æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, 2008, 15 (3) ◆ 267-289 PSYCHOLOGY, 2008, 15 (3) ◆ 267-289

1. ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜: ∞ı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜, πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ §fiÁÔ˘, ∞ÚÙ¤ÌȉԘ 6 & ∂È-‰·‡ÚÔ˘, 151 25 M·ÚÔ‡ÛÈ. ΔËÏ: 210-6875409. º·Í: 210-6854270. e-mail:protopap@ilsp.gr

∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ

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™ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ë ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ô ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ‰Â›-ÎÙ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ. ™ÙȘ ÌÂϤ-Ù˜ Ì·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ̷ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ‹ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·˜ ÌÂ

ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· (307 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ °’ Î·È ¢’¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡) fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· (213 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ∞’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘) Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ΔÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ›‰Ú·-Û˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ›Ù ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹ ̤ÙÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÚfiÓÔ˘ (Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘) ›Ù ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÎÙË Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ˆ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·Ó¿ ÔÚı¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô(ϤÍË ‹ „¢‰ÔϤÍË), ΢ڛˆ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÂȉÈο ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ªÂ ÙȘ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ›˜ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Â›‰ÔÛ˘, οıÂÙË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ (·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜) Î·È ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÓÒ ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂ-ÚË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ›‰È˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·. √È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ‰È·-ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È fi¯È ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·. Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂˆÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi-ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ.

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË, OÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·, T·¯‡ÙËÙ·, E˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·, ¢˘ÛÏÂÍ›·.

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267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·267

1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹

√È ÂȉÈΤ˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·-Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿-ıËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊË̤Ó˘ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Â›‰ÔÛË Û‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜. ¢È·-ÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi Ù˘¯fiÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË, ÔÈ Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÌÂÌÔ-ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ˆ˜ ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ÈηÓfiÙË-Ù· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ϥ͈Ó, ›Ù ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·ÈÌÂÌÔӈ̤ӷ ›Ù ‰È·‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘(Fletcher, Morris & Lyon, 2003. Vellutino et al.,2004. Vellutino & Fletcher, 2005). ªÂ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‹ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ì ¤Ï-ÏÂÈÌÌ· ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ (Wagner & Torgesen, 1987. Libermanet al., 1974. Porpodas, 1999). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Û¯Â-Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯¿-ÚÈÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (·) Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈϤÍÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·(Û˘ÏÏ·‚¤˜), Ô˘ ›Û˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ-ÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· (ÊıfiÁÁÔ˘˜), Î·È (‚) Ó· ÂÓÙÔ-›˙ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ¿ Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜·˘Ù¿ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·. ∏ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂٷȫʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË» (‹ «ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÓËÌÂ-ÚfiÙËÙ·») Î·È ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÁÈ· ÙȘ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔÛ˘ÓıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··-Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘. ΔÔ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-ϛ˜ ÛÙË ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÂÚ¢-ÓËı› Î·È ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙËÓ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ (Vellutino & Fletcher, 2005. Siegel, 2003.Ramus, 2001. Ramus et al., 2003) Î·È Û ¿ÏϘÁÏÒÛÛ˜ (ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈο: Landerl & Wimmer, 2000ØÈÛ·ÓÈο: Jiménez & Hern ’andez, 2000Ø ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È-ο: de Jong & van der Leij, 2003Ø ÙÛ¤¯Èη:Caravolas & Volín, 2001Ø ÊÈÓÏ·Ó‰Èο: Holo-painen, Ahoren & Lyytinen, 2001), ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓÔÔ›ˆÓ Î·È Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο (Aidinis & Nunes, 2001.Porpodas, 1999). ŸÌˆ˜, Û ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ì ÈÔ ‰È·-Ê·Ó‹ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÈÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È

ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ, Ù· ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹ Û‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙË ÊˆÓÔÏÔ-ÁÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Û‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ¤ÌÌÂÛ·, fiˆ˜ ÔȉÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌ˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ ‹Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ (Wimmer, Mayringer &Landerl, 1998).

H ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜

∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ¤Ú¢-Ó· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi Ïfi-ÁÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·‰Âȯı› ˆ˜ ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·-ÙÒÓ ÂÚÂıÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο‰È·Ê·Ó›˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›·ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Î·È ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ë ¤ÎÙ·ÛËÎ·È Ë ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËıÔ‡Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚¤ÛÙÂÚ· ÛÙË ‚¿-ÛË Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È Ù˘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘ (ÊÈÓÏ·Ó‰Èο: Holopainen et al., 2001.Müller & Brady, 2001Ø ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈο: Landerl, 2001.Landerl & Wimmer, 2008Ø ÂÏÏËÓÈο: Porpodas,1999. ÈÙ·ÏÈο: Tressoldi, Stella & Faggella, 2001.Zoccolotti et al., 1999). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·ÎÚÈ‚Ô‡˜ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙËÓ ·˘-ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÂÍÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ (vander Leij & van Daal, 1999. Wolf, Bowers & Biddle,2000). ∂Âȉ‹ Ë ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÂıÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓÂ›Ó·È ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘¯ÂÚ‹ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛË, Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ¯Ú‹-ÛÈÌÔ ‰Â›ÎÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜(Fuchs et al., 2001. Sabatini, 2002). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·-¯ÚÔÓÈο ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙÂÚË ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÚÔ‚ÏÂÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡ ·fiÙËÓ 1Ë Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ 8Ë Ù¿ÍË ÛÙËÓ A˘ÛÙÚ›· (Landerl& Wimmer, 2008).

™ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰È·ÎÚÈÙfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-

268 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·268

΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘, ı· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·ÓȯÓ¢ıÔ‡ÓÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ÂÚÈ-ÙÒÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ··fi Ù˘¯fiÓ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ ‹ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘,Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ı· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯÔÈ ‰È·-ÎÚÈÙÔ› «Ù‡ÔÈ» ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ (Flet-cher et al., 2003). H Wolf (1999. Wolf & Bowers,1999), ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-΋ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·, Û˘Ì¤Ú·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È (·) Û ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛËÙˆÓ ‹¯ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ϤÍË Î·È (‚)Û ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· ·Ó¿ÎÏËÛË ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ÔÙÈο ۇ̂ÔÏ·. ŒÙÛÈ,ÚfiÙÂÈÓ ÌÈ· Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙÂÚÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ Û 3 ηÙËÁÔڛ˜: (·) Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, (‚) Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·, ηÈ(Á) Ì ‰ÈÏfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ·ÎÚ›-‚ÂÈ· Î·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›-ÔÈ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙·Ó Î·È ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-ϛ˜.

ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ È‰¤· ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÙÔÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ «‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜» ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· (Wolf &Bowers, 1999, 2000. Wolf et al., 2002) Î·È ¤¯Ô˘ÓηٷÚÙÈÛÙ› ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ú¤Ì‚·-Û˘ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÛÙÈ·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙË-ÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜(Chard, Vaughn & Tyler, 2002Ø Wolf, Miller &Donnelly, 2000). ΔÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ·Ó·-ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ‰È·ÈÛو̤ÓÔ Â‡ÚËÌ·(Torgesen, 2005) fiÙÈ Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıË ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù··Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, Ô˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒ-ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÌ›˜ ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ›ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ·ÔΈ-‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜), ‰ÂÓ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ (Torgesen et al., 2001.Wolf & Katzir-Cohen, 2001). ∂Ӊ›ÍÂȘ ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘

ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÂ›Î·È Û ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ì ÈÔ ‰È·Ê·Ó‹ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈ΋ (Wimmer,Mayringer & Landerl, 2000Ø Wimmer & Mayringer,2002).

H ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÚ›¯ıË-ΠÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÂ Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë Ù·-¯Â›· ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÂÚÂıÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ (¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÂÈ-ÎfiÓˆÓ, ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÒÓ „ËÊ›ˆÓ Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ)Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘ (Denckla & Cutting, 1999. Cutting& Denckla, 2001). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÛÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù·-¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ, ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰È·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÏÏÂÈÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì·ӷÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ (Bowers, 2003. Wolf,Bowers & Biddle, 2000. Lovett, Steinbach &Frijters, 2000). ∏ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓÙ·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓÚfiÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Èη-ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÁÏÈ-΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ì ÈÔÚ˯¿ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· (ÈÙ·ÏÈο: DiFilippo et al., 2005Ø ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈο: Landerl &Wimmer, 2000Ø ÊÈÓÏ·Ó‰Èο: Korhonen, 1995).¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒıËÎ·Ó ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο Â˘Ú‹Ì·-Ù· Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο (Christodoulou &Alivisatos, 2004. Georgiou & Parrila, 2007. Mano-litsis et al., 2007).

AÓ·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· Î·È ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË

™ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, Ë·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· (fluency) ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘Ϥ͢ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷο ˆ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ Ì ·ÎÚ›-‚ÂÈ· Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· (Stanovich, 1980).2 ∏ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 269

2. ∞fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ë ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÛÙÔȯ›·,fiˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛˆ‰›· (Kuhn & Stahl, 2003), Ù· ÔÔ›· fï˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËıÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÔÈÔÙÈο. °È· ÙÔ Ïfi-ÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÔÛÔÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜. ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ˘ÂÚÏÂÍÈÎÒÓ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·269

Î·È Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂӉ›-ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Ì·ÎÚÔ-¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË ÛÙÔ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ Î·È ıÂ-ˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Ù˘·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ (Samuels & Flor, 1997. Wolf, Miller &Donnelly, 2000). ∏ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ·Û‡ÓıÂÙË ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·‚¿ıÌÈÛËÙ˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ Û οÔÈÔ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ¤Ú-ÁÔ Î·È, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ηȷÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ·˜¤Ó·Ú͢, ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂ-Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ›ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂ-Û‹ ÙÔ˘ (Logan, 1997). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆ-Û˘ Ë ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ›ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ (LaBerge& Samuels, 1974). ŸÛÔ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÔÚÚÔÊ¿ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ϥ͢ Ùfi-ÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÂÓ‰˘ıÔ‡ÓÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÌÈ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓÌÔÚ› Ó· ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› Ï‹Úˆ˜3, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÙÔÓfiËÌ· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ΛÌÂÓÔ Û Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÂÓÒ ÙÔ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi(LaBerge & Samuels, 1974).

√È ÈηÓÔ› ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÂÚ›ÛÛÂÈ·fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Adams, 1990. LaBerge & Samuels,1974. Samuels, 1999). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ·Ú¯¿ÚÈÔÈ ·Ó·-ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜·ÚÁ¿, Ì ÎfiÔ Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· (Kuhn & Stahl,

2003). ∏ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ï·Ì-‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙË ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÌÂÙ¿-‚·ÛË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‹¯Ô˘˜ (ÊıfiÁÁÔ˘˜) Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ-¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙ· ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ, ¤ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-ÙÂÚˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó··Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· Î·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈο, ÂÈÙÚ¤-ÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÓÔËÙÈÎfi ÏÂÍÈÎfi(Ehri, 1995. Samuels & Flor, 1997). ŸÙ·Ó Ë ÌÂÙ¿-‚·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹˜ ‹ ·ÙÂÏ‹˜, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤-ÏÂÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ,‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ¯·ÌËÏ‹Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ (Savage, 2004. van der Leij& van Daal, 1999. Yap & van der Leij, 1993). ∏ ¤Ï-ÏÂÈ„Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙȉ˘Û¯ÂÚ·›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÙÒÓ ÎÂÈ̤-ÓˆÓ Î·È, ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚-΋ ›‰ÔÛË. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Ë ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛËÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ (Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·) ·Ô-ÙÂÏ› ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ (Kuhn & Stahl, 2003. Levy,2001. Wolf & Katzir-Cohen, 2001. Wolf, Miller &Donnely, 2000).

∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙Â-Ù·È ıˆÚËÙÈο Ì ÂΛÓË Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ·ÚfiÙÈË ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ηÈÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË (Kuhn & Stahl, 2003. Wolf &Katzir-Cohen, 2001). ΔfiÛÔ Ë ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛËfiÛÔ Î·È Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ¿ÏϘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜.4 ∏Û˘¯Ó‹ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‚È-‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋, ÔÊ›-

270 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÊÚ¿Û˘ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ (.¯. Lutz Klauda& Guthrie, 2008).

3. ¢ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È fï˜ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ӷ-Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· (Logan, 1997. Samuels & Flor, 1997).

4. ªÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, οÔÈ· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¢È¿¯˘ÙË ∞Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ (·˘ÙÈÛÌfi) ·-ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó «˘ÂÚÏÂÍ›·», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ï¤ÍÂȘ Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¿ÓÂÛË Î·È ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì ٷ¯‡ÙËÙ·(Sparks, 1995. Grigorenko et al., 2002), ›Ù¢ÁÌ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·Îfi Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈ-Ù·È ÁÈ· ·È‰È¿ Ì ¯·ÌËÏfi ÓÔËÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ı¤ÛË Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó. ™˘-ÓÂÒ˜ Ô ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ (‹ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ì¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó.

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·270

ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ú·ÎÙÈÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÔÚÈÛÙ› Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËı› ¤Ú· ·fiÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈ̘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ ηÈ, ΢-Ú›ˆ˜, Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜. ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ-„Ë ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·fi‰Ô-Û˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·» ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘, ÔÈ Wolf & Katzir-Cohen (2001) ÙËÓ Â-ÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ «Î¿-ı ˘Ô‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ˘Ô‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÂ-Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË» Î·È Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ¤Ó-ÓÔȘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÂÂ-ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ÈηÓfiÙË-Ù·˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Ϥ͈ӻ (ÛÂÏ. 213).

YÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜

™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢-¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ (ÊÈÓÏ·Ó‰Èο: Müller &Brady, 2001. Lehtola & Lehto, 2000Ø Ô˘ÁÁÚÈο:Everatt et al., 2004. ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈο: Wimmer, 1993.Wimmer et al., 2000Ø ÈÙ·ÏÈο: Spinelli et al., 2005.Zoccolotti et al., 1999) ‰ÈfiÙÈ, fiˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚ-ıËÎÂ, ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ‰˘-ÛÏÂÍ›· Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. ∏·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÔÚı¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ (Ϥ͈Ӌ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó) ·Ó¿ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (‹ ÂÓÙfi˜ÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜) ‹,ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, ˆ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ ÔÚı¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆṲ̂ÓËϤÍË (‹ „¢‰ÔϤÍË). ∫·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘÛÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘fi„Ë Ë·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· (ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·Ê·ÈÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛˆÛÙ¿) ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë (Û˘ÓÔÏÈ-΋) ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙfiÛÔ Ù··Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Ï¿ıË fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ·ÚÁ‹ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙÔ˘¤ÚÁÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÛÙË Ì¤ÙÚË-ÛË Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜. ªÈ· ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ȉ¤-·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Û ÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ,Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÏÂÙfi. ∏ ¢ÎÔÏ›· Î·È Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙË-Ù· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·-Ù·Û΢‹ ÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ (.¯. ÛÙ· ÔÏ-

Ï·Ó‰Èο, Ì ηٿÏÔÁÔ ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ,Brus & Voeten, 1973). ™ÙȘ ∏¶∞ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ì Î›ÌÂÓ· Ù˘ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰ÔÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË (Miller & Groff,2007).

√È Jenkins, Fuchs, van den Broeck, Espin ηÈDeno (2003 a, b) ÂÍ¤Ù·Û·Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ-ÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ (Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ) ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÎÚÈÓ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÚÔ·Ó·-ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ-·˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ηٷÓfiËÛË Û 113 ·ÁÁÏfiʈÓÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘4˘ Ù¿Í˘ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞. Ÿˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó·-ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ‹Ù·Ó ÈÔ ÛÙÂÓ¿ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË ·’ fi,ÙÈ Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆ-ÛË Î·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ. ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ··˘Ùfi ·Ô‰fiıËΠÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÂÂÍÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ·ÊÂÓfi˜ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙˉÈ¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó. μÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó Â›Û˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙȘۯ¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓÙÚfiÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ Ôȉ‡Ô ÙÚfiÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ›‰È˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ˘˜·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜. ∏ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ï·ıÒÓ ¤¯ÂȈ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ·Ú·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘Îϛ̷η˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiˆÓ ˘Ô-ÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡, ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÌ‹Î˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·-ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÛÙȘ ˘„ËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ(ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆṲ̂-ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘) ‹ ÛÙȘ ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÂÈ-‰fiÛÂȘ (ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·Ó¿ ÔÚı¿·Ó·ÁÓˆṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô). ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜Ì ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ, Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ÙËÓ Â˘-¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ϥ͈Ó, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜Ì ˘„ËϤ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ·Ô‚·›ÓÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË (Jenkins et al.,2003a, ÛÂÏ. 726).

∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Û ¤Ó·Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÔÈ Fuchs Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜(2001) ÂÍ¤Ù·Û·Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢-

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 271

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·271

¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ˘fi ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Ï¤Í˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂÂ›Â‰Ô ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓÚ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ ‰Âη-ÂÙÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞. ∏ ÔχÏ¢ÚË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔ-Ô›ËÛ˘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÔÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·ÈÓ· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·. ™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, ÔÈ FuchsÎ·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ (2001) ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛ·Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·-Û›· Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÒÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆӷӷÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ÙˆÓ ÔÚı¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· Û ¤Ó·ÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·.

™ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·‰Âȯı› ÛÂÌÂϤÙ˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÚÒÙ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜(Porpodas, 1999), ÌÂÛ·›ˆÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ (Protopapas, Skaloumbakas & Bali, 2008) η-ıÒ˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ (Protopapas &Skaloumbakas, 2007). ¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹ ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù·¯‡ÙË-Ù·˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› ÔȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜Â›Ó·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓÌ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ·Ó ·˘Ùfi ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȤ‰Ô˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ı-ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÔÈ· ›-Ó·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙˉÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Ò˜ ›ӷÈηχÙÂÚ· Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÙ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Î·È Ì ÙÔÓÂοÛÙÔÙ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-ÁËÛ˘.

™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ·ÍÈÔÔÈԇ̠ÌÂÙÚ‹-ÛÂȘ ·fi ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿-ıÂȘ Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔ-ÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ‰ÈÂ-Ú¢Óԇ̠(·) ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÔ-ÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-

ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Î·È (‚) ÔȘ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÈÌÔÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. °È· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‰È·ÊÔ-ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, fiϘ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÛÔÁ›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹.

2. ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜

™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜

™ÙȘ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â‰Ò ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi 520 ·È‰È¿: 307ÛÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ °’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È 213 ÛÙËÓ ∞’ °˘-ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, ·fi Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù˘ ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜ Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜Ô˘ ηχÙÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÎÙÈÌÒÌÂÓˆÓÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ. ∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·-ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, 288 ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ «ÁÂÓÈÎfiÌ·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi» Î·È 19 ÙÔ «ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·»,ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ185 Î·È 28 Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·. ¢ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯·ÓÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ËÏÈ-ÎÈÒÓ Û η̛· Ù¿ÍË (‚Ï. ʇÏÔ Î·È ËÏÈΛ· ·Ó¿ Ù¿ÍËÎ·È ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1).

°È· ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ‰ÂÓ ¤ÁÈÓ η̛· ÂÈ-ÏÔÁ‹ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒıËΠ۠fiÏÔ˘˜ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙ· Û¯Ô-Ï›· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ, Ì ÙË Û˘-ÁηٿıÂÛË Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛοψÓ, ηÈÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢-Ó· ‹Ù·Ó Ë ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊË Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ. ΔÔÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· π·ÙÚԷȉ·-ÁˆÁÈο ∫¤ÓÙÚ· ƒ·Ê‹Ó·˜ Î·È ∞ıËÓÒÓ, Î·È ·ÔÙÂ-ÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ·È‰È¿ Ì ·›ÙËÌ· Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-ÁËÛ˘ ÏfiÁˆ ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘. ¢ÂÓÛ˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·È‰È¿ Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ‹˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ô‡Ù ·È‰È¿ Ì Ó¢ÚÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‹„˘¯È·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜. ΔÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰È·-ÁÓÒÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÂȉfiÛÂÒÓ

272 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·272

ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÂÓÒÂΛÓÔ ÙÔ˘ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ·È‰È¿ Ì·›ÙËÌ· Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤Ï·‚·Ó‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·˜.5

YÏÈÎfi

ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ «∫ϛ̷-η ª·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘» (∫§πª∞), ÌÈ· Û˘-ÛÙÔȯ›· ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤ÓË Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙˉÈ¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-ÏÈÒÓ. °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›· ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ, ÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛËοı ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔ-ÏfiÁËÛË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆ-ÛË Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ, Ô·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÈ Û ÚÔËÁÔ‡-ÌÂÓ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂȘ (™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜, ¶ÚˆÙfi·-·˜ & ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2003. Protopapas &Skaloumbakas, 2007). ™˘ÓÔÙÈο, ÔÈ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›Â˜Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∫§πª∞ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜:

1. ∂·Ó¿ÏË„Ë „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó. ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ20 „¢‰ÔϤÍÂȘ (·fi ª·Úȉ¿ÎË-∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿ÎË,1999) Ô˘ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙ‹ ηÈ

·ӷϷ̂¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ. ∫·Ù·-ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ï·ıÒÓ. ∏ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤-ÂÈ· (a ηٿ Cronbach) Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÁÈ·ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ‹Ù·Ó 0,72 ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ°’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È 0,64 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘.

2. ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó. ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ 20„¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ (·fi ª·Úȉ¿ÎË-∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿ÎË,1999). ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ Ù˘‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ (ÌÂÁ·ÏfiʈÓË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ„Â˘‰ÔϤ͈Ó) Î·È Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘(·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ï·ıÒÓ). ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜a=0,83 (¢ËÌ.)/0,84 (°˘Ì.).

3. ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Ï¤ÍˆÓ. ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ 84 Ϥ͈ÓÔ˘ ηχÙÔ˘Ó Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜, Û˘¯ÓfiÙË-Ù·˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ-ÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ (ÌÂÁ·ÏfiʈÓË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË fiψÓÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ) Î·È Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ (·ÚÈı-Ìfi˜ Ï·ıÒÓ). ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜a=0,91/0,95.

4. ∞Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ¶ÂÚÈ-Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÚ›· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏ›·˜ (‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿-‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ). ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂ-

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 273

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1 º‡ÏÔ (·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ) Î·È ËÏÈΛ· (Û ̋ÓÂ˜Ø Ì¤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘È΋ ·fiÎÏÈÛË)

ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·Ó¿ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ‰Â›ÁÌ· (ËÁ‹)

°ÂÓÈÎfi˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi˜ KÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·

AÁfiÚÈ· KÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· HÏÈΛ· AÁfiÚÈ· KÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· HÏÈΛ·

°’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ 72 73 103,0 (4,3) 6 5 101,4 (2,8)¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ 65 78 114,2 (4,1) 5 3 114,6 (4,2)∞’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ 93 92 150,5 (5,1) 19 9 149,6 (4,0)

5. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ Î·È ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰˘-ÛÏÂÍ›·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙȘ ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â‰Ò Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ë ‰È·ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ô ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ΢ÎÏÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ·. ¢Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙ› ·È‰È¿ Ì ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ¿ÏϘ ‰È·-Ù·Ú·¯¤˜, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· Ì ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ˘„ËÏfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ·È-‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜ Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi·È‰ÈÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ ‰È¿-ÎÚÈÛË. °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‚Ï. Protopapas & Skaloumbakas (2007).

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·273

Û˘ Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ (¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ¯Úfi-ÓÔ˘ ÌÂÁ·ÏfiʈÓ˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÎÂÈ̤-ÓˆÓ) Î·È Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ (·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ï·ıÒÓ).∫¿ı Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È ·fi ·ÓÔȯ٤˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹-ÛÂȘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘, ÔÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Û˘-ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ηٷÓfiËÛ˘. ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ·=0,44/0,43.

5. √ÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. À·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Î›-ÌÂÓÔ Ì ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· (·fi ∑¿¯Ô˜ & ∑¿-¯Ô˜, 1998), ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· οı ËÏÈÎȷ΋ ÔÌ¿-‰·. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ï·ıÒÓ.

6. √ÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ϥ͈Ó. À·ÁÔÚ‡ÔÓÙ·È 21ϤÍÂȘ Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·. ∫·Ù·-ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ï·ıÒÓ. ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ··=0,87/0,87.

7. ∞·ÏÔÈÊ‹ ʈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∫·Ù·Û΢¿ÛÙËηÓ22 „¢‰ÔϤÍÂȘ. ∫¿ı „¢‰ÔϤÍË ÂÎʈÓ›ٷȷfi ÙÔÓ ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙ‹ Î·È Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ, ·Ú¯Èο ˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÂÓ Û˘Ó¯›· ÌÂ-Ù¿ ·fi ··ÏÔÈÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÊıfiÁÁÔ˘. ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘-Ó¤ÂÈ· ·=0,86/0,79.

8. ¢È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ. ¢ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ·fi ÙÔ ∞ıË-Ó¿ΔÂÛÙ (¶·Ú·Û΢fiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∫·Ï·ÓÙ˙‹-∞˙›˙È &°È·ÓÓ›ÙÛ·˜, 1999). ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ûˆ-ÛÙÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜). ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·=0,78/0,72.

9. ªÓ‹ÌË ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ. ¢ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ·fi ÙÔ ÙÂÛÙÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ WISC-III (°ÂÒÚÁ·˜ Î.¿., 1997). ∫·-Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯ÈÒÓ Ô˘Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛˆÛÙ¿ (·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜).

10. ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋. ¢ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ·fi ÙÔ WISC-III(°ÂÒÚÁ·˜ Î.¿., 1997). ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ÛˆÛÙÒÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜).

11. ªË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. ∫ϛ̷η Ù˘Ô-ÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÙÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Raven(1976). ™Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔÔÈ ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ ∞-D. ∫·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÛˆÛÙÒÓ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜). ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤-ÂÈ· ·=0,89/0,92.

12. Δ·¯Â›· ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·.6 (·) ∫·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ: 3 ÛًϘ Ì 20 ¤Á¯ÚˆÌ· ÂÚÂı›ÛÌ·-

Ù· ÛÙËÓ Î·ıÂÌÈ¿ (ÃÃÃÃà ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·È-‰È¿, ·Ú·ÏÏËÏfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿)Ù˘ˆÌ¤Ó· Û ÎfiÎÎÈÓÔ, ΛÙÚÈÓÔ, Ú¿ÛÈÓÔ, ÌÏ ηÈηʤ ¯ÚÒÌ·. (‚) ∫·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Ìfi-ÓÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿): ΔÚÂȘ ÛًϘ 20 ÌÂ-ÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ (∞ ¢ ∫ § ™). ™Â οı Â-Ú›ÙˆÛË Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ô Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ η-ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ 60 ÂÚÂıÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

¢È·‰Èηۛ·

√È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÂÍÂÙ¿-ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÂȉÈο ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÂÏÂÈfiÊÔÈ-ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·ÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ Û ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ Û˘-Ó‰ڛ˜ Û ‹Û˘¯Ô ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÙÔ˘˜. ΔÔÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËΠ·fi ÂȉÈÎfi ·È‰·ÁˆÁfiÛÙÔ π·ÙÚԷȉ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ. ∏ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Âͤ-Ù·Û˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ì›· ˆ˜ ÌÈ¿ÌÈÛË ÒÚ· (‰ÂÓ Í¤ڷÛÂÙȘ ‰‡Ô Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÒÚ˜) Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ‰È·-Ï›ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ÍÂÎÔ˘Ú¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·È‰›. °È· Ù· Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿ Ë ÂͤٷÛË ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒıËΠÛÂÌ›· Û˘Ó‰ڛ·.

AӷχÛÂȘ

√È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Û ÌÂÙ·Û¯Ë-Ì·ÙÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ¤Á-ÁÈ˙·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ÙËÓ Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ (·ÓÙÈ-ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÈÌ‹˜ ÁÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÂÙÚ·ÁˆÓÈ΋ Ú›˙·‹ ÏÔÁ¿ÚÈıÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ï¿ıË). √È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡ÔÙ¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¿ËÎ·Ó Û ηÓÔÓÈ-ÎÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ (z) ÙÈ̤˜ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· οı ٿÍËÚÔÙÔ‡ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÔÌ¿‰·,ÒÛÙ ӷ ··ÏÂÈÊı› Ë Ì¤ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂȉfiÛˆÓÔ˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·. ŒÙÛÈ ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Ì›· Ô˘ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ °’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ì›·ÙËÓ ∞’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘. √ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ‰È·ÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfiÙˆÓ ÔÚı¿ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ (ϤÍÂˆÓ ‹

274 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

6. √È ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∂›Û˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘ÓÛ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ.

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·274

„¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, fiÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È «Â˘-¯¤ÚÂÈ·» ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·Ó¿ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Î·È ÔÈ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ÂȉfiÛÂȘ. ŸÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È «Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·» Úfi-ÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi (ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ) ¯Úfi-ÓÔ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·˜ (·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ fiψÓÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ‹ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó) ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ οı ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘.

∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯Ô-ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· οı ËÏÈ-Îȷ΋ ÔÌ¿‰·, ¤ÁÈÓ Ì ÌÔÓÔÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹ ·Ó¿Ï˘Ûˉȷ·̷ÓÛ˘ (ANOVA). √È ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡-ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ·Ú·-

ÁÔÓÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ΢ڛˆÓ ·ÍfiÓˆÓ (PAF) Î·È ÂÚÈ-ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ varimax, ·ÊÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯ıËΠÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ÌÔÓÔÌÂÙ·‚ÏË-Ù‹ Î·È ÔÏ˘ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹ ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ù˘¯fiÓÔÏ˘Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Tabachnick & Fidell,2000).

3. AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·

™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 2 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤ-ÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿-

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 275

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞

ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ (d Â›Ó·È Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Cohen)

°’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ A’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘

F· p Ë2 d F‚ p Ë2 d

§¿ıË Â·Ó¿Ï˄˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 13,46 0,00 0,04 0,88 0,01 0,92 0,00 0,02§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 7,68 0,01 0,03 0,66 20,46 0,00 0,09 1,04ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 4,35 0,04 0,01 0,45 37,69 0,00 0,15 1,40∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 11,34 0,00 0,04 0,88 36,97 0,00 0,15 1,44§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 9,94 0,00 0,03 0,89 44,63 0,00 0,17 1,47ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 18,57 0,00 0,06 1,04 42,33 0,00 0,17 1,41∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 23,92 0,00 0,07 1,27 46,54 0,00 0,18 1,49§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 16,16 0,00 0,05 1,09 13,56 0,00 0,06 0,75ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 32,23 0,00 0,10 1,49 83,49 0,00 0,28 1,98∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 33,06 0,00 0,10 1,56 80,96 0,00 0,28 1,96μ·ıÌfi˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,19 0,66 0,00 0,10 7,09 0,01 0,03 0,59§¿ıË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 33,64 0,00 0,10 1,52 32,25 0,00 0,13 1,23§¿ıË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ 31,77 0,00 0,10 1,44 26,67 0,00 0,11 1,12§¿ıË ··ÏÔÈÊ‹˜ ʈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ 11,17 0,00 0,04 0,82 3,95 0,05 0,02 0,42§¿ıË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ ∞ıËÓ¿ΔÂÛÙ 9,23 0,00 0,03 0,74 0,36 0,55 0,00 0,12ª‹ÙÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ Raven (SPM) 0,24 0,62 0,00 0,12 0,01 0,94 0,00 0,02ªÓ‹ÌË ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III 1,10 0,00 0,03 0,77 5,28 0,02 0,02 0,51∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III 0,07 0,79 0,00 0,08 4,08 0,04 0,02 0,45ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ 6,12 0,01 0,02 0,61 3,11 0,00 0,08 1,15ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ 16,03 0,00 0,05 1,08 — — — —

·. df=1, 299‚. df=1, 211, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiÔ˘ df=1, 157

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·275

‰Â˜. ∂Âȉ‹ ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÛÙȘÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈΤ˜, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Î·ı·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· οı ̤ÙÚË-Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ̷ıË-ÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈ-Îfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó·¯ı› ·fi ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂ-ıÔ˜ Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ (d ηٿ Cohen) Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜.

√È ¶›Ó·Î˜ 3 Î·È 4 ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜, ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÁÈ· οı ËÏÈÎȷ΋ÔÌ¿‰·, ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁÔ-ÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ (¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·).¢ÂÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Û η̛··Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Î·È Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ‰Èfi-ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÏÂÔÓ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ (ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë Â˘-

¯¤ÚÂÈ· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù·¯‡-ÙËÙ·˜) Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂӉȷ-ʤÚÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÛÈÌfiÙË-Ù· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ¯ˆÚÈ-ÛÙ¿ ·fi οı ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. ŒÙÛÈ, ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜ Ì ‰‡Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜: (·)¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ηÈfi¯È ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3) Î·È (‚) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒ-ÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Î·È fi¯È Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ (¶›-ӷη˜ 4).

Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 3, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿-ÛÂȘ, ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ηϿ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜,Ì ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙË ÊfiÚÙÈÛË Ù˘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆ-Û˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓÛ ‰‡Ô ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔ-

276 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ Û ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜

ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ (·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó, ϤÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘)

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ªÂ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÈ̤˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ 0,40. ΔÈ̤˜ οو ·fi 0,10 ·Ú·Ï›ÔÓÙ·È.

·. ¡=288, ‚. ¡=185.

°’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡· A’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘‚

1 2 3 1 2 3

§¿ıË Â·Ó¿Ï˄˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 0,27 0,54 0,48§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 0,72 0,17 0,21 0,65 0,18 0,20ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 0,16 0,70 0,26 0,76 –0,11§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 0,82 0,27 0,27 0,69 0,33 0,18ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 0,30 0,87 0,18 0,33 0,83 0,17§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,57 0,27 0,31 0,64 0,38 0,16ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,43 0,75 0,29 0,34 0,78 0,30μ·ıÌfi˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ –0,22 –0,49 –0,17 –0,60§¿ıË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,63 0,41 0,33 0,65 0,44 0,28§¿ıË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ 0,62 0,36 0,36 0,65 0,31 0,32§¿ıË ··ÏÔÈÊ‹˜ ʈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ 0,51 0,17 0,56 0,53 0,15 0,38§¿ıË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ ∞ıËÓ¿ΔÂÛÙ 0,24 0,64 0,27 0,59ª‹ÙÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ Raven (SPM) –0,14 –0,51 –0,29 0,15 –0,50ªÓ‹ÌË ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III –0,34 –0,16 –0,47 –0,19 –0,27 –0,51∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III –0,18 –0,24 –0,54 –0,29 –0,63™˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ô‰È‰fiÌÂÓË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË 0,21 0,16 0,17 0,20 0,17 0,16

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·276

ÙÈÎfi. √È ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤-ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ «∞ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·» ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÈÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (1Ô˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜),ÛÙËÓ «Δ·¯‡ÙËÙ·» ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ¤ÚÁˆÓ (2Ô˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜) Î·È ÛÙË «¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË»,ˆ˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ (3Ô˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜) Ô˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿-ÎÚÈÛË ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ, ÌÈ· ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› ‚Ú·-¯‡¯ÚÔÓË Û˘ÁÎÚ¿ÙËÛË „¢‰ÔϤ͢ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË. ΔÔÛ˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ·Ô‰È‰fiÌÂÓ˘ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘‹Ù·Ó 54,8% ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi Î·È 53,5% ÁÈ· ÙÔ °˘-ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÙ›-ÛÂˆÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔ-ÓÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Úfi-ÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ‰È·-·̷ÓÛ˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ ·ÍÈÔ-

ÈÛÙ›· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-̤ӷ, ÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ (º ηٿ Tucker) ÌÂ-ٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈ-ÎÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó 0,969, 0,970 Î·È 0,977.

∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ÌÔ-Úԇ̠ӷ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ì ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi‰Â›ÁÌ· ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô-ÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ fi¯È ÛÂÂ›Â‰Ô ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙ· ‰›· ÓÔËÙÈ-ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛËÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ¤ÚÁˆÓ. ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, Ì ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌËÛË, ÌÈ· ÙÈ-Ì‹ ÁÈ· οı ¿ÙÔÌÔ Û οı ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË (·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·),Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ì ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘(ANOVA) ÙˆÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 277

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (ÊÔÚÙ›ÛÂȘ Û ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜

ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ (·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó, ϤÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘)

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: ªÂ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÈ̤˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ 0,40. ΔÈ̤˜ οو ·fi 0,10 ·Ú·Ï›ÔÓÙ·È.

·. ¡=288, ‚. ¡=185.

°’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡· A’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘‚

1 2 3 1 2 3

§¿ıË Â·Ó¿Ï˄˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 0,18 0,16 0,58 0,13 0,46§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 0,87 0,15 0,23 0,71 0,25 0,19∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ 0,73 0,43 0,11 0,49 0,66§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 0,66 0,43 0,34 0,60 0,48 0,20∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ 0,50 0,74 0,17 0,24 0,92 0,18§¿ıË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,46 0,41 0,32 0,56 0,45 0,19∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,38 0,83 0,21 0,21 0,86 0,21μ·ıÌfi˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ –0,36 –0,43 –0,11 –0,11 –0,61§¿ıË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ 0,47 0,57 0,35 0,53 0,52 0,31§¿ıË ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ϤÍÂˆÓ 0,43 0,54 0,38 0,50 0,50 0,34§¿ıË ··ÏÔÈÊ‹˜ ʈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ 0,46 0,24 0,60 0,53 0,17 0,41§¿ıË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ ÊıfiÁÁˆÓ ∞ıËÓ¿ΔÂÛÙ 0,16 0,68 0,23 0,15 0,59ª‹ÙÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ Raven (SPM) –0,14 –0,49 –0,23 –0,52ªÓ‹ÌË ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III –0,27 –0,25 –0,47 –0,18 –0,26 –0,49∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ WISC-III –0,37 –0,48 –0,27 –0,64™˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ô‰È‰fiÌÂÓË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË 0,21 0,19 0,18 0,17 0,21 0,16

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·277

(Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi – ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·), Ì ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË BonferonniÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÙÚÈ¿‰· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ (ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜·=0,017). ™˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ì fiÙÈÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔ-ًوÓ) ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏË-ı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÙÚ›ÙË ‰È¿-ÛÙ·ÛË (ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË) ‰ÂÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È¿-ÎÚÈÛË: ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, F (1, 211)=15,553,p<0,0005, Ë2=0,069Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜, F (1, 211)=57,304, p<0,0005, Ë2=0,214Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛËÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, F (1, 211)=1,298, p=0,256, Ë2=0,006.ΔÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ °’ Î·È ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, fiÔ˘Î·È ¿ÏÈ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘-Ú¿ ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi: ‰È¿-ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, F (1, 299)=14,867, p<0,0005,Ë2=0,047Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜, F (1, 299)=13,264,p<0,0005, Ë2=0,042Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, F (1, 299)=3,782, p=0,053, Ë2=0,012.

H ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ·ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜, ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿-Ï˘ÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ¶›Ó·Î· 4. ΔÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ·Ô‰È‰fiÌÂÓ˘‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ Â›Ó·È 57,4% ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi ηÈ54,4% ÁÈ· ÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ. √ ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙË ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·-ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛË), ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Â˘ı˘ÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ

Ì ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó. √‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·-·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ ¢ı˘ÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜Ì ÙËÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘.√ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÈ ÙȘÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÔÌÈ-Ï›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÓÔËÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi. √È ‰Â›-ÎÙ˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ·Ú·-ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó 0,945,0,956 Î·È 0,968.

™˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ‰‡Ô ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ (ÙÈ̤˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ì·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌËÛË) ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ¿ÏÈ fiÙÈ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞’°˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔ-Ô›ËÛË Î·È Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·) ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒË ÙÚ›ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË (ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË) ‰ÂÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ·˘-Ù‹ ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË: ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, F (1, 211)=10,450, p=0,001, Ë2=0,047Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, F (1, 211)=52,267, p<0,0005, Ë2=0,199؉ȿÛÙ·ÛË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, F (1, 211)=0,015, p=0,903,Ë2<0,0005. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÁÈ· ÙȘ °’ Î·È ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡,fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙË-Ù·˜, ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·-ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ: ‰È¿ÛÙ·-ÛË ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, F (1, 299)=7,806, p=0,006,Ë2=0,025Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, F (1, 299)=21,897,p<0,0005, Ë2=0,068Ø ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, F (1, 299)=3,432, p=0,065, Ë2=0,011.

278 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5 ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ (Pearson’s r) ÌÂٷ͇ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜, Î·È Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜

·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó, ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜

°’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡· A’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘‚

梉ÔϤÍÂȘ §¤ÍÂȘ K›ÌÂÓ· 梉ÔϤÍÂȘ §¤ÍÂȘ K›ÌÂÓ·

Δ·¯‡ÙËÙ·-∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· 0,80 0,97 0,99 0,69 0,83 0,87Δ·¯‡ÙËÙ·-∞ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· 0,26 0,54 0,53 0,33 0,52 0,54∂˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·-∞ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· 0,77 0,71 0,56 0,62 0,62 0,55

™ËÌ›ˆÛË: °È· fiϘ ÙȘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ›Ó·Î·, p < 0,0005.

·. ¡=288, ‚. ¡=185.

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·278

√ ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5 ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Û˘-Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ (r ηٿ Pearson) ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂ-ˆÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ÁÈ· οıÂËÏÈÎȷ΋ ÔÌ¿‰·, ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÏË-ı˘ÛÌfi (¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·). Δ¤ÏÔ˜, ÛÙÔÓ ¶›-ӷη 6 ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈ-Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·-Û›·˜ (Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ‹ÊıËÎ·Ó ÛÙȘ ·Ú·ÁÔ-ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ) Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (ÙÈ-̤˜ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ì ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌË-ÛË) ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·.

4. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË

¢È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜

ŒÓ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ‰Ô-ÎÈ̷ۛ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi‰Â›ÁÌ· ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi. ¶·-ÚfiÙÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ, fiˆ˜ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È, ¤Ó· ÔÛÔÛÙfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓÌ ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ, ηÈÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· (ÙÔ˘ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘) ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈÎ·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜, ÂÂÈ-‰‹ Ë ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-ϛ˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù··Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Î·È ¿Ú· ÔÈ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ) Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ‰Â›Á-Ì·Ù· ı· Â›Ó·È ›‰È˜ Ì ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¤ÎÚÈÓ·Ó¤Ó· ·ÌÈÁ¤˜ ‰Â›ÁÌ· Ì ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›·˜ ·fi¤Ó· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ η̛· Ì·ıËÛȷ΋‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·. §fiÁˆ Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„˘ ÛÙ·‰‡Ô ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È Ù˘ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˘ ‰È·-·̷ÓÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ

·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì fiÙÈÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ı· Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ·fi ÂΛÓÔ ÙˆÓ (˘ÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ) ·ÌÈÁÒÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ,ÁÈ· οı ̤ÙÚËÛË Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÏË-ı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜, fï˜ Ë ÛÂÈÚ¿ ηٿٷ͢ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹-ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›-Ó·È Ë ›‰È·. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ7 Ì¿˜ ‰›-ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ̤ÙÚÔ Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ οı ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ·ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-ϛ˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ.8

Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·fi ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛËÙ˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜, Î·È fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜·Ó·ÊÂÚı› (Protopapas & Skaloumbakas, 2007.Protopapas et al., 2008), ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‰ÔÎÈ-̷ۛ˜ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞ (fi¯È fï˜ Ë ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË) ‰È·-ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘÌ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ›‰Ú·Û˘ Â›Ó·È ÂΛ-Ó˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜: ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·. Ÿˆ˜Â›Û˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÂȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÈÎÚfi-ÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ, Ù· ‰‡Ô ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ú-ÎÂÙ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Î·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ ÊˆÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (fi¯È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ›ÁÓˆÛ˘). °È·ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ °’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Ì¤-ÙÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· (‹ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·) ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚ-ıÔÁÚ·Ê›· (ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ï¤ÍˆÓ), ÙËÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· (‹Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·) ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ϤÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· η-ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ÙËÓ ∞’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, ËÙ·¯‡ÙËÙ· Î·È Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÛÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ, ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ („¢‰ÔϤÍÂȘ, ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ϤÍÂȘ, ΛÌÂÓÔ). Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ÛÂ

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 279

7. ™ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ °’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔ-ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÚÂȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÔÈ ÔÔ›-ÔÈ ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙ· ‰‹ÏˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙ› Ì ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›· Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â›ÛËÌË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË.

8. √È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜, ÛÙÔ Protopapas & Skaloumbakas(2007) ÁÈ· ÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ Protopapas, Skaloumbakas & Bali (2008) ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi. ΔÔ Ó¤Ô ÛÙÔÈ-¯Â›Ô Ô˘ ÚÔÛÙ›ıÂÙ·È Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ٷÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎȷ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËı› Î·È ÙÔ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ·.

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·279

Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÌÂ Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ¿ÏϘ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ì ۯÂÙÈο ‰È·Ê·Ó‹ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ô˘‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·-ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘-Û¯ÂÚÂÈÒÓ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ (Holopainen et al., 2001. Müller &Brady, 2001. Landerl, 2001. Landerl & Wimmer,2008. Porpodas, 1999. Tressoldi, Stella, & Fag-gella, 2001. Zoccolotti et al., 1999). ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, Ì ÙËÓ ·‰È·Ê·Ó‹ ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·,ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ÙfiÛÔ Û ›Â-‰Ô Ϥ͢ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ‰È·ÎÚ›-ÓÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘-ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ·ÚΛ˜·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ (Jenkins et al., 2003b).

™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì¿˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ Î˘-Ú›ˆ˜ ÔȘ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ (Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ‹ ¢-¯¤ÚÂÈ·) Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fiÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰È·Î‡Ì·Ó˘, Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎÈ·-Τ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›-ÓÂÙ·È ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿-ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ŸÌˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ÌÂ-ÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙȘ„¢‰ÔϤÍÂȘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿,˘¤Ú Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ÌÂÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ °˘ÌÓ¿-ÛÈÔ, ÌÂÁ¿ÏË fï˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi. ∏ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛËÙ˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ›-‰Ú·Û˘ Ù˘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fiÂΛÓÔ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ˯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙÂÚË ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ Îϛ̷-η˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ̷ıËÛȷ΋ ‰˘-ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛË-Ì·Û›· ·Ó ÌÂÙÚ¿ ηÓ›˜ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ‹ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·.ŸÌˆ˜ ÁÈ· ‰ÔÎÈ̷ۛ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Ì ÌÂÌÔӈ̤-Ó˜ ϤÍÂȘ ‹ Ì „¢‰ÔϤÍÂȘ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ¢Ë-ÌÔÙÈÎfi, ‰ÂÓ ·ÚΛ Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ (ϤÍÂˆÓ Ë „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó).

∏ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÙËÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·-

Ù· fï˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·‰Âȯı› Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ·,ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ, Ùfi-ÛÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ˆ˜ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜/Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈÂ›Ù·È (Francis, Barr & Mehta, 2008). √È Wise,Secvik Î·È Morris (2008) ÂÍ¤Ù·Û·Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÏÂ-ÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô„Â˘‰ÔϤ͢, Ϥ͢ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο ÌÂÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Î·È ‚ڋηÓfiÙÈ Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘. √È Biancarosa,Lawrence, Mancilla-Martinez Î·È Snow (2008)Û˘Ó¤ÎÚÈÓ·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜, Ì ‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û˘Ó˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfiÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ‹ ·ÁÓÔÒÓÙ·˜Ù· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Ï¿ıË, Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. μÚ‹Î·Ó fiÙÈ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ÛˆÛÙÒÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÏÂÙfi Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿fi¯È ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ·Ú΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì¤Û˘ ›‰Ô-Û˘, ÂÓÒ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·Ú¤-¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-ÎÒÓ Ï·ıÒÓ. ΔÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ì-ʈӛ· Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ì·˜, ˘Ôı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘, Î·È ÂÓ‰Â-¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ·Ó ÔÈBiancarosa Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ›¯·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹-ÛÂÈ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔÛˆÛÙÒÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ.

¶·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙÔηٿ fiÛÔÓ Ë ·Ï‹ ̤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ Â·ÚÎÒ˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ¢-¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·ÈÌ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì «¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi»Ù˘ ʈӋ˜ ηٿ ÙË ÌÂÁ·ÏfiʈÓË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË, ‰Ë-Ï·‰‹ ηٿÏÏËÏË ÚÔÛˆ‰›·, ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ-¯Â›Ô ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹-ÙˆÓ (Schwanenflugel & Miller, 2008). √È Trathen,Hendrix, Snow, Morris Î·È Schlagal (2008) ·ÍÈÔ-ÏfiÁËÛ·Ó Ì ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆ‰›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘̷ıËÙÒÓ ¢’ Î·È ∂’ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ‚Ú‹Î·Ó fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘-Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ôχ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ (r=0,91) Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-ÛÙÈ΋ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·. ™˘Ì¤Ú·Ó·Ó, ÏÔÈfiÓ, fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤-

280 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·280

ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ›·Ú΋ ‰Â›ÎÙË Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ-̤ÓÔ˘.

¶·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘

∏ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÔȘ ›-Ó·È ÔÈ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛËÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, οÙÈ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÁÈ· fiÔÈÔÓ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ Ï›Á˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÂ-ÁÈÛÙÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂͤٷÛ˘,ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÂÓÙÔ-ÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ. ŸÌˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â-Ú›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· Î·È ÈÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ¤Ó·Ó ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ÌÈ· Û˘-ÛÙÔȯ›· ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ, ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·ÈÓ· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ Ì›· ‹ ‰‡Ô «Î·Ï¤˜» ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ó·ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÔÏÔ-ÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔ-Ù‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. º˘ÛÈ-ο, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘÔԛ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ì ̷ıËÛȷΤ˜‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, Â‰Ò fï˜Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ηٿ fiÛÔ ÚÔ-·ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÈÌË ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ·fiÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· Ó· ‰›ÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹-ÛÈ̘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÈ-‰fiÛˆÓ, ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·Ù˘ (Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ·˜ Î·È Â›ÔÓ˘)¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ.

√È ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜¤ÁÈÓ·Ó Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÛÈ-ÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·˜ ÁÈ· οı ¯ÚÔ-ÓÈ΋ ̤ÙÚËÛË (Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ‹ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·). ¢ÂÓ ÚÔÙÈ-Ì‹ıËΠÂȂ‚·ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰Èfi-ÙÈ Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ı·Ú¿ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·-ÎÙ‹Ú·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ÌÂÁÈ-ÛÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ, Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔ-Á‹ ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘.Δ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘Ûˤ‰ˆÛ·Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ηϿ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÌÂ-Ù·‚ÏËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ıÔ‡Ó ÂÔÈÎÔ-

‰ÔÌËÙÈο Ì ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û (˘ÔıÂÙÈΤ˜) ˘ÔΛÌÂ-Ó˜ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ˯ڋÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔ-ÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰ÂÓ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ηϿ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈ-Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ Î·È Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ Û ‰Ô-Ì‹ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù›. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÊÔÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó Û ‰‡Ô ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ˘Ô‰ÂÈ-ÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ›Ûˆ˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوӉÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ¤ÚÁ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚıÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜.™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‹ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·˘ÙÒÓ fi„ÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰Ô-Û˘.

º·›ÓÂÙ·È, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙË-Ù·˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÍÂοı·ÚË Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÈÌË ‰Ô-Ì‹ ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙÔȯ›·, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ¤ÚÁˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙȘ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜.∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿-ÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfiÙ˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔ-ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡ÔËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó Ô ˘ÔÏÔ-ÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛˢÔıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯÂȈ‰ÒÓ ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ,›Ûˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÏÈο ¤Ó·˜ ÎÏÈÓÈο ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜ Û˘Ó˘Ô-ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ (Û ·ÎÚ›-‚ÂÈ· Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·) Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë̤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌËfi¯È ÂÂȉ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ¿ÌÂÛ· οÔÈ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ÓÔË-ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ˘ÛÙÂÚ› Û ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÂÂȉ‹Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù˘¯fiÓ ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂȘ Û ÂÚÈÛÛfi-ÙÂÚ· ‰›· ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÌϤ-ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·›ˆÛË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ.ŒÙÛÈ, Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·, ˆ˜ ̤ÙÚËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›·, Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ-ο ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÂÂȉ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏ˘Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 281

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·281

‰Â›ÎÙË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ –Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÏfiÁÔ Â›Ó·È ÂÏÏÈÒ˜ ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈ΋ fiÛÔÓ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ‰Â-ÍÈfiÙËÙ·.

ΔÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÓËÙÈο Û˘Ì‚·-Ùfi Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Wolf &Bowers, 1999, 2000. Wolf et al., 2002) ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔȯÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ‰È·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û‰ȷÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË (·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·) ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó··ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ‰›· ˘ÛÙ¤ÚËÛ˘. Δ· ·Ô-ÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÒÓ Ì·˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰›ˆÓÂ›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜, ‰Èfi-ÙÈ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÈÔ Î·ı·Ú¿ ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË.

™˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜Î·È ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜

∏ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤ÚˆÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·-ıÂÌÈ¿˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘.∂ÊfiÛÔÓ Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Û ·Ú·Ï‹ÛȘ ‰È·-ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·,fiˆ˜ Ê¿ÓËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ›-Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛËÌ ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÂÂȉ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆ-ÛË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ë ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘-ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ë›‰È·, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ë Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË ÁÈ· ΛÌÂÓ· ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÁÈ·¿ÏÏÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi (ϤÍÂȘ Î·È „¢‰ÔϤÍÂȘ).

Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 5, Ë Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛËÌÂٷ͇ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÓÙˆ˜ ÌÂ-Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi ÂΛÓË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÎÚ›-‚ÂÈ·˜, Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÛÙÔ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔ-ÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ°˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈÔ. ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù·-¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰È·Ê¤-ÚÂÈ Ôχ ÌÂٷ͇ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ (ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÛË-Ì·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ·›˙ÂÈ Ë ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÔΈ-

‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘) Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂ-ÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ ·›˙ÂÈ Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË ÛÙËÓÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÔÚıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÂÂ›Â‰Ô Ï¤Í˘ Î·È ÊÚ¿Û˘). ∞˘Ùfi ›Ûˆ˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂȈ˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó, ·Ú·ÙËÚ›ηÓ›˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ›ÙÂÛÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (ÔfiÙ ‰È·-‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ÈÔ ·ÚÁ¿) ›Ù ÛÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ (ÔfiÙ οÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Ï¿ıË).∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈη̛· ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ. ∏ ·Ú·-Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛΉ·ÛÌÔ‡ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÛË-Ì›· ΛÙÔÓÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ¿Óˆ Û ÌÈ· ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹,‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ·ÚÁ¿ ›ӷÈÂΛÓÔÈ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Ï¿ıË. º·›-ÓÂÙ·È, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ˆ˜ Ë ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚ-Á·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ-Îfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ηȷÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, ·ÓÙ›-ıÂÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ „¢‰ÔϤ͈Ó, fiÔ˘Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·-ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ (·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜).

O ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜

¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘-ÛË, ÏfiÁˆ ÂÏÏÈÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó·ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚˆÓ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Â˘ı˘ÁÚ·Ì-Ì›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì οÔÈÔÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜.™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ıˆڛ·˜ ‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ı· ÂÚÈ̤ӷÌ Ô-χ ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·-Û›·˜ (ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ) Î·È Ù˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ (Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ ‹ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜) Î·È Ôχ ¯·-ÌËÏ‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ.

Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 6, Ë Ù·¯Â›· η-ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ¯ÚÒÌ·Ù· fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙȘ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÌÂÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜/·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›Ë-Û˘ Î·È ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡) Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈ-ÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ŸÌˆ˜ Ë

282 ◆ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ ¶ÚˆÙfi··˜ & XÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ™Î·Ïԇ̷η˜

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·282

‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ËÙ·¯Â›· ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÂÙÚ›ˆ˜ ˘„ËÏ‹Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Î·È Ì ¿ÏϘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ù˘ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚÈ΋ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ù˘ ηÙÔ-ÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ∫§πª∞ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·Èηı·ÚfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙÔ˘ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, Î·È Ì¿-ÏÈÛÙ· ΢ڛˆ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â˘-¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜. ¢ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ οÔÈ· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ù˘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜, ›ÙÂ¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ù ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÂȉÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·-ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ· fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ¯ÚË-ÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Â‰Ò.

∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÂȉÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙ› Ì ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯Â›·˜Î·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ‰ÈÏÔ‡ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ (Bowers, 2003.Wolf, Bowers & Biddle, 2000. Lovett, Steinbach &Frijters, 2000), ·ÚfiÙÈ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù¿ Ì·˜ ÂÈ‚Â-‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔ-Ì·Û›·˜ Î·È ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¿ Ì ÙËÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘

·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ›‰ÔÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÎÚÈı› ·fiÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜. ∏ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· ·˘Ù‹ ˆ˜ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ «ÂȉÈÎfi» ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·-Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì Úfi-ÛÊ·Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚÔ‚ÏÂ-ÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡ Ù˘ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÔχÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤-ÚÂÈ·˜ (Landerl & Wimmer, 2008), ‰ÈfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÌÊÈ-Û‚ËÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÌÂ-ÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ (Ë ÔÔ›· ¿ÏψÛÙ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂ-Ù·È Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈο ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ì·˜, Î·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜) ·ÏÏ¿ ÌfiÓÔ Ë ÂȉÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛËÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘.

5. ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·

√È ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi Ïfi-ÁÔ. ∏ ÈÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙˉȿÎÚÈÛË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ‰˘ÛÏÂÍ›· ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Ì·-ıËÙÈÎfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi, Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜

H ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ◆ 283

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6 ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ (Pearson’s r) ÌÂٷ͇ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù·¯Â›·˜ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜

(¯ÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ηÈ, ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·È‰È¿, ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ) Î·È ÙÈÌÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ,˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌËÛË, ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ËÏÈÎȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜

·. ¡=282, ‚. ¡=162

*p<0,005, **p<0,0005

°’ – ¢’ ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡· A’ °˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘‚

¢È¿ÛÙ·ÛË XÚÒÌ·Ù· °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù· XÚÒÌ·Ù·¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ì ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜ 1 (·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·) 0,14 0,28** 0,142 (Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ·) 0,38** 0,41** 0,50**3 (ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË) 0,31** 0,39** 0,27*¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ì ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·˜1 (·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË) 0,21** 0,25** 0,112 (¢¯¤ÚÂÈ·) 0,35** 0,46** 0,39**3 (ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË) 0,23** 0,33** 0,25*

267-289 (23) 5-12-08 12:33 ™ÂÏ›‰·283

Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËηÓ, Â›Ó·È Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÌÂÁ·ÏfiʈÓ˘·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ ÔÚı¿·Ó·ÁÓˆṲ̂ÓË Ï¤ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∏ ̤ÙÚËÛË ·˘-Ù‹ ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙÂÚË fi¯È ÂÂÈ-‰‹ ·ÔÌÔÓÒÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÙˆÓ Ì·-ıËÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÂÂȉ‹ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ Ù˘¯fiÓ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Ì ÂÏÏÈ‹ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È ·ÓÙ·Ó·-ÎÏ¿ ¤ÙÛÈ Ù·˘ÙÔ¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ۇÓıÂÙ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘. ∏ ¢¯¤-ÚÂÈ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈ-ÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ηÈÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó,ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÓÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘. ÕÚ· Ë Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›-Ó·È ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙÂÚË Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ›-Â‰Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ, fi¯È fï˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜Î·È Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÏÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÌÂÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ÂÎ-·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘.

°È· ÙËÓ ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤-ÚÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÙËÓ Ù·-¯‡ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÌÏË-ڈ̷ÙÈο ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù¿fiÛÔ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ. ∏ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛËÙˆÓ Â‰›ˆÓ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜ οı ̷ıËÙ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó·ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ Ì ÌÈ· ·‰Ú‹ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ›‰ÔÛ˘ Û η-ıÂÌÈ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒ-ÓÙ·˜ ‰‡Ô ‹ ÙÚÂȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ, Î·È ÂÓ Û˘Ó¯›· Ó··ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÂȷ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÛÙȘ ‰È·-ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÈÒÓ ÔÈÔԛ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔηϿ ÂÓÙÔÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ. ™ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛËÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Â›‰ÔÛ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÔΈ‰È-ÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ „¢‰ÔϤÍÂˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Û˘-ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÛËÌ·Û›· ·fi ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ·Ó¿-ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÔÌÈÏ›·˜ Î·È ·Ï‹˜ ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÌÓ‹-Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ

ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ›ÁÓˆÛ˘, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·-·̷ÓÛË ‰ÂÓ ÎÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ‰È¿-ÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ·˜.

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Assessment of reading fluency forthe identification of reading difficulties

ATHANASSIOS PROTOPAPAS1

& CHRISTOS SKALOUMBAKAS

In the Greek language, timed measures of reading are considered to be ofprimary importance for reading assessment and evaluation of reading difficulties.In the present study we compared schoolchildren with dyslexic profiles or

diagnosis to the general Greek school population. Effect size analyses confirmed the importance of readingspeed measures both in primary (307 children from Grades 3 and 4) and secondary (213 Grade 7 children)education in distinguishing between the two groups. Effect sizes were comparable whether reading ratewas assessed with a raw time measure (total time to read aloud the material) or with a derived fluencymeasure (time per correctly read item; word or nonword), especially for the older children and particularlyin the case of reading connected text. We analyzed the results further using exploratory factor analyses.Using raw reading time measures, reading speed made up a distinct dimension of performance, orthogonalto the (reading and spelling) accuracy and general cognitive ability components. However, when fluencyas time-per-item was used, the corresponding measures varied largely along the same dimensions asreading and spelling accuracy, failing to form a clear time-related dimension, and resulting in a poorlyinterpretable structure. In both cases, rapid automatized naming (RAN) measures correlated with bothreading dimensions and not selectively with fluency. The results of these analyses support the contentionof primary importance for timed measures of reading performance in the assessment and diagnosis ofreading difficulties.

Key words: Reading, Spelling, Fluency, Dyslexia, Assessment.

1. Address for correspondence: Athanassios Protopapas, Institute for Language and Speech Processing/Athena, Artemidos 6 & Epidavrou, GR-15125 Maroussi, Greece, e-mail:protopap@ilsp.gr.

ABSTRACT

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