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DENTAL COMPOSITESDENTAL COMPOSITESManipulation and PropertiesManipulation and Properties

Stephen C. BayneProfessor and ChairDepartment of Cariology, Restorative Sciences,

and EndodonticsSchool of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI 48109-1078

DENT112, UNC School of Dentistry

© 2006, Bayne and Thompson.

BISCO http://www.bisco.com/Caulk http://www.caulk.com/Denmat http://www.dentalmaterial.com/Dentsply http://www.dentsply.com/DMG Hamburg http://www.dentalmaterial.com/ESPE http://www.espe.de/english/GC-America http://www.gcamerica.com/Ivoclar http://www.ivoclar.com/Jeneric-Pentron http://www.jeneric.com/Jelenko http://www.jelenko.com/Kerr Dental http://www.kerrdental.com/Kulzer http://www.kulzer.com/3M http://www.mmm.com/dental/Morita http://www.jmorita.com/SDI http://www.sdi.com.au/Shofu http://www.shofu.com/Sun Medical http://www.sunmedical.co.jp/Ultradent http://www.ultradent.com/

http:// www.iadr.com/ dmg/

MANUFACTURER WEBSITESAccessing Information

1950 19701960 2010200019901980

OriginalDevelopment

SELF-CURED

UV-CURED

VLC-CURED

MACROFILLSelf-Cured

Composites

MIDIFILLComposites

MICROFILLComposites

MIDIFILLComposites

Midi-HYBRIDComposites

UnbondedComposites

Acid-Etching andEnamel Bonding

Dentin-BondedComposites 3c, 2c, 1c

Dentin Bonding System

[QTH, PAC, Laser, LED]

COMPOSITE REFINEMENTSReviewing the last 50 years.

FLOWABLES

PACKABLES

Nano-HYBRIDCOMPOSITE

CONTROLLEDSHRINKAGEPrototypes

Mini-HYBRIDComposites

UnfinishedComposite Surface Finished

Composite Surface

EtchedEnamel Rods

Voids atMargins

SilicateReinforcing FillerCrosslinkedResin Matrix

COMPOSITE

EnamelSurface

INTERFACEINTERFACE INTERFACE

INTERFACE

INTERFACE

DEFINITION OF COMPOSITEPhases and Interfaces

50 v/o filler = 75 w/o filler

CLASSIFICATION SCHEMESFiller (or Matrix) Classification

70% 30%

TEXTURES

MEGAFILL MACROFILL MIDIFILL MINIFILL MICROFILL NANOFILL

NotShown

NotShown

DifferentFiller Particle

Sizes

HYBRID(MIDIFILL)

HYBRID(MINIFILL)

MixturesOf Filler

Sizes

Hetero-geneousMIDIFILL

Hetero-geneousMINIFILL

Hetero-geneous

MICROFILL

NotShown

NotShown

MixturesOf Pre-Cured

Pieces ofComposite

FILLER PARTICLESSchematic Examples

HOW DO YOU MAKE FILLERS?• Crushing, Grinding, Sieving• Vapor Phase Condensation• Sol-Gel Precipitation

2

Midi-Hybrid70% 30%

100 10-1 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-1010-2

METERS

Mini-Hybrid

1 m 1 cm 1 μm1 mm 1 nm1 dm 1 Å

StandardDentistryReference

Mega-Filler

Macro-Filler

Midi-Filler

Mini-Filler

Micro-Filler

Nano-Filler

0.011 μm 0.110100 0.001 0.0001

IPS Targetfor Wear

Resistance

Nano-Hybrid

AtomicDimensionsBacteria

Dentinal TubuleWidth

NANOCOMPOSITESWhat is all this “nano” stuff all about?

COMMERCIAL EXAMPLESHistorical vs Recent Commercial Products

FLOW BUTTONS(area calculated in mm2)

Enamel

DentinFlowableComposite

Composite

Second Generation FlowablesBayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ Jr, Stamatiades P, Wilderson M. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:567-577.

140 ± 2 bPoint 4 Flowable (Kerr)144 ±10 bFiltek Flow (3M-ESPE)148 ±27 bMetaFil Flo (Sun Dental)152 ±10 bcFlow-It ALC (Pentron)156 ±13 acTetric Flow (Ivoclar)156 ± 6 acLuxaFlow (DMG)159 ±17 acRevolution F2 (Kerr)173 ±21 acUniFil Flow (GC)191 ±13 acHeliomolar Flow (Ivoclar)197 ±31 acFlowLine (Kulzer)206 ±20 acWave (SDI)208 ±16 aStarFlow (Danville)

Flow(mm2)

Flowable(Company)

58 ±435 ±351 ±2

73 ±353 ±1054 ±3

72 ±447 ±741 ±552 ±435 ±538 ±145 ±323 ±438 ±155 ±337 ±539 ±461 ±534 ±323 ±133 ±315 ±224 ±144 ±119 ±126 ±239 ±419 ±124 ±231 ±317 ±622 ±440 ±722 ±331 ±5

θ,PLP

θ,OSP

θ,PBNT

140 ± 2 bPoint 4 Flowable (Kerr)144 ±10 bFiltek Flow (3M-ESPE)148 ±27 bMetaFil Flo (Sun Dental)152 ±10 bcFlow-It ALC (Pentron)156 ±13 acTetric Flow (Ivoclar)156 ± 6 acLuxaFlow (DMG)159 ±17 acRevolution F2 (Kerr)173 ±21 acUniFil Flow (GC)191 ±13 acHeliomolar Flow (Ivoclar)197 ±31 acFlowLine (Kulzer)206 ±20 acWave (SDI)208 ±16 aStarFlow (Danville)

Flow(mm2)

Flowable(Company)

θ = 25°GoodWetting

29

5

5

6

5

PorosityPorosity(%)(%)

Second Generation FlowablesProblems with flow onto bonding systems.

• SOLITAIRE and SOLITAIRE 2 (Hereaus-Kulzer)• A.L.E.R.T. CONDENSABLE (Jeneric-Pentron)• SUREFIL (LD Caulk)• GLACIER (Southern Dental Industries)• PYRAMID (BISCO)• PRODIGY CONDENSABLE (Kerr)• FILTEK P60 (3M)• SYNERGY COMPACT (Coltene / Whaledent)• HELIOMOLAR HB (Ivoclar-Vivadent)

PACKABLE RESTORATIVESAvailable in 2005

• HI-DENSE CONDENSABLE GI (Shofu)• FUJI IX PACKABLE (GC-America)

Ruddell DE, Thompson JY, Stamatiades PJ, Ward JC, Bayne SC, Shellard ER. Mechanical properties and wear behavior of condensable composites. J Dent Res 1999; 78 (Spec Issue):156, Abstr 407.

PACKABLE COMPOSITESLaboratory Mechanical Properties

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

STR

ENG

TH (M

Pa)

CS DTS FS DPHMECHANICAL PROPERTY

SolitaireALERTSureFilProdigy C

Herculite

3

COMPOSITE MANIPULATIONOperative Procedure Considerations

COMPOSITE MANIPULATIONOperative Procedure Considerations

AIR

Second increment

First increment 1.5 to 2.0 mmAIR

•• QuartzQuartz--TungstenTungsten--Halogen (QTH)Halogen (QTH) , , •• PlasmaPlasma--Arc (PAC), Arc (PAC), •• Lasers, Lasers, •• LightLight--Emitting Diode (LED)Emitting Diode (LED)

Curing EquipmentCuring EquipmentFactorsFactors

ProceduralProceduralFactorsFactors

RestorationRestorationFactorsFactors

•• Bulb frosting or degradationBulb frosting or degradation•• Light reflector degradationLight reflector degradation•• Optical filter degradationOptical filter degradation•• FiberFiber--optic bundle breakageoptic bundle breakage•• LightLight--guide fractureguide fracture•• Tip contamination by resin buildupTip contamination by resin buildup•• Line voltage inconsistenciesLine voltage inconsistencies•• Sterilization problemsSterilization problems•• Infection control barriers Infection control barriers

•• Light tip directionLight tip direction•• Access to restorationAccess to restoration•• DISTANCE from surfaceDISTANCE from surface•• Size of tipSize of tip•• Tip movementTip movement•• TIME of exposureTIME of exposure

•• Restoration thicknessRestoration thickness•• Cavity design Cavity design •• Filler Filler -- amount and sizeamount and size•• Restoration shadeRestoration shade•• Monomer ratiosMonomer ratios

FACTORS AFFECTING CUREFACTORS AFFECTING CUREEquipmentEquipment + + Procedural Procedural + + RestorativeRestorative FactorsFactors

WAVELENGTH (nm)WAVELENGTH (nm)UVUV VisibleVisible IRIRCQCQ

INTRAPULPAL HEAT,INTRAPULPAL HEAT,GINGIVAL IRRITATIONGINGIVAL IRRITATION

INTE

NSI

TYIN

TEN

SITY

UVUV

band

band

-- pas

spa

ssfil

ter

filte

r

IRIR band

band

-- pas

spa

ssfil

ter

filte

r

•• Power SupplyPower Supply•• Cycle Timer (Circuit Board)Cycle Timer (Circuit Board)•• BulbBulb / Reflector/ Reflector•• FilterFilter•• FanFan•• FiberFiber--Optic TrainOptic Train

Check Fiber Optic TipsCheck Fiber Optic Tips

Check BulbCheck Bulband Reflectorand Reflector

Clean ReflectorClean Reflector

4

180180--11001100mW/cm2mW/cm2

WAVELENGTH (nm)WAVELENGTH (nm)

VisibleVisible CQCQ

INTE

NSI

TYIN

TEN

SITY

LED LIGHTSLED LIGHTSLight Emitting DiodesLight Emitting Diodes

Advantages:Advantages:Matched to CQ peak.Matched to CQ peak.Reduced Reduced ““II”” needed.needed.Easy to clean.Easy to clean.Totally quiet; No fan.Totally quiet; No fan.Small; Handy.Small; Handy.No wires.No wires.

LOWCOST

FirstGeneration

LED CURING LIGHTSLED CURING LIGHTS[Output = LED power; #; focusing][Output = LED power; #; focusing]

Visible Light LED:Visible Light LED: Company:Company: Price: # Price: # LEDsLEDs::

EliparElipar FreeLightFreeLight 3M3M ESPE ESPE $ 999$ 999 1919NRG NRG Dentsply/CaulkDentsply/Caulk $ 949$ 949 77Ultra Ultra LumeLume LED 1LED 1 UltradentUltradent $ 899 ($699)$ 899 ($699)Ultra Ultra LumeLume LED 2LED 2 UltradentUltradent $1299 ($999)$1299 ($999)CoolBlueCoolBlue Dental SystemsDental Systems $1195$1195NovaNova Curing Curing TechologiesTechologies $1495$1495 77GC eGC e--LightLight GC AmericaGC America $1495$1495AllegroAllegro DenmatDenmat -- -- -- -- -- 11EliparElipar FreeLightFreeLight 22 3M3M ESPE ESPE $1495$1495 11LEDemetronLEDemetron KerrKerr -- -- -- -- -- 11UltraUltra--LumeLume LED 5LED 5 UltradentUltradent -- -- -- -- -- 55the CUREthe CURE Spring Health ProductsSpring Health Products $ 499$ 499 11SmartLiteSmartLite iQiQ Caulk/DentsplyCaulk/Dentsply -- -- -- -- -- 11RadiiRadii SDISDI $ 695$ 695 11Cool Blue WandCool Blue Wand MilestoneMilestone -- -- -- -- -- 11

SignificantSignificantmaterialmaterialremovalremoval

OriginalOriginalroughrough

surfacesurface

COARSECOARSEfinishedfinished

New surfaceNew surfaceapproximatesapproximatesabrasive sizeabrasive size

PolishedPolished

Smearing andSmearing andburnishing toburnishing to

smoothen surfacesmoothen surface

FINEFINEfinishedfinished

Fine groovesFine grooves

FINISHING AND POLISHINGFINISHING AND POLISHING

TWO CRITICAL FACTORS for Finishing and Polishing:TWO CRITICAL FACTORS for Finishing and Polishing:(1) Abrasive size(1) Abrasive size(2) Filler particle size(2) Filler particle size

SURFACE ROUGHNESSSURFACE ROUGHNESS = = RaRaAverage upAverage up--andand--down geometry =down geometry =

20 20 μμmm 2 2 μμmm 0.2 0.2 μμmm

0 25 50 75 1000

2

3

4

5

CONVERSION (%)

SHR

INK

AG

E (%

)

1

65%65%ConversionConversion

50% Filler25% Bis-GMA25% TEGDMA

Flow

Bond Stretching(External Contraction)

Porosity Formation(Internal Contraction)

POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGEPOLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE

1515--25% =25% =GellationGellation

Curing LightCuring Light

2. SHAPE2. SHAPE--OFOF--CURECURE

0 mm0 mm

11

22

33

44

3.3. DEPTHDEPTH--OFOF--CURECURE

Z100Z100

1.1. DEGREEDEGREE--OFOF--CONVERSIONCONVERSION

65%65%

25%25%

45%45%

CHEMICAL PROPERTIESCHEMICAL PROPERTIES COMPOSITE WEARCOMPOSITE WEAR

5 Wear Types:5 Wear Types:

CFA = food bolus wearCFA = food bolus wearOCA = impact wearOCA = impact wearFCA = sliding wearFCA = sliding wearPCA = sliding wearPCA = sliding wearTBA = abrasive wearTBA = abrasive wear

5

100% 1st Molars

2nd Molars

2nd Premolars

1st Premolars

FOOD BOLUS

60%

40%

30%

Wilder AD, May KN, Bayne SC, Taylor DF, Leinfelder KF. 17-year clinical evaluation of UV-cured composite resinsin posterior teeth. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 173, Abstr 2100.

100

200

300

1 2 5 10 20TIME (years)

WEA

R (C

FA, μ

m)

R2 = 0.99

ENAMELENAMEL

MACROPROTECTION

MICROPROTECTION

LATEWEAR

MIDDLEWEAR

EARLYWEAR

SC Bayne

???•• Degradation by esterase, bleaching, Degradation by esterase, bleaching, ……..•• Generation of formaldehyde and water.Generation of formaldehyde and water.

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIESBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIESVery poorly understood.Very poorly understood.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU