TIGER The TIGER Instrument Overview Phil Hinz - PI July 13, 2010.
III Smith VNA Improved2 - uniroma1.itarpg-serv.ing2.uniroma1.it/.../III_Smith_VNA_Improved.pdf · 6...
Transcript of III Smith VNA Improved2 - uniroma1.itarpg-serv.ing2.uniroma1.it/.../III_Smith_VNA_Improved.pdf · 6...
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Smith Chart
Network Analyzer BasicsDJB 12/96 na_basic.pre
Smith Chart Review.
-90 o
0o180 o+-.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
90o
∞∞∞∞0000
0 +R
+jX
-jX
∞∞∞∞
Smith Chart maps rectilinear impedanceplane onto polar plane
Rectilinear impedance plane
Polar plane
Z = ZoL
= 0Γ
Constant X
Constant R
Z = L
= 0 O1Γ
Smith Chart
(open)
ΓLZ = 0
= ±180 O1
(short)
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From S parameters to impedance
IF BW and averaging
Heterodyne detection scheme
IF BW reduction
Averaging
Dynamic Range (definition)
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Smoothing trace
Smoothing (similar to video filtering) averages the formatted active channel data over a portion of the displayed trace. Smoothing computes each displayed data point based on one sweep only, using a moving average of several adjacent data points for the current sweep. The smoothing aperture is a percent of the swept stimulus span, up to a maximum of 20%.Rather than lowering the noise floor, smoothing finds the mid-value of the data. Use it to reduce relatively small peak-to-peak noise values on broadband measured data. Use a sufficiently high number of display points to avoid misleading results. Do not use smoothing for measurements of high resonance devices or other devices with wide trace variations, as it will introduce errors into the measurement.
Averaging trace
Averaging computes each data point based on an exponential average of consecutive sweeps weighted by a user-specified averaging factor. Each new sweep is averaged into the trace until the total number of sweeps is equal to the averaging factor, for a fully averaged trace. Each point on the trace is the vector sum of the current trace data and the data from the previous sweep. A high averaging factor gives the best signal-to-noise ratio, but slows the trace update time. Doubling the averaging factor reduces the noise by 3 dB.
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IF BW reduction
IF bandwidth reduction lowers the noise floor by digitally reducing the receiver input bandwidth. It works in all ratio and non-ratio modes. It has an advantage over averaging as it reliably filters out unwanted responses such as spurs, odd harmonics, higher frequency spectral noise, and line-related noise. Sweep-to-sweep averaging, however, is better at filtering out very low frequency noise. A tenfold reduction in IF bandwidth lowers the measurement noise floor by about 10 dB. Bandwidths less than 300 Hz provide better harmonic rejection than higher bandwidths.
Impedance Measurements
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
Which Value Do We Measure?
TRUE
EFFECTIVE
INDICATED +/-
Instrument Test fixture Real world device
%
H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
Frequency vs. Measurement Techniques
Network Analysis
100KHz
1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G
Frequency (Hz)
Auto Balancing Bridge5HZ 40MHz
22KHz 70MHz
Resonant
I-V10KHz 110MHz
30MHz
RF I-V
1 MHz 1.8 GHz
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
Auto Balancing BridgeTheory of Operation
V
-
+
2
V1
DUT
V = I R2 2 2
Z = V
I
1
2=
V R
V
21
2
H L R2
I2
Virtual ground
II = I2
H
Auto Balancing Bridge
Most accurate, basic accuracy 0.05%
Widest measurement range
Widest range of electrical test conditions
Simple-to-use
Advantages and Disadvantages
Low frequency, f < 40MHz
C,L,D,Q,R,X,G,B,Z,Y,O,...
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
Resonance (Q - Meter) TechniqueTheory of Operation
Tune C so the circuit resonates
At resonance X = -X , only R remainsD C D
V~OSC
Tuning C(X c) V
L (X ), RD DDUT
e I= eZ
X = = (at resonance)C VI
R VeD
Q = = =|V|e
|X |RD
D |X |RD
C
H
Resonant MethodAdvantages and Disadvantages
requires experienced user
Vector Scalar
automatic and fast manual and slow
easy to use
No compensationlimited compensation
75kHz - 30MHz 22kHz - 70MHz
Very good for high Q - low D measurements
Requires reference coil for capacitors
Limited L,C values accuracy
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
I - V Probe TechniqueTheory of Operation
V2
V 1
DUT
V = I R2 2 2
Z = V
I
1
2
= V R
V
21
2
I 2
R2
H
I-V (Probe)
Medium frequency, 10kHz < f < 110MHz
Moderate accuracy and measurement range
Advantages and Disadvantages
Grounded and in-circuit measurements
Simple-to-use
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
RF I-VTheory of Operation
Vi
Vv
Ro
Ro
Vi
Vv
Ro
Ro DUT DUT
Voltage CurrentVoltageDetection Detection
CurrentDetection
Detection
High Impedance Test Head Low Impedance Test Head
H
RF I-V
High frequency, 1MHz < f < 1.8GHz
Most accurate method at > 100 MHz
Grounded device measurement
Advantages and Disadvantages
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ Module
Network Analysis (Reflection) TechniqueTheory of Operation
DUT
V
V INC
R
V
V INC
R Z - ZL O
Z + ZL O
==
H
Network Analysis
High frequency
- Suitable, f > 100 kHz
Moderate accuracy
Limited impedance measurement range(DUT should be around 50 ohms)
Advantages and Disadvantages
- Best, f > 1.8 GHz
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H Kobe Instrument DivisionBack to Basics - LCRZ ModuleH
TDRTheory of Operation
V
V INC
RZ - ZL O
Z + ZL O
==
Z L
DUT
Oscilloscope
Step Generator
VV INC R
Series R & L
Parallel R & C
0t
H
TDNA (TDR)
Reflection and transmission measurements
Single and multiple discontinuities or impedance
Advantages and Disadvantages
DUT impedance should be around 50 ohms
mismatches ("Inside" look at devices)
Good for test fixture design, transmission lines,high frequency evaluations
ΩNot accurate for m or M DUTsor with multiple reflections
Ω
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Measurement examples
Ammettenza (parte reale, immaginaria)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09frequenza (Hz)
Sie
men
s
30k-6M range, imaginary0.92 nF line, imaginary5M-100M range, imaginary5M-100M range, real80M-2G range, real80M-2G range, imaginary
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10frequenza (Hz)
Sie
men
s
30k-6M range, imaginary9.27 nF line, imaginary5M-100M range, imaginary5M-100M range, real80M-2G range, real80M-2G range, imaginary
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10frequenza (Hz)
Oh
m
30k-6M range, imaginary991 ohm line, real5M-100M range, imaginary5M-100M range, real80M-2G range, real80M-2G range, imaginary30k-6M range, real
Impedenza (parte reale, immaginaria)
-100000
-80000
-60000
-40000
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10frequenza (Hz)
Ohm
30k-6M range, imaginary0.972 mH line, imaginary5M-100M range, imaginary5M-100M range, real80M-2G range, real80M-2G range, imaginary30k-6M range, real
-100000
-80000
-60000
-40000
-20000
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10frequenza (Hz)
Ohm
30k-6M range, imaginary8.6 mH line, imaginary30k-6M range, real
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08 1.0E+09 1.0E+10frequenza (Hz)
Ohm
30k-6M range, imaginary5M-100M range, imaginary5M-100M range, real80M-2G range, real80M-2G range, imaginary30k-6M range, real
1 nF
10 nF
10 mH
1 mH
Corto circuito
1 kOhm
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Ammettenza (parte immaginaria)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07frequenza (Hz)
Sie
men
s
30k-6M range30k-1M range30k-600k range0.92 nF line
Ammettenza (parte immaginaria)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07frequenza (Hz)
Sie
men
s
30k-6M range30k-1M range30k-600k range9.27 nF line
Impedenza (parte reale)
980
985
990
995
1000
1005
1010
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07frequenza (Hz)
Ohm
30k-1M range30k-600k range991 Ohm line30k-6M range
Impedenza (parte immaginaria)
100
1000
10000
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06frequenza (Hz)
Oh
m
30k-1M range30k-600k range0.972 mH line
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06frequenza (Hz)
Ohm
30k-1M range30k-600k range8.6 mH line
Impedenza (parte reale)
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07frequenza (Hz)
Oh
m
30k-1M range30k-600k range30k-6M range
1 nF
10 nF 10 mH
1 mH
Corto circuito
1 kOhm
RF Device Characterization
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Group delay
Network Analyzer BasicsDJB 12/96 na_basic.pre
Deviation from Linear PhaseUse electrical delay to remove linear
portion of phase response
Linear electrical length added
+ yields
Frequency
(Electrical delay function)
Frequency
RF filter response Deviation from linear phase
Pha
se 1
/D
ivo
Pha
se 4
5 /D
ivo
Frequency
Low resolution High resolution
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Network Analyzer BasicsDJB 12/96 na_basic.pre
What is group delay?
Deviation from constant group delay indicates distortion
Average delay indicates transit time
Frequency
Group DelayGroupDelay
Average Delay
Phaset o
t g
Group Delay (t )g
=−1360 o
= −d φd ω
d φd f
in radians
in radians/sec
in degrees
in Hzf
φωφ
2=( )fω π
φ
∆φ
Frequency
*
∆ω
ω
Network Analyzer BasicsDJB 12/96 na_basic.pre
Why measure group delay?
Same p-p phase ripple can result in different group delay
Pha
se
Pha
se
Gro
up
Del
ay
Gro
up
Del
ay
−−−−d φφφφd ωωωω
−−−−d φφφφd ωωωω
f
f
f
f