EASO σχετικά με τις πρακτικές εκτίμησης της...
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European Asylum Support Office EASO σχετικά με τις πρακτικές εκτίμησης της ανηλικότητας στην Ευρώπη Δεκέμβριος 2013 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION
Transcript of EASO σχετικά με τις πρακτικές εκτίμησης της...
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European Asylum Support Office
EASO
2013
SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION
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European Asylum Support Office
EASO
2013
SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION
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.
(*):
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11(*) , (
).
(http://europa.eu).
: , 2014
ISBN 978-92-9243-052-8 doi:10.2847/12113
, 2014
.
EASO .
http://europa.eu
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EASO 3
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1 ...................................................... 121.1. ; ............................................................ 121.2. ; ...................................................................... 131.3. ; ....................................... 141.4. ; ....................................................................... 14
2 .................................................................................... 16 ............................................................................................................ 16 .......................................................................... 172.1. ............................................................................................................ 172.2. ............................................................................................................... 182.3. .............................................................................................................................. 182.4. ............................................................................................................................ 202.5. ............................................................................................................................ 202.6. ................................................................................................................................................... 212.7. .................................................................... 212.8. ............................................................................................................. 222.9. .......................................................................................................... 222.10. ................................................................................................................. 232.11. ........................................................................................... 232.12. .......................................................................................................................................... 242.13. .......................................................................................................................... 25
3 ................................................................... 26 ......................................................................................................... 26 ..................................................................................................... 27 ........................................................................................... 283.1. ............................................................................................................................... 28
3.1.1. ( ) ............................................................................................... 283.1.2. ................................................................................... 313.1.3. ......................... 32
3.2. ...................................................................................................................................... 333.2.1. .......................................................................................................................... 333.2.2. .................................................................... 353.2.3. / .................................................................................................... 363.2.4. ........................................................................................... 373.2.5. ................................................................................................................................ 38
4 ................................................................................................................. 464.1. ..... 464.2. ............................................................... 474.3. ............................................................................................................................ 474.4. ........................................................................................................ 48
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4 EASO
5 ...................................................................... 49 ......................................................................................................... 49 ...................................................................................................................................... 50
...................................................................................................................................................... 50 , ............................................................................................................ 50 () ......................................................................................................... 50 ................................................................... 51 ............................................................................................................................................... 51 () ..................................................................................................... 51 .......................................................................................................... 51 ............................................................................................................................................ 52 .............................................................................................................................. 52 ............................................................................................................................. 52 ................................................................................ 52
6 ....................................................................................... 53 ........................................................................................................................ 53
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........................................................................................................................................................... 58EASO ................................................................................................................. 58 ............................................................................................................................................................ 58
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2 .......................................................................... 70 ....................................................................... 70
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....................................................................... 74 ................................................................................... 74 ......................................................................................................................... 74 ..................................................................................... 75
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3 ........................................................... 77
4 : ........... 86
5 ... 92
6 ................................................................................................................ 94
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EASO 5
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http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_57468.htmlhttp://www.unicef.org/publications/index_57468.htmlhttp://www.unicef.org/protection/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfhttp://www.unicef.org/protection/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfhttp://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Note_final_version_%28English%29.pdfhttp://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Age_Assessment_Note_final_version_%28English%29.pdf
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(27) : UNICEF, Age assessment practices: a literature review and annotated bibliography, http://www.unicef.org/protection/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdf, SCEP, Position paper on Age assessment in the context of Separated Children (2012), http://umf.asyl.at/files/DOK45Age_Assessment_PP.pdf, Norwegian Computing Centre, Age estimation in youths and young adults (December 2012) http://publications.nr.no/1355995517/Age_estimation_methods-Eikvil.pdf, Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara (Jr) JA : The cervical vertebral Maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in Dentofacial orthopaedics, Cameriere R, Ferrante L, Cingolani M: Age estimation in children by measurement of open apices in teeth
http://www.unicef.org/protection/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfhttp://umf.asyl.at/files/DOK45Age_Assessment_PP.pdfhttp://publications.nr.no/1355995517/Age_estimation_methods-Eikvil.pdf
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).pdf
.
http://www.unicef.org/protection/Age_Assessment_Practices_2010.pdfhttp://umf.asyl.at/files/DOK45Age_Assessment_PP.pdfhttp://publications.nr.no/1355995517/Age_estimation_methods-Eikvil.pdfhttps://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/ageassessment/submissions/Sir%20Al%20Aynsley-Green%20Kt%20(Submission%2038).pdf
-
36 EASO
3.2.
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17.5
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20.5
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30.6
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31.6
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25
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7
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RAPD
19
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25.
4
QD
4.3
,
,
,
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RQD
4.3
RAPD
25.5
-
EASO 373.
2.4.
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,
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16
17
(29
).
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T:
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(30
).
,
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1
1
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13
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18
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Ta
nner
(31 )
.
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CRC
3
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,
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.
APD
17.5
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PD 2
5.6
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20.5
APD
17.4
,
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,
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QD
30.6
RQD
31.6
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25
,
7
(UN
CR
C)
,
/
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,
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(
)
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UN
CRC
8
UN
CRC
12
UN
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13
UN
CRC
16
UN
CRC
22
RAPD
19
RAPD
25.
4
QD
4
/
,
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,
,
/
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,
,
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RQD
4AP
D 17
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(29 )
: S
CEP,
Pos
ition
pap
er o
n ag
e as
sess
men
t in
the
cont
ext o
f Sep
arat
ed c
hild
ren
in E
urop
e (2
012)
, UN
ICEF
, Age
ass
essm
ent p
ract
ices
: a li
tera
ture
revi
ew a
nd a
nnot
ated
bib
liogr
aphy
, Sch
mel
ing
et a
l, Fo
rens
ic A
ge
estim
atio
n in
una
ccom
pani
ed m
inor
s and
you
ng li
ving
adu
lts (2
011)
.
Fr
om o
ld p
robl
ems t
o ne
w c
halle
nges
, Sch
mel
ing
et a
l (20
06) A
ge e
stim
atio
n of
una
ccom
pani
ed m
inor
s. P
art 1
. Gen
eral
con
sider
atio
ns.
Fore
nsic
Sci
ence
Inte
rnat
iona
l(3
0 )
,
,
,
(The
Ki
ngs
Fun
d an
d th
e Ro
yal C
olle
ge o
f Pae
diat
rics a
nd C
hild
Hea
lth, 1
999:
40).
(31 )
: Je
nner
C. V
. Aze
vedo
et a
l., C
ompa
rison
bet
wee
n ob
ject
ive
asse
ssm
ent a
nd se
lf-as
sess
men
t of s
exua
l mat
urat
ion
in c
hild
ren
and
adol
esce
nts,
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.
scie
lo.b
r/pd
f/jp
ed/v
85n2
/en_
v85n
2a09
.pdf
.
file:///D:/3D/OPOCE_Premedia_10354/OperatorPM/work/2013.9603/EL/01_In/ file:///D:/3D/OPOCE_Premedia_10354/OperatorPM/work/2013.9603/EL/01_In/
-
38 EASO
3.2.5.
. - / . - , , / . - , .
(32) , . . . , .
1. (/)
. - ( ), , ( ) , , . , Greulich Pyle (GP) . GP 1935 , - . , , , - Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) ( ). TW2 . 20 - . - 1950 1960. (15-18 ) -. , , TW . , - 17 18 (33).
(32) .
(33) : Tanner JM et al, Reliability & validity of computer-assisted estimates of Tanner-Whitehouse skeletal maturity (CASAS): comparision with the manual method, Frisch H et al, Computer aided estimation of skeletal age and comparison with bone age evaluations by the method of Greulich- Pyle and Tanner Whitehouse, Gertych A et al, Bone age assessment of children using a digital hand atlas.
-
EASO 39
SWO
T:
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
GP
T
W2,
,
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+
/-
2
,
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,
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,
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T
W3
GP
.
CRC
3
,
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,
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APD
17.5
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PD 2
5.6
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20.5
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17.4
,
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,
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30.6
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31.6
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25.
3Eu
rato
m 4
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tom
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rato
m 7
CRC
7
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C 12
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13
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RAPD
19
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25.
4Eu
rato
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tom
9Eu
rato
m 1
0
(34 )
.
.
,
19
30,
.
(R
CPCH
)
16
17
,
15
16
.
GP
(199
9).
,
.
,
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,
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QD
4RQ
D 4
APD
17.5
RAPD
25.
5
.
.
,
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,
,
/
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,
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.
.
(34 )
: T
anne
r JM
et a
l, Re
liabi
lity
& v
alid
ity o
f com
pute
r-as
siste
d es
timat
es o
f Tan
ner-
Whi
teho
use
skel
etal
mat
urity
(CAS
AS):
com
paris
ion
with
the
man
ual m
etho
d, F
risch
H e
t al,
Com
pute
r aid
ed e
stim
atio
n of
skel
etal
ag
e an
d co
mpa
rison
with
bon
e ag
e ev
alua
tions
by
the
met
hod
of G
reul
ich-
Pyl
e an
d Ta
nner
Whi
teho
use,
Ger
tych
A e
t al,
Bone
age
ass
essm
ent o
f chi
ldre
n us
ing
a di
gita
l han
d at
las.
-
40 EASO
2.
.
,
.
.
(35 )
.
,
,
,
20
,
,
21
.
26
(36 )
.
SWO
T:
,
,
.
.
2,5
%,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
21
,
.
20
.
,
18
20
/21
.
.
CRC
3
,
.
.
3
.
,
.
APD
17.5
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PD 2
5.6
RQD
20.5
APD
17.4
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
QD
30.6
RQD
31.6
RAPD
25.
1
4
5
6
7
CRC
7
,
.
,
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,
,
/
.
,
,
.
CRC
8 CR
C 12
CRC
13
CRC
16CR
C 22
3
9
10
(35 )
: S
chm
elin
g A
et a
l: St
udie
s on
the
time-
fram
e fo
r oss
ifica
tion
of th
e m
edia
l cla
vicu
lar e
piph
ysea
l car
tilag
e in
con
vent
iona
l rad
iogr
aphy
[Int
erna
tiona
l Jou
rnal
of L
egal
Med
icin
e, 2
004,
118
(1),
(5-8
)].(3
6 )
:
Sch
mel
ing
A. e
t al,
Age
estim
atio
n of
una
ccom
pani
ed m
inor
s (Fo
rens
ic S
cien
ce In
tern
atio
nal,
2006
) Par
t 1. G
ener
al c
onsid
erat
ions
; Eik
vil L
et a
l. Ag
e es
timat
ion
in y
outh
s and
you
ng a
dults
htt
p://
publ
icat
ions
.nr
.no/
1355
9955
17/A
ge_e
stim
atio
n_m
etho
ds-E
ikvi
l.pdf
.
http://publications.nr.no/1355995517/Age_estimation_methods-Eikvil.pdfhttp://publications.nr.no/1355995517/Age_estimation_methods-Eikvil.pdf
-
EASO 41
SWO
T:
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-
42 EASO
3.
, . . 16-20 - , , , - . , , . . .
:
Gleiser & Hunt (1955) 15 . (Moorrees, Fanning Hunt, 1963), -, , .
Demirjian (1973) 8 . - , . , , TW2 (37). , 3-16 , - , - 12 .
(37) : Eid RMR et al, Assessment of dental maturity of Brazilian children age 6 to 14 years using Demirijans method.
-
EASO 43
SWO
T:
,
,
,
,
(3
8 ).
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
D
emirj
ian
,
(3
9 ).
,
1
5-17
6%
,
1
8-20
,
64
%
(40 )
.
D
emir
jiran
(197
3)
.
,
(4
1 ).
3-1
6
,
,
12
.
,
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,
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CRC
3
,
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D 17
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RAPD
25.
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17.4
.
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30.6
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31.6
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7
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7
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RAPD
19
RAPD
25.
4
3
9
10
(38 )
: L
iver
sidge
HM
, The
ass
essm
ent a
nd in
terp
reta
tion
of D
emirj
ian,
Gol
dste
in a
nd T
anne
rs d
enta
l mat
urity
.(3
9 )
:
Eid
RM
R et
al,
Asse
ssm
ent o
f den
tal m
atur
ity o
f Bra
zilia
n ch
ildre
n ag
e 6
to 1
4 ye
ars u
sing
Dem
irija
ns m
etho
d, L
iver
sidge
HM
, The
ass
essm
ent a
nd in
terp
reta
tion
of D
emirj
ian,
Gol
dste
in a
nd T
anne
rs d
enta
l m
atur
ity.
(40 )
TJ C
ole,
Den
tal a
ge a
sses
smen
t a
stat
istic
al c
ritiq
ue.
(41 )
: L
iver
sidge
HM
, The
ass
essm
ent a
nd in
terp
reta
tion
of D
emirj
ian,
Gol
dste
in a
nd T
anne
rs d
enta
l mat
urity
.
-
44 EASO
SWO
T:
.
(4
2 ).
.
.
3
,
,
,
1
6-25
.
(43 )
.
.
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(4
4 ).
(45 )
.
,
.
QD
4
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,
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5-23
.
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,
,
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,
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RQD
4AP
D 17
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PD 2
5.5
(42)
: B
asse
s RB,
Brig
gs C
, Dru
mm
er O
H A
ge e
stim
atio
n us
ing
CT im
agin
g of
the
third
mol
ar to
oth,
the
med
ial c
lavi
cula
r epi
phys
is, a
nd th
e sp
heno
-occ
ipita
l syn
chon
dros
os: a
mul
tifac
toria
l app
roac
h (F
oren
sic S
cien
ce
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
11),
Engs
trm
C, E
ngst
rm
H, S
agne
S, L
ower
third
mol
ar d
evel
opm
ent i
n re
latio
n to
skel
etal
mat
urity
and
chr
onol
ogic
al a
ge. T
he a
ngle
ort
hodo
ntist
(198
3), L
iver
sidge
HM
, The
ass
essm
ent a
nd in
terp
reta
tion
of D
emirj
ian,
Go
ldst
ein
and
Tann
ers
den
tal m
atur
ity (A
nnal
s of H
uman
Bio
logy
, 201
2), S
chm
elin
g A
et a
l, Ag
e es
timat
ion
of u
nacc
ompa
nied
min
ors (
Fore
nsic
Sci
ence
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06)
Part
1. G
ener
al c
onsid
erat
ions
, The
viss
en P
W, K
aur J
, Will
ems G
, Hu
man
age
est
imat
ion
com
bini
ng th
ird m
olar
and
skel
etal
dev
elop
men
t (In
tern
atio
nal J
ourn
al o
f Leg
al M
edic
ine,
201
2).
(43 )
: D
emirj
ian
A, G
olds
tein
H, N
ew sy
stem
s for
den
tal m
atur
ity b
ased
on
seve
n an
d fo
ur te
eth
(Ann
als o
f Hum
an B
iolo
gy, 1
976)
, Eid
RM
Ret a
l, As
sess
men
t of d
enta
l mat
urity
of B
razil
ian
child
ren
aged
6 to
14
year
s us
ing
Dem
irjia
ns m
etho
d (In
t J P
edia
tr D
ent,
2002
), Le
urs I
H et
al,
Dent
al a
ge in
Dut
ch c
hild
ren
(Eur
J O
rtho
d, 2
005)
.(4
4 )
:
Gar
n SM
, Lew
is AB
, Bliz
zard
RM
, End
ocrin
e fa
ctor
s in
dent
al d
evel
opm
ent.
(45 )
: L
iver
sidge
HM
, The
ass
essm
ent a
nd in
terp
reta
tion
of D
emirj
ian,
Gol
dste
in a
nd T
anne
rs d
enta
l mat
urity
.
-
EASO 454.
(
)
.
-
.
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1-5
14-1
6
-
15-1
8
(4
6 ).
SWO
T:
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CRC
3
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17.5
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5.6
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20.5
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17.4
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30.6
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31.6
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25
4
5
6
7
CRC
7
,
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CRC
8 CR
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3
9
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QD
4
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18
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,
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RQD
4AP
D 17
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PD 2
5.5
(46 )
: S
chm
elin
g A
et a
l, Ag
e es
timat
ion
of u
nacc
ompa
nied
min
ors (
Fore
nsic
Sci
ence
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06) P
art 1
. Gen
eral
con
sider
atio
ns, S
chm
idt S
et a
l, So
nogr
aphi
c ev
alua
tion
of a
poph
ysea
l oss
ifica
tion
of th
e ili
ac
cres
t in
fore
nsic
age
dia
gnos
tics i
n liv
ing
indi
vidu
als (
Inte
rnat
iona
l Jou
rnal
of L
egal
Med
icin
e, 2
011)
Eik
vil L
et a
l, Ag
e es
timat
ion
in y
outh
s and
you
ng a
dults
.
-
46 EASO
4 , , - , - .
:
( - )
. .
, 3 (CRC) , 15 5-6 (APD)RAPD 25.6RQD 20.5RAPD 25.1RDR 6.3RRCD 23.1-2RD 17.5
APD 17.4 , 25 3 (RAPD) , 30 6 (QD) , 31 6 (RQD) 4 5 6 7
QD 4RQD 4QD 30.6RQD 31.6 APD 17.5RAPD 10.3RAPD 25.5 , 19 4 (RCD) , 24 4 (RRCD) VIS 767/2008, 24
QD 4RQD 4APD 17.5RAPD 10.3RAPD 25.5RCD 19.4RRCD 24.4QD 30.6RQD 31.6 VIS, 24
CRC 20CRC 25RCD 19.4RRCD 24.1RRCD 24.4RAPD 25.1RAPD 25.3RAPD 25.5QD 30.6
RCD 19.4 RRCD 24.4QD 30.6RRCD 24.1RAPD 25.1RAPD 25.3RAPD 25.5
4.1.
: , , , ; (.. , , , , , , , ..); ; ; , , , , ; () ; / , , ;
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EASO 47
4.2. :
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4.3. :
; ; , ; ; , , ; ; , ; , ; , ; , ;
-
48 EASO
4.4. :
, ; , , ; ; / , , ; ; ; ; / / ; ; / ; ; ;
-
EASO 49
5
(ECFR) - (UNCRC) - .
- (), (), , - .
- . .
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, 3 (UN CRC)APD 17(v) 6RAPD25.6RQD 20.5RAPD 25.1- -, 6 3 (RDR)RRCD 23.1-2 -, 17 - 5 (RD)
APD 17.4RAPD 25.3QD 30.6RQD 31.6 4 5 6 7
UNCRC 4UNCRC 7UNCRC 8UNCRC 9UNCRC 12UNCRC 13UNCRC 16UNCRC 22RAPD 25.4 3 9
UNCRC 10 C-648/11 (CJEU), , 6 () 6, 15.3RDR 31.2
UNCRC, 6QD 4RQD 4APD 17.5RAPD 10.3RAPD 25.5RCD 19.4RRCD 24.4QD 30.6RQD 31.6 VIS 767/2008, 24
UNCRC 6UNCRC 11UNCRC 32UNCRC 33UNCRC 34UNCRC 35UNCRC 36 2011/36/ - - - , 13 (PCT), - - -, 10 (CoE CAT)
UNCRC, 6QD 4RQD 4APD 17.5RAPD 10.3RAPD 25.5RCD 19.4RRCD 24.4QD 30.6RQD 31.6 VIS 767/2008, 24
RCD 19.4 RRCD 24.4QD 30.6RRCD 24.1RAPD 25.1RAPD 25.3RAPD 25.5
, , , - . , . , - . , .
-
50 EASO
. .
- . , , . , - , . , - . - . , , . - UNHCR, Listen and Learn: Participatory Assessment with Children and Adolescents, http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4fffe4af2&skip=0&query=unhcr%20child%20participation
/ :
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http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4fffe4af2&skip=0&query=unhcr child participationhttp://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4fffe4af2&skip=0&query=unhcr child participation
-
EASO 51
, : ( EASO), UNICEF, UNHCR, (), (EDM) (IGC).
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(54) Khan KM, Miller BS, Hoggard E, Somani A, Sarafoglou K: Application of Ultrasound for bone age estimation in clinical practice.(55) Quirmbach_F, Ramsthaler_F, Verhoff_M.A: Evaluation of the ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis with a digital ultrasonic system to determine the
age threshold of 21 years.(56) Schulz R, Zwiesigk P, Schiborr M, Schmidt S, Schmeling A: Ultrasound studies on the time course of clavicular ossification.(57) Schmidt S, Schmeling A, Zwiesigk P, Pfeiffer H, Schulz R: Sonographic evaluation of apophyseal ossification of the iliac crest in forensic age diagnostics in
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Text Link
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Cameriere R, Ferrante L, Cingolani M: Age estimation in children by measurement of open apices in teethCole TJ: Dental age assessment- a statistical critiqueCoram Childrens legal centre: Happy Birthday? Disputing the age of children in the immigration system (May 2013)
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60 EASO
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