Sparta

Spartan HistoryFoundation1000 BCGovernmentAncientCultureSocietyMilitaryWarFall317 BCQuestionableIdeal AristocraticHistorians exaggerationSocial StructureThree Distinct ClassesHelots: slave class; not considered citizensPerioikoi: free people, but lacked rightsSpartiates (homoioi): citizens with full rights and standing

Values of SpartaMilitary Virtues: bravery, obedience, strength, duty, honor, sacrifice, dying in battleSimplistic lifestyleLaconic SpeechRespect for eldersDeception of helots, of soldiers, encouraging theft

Women and MarriageAlso underwent rigorous physical training, but not militaryCompared to other city-states, Spartan women had substantial rights- owning property, less restrictive clothingNot exactly monogamous Government in SpartaThe Lycurgan ConstitutionC. 640 BC, militarization of stateKingsThe EphorsOversee the laws and societyThe Gerousia28 > 60; plus KingsThe ApellaMale Citizens>30; 9000 eligibleThe PerioikoiVillagers; local citizenship (not citizens)

TrainingAt the age of 7, Spartan boys entered the agoge ("the upbringing")Three age classes, 7-18 year olds, 18-20, 20-30 -Military training began at age 16Debate of male companionsCompetitions of endurance and discipline -Annual whipping -Self-ControlUltimate Spartan Honor: to serve as one of the hippeisSpartans in battle -acts of discipline -competing for glory -silence

This is Sparta! myths!Leonidas didnt kick that Persian Ambassador down a well While the size of the Persian armies in the movie is consistent with Herodotus, in the millions, modern scholars maintain that the Persians had no more than 200,000.

The Athenian General Themistocles suggested using Thermopylae. 7,000 Greeks at Thermopylae in addition to the 300.

~ 2,000 Greeks stayed behind.

The Greco-Persian WarBattle of Marathon

Battle of Thermopylae and Artemesium- 480

Battle of Salamis

Battle of Platea and Mycale

The Peloponnesian WarArchimadian WarPeace of NiciasBattle of MantineaSicilian ExpeditionBattle of Aegospomati

MOLON LABE-Come and receive!

The Corinthian WarPersians beat Sparta at seaAthens regains powerPersians turn on the CoalitionSparta defeats Athens at sea, escape blockadeThe Peace of Antalcidas is reached.ID TermsHoplite- literally armored man; Greek soldierPhalanx- battle formation commonly used in Greece.Gerousia- Spartan Council of 30; 60 years old or older (includes 2 kings)Periokoi- common folk in Laconia (non-citizens)Agoge- the upbringing; military lifestyle beginning at age 7.BibliographyBurckhardt, Jacob. History of Greek Culture. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1963. Bury, J.B.. A History of Greece. Canada Limited: Random House, 1913.Cartledge, Paul, and Antony Spawforth. Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A tale of two cities. London & New York: Routledge, 1989. Croix, S.. The Origins of the Peloponnesian War. Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1972.Green, Peter. A Concise History of Ancient Greece. London: Thames andHudson Ltd, 1973.Green, Peter. The Greco-Persian Wars. London: University of California Press, 1996. Hamilton, Charles. Sparta's Bitter Victories. Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1979. Hodkinson, Stephen. Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta. New York: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd, 2000.Jarde, A. The Formation of the Greek People. Plymoth: Mayflower Express, 1926.Krentz, Peter. The Nature of Hoplite Battle. Classical Antiquity 4.1(1985) : 50-61. Polis and Polemos: Essays on Politics, War, and History in Ancient Greece in Honor of Donald Kagan. Ed. Charles D. Hamilton & Peter Krentz. Claremont, California: Regina Books, 1997. Powell, Anton. Athens and Sparta. 2nd. New York: Routledge, 2001. 300. Dir. Zack Snyder. Blu-Ray. Warner Bros., 2006.