Index

ζ-potential 6–9, 34–38

acoustic cavitation bubble 156, 169additive 141adjunctive antimicrobial agent

341, 343advanced oxidation process 106aeration 109–122aggregation 63, 71, 94, 156, 160,

166, 210agricultural revenue 246air bubble drag reduction

290–292, 299antisolvent crystallisation 182, 183aperture 52–56, 58–60aperture diameter 54, 55, 58aragonite 186–189atherosclerosis 330, 331, 335, 336

biosurfactant 210bubble column 173–175, 178, 179bubble injector 298, 299bubble size 3, 4, 6, 7

calcite 186–188calcium carbonate 186calibration 53, 56, 58capillary 13catalyst 100, 103, 106, 108cell targeting imaging 263cleaning 136–140, 142–147CMC 209, 210, 214CO2/NH3 microbubble 186coalescence 26–33collapse 99, 100, 102, 106–108

collapsing microbubble 309–311, 313, 314

concentration 68–73contraction 5copper 100–103, 106–108Coulter counter 16crystal growth rate 183crystal size distribution 183cytokine 331, 332, 334

DDHRS 239–241diesel engine 148, 153, 154disaggregation 156–157, 160–162,

167, 169dissolution 4, 5dissolved air floatation 13, 14dissolved oxygen 151, 244, 245DO control 231, 234, 236, 239–241draft tube 173, 178–180dynamic light scattering 16, 61

earthquake 124ejector 13ejector-type 148, 150electrical sensing zone method

51–53, 58–60electrolysis 15electrostatic potential 28, 31, 32environmental load 246, 250equivalent spherical diameter 53eutrophication 109, 110

flow characteristics 173, 174, 178food industry 207, 208,

211–213, 215

354 Index

frame straddling 75, 76, 78free radical 8, 9, 100, 106, 314, 315friction drag 4, 289–291fuel consumption rate 148, 154, 155

gas dissolution 4generation method 208, 209growth factor 336, 337growth promotion 246

Henry constant 4high density 138, 141, 143, 146high-intensity focused ultrasound

256high-temperature resistance 246hollow microcapsule 194, 195,

204, 205hypolimnion 109–115

improvement of disease resistance 246

in situ polymerisation method 196interfacial area 4irrigation 341, 343, 347

KI oxidation 90Kupffer cell 263, 265, 267, 268,

274, 277

laser diffraction 15laser diffraction/scattering method

39, 44laser Doppler 61, 65laser doppler velocimetre 88Li2CO3 nanoparticle 192local supersaturation region 182,

188, 190

mass production 138, 145, 146mass transfer coefficient 4, 5, 173,

174, 176–180mass transfer rate 4, 5measurement of dehydrogenase

244MFI (micro flow imaging) 276, 279

microbubble 3, 26, 28, 29, 30–33, 100, 102–105, 107, 124–126, 128–132, 136–139, 142–147, 220, 221, 225, 262, 263, 267–270, 273, 277

microbubble generator 17–22microbubble template technique

195microwave irradiation 190–192miniaturisation of particle size 182minute-bubbles 181–186, 188, 190,

191multiphase flow 26, 27, 30, 32multiple cylinder structure 18, 19multi-scale concept 29

nano air-bubble mixed gas oil 147–149

nanobubble 68, 69, 330, 331, 333, 336, 339

nano-metre sized diamond particles 156–160, 162, 163, 166, 169

nanoparticle tracking analysis 70, 72

NanoSight 68–70, 72, 73nitrate acid ion 246nonlinear absorptionnonlinear scattering 259, 261nucleation rate 183

oxygen-nanobubble 309, 314, 315ozone 176, 178, 179, 220, 221,

225–229ozone microbubble 213ozone nanobubble 309, 312–314ozone nanobubble water 341–343

particle diameter 54particle image velocimetry 74particle size distribution 39, 42, 44,

46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 68, 69, 70, 73percolation 245periodontitis 342, 344, 347pesticide 219, 220, 225, 226,

228, 229

355Index

pH 151–153, 155phagocytosis 267, 274polydispersity index 63polymorphic control 183, 186pork quality 247pressurised dissolution-type

148, 149pulse inversion 259–261

quality improvement 246

rate of accident 247Rayleigh–Plesset equation 256reactive crystallisation 181,

182, 186, 187, 190reforming fuel 153, 155repulsion 26–30Research and Development

Partnership 250reservoir 110–112, 117–119rising velocity 3–6rotating 12, 14rotational flow 230, 231, 241rotational liquid flow 11, 12

scattering 15, 16seeding 76, 77self-compression effect 4ship 289–292, 297–300signal transduction 335–338skin friction 290–298, 300Smoluchowski equation 6sodium chloride 182soil liquefaction 124–126solvent evaporation method 200Sonazoid 264–269, 271, 273–278,

280–286

sonochemical reactor 85–90, 92, 93, 95

source of life 244specific heat ratio 256, 257stabilisation mechanism of

nanobubble 310static mixer 12, 13sterilisation 219, 220subgingival debridement 341, 342surface modification 156, 161, 162,

166, 169

thermal stratification 110, 114trends in MNB applications

208, 212tumor vessel 262, 276, 280, 281turbulent 18

ultrasound 15, 156–158, 160–169

vapor condensation 15vaterite 186–189venturi 13visualisation 15void ratio 46

water containing microbubble 132water injection method 132

Young–Laplace equation 4

Z-average 63, 66zeta-potential 61, 70, 72Zetasizer Nano 61, 65, 66