11

JENIS KOLAGENJENIS KOLAGEN TEMPATTEMPAT SEL-SEL YANG SEL-SEL YANG DIHASILKANDIHASILKAN

CIRI-CIRICIRI-CIRI

TIPE I (TIPE I (~ 90%)~ 90%)

(tersusun atas (tersusun atas dua jenis rantai-dua jenis rantai-αα) )

Lapisan kulit, tendonLapisan kulit, tendon FibroblasFibroblas Hidroksilisin rendah, Hidroksilisin rendah, karbohidrat rendahkarbohidrat rendah

Tersebar (areolar), Tersebar (areolar), memadati jaringan memadati jaringan penyambung, serat-penyambung, serat-serat kolagenserat kolagen

Sel retikular dan otot Sel retikular dan otot halushalus

Hampir kebanyakan Hampir kebanyakan tersebar di organ tersebar di organ internainterna

TulangTulang OsteoblasOsteoblas

Dentin (Gigi)Dentin (Gigi) OdontoblasOdontoblas

TIPE II (tersusun TIPE II (tersusun hanya satu jenis hanya satu jenis rantai-rantai-αα))

Tulang rawan hialin Tulang rawan hialin dan elastindan elastin

Lensa mata, jaringan Lensa mata, jaringan invertebralinvertebral

KondrositKondrosit

Sel-sel retinaSel-sel retina

Kondrosit Kondrosit

Hidroksilisin tinggi, Hidroksilisin tinggi, karbohidrat tinggi karbohidrat tinggi (Fibril lebih tipis dari (Fibril lebih tipis dari tipe I)tipe I)

JENIS-JENIS SERAT KOLAGEN

22

JENIS KOLAGENJENIS KOLAGEN TEMPATTEMPAT SEL-SEL YANG SEL-SEL YANG DIHASILKANDIHASILKAN

CIRI-CIRICIRI-CIRI

TIPE III (tersusun TIPE III (tersusun hanya atas satu hanya atas satu jenis rantai-jenis rantai-αα))

Menyebar di jaringan Menyebar di jaringan penyambung; serabut penyambung; serabut retikuler, lapisan kulit retikuler, lapisan kulit papiler (pada fase papiler (pada fase perkembangan)perkembangan)

Fibroblas dan sel-sel Fibroblas dan sel-sel retikularretikular

Hidroksiprolin tinggi, Hidroksiprolin tinggi, hidroksilisin rendah, hidroksilisin rendah, karbohidrat rendahkarbohidrat rendah

Pembuluh darahPembuluh darah Sel otot halus, sel Sel otot halus, sel endotelialendotelial

TIPE IV (tersusun TIPE IV (tersusun atas dua jenis atas dua jenis rantai-rantai-αα))

Lamina basalLamina basal

Kapsul lensa mataKapsul lensa mata

Sel epitelial dan sel Sel epitelial dan sel endotelialendotelial

Epitel lensaEpitel lensa

Hidroksilisin sangat Hidroksilisin sangat tinggi, karbohidrat tinggi, karbohidrat tinggi, (menahan tinggi, (menahan

prokolagen menjadi prokolagen menjadi peptida)peptida)

TIPE VTIPE V Membran fetal Membran fetal (plasenta)(plasenta)

Membran lapisan Membran lapisan dasardasar

TulangTulang

Otot halusOtot halus

Fibroblas Fibroblas

Sel-sel epitelialSel-sel epitelial

OsteoblasOsteoblas

Sel-sel otot halusSel-sel otot halus

JENIS-JENIS SERAT KOLAGEN

33

In addition, a number of other collagens have been recently identified in the following In addition, a number of other collagens have been recently identified in the following location:location:

TIPE VITIPE VI Short triple helical segment about 100 nm long; occur in small amounts in Short triple helical segment about 100 nm long; occur in small amounts in kidney, liver, and uterus, where type I and III collagens are foundkidney, liver, and uterus, where type I and III collagens are found

TIPE VIITIPE VII Basal laminae of many ephiteliaBasal laminae of many ephitelia

TIPE VIIITIPE VIII Secretory product of endothelial cells; major component of Decemet’s Secretory product of endothelial cells; major component of Decemet’s membrane in the corneamembrane in the cornea

TIPE IXTIPE IX Mainly in cartilage; found with type II collagenMainly in cartilage; found with type II collagen

TIPE XTIPE X Confined to cartilage; in matrix surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytesConfined to cartilage; in matrix surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytes

TIPE XITIPE XI Associated with type OO collagen in cartilage; function unknownAssociated with type OO collagen in cartilage; function unknown

TIPE XIITIPE XII Tendon; properties in common with type IX collagenTendon; properties in common with type IX collagen

TIPE XIIITIPE XIII EndotheliumEndothelium

TIPE XIVTIPE XIV Fetal skin and tendonFetal skin and tendon

Thus far, some 25 distinct collagen Thus far, some 25 distinct collagen αα-chains, each encoded by a separate gene, -chains, each encoded by a separate gene, have been identified.have been identified.

44

GAMBARANGAMBARAN KOLAGENKOLAGEN RETIKULERRETIKULER ELASTISELASTIS

Jaringan Jaringan molekulermolekuler

Triple-stranded helix;Triple-stranded helix;

Tiap helai Tiap helai ~ 1000 AA;~ 1000 AA;

Molekul ~ panjang 300 Molekul ~ panjang 300 nm, diameter 1,5 nm nm, diameter 1,5 nm (glisin, hidroksiprolin, (glisin, hidroksiprolin, hidroksilisin)hidroksilisin)

Kolagen tipe IIIKolagen tipe III Elastin 830 amino Elastin 830 amino acid residues long; acid residues long; contains desmocine, contains desmocine, isodesmocine isodesmocine (dibentuk dari empat (dibentuk dari empat molekul lisin)molekul lisin)

Jaringan FibrilarJaringan Fibrilar Diameter fiber 2-10 Diameter fiber 2-10 μμm m (tidak bercabang); (tidak bercabang); diameter fibril ~ 50nm; diameter fibril ~ 50nm; mikrofibril yang lebih kecilmikrofibril yang lebih kecil

Diameter fiber Diameter fiber 0,2-2 0,2-2 μμm, fibril 25-m, fibril 25-45 nm45 nm

Diameter fiber 1-4 Diameter fiber 1-4 μμm; cabang fiberm; cabang fiber

Tidak ada fibrilTidak ada fibril

Diameter mikrofibril Diameter mikrofibril ~ 12 nm~ 12 nm

Axial periodicityAxial periodicity Fibrils 670 A; axial Fibrils 670 A; axial periodicityperiodicity

670 A670 A Tidak adaTidak ada

Air mendidihAir mendidih Merubah kolagen menjadi Merubah kolagen menjadi gelatingelatin

Resisten Resisten

Asam dan basa Asam dan basa lemahlemah

MembengkakMembengkak Sama dengan Sama dengan kolagenkolagen

Resisten terhadap Resisten terhadap asam dan basa asam dan basa lemahlemah

PERBANDINGAN CIRI-CIRI SERAT JARINGAN PENYAMBUNG

55

GAMBARANGAMBARAN KOLAGENKOLAGEN RETIKULERRETIKULER ELASTISELASTIS

Asam dan basa Asam dan basa kuat kuat

LarutLarut

PewarnaanPewarnaan Dengan pewarnaan Dengan pewarnaan asidofilik asidofilik

Silver (argirofilik) Silver (argirofilik) PAS+PAS+

Resorsin fuchsin, Resorsin fuchsin, resorsin orseinresorsin orsein

Efek enzimEfek enzim Larut dalam pepsin dan Larut dalam pepsin dan kolagenasekolagenase

Sensitif terhadap Sensitif terhadap elastaseelastase

Sel penghasil seratSel penghasil serat FibroblasFibroblas

Sel otot halus di pembuluh Sel otot halus di pembuluh darahdarah

OsteoblasOsteoblas

KondroblasKondroblas

OdontoblasOdontoblas

Kolagen tipe IVKolagen tipe IV

Diproduksi oleh sel Diproduksi oleh sel

epitel dan sel endotelialepitel dan sel endotelial

Sel retikulerSel retikuler

FibroblasFibroblas

Sel Schwan (untuk Sel Schwan (untuk endoneurium)endoneurium)

FibroblasFibroblas

Sel otot halus di Sel otot halus di pembuluh darahpembuluh darah

PERBANDINGAN CIRI-CIRI SERAT JARINGAN PENYAMBUNG

66

JENIS SELJENIS SEL FUNGSI UMUMFUNGSI UMUM

FibroblasFibroblas Menghasilkan serat-serat (kolagen, retikuler, elastin) dan Menghasilkan serat-serat (kolagen, retikuler, elastin) dan selaput tak beraturan (glikosaminoglikans, proteglikans)selaput tak beraturan (glikosaminoglikans, proteglikans)

MakrofagMakrofag Fagosit (mis: bakteri)Fagosit (mis: bakteri)

Pemaparan antigenPemaparan antigen

PerisitPerisit Membedakan antara fibroblas, sel retikuler, makrofag, otot Membedakan antara fibroblas, sel retikuler, makrofag, otot halus dalam pembuluh darah, adiposithalus dalam pembuluh darah, adiposit

Sel MastSel Mast Secrete heparin, histamine, slow-reacting substanse of Secrete heparin, histamine, slow-reacting substanse of anaphylaxis, eosinophilic chemotactic factor anaphylaxis anaphylaxis, eosinophilic chemotactic factor anaphylaxis

Foreign body giant cell Foreign body giant cell Phagocytic (larger particulate material) Phagocytic (larger particulate material)

Sel retikuler Sel retikuler Memproduksi serat retikuler (kolagen tipe ke-3) untuk Memproduksi serat retikuler (kolagen tipe ke-3) untuk pembuluh limf, limpa, sum-sum tulang, dllpembuluh limf, limpa, sum-sum tulang, dll

AdipositAdiposit Penimbunan lemak, mobilitasPenimbunan lemak, mobilitas

Kondroblas (kondrosit)Kondroblas (kondrosit) Mengeluarkan kolagen atau serat elastis seperti halnya Mengeluarkan kolagen atau serat elastis seperti halnya substansi intersel amorf (glikosaminoglikans, proteoglikans), substansi intersel amorf (glikosaminoglikans, proteoglikans), dan protein lainnyadan protein lainnya

OsteoblasOsteoblas Mengeluarkan kolagen, susunan tulang (proteoglikans)Mengeluarkan kolagen, susunan tulang (proteoglikans)

JENIS SEL DI JARINGAN PENYAMBUNG

77

Reseptor permukaan Reseptor permukaan bagi:bagi:

Receptors that bind C3b component of complementReceptors that bind C3b component of complement

Fc receptors, IgGFc receptors, IgG

IL-2, IL-1, IL-6IL-2, IL-1, IL-6

Tumor necrosis factor (TFN)Tumor necrosis factor (TFN)

(interferon)(interferon)

ATPaseATPase

5’-Nucleotidase5’-Nucleotidase

Muatan LisosomMuatan Lisosom Hidrolase asamHidrolase asam

Lisozim Lisozim

MieloperoksidaseMieloperoksidase

Makrofag aktifatorMakrofag aktifator LipopolisakaridaLipopolisakarida

Interferon-Interferon-γγ

Efek Interleukin yang Efek Interleukin yang dihasilkan oleh dihasilkan oleh makrofagmakrofag

Mengaktifkan B limfositMengaktifkan B limfosit

Faktor kemotaktis untuk neutrofilFaktor kemotaktis untuk neutrofil

Meningkatkan sirkulasi neutrofilMeningkatkan sirkulasi neutrofil

Bagian dari fibroblasBagian dari fibroblas

FUNGSI MAKROFAG

88

Menghasilkan FagositMenghasilkan Fagosit Sel matiSel mati

Seluler debrisSeluler debris

BakteriBakteri

Pemaparan Antigen Pemaparan Antigen Present antigen with MHC II molecules to helper T lymphocytes Present antigen with MHC II molecules to helper T lymphocytes (T(THH cells) cells)

IL-1 (a mitogenic protein for T lymohocytes)IL-1 (a mitogenic protein for T lymohocytes)

IL-6, Il-8IL-6, Il-8

TNF- TNF- αα

Interferon- Interferon- αα, -, -ββ; involved in fighting virus; involved in fighting virus

Colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)Colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)CSF)

ErythropoietinErythropoietin

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

FUNGSI MAKROFAG

99

Menghasilkan sekret Menghasilkan sekret khususkhusus

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

Transforming growth factor-Transforming growth factor-ββ (TGF- (TGF- ββ))

Protease inhibitorsProtease inhibitors

Elastase, collagenaseElastase, collagenase

ProstaglandinsProstaglandins

LeukotrienesLeukotrienes

Neutral proteasesNeutral proteases

Coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X, XII)Coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X, XII)

ThrombospondinThrombospondin

Plasminogen activatorPlasminogen activator

Factor inducing monocytopoiesisFactor inducing monocytopoiesis

Complement componenetsComplement componenets

Pyrogens (mediate fever)Pyrogens (mediate fever)

Proteoglycan-degrading enzymesProteoglycan-degrading enzymes

Hydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxide

LipasesLipases

Superoxide Superoxide

FUNGSI MAKROFAG

1010

NAMA SELNAMA SEL FUNGSIFUNGSI TEMPATTEMPAT

MacrophageMacrophage Fagositosis, antigen Fagositosis, antigen presentationpresentation

Loose (areolar) connective Loose (areolar) connective tissuetissue

Peritoneal or pleural Peritoneal or pleural macrophagesmacrophages

FagositosisFagositosis Serous cavitiesSerous cavities

MacrophageMacrophage Blood cell destruction, Blood cell destruction, antigen presentationantigen presentation

Bone marrow, spleen, Bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph node thymus, lymph node

Alveolar macrophage (or dust Alveolar macrophage (or dust cell)cell)

Fagositosis Fagositosis Alveoli of lungAlveoli of lung

Sel Langerhans Sel Langerhans Antigen presentationAntigen presentation EpidermisEpidermis

Sel Kuppfer Sel Kuppfer FagositosisFagositosis Liver (perinsinusoidal Liver (perinsinusoidal makrofag)makrofag)

SISTEM MACROPHAGE

1111

NAMA SELNAMA SEL FUNGSIFUNGSI TEMPATTEMPAT

MicrogliaMicroglia Fagositosis, antigen Fagositosis, antigen presentationpresentation

Sistem saraf pusatSistem saraf pusat

Osteoklas (multinukleat)Osteoklas (multinukleat) Penyerapan tulangPenyerapan tulang Permukaan tulang (form Permukaan tulang (form from fusion of monocyte-from fusion of monocyte-derived macrophages)derived macrophages)

Fibroblast –derived Fibroblast –derived macrophagemacrophage

FagositosisFagositosis Lamina propria usus halusLamina propria usus halus

Uterus-endometrium Uterus-endometrium

Foreign body giant cell Foreign body giant cell (multinucleate)(multinucleate)

FagositosisFagositosis Induced in areas of large Induced in areas of large particulate material (e.g., particulate material (e.g., talc on mesentery) (fusion of talc on mesentery) (fusion of monocytes, macrophages)monocytes, macrophages)

SISTEM MACROPHAGE

1212

HeparinHeparin (acidic GAG) (acidic GAG) Anticoagulant: binds to fibronectin, growth Anticoagulant: binds to fibronectin, growth factors, coagulation proteins, complement factors, coagulation proteins, complement compounds; has anticancer activity, causes compounds; has anticancer activity, causes tumor regression, inhibits tumor metastasistumor regression, inhibits tumor metastasis

Chondroitin sulfateChondroitin sulfate Sometimes present in mast cell granules Sometimes present in mast cell granules rather than heparin: thus, different types of rather than heparin: thus, different types of mast cells existmast cells exist

HistamineHistamine Causes contraction of smooth muscle of Causes contraction of smooth muscle of bronchioles: causes increased capillary bronchioles: causes increased capillary permeability (leakiness)permeability (leakiness)

LeukotrienesLeukotrienes (slow-reacting substance of (slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)anaphylaxis (SRS-A)

Causes contraction of smooth muscle (not Causes contraction of smooth muscle (not stored in cell-synthesized from membrane stored in cell-synthesized from membrane phospholipids)phospholipids)

SUBSTANSI YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH SEL MAST

1313

Eosinophil chemotactic factor of Eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphilaxis (ECF-A)anaphilaxis (ECF-A)

Attracts eosinophils to regions of antigen-Attracts eosinophils to regions of antigen-antibody interaction; eosinophils antibody interaction; eosinophils phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes: phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes: eosinophils produce histaminase, which eosinophils produce histaminase, which depresses histamine effects, and aryl depresses histamine effects, and aryl sulfatase, which counteracts leukotrienessulfatase, which counteracts leukotrienes

Lysosomal enzymesLysosomal enzymes

Including Including ββ-glucuronidse, -glucuronidse, hexosaminidase, aryl sulfatasehexosaminidase, aryl sulfatase

Functional role unclear: may degrade Functional role unclear: may degrade GAGs in extracellular matrixGAGs in extracellular matrix

Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF)Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) Chemoattractant for neutrophilsChemoattractant for neutrophils

Other subtancesOther subtances include include platelet-activating factor, prostoglandinsplatelet-activating factor, prostoglandins (several), and (several), and neutral neutral proteases proteases (tryptase, chymase) (most of the IgE molecules in the body are fixed on the (tryptase, chymase) (most of the IgE molecules in the body are fixed on the surface of mast cells rather than in the plasma)surface of mast cells rather than in the plasma)

SUBSTANSI YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH SEL MAST