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extremist

See also: Extremist Contents

1 English 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Noun

1.2.1 Translations 1.3 Adjective

1.3.1 Translations

2 Dutch 2.1 Etymology 2.2 Pronunciation 2.3 Noun

2.3.1 Derived

terms 2.3.2 Related

terms 3 Swedish 3.1 Etymology 3.2 Noun

3.2.1 Declension 3.2.2 Related terms

English [edit]

Etymology [edit]

extreme + -ist

Noun [edit]

extremist (plural extremists)

1. A person who holds extreme views, especially one who advocates such views; a radical or fanatic.

Translations [edit]

Arabic: ُمتطََرف m (mutaṭarrif), ََُمتطََرفة f

(mutaṭarrifa) Armenian: ծայրահեղական (hy) (cayrahełakan) Catalan: extremista

Chinese: Mandarin: , (jíduānzhǔyìzhě)

Cornish: den penndom m, benyn benndom f Esperanto: ekstremisto Finnish: ekstremisti (fi)

French: extrémiste (fr) m

Adjective [edit] extremist (comparative more extremist, superlative most

extremist)

1. Holding extreme views, especially on a political subject. 2. Of or relating to extremism.

Translations [edit]

Arabic: َتطََرفِي (taṭarrufiyy) Armenian: ծայրահեղական (hy) (cayrahełakan) Catalan: extremista Cornish: penndom Dutch: extremistisch (nl) Esperanto: radikalega, ekstrema (eo) Finnish: ääri-

German: extremistisch (de)

Hebrew: קיצוני m (kitzoni) Portuguese: extremista (pt) Russian: экстреми́стский (ru) (ekstremístskij) Swedish: extremistisk (sv) Welsh: eithafol (cy)

Român ă Русски й

Suom i Svensk a

د و ا ر

person who holds extreme views

holding extreme views

of, or relating to extremism

Armenian: ծայրահեղական (hy) (cayrahełakan) Catalan: extremista Dutch: extremistisch (nl) Esperanto: ekstremisma

Finnish: ekstremistinen, ääri- German: extremistisch (de) Portuguese: extremista (pt) Swedish: extremistisk (sv)

Dutch [edit]

Etymology [edit]

extreem + -ist

Pronunciation [edit]

Audio (file) Hyphenation: ex‧tre‧mist

Noun [edit]

extremist m (plural extremisten, diminutive extremistje n)

extrem + -ist

Noun [edit] extremist

c

1. an extremist

Declension [edit]

Declension of extremist

Singular Plural

Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite

Nominative extremist extremisten extremister extremisterna

Genitive extremists extremistens extremisters extremisternas

Related terms [edit]

högerextremist

vänsterextremist

EnglishEnglish countable Categories: English

words suffixed with -ist English lemmas nounsnouns English

adjectives en:People Dutch words suffixed with -ist Dutch terms with audio links Dutch lemmas Dutch Dutch nouns with plural in -Swedish

nouns en Swedish words suffixed with -ist Swedish lemmas nouns

This page was last edited on 27 May 2018, at 08:55. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of

Use and Privacy Policy.

Privacy About Wiktionary Disclaimers Developers Cookie statement Mobile policy view

1 . extremist

Derived terms [ edit ] links-extremist rechts-extremist

Related terms [ edit ] extreem extremisme

Swedish [ edit ]

Etymology [ edit ]

American English Examples

(Definition of “extremist” from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

American English Examples

(Definition of “extremist” from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University

Press)

American English Examples

Examples for 'extremist'

These examples are from external sources. Click on the icon to tell us what you think.

Burigny, although sharing the ideas of the philosophers of his time, was by no means an

extremist.

From Wikipedia

Azhikodan was assassinated by the members of an extremist group.

From Wikipedia

Why should extremist views, which went against basic liberties, be any more acceptable than

racist or homophobic ones?

From Wikipedia

The wish of the organizers was that all trends, both extremist and moderate, should be

represented.

From Wikipedia

A person who is secure can not be an extremist.

From Wikipedia

The threat that power may be seized by extremist elements still exists.

From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English

Extremist factions must therefore understand that no nation may be wiped off the map.

From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English

The number of extremist groups is increasing, and they are threatening the lives of civilians.

From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English

Due to extremist activities, the mill had to be shut down immediately in the mid 1990s.

From Wikipedia

Although the organisation welcomed those with extremist views as well as moderates, the

former outnumbered the latter.

From Wikipedia

Failure to acknowledge this is tantamount to handing the initiative to extremist movements on

both sides.

From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English

I saw many extremist republicans do the same.

From Wikipedia

Many opponents to the newspaper, primarily right wing and conservative moderates, denounce

the newspaper as a left wing extremist tabloid.

From Wikipedia

According to sources he was branded a right-wing extremist and was excluded from the party in

1949.

From Wikipedia

He is closer to the extremist right-wing groups than to revolutionary leftist ones.

From Wikipedia

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extremist

[ik-stree-mist]

Examples Word Origin

See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com

noun

1. a person who goes to extremes, especially in political matters.

2. a supporter or advocate of extreme doctrines or practices.

adjective

3. belonging or pertaining to extremists.

Origin of extremist

First recorded in 1840–50; extreme + -ist

Dictionary.com Unabridged

Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018

Examples from the Web for extremist

Historical Examples

The Extremist at once pressed the argument to its utmost consequences.

India, Old and New

Sir Valentine Chirol

D i c t i o n a r y . c o m T h e s a u r u s . c o m

definitions extremist

Extremist though she be, woman is always consistent in her extremes; hence her power for

Greek Women

Mitchell Carroll

The latest telegrams from Berlin state that the Spartacus (Extremist) leaders are in extrem

Punch, Volume 156, January 22, 1919.

Various

Hanged if I can imagine a white-haired, soft-spoken fellow like that as a dangerous Anarchi

A Sub and a Submarine

Percy F. Westerman

The first room they entered was that in which Fordyce had interviewed the Extremist officia

A Sub and a Submarine

Percy F. Westerman

British Dictionary definitions for extremist

extremist

noun

1. a person who favours or resorts to immoderate, uncompromising, or fanatical method

adjective

2. of, relating to, or characterized by immoderate or excessive actions, opinions, etc

Derived Forms

extremism, noun

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition

© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins

Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Word Origin and History for extremist

n.

1840, from extreme + -ist.

Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper

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This is the American English definition of extremist. View British English definition of extremist.

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View the pronunciation for extremist.

someone who has beliefs or opinions that are considered to be

extremely unreasonable by most people

right-wing extremists

Synonyms and related words

Supporters of ideas, plans or people: supporter, follower, advocate...

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DERIVED WORD

extremist ADJECTIVE

an extremist regime

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Words used to describe thoughts, beliefs and ideas:

deterministic, abstract, central...

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HOME DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS EXTREMIST/ /

The Herald became a weekly in September 1914, and reappeared as a daily in March 1919, its policy being extremist andeven Bolshevist.Always a fiery democrat, Damjanich uncompromisingly supported the extremist views of Kossuth, and was appointedcommander of one of the three divisions which, under GOrgei, entered Vacz in April 1849.In contrast to the majority of Italian cardinals of his day, Cajetan was a man of austere piety and fervent zeal; and if, fromthe standpoint of the Dominican idea of the supreme necessity of maintaining ecclesiastical discipline, he defended theextremist claims of the papacy, he also proclaimed that the pope should be "the mirror of God on earth."In view of the violence of Extremist obstruction, an effort was made to reform the standing orders of the Lower House,but parliamentary feeling ran so high that General Pelloux thought it expedient to appeal to the country.A frank opponent of the extremist policy of Charles X., he tried to save him in 1830; in company with Antoine d'Argout hevisited the Tuileries and persuaded the king to withdraw the ordinances and to summon the Council.

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extremist ex·trem·ist

nounA person who advocates or resorts to measures beyond the norm, especially in politics.

Related Forms:

ex·trem′ismnoun

ex·trem′istadjective

Noun(plural extremists)

a person who holds extreme views, especially one who advocates such views; a radical or fanatic

Adjective(comparative more extremist, superlative most extremist)

1. holding extreme views, especially on a political subject2. of, or relating to extremism

THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton MifflinHarcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

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◀ extremism extremity ▶

Find definitions for: extremist Search

ex•trem•ist

Pronunciation: (ik-strē'mist), [key]— n.1. a person who goes to extremes, esp. in political matters.2. a supporter or advocate of extreme doctrines or practices.

—adj.1. belonging or pertaining to extremists.

Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.

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ExtremismExtremism means, literally, "the quality or state of being extreme" or the "advocacy of extreme measures or views".[1]

Nowadays, the term is mostly used in a political or religious sense, to refer to an ideology that is considered (by the speaker or bysome implied shared social consensus) to be far outside the (acceptable) mainstream attitudes of society,[2] but extremism can, forexample, also be meant in an economic sense. However, all terrorists are extremists but all extremists are not terrorists. This isbecause Extremism is only a belief or view that is seen as far-fetched by the public. Terrorism is the use of violence/intimidation inthe pursuit of mainly political aims.

The term "extremism" is usually meant to be pejorative; that is, to express (strong) disapproval. However, it may also be used in amore academic, purely descriptive, non-condemning sense.

Extremists are usually contrasted with centrists or moderates. For example, in contemporary discussions in Western countries ofIslam or of Islamic political movements, the distinction between extremist (implying "bad") and moderate (implying "good")Muslims is typically stressed.[3]

Political agendas perceived as extremist often include those from the far-left politics or far-right politics as well as radicalism,reactionism, fundamentalism and fanaticism.

Definitions

Theories of extremismPsychological

Uses of the term in "mainstream" politics

Other terms

See also

ReferencesCited publicationsFurther reading

External links

There have been many different definitions of "extremism". Peter T. Coleman and Andrea Bartoli give observation of definitions:[4]

Extremism is a complex phenomenon, although its complexity is often hard to see. Most simply, it can be defined as activities(beliefs, attitudes, feelings, actions, strategies) of a character far removed from the ordinary. In conflict settings it manifests as asevere form of conflict engagement. However, the labeling of activities, people, and groups as "extremist", and the defining of whatis "ordinary" in any setting is always a subjective and political matter. Thus, we suggest that any discussion of extremism be mindfulof the following: Typically, the same extremist act will be viewed by some as just and moral (such as pro-social "freedom fighting"),and by others as unjust and immoral (antisocial "terrorism") depending on the observer's values, politics, moral scope, and the natureof their relationship with the actor. In addition, one's sense of the moral or immoral nature of a given act of extremism (such asNelson Mandela's use of guerilla war tactics against the South African Government) may change as conditions (leadership, world

Contents

Definitions

opinion, crises, historical accounts, etc.) change. Thus, the current and historical context of extremist acts shapes our view of them.Power differences also matter when defining extremism. When in conflict, the activities of members of low power groups tend to beviewed as more extreme than similar activities committed by members of groups advocating the status quo.

In addition, extreme acts are more likely to be employed by marginalized people and groups who view more normative forms ofconflict engagement as blocked for them or biased. However, dominant groups also commonly employ extreme activities (such asgovernmental sanctioning of violent paramilitary groups or the attack in Waco by the FBI in the U.S.). *Extremist acts often employviolent means, although extremist groups will differ in their preference for violent vs. non-violent tactics, in the level of violence theyemploy, and in the preferred targets of their violence (from infrastructure to military personnel to civilians to children). Again, lowpower groups are more likely to employ direct, episodic forms of violence (such as suicide bombings), whereas dominant groups tendto be associated with more structural or institutionalized forms (like the covert use of torture or the informal sanctioning of policebrutality).[4]

Although extremist individuals and groups are often viewed as cohesive and consistently evil, it is important to recognize that theymay be conflicted or ambivalent psychologically as individuals, or contain difference and conflict within their groups. For instance,individual members of Hamas may differ considerably in their willingness to negotiate their differences with the PalestinianAuthority and, ultimately, with certain factions in Israel. Ultimately, the core problem that extremism presents in situations ofprotracted conflict is less the severity of the activities (although violence, trauma, and escalation are obvious concerns) but more sothe closed, fixed, and intolerant nature of extremist attitudes, and their subsequent imperviousness to change.[4]

Eric Hoffer and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. were two political writers during the mid-20th century who gave what purported to beaccounts of "political extremism". Hoffer wrote books such as The True Believer and The Passionate State of Mind about thepsychology and sociology of those who join "fanatical" mass movements. Schlesinger wrote books such as The Vital Center,championing a supposed "center" of politics within which "mainstream" political discourse takes place, and underscoring the allegedneed for societies to draw definite lines regarding what falls outside of this acceptability.

Seymour Martin Lipset argued that besides the extremism of the left and right there is also an extremism of the center, and that itactually formed the base of fascism.[5]

Laird Wilcox identifies 21 alleged traits of a "political extremist", ranging from behaviour like "a tendency to characterassassination", over hateful behaviour like "name calling and labelling", to general character traits like "a tendency to view opponentsand critics as essentially evil", "a tendency to substitute intimidation for argument" or "groupthink".[6]

Joining extremist groups has been seen to arise from beliefs about the acceptability of aggression towards the group's target. Forexample, in Pakistan, beliefs about the acceptability of aggression against Jews were shown to predict who would join an extremistanti-Semitic group.[7] Cultural differences in acceptability about aggression towards certain groups may explain extremism towardscertain targets, and as these beliefs can be easily changed through intervention, this may offer a way in which extremism can bediscouraged.[7]

"Extremism" is not a stand-alone characteristic. The attitude or behavior of an "extremist" may be represented as part of a spectrumwhich ranges from mild interest through "obsession" to "fanaticism" and "extremism". The alleged similarity between the "extremeleft" and "extreme right", or perhaps between different religious "zealots", may mean only that all these are "unacceptable" from thestandpoint of a supposed mainstream or majority.

Economist Ronald Wintrobe[8] argues that many extremist movements, even though having completely different ideologies share acommon set of characteristics. As an example, he lists the following common characteristics between "Jewish fundamentalists" and"the extremists of Hamas":[9]

Both are against any compromise with the other side.Both are entirely sure of their position.

Theories of extremism

Both advocate and sometimes use violence to achieve their ends.Both are nationalistic.Both are intolerant of dissent within their group.Both demonize the other side

Among the explanations for extremism is one that views it as a plague.[4] Arno Gruen said, "The lack of identity associated withextremists is the result of self-destructive self-hatred that leads to feelings of revenge toward life itself, and a compulsion to kill one'sown humanness." Thus extremism is seen as not a tactic, nor an ideology, but as a pathological illness which feeds on the destructionof life.[4] Dr. Kathleen Taylor believes religious fundamentalism is a mental illness and that is "curable."[10]

Another view is that extremism is an emotional outlet for severe feelings stemming from "persistent experiences of oppression,insecurity, humiliation, resentment, loss, and rage" which are presumed to "lead individuals and groups to adopt conflict engagementstrategies which "fit" or feel consistent with these experiences".[4]

Extremism is however seen by other researchers as a "rational strategy in a game over power".[4] See for instance the works of EliBerman.

Barry Goldwater said that "Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue" at the1964 Republican National Convention, in a sentence attributed to his speechwriter Karl Hess.

Robert F. Kennedy said "What is objectionable, what is dangerous about extremists is not that they are extreme but that they areintolerant. The evil is not what they say about their cause, but what they say about their opponents."

Since the 1990s, in United States politics the term Sister Souljah moment has been used to describe a politician's public repudiation ofan allegedly extremist person or group, statement, or position which might otherwise be associated with his own party.

In Russia, the laws prohibiting extremist content are used (both by poorly trained officials and as part of an intentional politics tosuppress opposition) to suppress the freedom of speech through very broad and flexible interpretation.[11] Publications classified as"extremist" and thus prosecuted included protests against the court rulings in Bolotnaya Square case ("calling for illegal action"),criticism of overspending of local governor ("insult of the authorities"), publishing a poem in support of Ukraine ("incitinghatred"),[12][13] an open letter against a war in Chechnya by a writer Polina Zherebcova,[14] the whole Jehovah's Witnessesmovement in Russia,[15] Raphael Lemkin, and articles by initiator of the Genocide Convention of 1948.[16]

The term "subversive" was often used interchangeably, in the United States at least, with "extremist" during the Cold War period,although the two words are not synonymous.

Cumulative extremismDomestic Extremism LexiconFalse consensus effectFundamentalismJewish extremism

Israeli settler violence#Settler extremismZionist extremism

Political extremism in Japan

Psychological

Uses of the term in "mainstream" politics

Other terms

See also

Sikh extremismTerrorismVigilantismViolent extremism

George, John and Laird Wilcox. Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism inAmerica Prometheus Books, 1992. (ISBN 0-87975-680-2)Himmelstein, Jerome L. All But Sleeping with the Enemy: Studying the Radical Right Up Close ASA, San Francisco:1988Hoffer, Eric. The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements. Various editions, first published 1951.Schlesinger, Arthur. The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom. Various editions, first published 1949.Wilcox, Laird. "What Is Political Extremism", retrieved from The Voluntaryist newsletter #27, 1987Ronald Wintrobe (2006). Rational extremism: the political economy of radicalism. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-85964-6.

1. "Definition of extremism by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extremism). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 4 December 2015.

2. "Extremism - definition of extremism by The Free Dictionary" (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/extremism). The FreeDictionary. Retrieved 4 December 2015.

3. Mogahed, Dalia (2006). "The Battle for Hearts and Minds: Moderate vs. Extremist Views in the Muslim World" (https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/attach/106/106950_.pdf) (PDF). WikiLeaks. p. 2.

4. Dr. Peter T. Coleman and Dr. Andrea Bartoli: Addressing Extremism (http://www.tc.columbia.edu/i/a/document/9386_WhitePaper_2_Extremism_030809.pdf), pp. 3–4

5. G. M. Tamás: On Post-Fascism (http://new.bostonreview.net/BR25.3/tamas.html), Boston Review, summer 2000

6. "Laird Wilcox on Extremist Traits" (http://www.lairdwilcox.com/news/hoaxerproject.html). Lairdwilcox.com. Retrieved2013-09-08.

7. Amjad, N., & Wood, A. M. (2009). Identifying and changing the normative beliefs about aggression which lead youngMuslim adults to join extremist anti-Semitic groups in Pakistan. (http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/alex.wood/amjadwood.pdf) Aggressive Behavior, 35, 514-519

8. "Economics at Western" (http://economics.uwo.ca/faculty/wintrobe/). Economics.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2013-09-08.

9. Wintrobe (2006), p. 5

10. Bruxelles, Simon de (30 May 2013). "Science 'may one day cure Islamic radicals' " (http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article3778053.ece). The Times (London). London. Retrieved 2013-05-31.

11. Paul Goble (29 March 2015). "FSB Increasingly Involved in Misuse of 'Anti-Extremism' Laws, SOVA Says" (http://www.interpretermag.com/fsb-increasingly-involved-in-misuse-of-anti-extremism-laws-sova-says/). The InterpreterMagazine. Retrieved 2015-04-01.

12. "Examples of forbidden content" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141030004457/http://zapretno.info/?page_id=462).Zapretno.info. 2014. Archived from the original (http://zapretno.info/?page_id=462) on 30 October 2014. Retrieved2014-10-29.

13. Neef, Christian; Schepp, Matthias (22 April 2014). "The Propaganda War: Opposition Sings Kremlin Tune onUkraine" (http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/in-moscow-propaganda-war-even-opposition-is-singing-kremlin-tune-a-965487.html). Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2015-06-10.

14. "Otkrytoe Pismo Hodorkovskomu o Voyne v Chechne Priznali Ekstremistskim" (https://meduza.io/news/2015/07/08/otkrytoe-pismo-hodorkovskomu-o-voyne-v-chechne-priznali-ekstremistskim). meduza.io. Retrieved 2015-07-08.

15. "Russian Appellate Court Decision Reverses Ban of JW.ORG Website" (http://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/russia/appellate-court-reverses-jw-org-ban/). Retrieved 2015-08-20.

16. "Федеральный список экстремистских материалов дорос до п. 3152" (http://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/news/counteraction/2015/11/d33272/). SOVA Center for Information and Analysis. Retrieved 2015-11-28.

References

Cited publications

Nawaz, Maajid. Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism (Lyons Press, 2013)Bibi van Ginkel, Engaging Civil Society in Countering Violent Extremism (ICCT – The Hague, 2012)

The M and S Collection at the Library of Congress contains materials on Extremist Movements.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extremism&oldid=846900863"

This page was last edited on 21 June 2018, at 15:32 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using thissite, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the WikimediaFoundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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