OI KATAPPEYEI TN ANPINN OIKOYTHMATN. H EPITH TH ATTIKH TN KAIKN XPONN

A 1

EIAH MEOOOIA & ANTIKEIMENO MEETH H APXAIOEHNIKH OI OIKOOIKH ENOTHTA H ATTIKH TH KAIKH EPIOOY ANPINO OIKOYTHMA TO AINOMENO TH KATAPPEYH OIKOOIKO & OITIMIKO MEEO YMEPAMATA BIBIOPAIA YNOH

. H & - E , , , , , , .

To A , - - , , 5 & 4 . .X. A , , . _______________________ 1 . A. T A A . e-mail: alaoupi@otenet.gr

EIAH

O A I , . H , , .

H A , , , : ) (artifacts), ) , , ) ( ecofacts), ) , , - ( mentifacts), , .

, A T (Bastian & Steinhardt, eds, 2002. Ashmore &Knapp , 1999 : 1 - 30. Cherry, Davies & Mantzourani,1991. Sauer, 1925: 19 - 54) , (cultural landscape) (natural landscape). H : ) , ) , ) ) - . T , , . O , , , (tempo) (locales), . , , (sites of memory - cultural universe), , , , .

K , , , , . , , ; H A (human ecosystems).

MEOOOIA & ANTIKEIMENO MEETH

O (.. , , , , , ) . O A , , , , , , , , , , , . M, I , , . , . H , A, , . T , , , .

, , , , , , , , .. , . A, , , , , , , ..

E, , , , , , .... , A , , , (Dincauze, 2000). , K . ,

, , , , ...

, , , , ( E , , , ), , / / / , , , , .

E , , - : ) (, , ), ) , ) , ) ) .

A K X, , . (), , , - - , , () ( ), . (Milles et al., eds, 1989 ::55-73 & 330-331. Dalton,ed., 1975 : 23-106).

M , A K ( 5 4 . .X. ) ( = ) A, a priori . O & , A. H & A O A K , M & O A A & A , I X (: 1999). H APXAIOEHNIKH OH OIKOOIKH ENOTHTA

H E, . , , , , , , , ,

. A, , . , , N B P I (494 ..), , & , - : ( ), ( , ), ( , ), ( ), (), , () ( ), (, ), ( , , ), (), (), ( & ), (), ( ), ( , ), ( ), (, ), (), (), ( ) , ... E, A A , I, ( ), ( ), , , , (K, 1997: 30 - 34 . M, 1997: 42 - 53. N, 1997: 35 -41. X,1997: 17 - 22. M ).

I, / / 109 , O 89 . I , ( Chadwick, 19732 : 94 & 574 ), (O I P, 144 ), - . H , , I, , (, 1991: 82-109. Lvy, 1983: 55-73. Posner, 1979: 28-46. Glotz, 19281/1981). O : i) H T , (, 555), , , (clans) ii) H , , (, 154). E, O , , ( O , 270-271 & , V. 6. 2 ) (Scully, 1990: 8-9, 103 & 105, 109. Cole, 1976) .

, I, ( B = Wa-ty , K = Ptolikhatas) 88 , O 49 , (Chadwick, 19732 : 94 & 574). I, , () . O I , . T, O , - (Scully, 1990: 8-9, 103 & 105, 109. Cole, 1976), , , , (, 1991: 82-109. Lvy, 1983: 55-73. Posner, 1979: 28-46. Glotz, 19281/1981). P , , A E, , , .

T H H, , , , - . T , , , . , H ( H H, 269 & 639), , () B, , , , , , , , , , - - (Scully, 1990: 2-3).

A (, , , , , ) (Pritchett, 1953: 269) : ( = ), (= , , .. ), (= , , ), ( = - ), ( = , ), ( = , ), ( = ), ( = ), ( = - ), ( = & ), ( = , ), ( = ), (= ), ( = ), ( = ), / ( = ), ( = ), (= ) ( = ).

T , , , , , (water supply) (timber supply), (agriculture) (pastoralism), (hunting), (mining), (energy sources), (sewage disposal), (climate exposure) (pollution).

H ( .. , , , , ) , , (focal), , (complexity), .

, /A (Real or Objective) A (Perceived Environment). T A (Geographical = & ), (Operational = .. ) (Modified = ). T A (parts) & , , .

, - (Butzer,1982 : Ch. 13, 256, Table 13-5 Perception, spatial behavior and the archaeological record ).

-, K ( 6 . .X.) , , , (Langdon, 1985 : 5 - 15. Hammond, 1972).

T, A - , , , , - - - , M (Golden & Toohey, eds , 1997 : 132 - 164) , (E , 495. K , 76. A, 15.4. H , s.v. , ..) A , . O .O H (VIII.53) A, . O A (, 533), , (Der Kleine Pauly : Ephebia, 1967, 287 - 291. Pelekides, 1962 : 76. Farnell, 1907 : 19. Dumont, I, 1876 : 8 - 15). , , , E, , , A, / ( .. ,,, , , ..) - A (, 1999).

H ATTIKH TN KAIKN XPONN ANPINO OIKOYTHMA

O X (3 1 .X.) E, , , & / . O (, & ) , ' 20-25% , . A, , N E ( , ), ( Bintliff, 1977 : 79). T , 400 500 mm , & , , , 30 C (Eitam & Heltzer,eds, 1996: 29 - 39).

T , , , , , , , , . , . (anopheline mosquitos : Anopheles sacharovi & Anopheles superpictus), , (malaria) Plasmodium falcipar(i)um, - -, ( Plasmodium vivax, malariae & ovale ) , E (Cohen & Armelagos, eds, 1984 : Ch. 3, 51-73. Bintliff, 1977 : 79. Bruce- Chwatt,1965: 367 - 387).

, , , , , E, 8 1 . .X. X H E, , K A, K I, I, . , 8 4 . .X., , , , , I. , , ( H, VI. 76. K, II. 24 . , VI. viii. cap. 371. Vitruvius, VIII.i & ii. ..) , , , , (Crouch, 1993 : Ch. 7, 64-67).

E , . O, : ) , ) , , ( ) ) , , , , , ... O H, , , & Titus Livius (Kardulias ,ed., 1994: Ch. 4, 70. Bintliff, 1977 :5 & 11-12).

M , , A K , . B, , , A, . O , , , ,

, , .

T , & , , N E. , A K , : ) H H ( 385, 415-16, 450-1, 571-2 & 614) ( Interan nual Climatic Variability ), B O M (Argout, 1987: 205 - 219) , ) , 4 . .X. A, 17 C ( M,1955. A, 1908 : . 2, 427-429), ) , , , , , ) 7 5 . .X . 35, 11-12 , (Sallares, 1991:.391, Kuniholm & Striker 1983/1987, X 1982 & Lewin & Lomas 1971. Liritzis & Kosmatos, 1995 : 73 - 78. Mariolopoulos, 1962: 243 - 250).

O , , , . O A, , , (.. E M, 824 .. & Fr. 971, Nauck. , I.3. . E, 987D & T, 24C). E, P , I A & , . , , , , (.. I , III. 23-24. A H7, 1327 b 19-36 H E 1, 1229b 28 & M B5, 362 a 32-b 9. Plinius Naturalis Historia , II. 4 & xii. 58).

K , , , . O , , , , (, , , ), , , (Jeskins,1998). E (Dillon, 1997: Ch. 2, 29). N 323 .X. (IG II 2 , 1631. 141-3), ,

A ( A , I.19-20. , 11.4 ). T, , , , . H ( : 1999), , , - - , , , . (.. , , , ), (.., tsunami, , ), , (.. ENSO, NAO, ), , ... (Davis, Brewer, Stevenson, Guiot & Data Contributors, 2003: 1701-1716. Torrence & Grattan, eds, 2002 : 33 - 44. Fagan, 2000. Nur & Cline, 2000: 43 - 63. Schoch & Aquinas,1999. Peiser, Palmer&Baily,eds,1998. Dalfes, Kukla & Weiss,eds,1997. Stiros & Jones, eds, 1996 : 23 - 36. Simkin & Siebert, 19942. Panessa, 1991. Pirazzoli, 1991. Paterne, Guichard & Labeyrie, 1988 : 153 - 172. Raban,ed., 1988: 157 - 184.Moore, Abery & James, 1984: 89 - 91. Weiss, 1982: 173 - 198. A,1979 : 740-757. Galanopoulos, 1960: 369-386). H , K A.

A , , , , , K E . O (adaptive adjustments) , , A X K E, (adaptive modification) 4 . .X. , (adaptive transformation), B E ( : 1999).

TO AINOMENO TH KATAPPEYH OIKOOIKO & OITIMIKO MEEO I , , , , , , .. .

O , . , , (II.47-48),

(II. 48.1 - 54.5, 57 - 58.3, 64.1 & III.87.1-3).

A, A . , ( , , ) ( ) , , ( 6, 339 a 18-30 M A14, 351a 19 - 351b 8).

E, (seismic liquefaction), , E B (Katsonopoulou, Soter & Koukouvelas, 2003. Soter, Blackwelder, Tziavos, Katsonopoulou, Hood and & Alvarez-Zarikian, 2001: 95-106. Soter,1999: 275-290. Soter & Katsonopoulou,1999: 531-563. Stewart & Vita-Finzi, eds, 1998: 41-56), , , A M (, 1999). ( B8, 366a 23-28 ) : ) , , E, A, E , , , ) , (.. Mansoor, Niemi & Misra, 2004: 297 - 320) ) , , (historical, geological & compositional criteria), , , , 20 .X. . (Kramer, 1996). H , , , , . - -, , , , , , , (Monge, Chassagneux & Mouroux , 1998: 415-425. Ishihara,1985: Vol. 1, 321-376. Hillel, 1980: 347-351. Castro, 1969). H , , ( ), , (Galli, 2000 : 169 - 187. Papadopulos & Lefkopulos, 1993: 925 - 938. Ambraseys, 1991: 1 - 105).

O A , , E. M, M (A14, 352 a 6 - 18) - , I (Carrying Capacity, Cc = / ). H I, (K = / & ,

. M, K ), O A (Cc = , , , ). B, (maximum) , ( Cc), , , , (Population Pressure, Pp) . T , , Pp ( N E, 737 C 1- D5 737 E - 738 B & 771 A - C B, 373 D 4 - E 9 , 370 E - 371A. A B6, 1265a 39 .. H4, 1326a 1- b2 & H6, 1327a). O A , , (, 1999).

, , (I.v.ii-iii), , , , A, .

E , , , ( , V.xiv.ii-v), K , , , , ( , 13 ). , ( K, IV.9 ), (XIV.6.v cap. 684) E, K , .

O (.. H, V.23 VII.183 & 188. , VI.90. K, III b-d N A, 639a & T, 761 b -c. , V.viii.i IV.viii.v III.iii.ii II.iv.vi. , V. 2.v cap. 222 . Plinius Naturalis Historia, XIII.29 XXXI.30). : ) , , , , , ) , , , , , , ) . O ( Cypress sempervirens) , , , , . T , , , , , , , .

, , , , . , & (M, 1995 : 375-386) , A, , A, , , A, , , , A, , .. ( .. , II.1 III.1 3 & 12-14 IV.1-11, 14-15, 17, 19, 23-24, 29, 30, 32, 49-50, 43-44 ).

, A ( A E, 582-600, 306-8, 551-5 & 856-7 , 251-2 A, 974-5. & A A , XXII.24.1), . A M X, / / , , - , , , ... M , 431/ 0 .X., minimum ( , , , , , & ) , .

A, , 5 & 4 .X. . , I , , A, , P, : ) o , , , ) , , ) , , ( .. , , , A , , ... ), ) , , ) , A , , (, 1999).

, (Collapse), , . , , . X A, , , , , , , , , , , .. , (, 1999).

A, , K X. A, - . H A K , , , , (Sallares, 1991 : Ch. III, 2 , 299. M.I. Finley, 1973, Ch. V :131). , j , , (A, 19281 / 19922 : 256, 278, 286, 334 & 342).

H , , . O A , , A . O , , ( , .. ), , ( .. , ), , , . O , , . M E P ; T, A E (Hughes,1994 :1 & 30. Borden , ed., 1986: 214 - 220);

A , : ) , ) , ( ) , ) ) - .

, N .., , . O , A, . A K , B, 14.000 , .. , , , 600 .X. 300 .X., 16.000.000 & ! M , , . H , . E , , N.A. I, I & K,

, ( , P ) (B, 2002 : 50 -51.Shipley & Salmon, eds, 1996: 16 - 43. Hughes, 1994: 73-89. Hughes,1988: 2 & 4. Rowlands, Larsen & Kistiansen ,eds, 1987.: Ch. 28, 341-348. Wertime, 1983: 445 - 452. Hughes & Thirgood, 1982 : 60-75. Johnson, 1927: 199-209).

T Claudio Vita - Finzi, (Sallares, 1991: Ch. IV , 390 - 396. van Andel et al., 1990 : 379 - 396. Dewar, 1984 : 601 - 615. Longo, 1984. Vita-Finzi, 1969). E, E E, 720 .X. -680 .X. 5 4 . .X. (Bottema, Entjes-Nieborg & van Zeist , eds, 1990: Ch.12, 140, 143-145 & 153). A, 6 . .X. , , , Y . , (Sonnabend, 1999 : 125 - 126. Bintliff, 1977: 75) ( A A , XVI.6 ).

E , - M , . , , . (desertification) (van Andel, Zangger & Demitrack, 1990 : 379 - 396. Cullingford & Davidson, eds., 1980: 143-158), , , , (Sallares, 2002 : 43 - 89. Scheidel, 2001 : 76. Jeskins, 1998. Brandt & Thornes, eds, 1996. Runnels, 1995 : 96-99. Brouwer, Thomas & Chadwick, eds, 1991. Hughes, 1976 : 332 - 342. MacDonald & Rapp, eds, 1972).

(Nur & Cline, 2000: 43 - 63 = 2 .X. A M.Sallares, 1991 : Ch. IV, 390 - 396 =Shrimpton, 1987 : . Weiss, 1982 : . Carpenter, 1966 : . Williams, 1962 : A M. ..) M A, J. Camp 8 4 .X., A, (Crouch, 1993 : Part IV, Ch.9,109. Sallares, 1991 : 391. Camp, 1986 1982 & 1977). M, , 25 ' 4 . .X., E 335-325 .X.. K , A , . , , , .

T, , , . , , (cerebral malaria),

N I (Brothwell & Sanderson, eds, 1967: Ch. 13 ,182). E , , (predators), K A, (prey species), , , N Lotka - Volterra, 1930 (Law of Consumer - Resource Oscillations). , , , , (Turchin, 2003. Russell Claire &W.M.S., 1999. Sallares, 1991: Ch. II, 7 ,224. Getz & Pickering,1983 : 892-898).

H , , . , (, 1999).

H A, (431 - 404 .X.), , , . H ( .. , ) , , . , , ( 50 - 75 % , ), , , , , (Population Stress), , , , , , .

, , ( , , ), , , , , , , , , , , 4 . .X.

E A, - - , , , , , , ... (Garsney, 1988. Jameson, 1983: 6-16. Hughes, 1975).

, A K E (' ' : 5 4 . .X.), ( ) , . H

, , - (.. , ), , , , Cc (, 1999). K A (A , LXII.4 ) , , , E A .

K , , , , . , , , , , (maladaptation of the system);

O (Tainter, 1988 : Ch. 4, 124-125) : ) , ) (, , ...) , , ) , ) , ) ( .. , , ), ) -, , , ) ( . ), ) , , ) .

A, : ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , ) .

O . H , , () , , , , , , . H , (MacKil, 2004 : 493 - 516.Weiss & Bradley, 2001 : 609 - 612. Byrne, 1997 : 17 - 29. Moseley, 1997 : 19 - 27. Oliver - Smith, 1996 : 303 - 328. Blaikie, Cannon, Davies & Wisner, 1994. Watts & Bohle, 1993: 45 - 46. Halstead & OShea , eds., 1989). O (vulnerability) (exposure to stress), (high potential risk), (limited coping capacity). T A M E X, , , A 4 . .X. (, 1999).

YMEPAMATA

- , A, , ' , , , . H , , , , , ( , ), , , . , , - .

T - , , , , , , , , / (habitats) . , (Berryman, 2003 : 695-701. Colyvan & Ginzburg, 2003: 649-653. Turchin , 2001: 17-26. Worster,19942), (N E N L iebig : The Law of Limiting Factors or Law of the Minimum, 1840), (N A N Shel ford : The Low of Tolerance, 1913 ).

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