Harmonization of LNG technical guidelines and best ......ISO 28460:2010 - Petroleum and natural gas...

SPECIAL SESSION “SUPER-LNG”

Harmonization of LNG

technical guidelines and best practices

for LNG in ports

TU DELFT

ROOM: AULA (COMMISSIEKAMER 2)

18TH JUNE, 2019

PROF. ERNESTO SALZANO

UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA

As a member of the European Union, Greece is obliged to follow

European legislation

❑ Greek Ministerial Decision 172058/2016 (ΦΕΚ 354/Β/17.2.2016):

All critical infrastructures, including the LNG ports, should comply

with the Seveso III directive (i.e. Directive 2012/18/EU).

❑ Greek Ministerial Decision Γ5/22039/2825/2017: All trucks

carrying dangerous goods by Greek roads should comply with

the European agreement ADR (in line with the Directive

2008/68/EC).

Harmonization: Greece

❑ Greek Law 4439/2016: All LNG ports should comply with the

Directive 2014/94/EU which is about the development of alternative

fuels infrastructure

❑ Greek Ministerial Decision Γ5/22039/2825: All trucks and ships (i.e.

BS) carrying dangerous goods by Greek roads should comply with

the Directive 2008/68/EC.


INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS

IMO (International Maritime Organization) is the most competent and

internationally accepted legislative body for the issuing of international

regulations regarding the shipping industry with worldwide implementation.

Greece, being a member of IMO since 1948 has taken all necessary actions to

comply with all IMO’s rules and regulations by issuing the following laws or

Presidential Decrees.


STANDARDS

There is no formal requirement to implement international standards,

nor is there any official request for their use.

ISO standards on LNG are adopted at an advisory level:

❑ ISO/TS 16901:2015: Guidance on performing risk assessment in

the design of onshore LNG installations including the ship/shore

interface

❑ ISO/TS 18683:2015: Guidelines for systems and installations for

supply of LNG as fuel to ships


In the upcoming law for LNG bunkering explicit reference is made for

the advisory use of:

❑ ISO 20519:2017 - Ships and marine technology — Specification for

bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels

❑ ISO 28460:2010 - Petroleum and natural gas industries -- Installation and

equipment for liquefied natural gas -- Ship-to-shore interface and port

operations


CEN standards on LNG bunkering procedures (EN 1474), and on the

installation and storage of LNG (EN 1473, EN 13645) and NFPA 59A

at an advisory level:

❑ EN 1473:2016 - Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas -

Design of onshore installations

❑ EN 1474:2009 - Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas. Design

and testing of marine transfer systems. Offshore transfer systems

❑ EN 13645:2001 - Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas -

Design of onshore installations with a storage capacity between 5t and 200t

❑ NFPA 59A - Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)


No formal requirement in Greece for the application of any guidelines in the use of LNG as a marine fuel.

Nevertheless there is the provision for a number of important guidelines to be included in the new LNG bunkering Law, produced by associations and organizations as:

• International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) • Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)• Chemical Distribution Institute of Netherlands (CDI) • The Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators (SIGTTO) • International Association for Classification Societies (IACS)• The Society for Gas as a Marine Fuel (SGMF)


Recommended guidelines

o The Ship to Ship Transfer Guide for Petroleum, Chemicals and Liquefied Gases The Tanker safety guide (Liquefied gas)

o The Mooring Equipment Guidelines

o The Recommendations for manifolds for refrigerated LNG Carriers

o The LNG Transfer Arms and Manifold Draining, Purging and Disconnection Procedure

o Rec. 142 for LNG bunkering guidelines

o The Gas as marine fuel safety guidelines – bunkering


Slovenia inherited the international SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) and STCW ) (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) conventions from former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) being the member of IMO

Slovenia became IMO member in 1998

IMO codes are implemented in "silent way" if they do not interfere too much with the legislation.

Besides, parts of the STCW convention are implemented by an amendment (2006) to the international convention on standards of training, certification and watch keeping for seafarers, 1978 (OG RS No. 108/2012) and Decree on seafarer certification (OG RS No. 85/2014)

Harmonization: Slovenia

The UN ECE/ADN/36 (Report of the Administrative Committee of the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways on its twenty-second session) is not implemented due to fact that there are no inland waterways

❑ While the national maritime legislation does not mention LNG as energy source/fuel, it is mentioned in some other legislation.

❑ The Energy Act (OG RS No. 17/2014 and 81/2015) mentions superficially the term LNG: terminal; storage, redistribution (as LNG) and regasification (as natural gas) in relation to the roles and duties of the operating organizations involved either in NG or LNG distribution networks. The mentioned Energy Act does not go into any technical details, nor defines/points to any specific LNG related regulations or standards.


❑ The Maritime Code (OG RS No. 62/16 and 41/17) implements about 20 related EU Directives.

❑ The above-mentioned documents do not mention explicitly the LNG, reflecting the fact that there is currently no maritime LNG related infrastructure in Slovenia.


STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

The use of ISO and European (CEN) standards is a common practice in Slovenia

In the field of LNG infrastructure and technology, it can be reasonably anticipated that the national regulations will likely refer to the available standards and other guidelines.


In Italy, the application of the Seveso Directive for the Venice LNG

Project in 2018 has produced a Safety Report and a Safety Report

Evaluation.

Harmonization: Italy


Auxiliary and energy

Personnel and

Heli

RI-gassification

Berth, ship

loading/unloadingStructure

storage tank

Following indications and suggestion of public authorities:

EN 1473 and NFPA 59 A are the most complete guidelines for tank and

terminal layout.

❑ NFPA 59A is the first guideline for tank and LNG terminal, while EN 1473

is the basic reference for Development and design in Europe.

❑ There are differences between the two guidelines, in particular for the

stand-off distances from LNG storage and about mitigation systems

(water curtain foam and powder).

❑ In EN 1473 to NFPA 59A there are some indications about safety and

internal distances for tanks. These distances are significantly different

from risks assessment results.


❑ Internal distances in EN 1473 and NFPA 59 A are of the same order,

comparable to one tank diameter

❑ In the case of risk assessment and criteria commonly adopted by the

Seveso Directive, a random rupture of liquid pipe in the upper part of tank

give results larger than deterministic normative with distances up to 200

mt or more (radiation limit of 7 kW/m2)

❑ In general use of risks assessment technique is more conservative than

deterministic evaluation for safety distances.

❑ Guidelines for vehicle-ship bunkering are not considered in national and

international regulations BUT ISO 20519. Defining guideline for vehicle-

ship bunkering should be useful


HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES

CONSEQUENCE EVALUATIONPOOL SPREADING AND EVAPORATIONFLASH FIREVAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSIONJET FIREPOOL FIRERAPID PHASE TRANSITION

RISK ASSESSMENTQRA METHODOLOGY

GAP ANALYSIS LNG RISK ASSESSMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

BASIL (Bunkering Area Safety information LNG) - SGMF


LNG released on ground

Early ignition

• Pool fire

Delayed Ignition

• Vapour Cloud fire (Flash Fire)

• Pool fire

• Vapour Cloud Explosion

No ignition

• Dispersion (asphyxia)

LNG released on water

Early ignition

• Pool fire

Delayed Ignition

• Vapour Cloud fire (Flash Fire)

• Pool fire

No ignition

• Rapid Phase Transition

• Dispersion (asphyxia)


Inert gases affect flammability limits either thermally (thermal deluge) or for the thermination of radicalic reaction chain


❑ Increase the knowledge on accidental scenarios keeping into account the low and ultra-low temperature (100 K – 300 K) for cryogenic fuels in air

❑ Develop/validate safety parameters at low temperature.

120 160 200 240 280 320

4

6

12

14

16

Me

tha

ne

mo

le fra

ctio

n [%

v/v

]

Initial Temperature [K]

Model

Zabetakis' correlation

Siu et al. (1998)

Li et al. (2011)

Cui et al. (2016)

The dependence of flammability limits (LFL, UFL) with temperature for pure methane

Few experiments, few correlations

Pio, G., Salzano, E., The effect of ultra-low temperature on the flammability limits of a methane/air/diluent mixtures, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 362, 224-229 (2019).

Pio, G., Salzano, E., Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane, Hydrogen, and Their Mixtures at Extremely Low Temperature Conditions, Energy & Fuels 32, 8830–8836 (2018).


Inerting methane at low temperature with nitrogen

Pio, G., Salzano, E., Flammability parameters of Liquified Natural Gas, Journal of Loss Prevention, 2018, accepted for publicaiton


❑ Mitigation: inerting, sprinkler, water mist, water curtain, foam

water sprinklers do not work!!! Foaming under development (low-T)



Water curtainFlame Target

water curtain



water curtainactivation

CFD


❑ Vapour Cloud Explosion and Rapid Phase Transition cannot be neglected a priori for a release on seawater or ground, respectively: their occurrence depends on the specific physical domain

❑ The actual composition of LNG is essential for reliable and credible evaluation of accidental scenarios, including definition of safety distance. Either positively (increasing the hazard) or negatively (decreasing the hazard)

❑ The effect of large scale dispersion of LNG on water is still unpredicted for the formation of ice on the water surface, and related consequences on dispersion, flash fire and VCE

❑ More advanced numerical model (CFD) are mandatory for a reliable prediction of consequences and mitigation system, which should take into account the low temperature conditions


QUESTIONS

Prof. Ernesto SalzanoUniversità di BolognaDipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali (DICAM) Via U. Terracini 28, 40131 BolognaEmail: [email protected]: +39 0512090255; Cell: +39 3336295339 Website: https://www.unibo.it/sitoweb/ernesto.salzano

Thank you for the attention

CONTACTS
https://www.unibo.it/sitoweb/ernesto.salzano

Harmonization of LNG technical guidelines and best ......ISO 28460:2010 - Petroleum and natural gas...

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