Dow Corning CORPORATION
1
use Dow Corning Silicone Defoamers* There's α right tool for every job. In foam control it's Dow Corning silicone anti- foamers or defoamers . . . job-proved thousands of times over as the most efficient, most economical, and most versa- tile foam suppressors available. *Ar prescribed levels, are sanctioned by FDA FREE SAMPLE and new manual on foam control ^E 1B Dow Corning CORPORATION MIDLAND. MICHIGAN Dept. 4211 Please rush a FREE SAMPLE of a Dow Corning silicone defoamer for my product or process, which is (indicate if food, aqueous, oil or other): NAME POSITION COMPANY ADDRESS Circle No. 21 on Readers' Service Card EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN. 2.0 >- ± u> <r Q Lu UJ ζ ω UJ OC ο > < H υ Lu U_ u_ lu I.O 0.5 2.0 2.5 ACCELERATOR VOLTAGE - Mev. 3.0 Figure 1. Effective voltage is adsorbed in the liquid as a function of operating voltage for a stainless steel and an aluminum irradiation cell • The reproducibility of the total energy absorbed as measured by chemical change was ± 1 % in the case of aluminum cells, ± 3 % for stainless steel cells. • Varying the scan width at constant current between 5 and 14 voltage in a manner which may be determined experimentally. Experiments were made using the sodium formate dosimeter in which the effective voltage (V e ) was found by the relationship : V e = - energy absorbed as measured by the chemical dosimeter total electron charge inches had no measurable effect on the total energy absorption. • Varying the current from 50 to 900 μΆ. showed no effect on the total energy absorption. Effect of Voltage Variation Absorption of electron energy occurs in the cell walls. As the voltage of the accelerated electrons varies, so docs the energy absorbed in the circulating liquid. Many side effects of voltage are found to a minor degree —e.g., more air scatter, resulting in a broader beam across the cell circumference; more re- flection and energy loss in the cell wall at the lower voltages; and more electrons "lost" to the col- lection system at lower voltages. All these effects may be amalgam- ated by defining an effective or mean energy of the electrons absorbed in the liquid system. This effective energy is related to the operating Data were obtained over the operating voltage range of 2 to 3 mev. The results for an aluminum cell and a stainless steel cell are shown in Figure 1, in which the effective voltage, V e , is plotted against the operating voltage V 0 . Results for other cells are similar. The energy absorbed by the slow- ing of electrons in the cell walls is 11 kev per '/moo inch for aluminum; the corresponding value for steel is 29 kev. per Viooc inch. In practice these values appear low because of scatter of electrons in the metal. Our authors like to hear from readers. If you have questions or comments, or both, send them via The Editor, l/EC, 1155 16th Street N.W., Washington 6, D.C. Letters will be forwarded and answered promptly. 5 4 A INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Don't Give an Inch to FOAM
Transcript of Dow Corning CORPORATION
use Dow Corning Silicone Defoamers*
There's α right tool for every job. In foam control it's Dow Corning silicone anti-foamers or defoamers . . . job-proved thousands of times over as the most efficient, most economical, and most versatile foam suppressors available. * A r prescribed levels, are sanctioned by FDA
FREE SAMPLE and new manual on foam control
E 1B D o w C o r n i n g C O R P O R A T I O N
M I D L A N D . M I C H I G A N
Dept. 4211
Please rush a FREE SAMPLE of a Dow Corning silicone defoamer for my product or process, which is (indicate if food, aqueous, oil or other):
NAME
POSITION
COMPANY
ADDRESS
Circle No. 21 on Readers' Service Card
EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN.
2 . 0
>- ± u> <r Q Lu UJ ζ ω UJ OC
ο > < H υ Lu U_ u_ lu
I.O
0.5
2.0 2.5 ACCELERATOR VOLTAGE - Mev.
3.0
Figure 1 . Effective voltage is adsorbed in the liquid as a function of operating voltage for a stainless steel and an aluminum irradiation cell
• The reproducibility of the total energy absorbed as measured by chemical change was ± 1 % in the case of aluminum cells, ± 3 % for stainless steel cells.
• Varying the scan width at constant current between 5 and 14
voltage in a manner which may be determined experimentally.
Experiments were made using the sodium formate dosimeter in which the effective voltage (Ve) was found by the relationship :
Ve = -energy absorbed as measured by the chemical dosimeter
total electron charge
inches had no measurable effect on the total energy absorption.
• Varying the current from 50 to 900 μΆ. showed no effect on the total energy absorption.
Effect of Voltage Variation
Absorption of electron energy occurs in the cell walls. As the voltage of the accelerated electrons varies, so docs the energy absorbed in the circulating liquid. Many side effects of voltage are found to a minor degree—e.g., more air scatter, resulting in a broader beam across the cell circumference; more reflection and energy loss in the cell wall at the lower voltages; and more electrons "lost" to the collection system at lower voltages. All these effects may be amalgamated by defining an effective or mean energy of the electrons absorbed in the liquid system. This effective energy is related to the operating
Data were obtained over the operating voltage range of 2 to 3 mev. The results for an aluminum cell and a stainless steel cell are shown in Figure 1, in which the effective voltage, Ve, is plotted against the operating voltage V0. Results for other cells are similar.
The energy absorbed by the slowing of electrons in the cell walls is 11 kev per '/moo inch for aluminum; the corresponding value for steel is 29 kev. per Viooc inch. In practice these values appear low because of scatter of electrons in the metal.
Our authors like to hear from readers. If you have questions or comments, or both, send them via The Editor, l/EC, 1155 16th Street N.W., Washington 6, D.C. Letters will be forwarded and answered promptly.
5 4 A INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Don't Give an Inch to FOAM
