;TukdUcCakarsgedayK μankatBVkic©eday Tuc©rit . ehtuenHehIy enHKWCabBaØtþiFmμtaeT . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦

maRta 626 énRkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa nig maRta 2020 dl; maRta 2024 énRkmrdæb,evNI GaløWm:g;

maRta 1304>- GaCJayukalénkarrMlt;siT§iTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ GaCJayukalénkarrMlt;siT§iTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ enAkñúgkrNIEdl

mt’kRtUv)anepÞreTAPaKImçageToténkarTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ tammtksasn_ b¤ karEbgEckmt’k manGMLúgeBl 5 ¬R)aM¦ qñaM Kitcab;BIeBlenaH rIÉkñúgkrNI EdlCnEtmñak;)anTTYlsnþtikmμkñúgnamCasnþtiCn manGMLúgeBl 5 ¬R)aM¦ qñaM Kitcab;BIéf¶EdlmtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB .

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164

maRtaenH)ankMNt;nUvGaC£ayukalénkarrMlt;siT§iTamTar[eFVIbdiTansnþtikmμ KW 5 qñaM . karkMNt;Rtwm 5 qñaM sRmab;karTamTar[eFVIbdiTannUvsnþtikmμenH KWeRBaHfa RbsinebIemIlBIttiyCn

CnEdl)anbnøMzan³rbs;xøÜnCasnþtiCn k¾minxusBIsnþtiCnFmμtaepSgeTotEdr dUecñH caM)ac;RtUveFIV[man sßirPaBénTMnak;TMngsiT§i ehIymüa:geTot TaMgGMLúgeBlenH k¾RtUvsRmbeTAnwgGMLúgeBlénkarrMlt;siT§i elIbMNul ¬katBVkic©¦ Edr . cMeBaHkrNIEdl)anTTYlsnþtikm μEtÉg RTBüsnþtikmμRtUv)anepÞrenAéf¶Edl mtkCn)anTTYlmrNPaB )anesckþIfa enAeBlcab;epþImsnþtikmμ dUecñH RtUveFVIkarKNnaGMLúgeBlén GaCJayukalénkarrMlt;siTi§enaH cab;BIéf¶enaHeTA . rIÉkñúgkrNIénshsnþtikmμ RtUveFVIkarKNna BIéf¶Edl mt’kRtUv)anepÞreTAtammtksasn_ b¤ karEbgEckmt’kenaH . ¬maRtaBak;B½n§¦ maRta 625 Rkmrdæb,evNIcas;rbs;km<úCa

165

166

KnßITI 9 Gvsanb,BaØtþi CMBUkeTal Gvsanb,BaØtþi

maRta 1305>- kalbriecäTénkarGnuvtþ CaGaT× 1-RkmenH RtUvGnuvtþ cab;taMgBIéf¶EdlkMNt;epSgedayc,ab; . 2-cMeBaHviFankarGnþrkalEdlTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþRkmenH nig cMNuc

caM)ac;epSgeTotEdlTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþRkmenH RtUvkMNt;epSgedayc,ab; .

¬kMMNt;¦ maRtaenH KWCabBaØtþiGMBIkalbriecäTénkarGnuvtþ CaGaT× . kfaxNÐTI 1 kMNt;GMBIkalbriecäTénkarGnuvtþ . eyageTAtammaRta 93 kfaxNÐTI 1 énrdæFm μnuBaØ

CaeKalkarN_ c,ab;TaMgLay nwgRtUvcUlCaFrman enAraCFanIPñMeBj kñúgry³eBl 10 éf¶ eRkayéf¶Edl RBHmhakSRtRTg;)anLayRBHhsþelxaRbkas[eRbI nig enATUTaMgRbeTs kñúgry³eBl 20 éf¶ eRkayéf¶ Rbkas[eRbI . b:uEnþ c,ab;EdlnaM[man\T§iBlelIRbCaBlrdæya:gTUlMTUlay dUcRkmrdæb,evNI KYrEt cab;epþImGnuvtþ eRkayGMLúgeBl smrmüedIm,IpSBVpSayeTARbCaBlrdæ bnÞab;BIkarGnum½t . ehtudUecñH kfaxNÐTI 1 enH Ecgfa Rkmrdæb,evNI RtUvGnuvtþ cab;taMgBIéf¶EdlkMNt;edayc,ab;epSg ehIyc,ab;sþIBIkar GnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNInwgRtUv)aneFVIeLIg kñúgnamCa {c,ab;epSg} enaH . müa:geTot karGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNI edayRbtiskm μ KWCabBaðasMxan;mYy ehIycMeBaHcMNucenH c,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNIbBaØtþfa Ca eKalkarN_ Rkmrdæb,evNIenHminRtUvGnuvtþ edayRbtiskmμeLIy . b:uEnþ kñúgcMeNamvis½yrdæb,evNI manEpñkxøHEdlKμanc,ab;knøgmk ehtudUecñH c,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþRkmrdæb,evNIEcgpgEdrfa Rkmrdæb,evNI GacykmkGnuvtþCaeKalkarN_smFm’ ¬equity¦ cMeBaHEpñkEbbenH .

kfaxNÐTI 2 Ecgfa cMeBaHcMNuccaM)ac;EdlTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþRkmenH RtUvkMNt;epSgedayc,ab; . cMNuccaM)ac;enHmandUcCaniymn½yénkalbriecäTsßaBr nig lixityfaPUt CaGaT× EdlcaM)ac;manedIm,IGnuvtþ Cak;EsþgnUvRkmrdæb,evNI viFankarGnþrkal nig kareFVIviesaFnkm μ b¤ eFVI[nirakrN_nUvc,ab;Edlman PaBpÞúynwgRkmrdæb,evNI CaGaT× ehIycMNuccaM)ac;TaMgenH k¾nwgRtUvkMNt;enAkñúgc,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþ Rkmrdæb,evNIEdr .