- , I

1. .2. Cl, Cl ;3. :PbCrO4 K2CrO4, Pb(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2.4. ( ): Ag+ Zn2+, Hg2+- Hg22+. . ; ) AgCl Hg2Cl2, ) AgCl PbCl2, ) [Ag(NH3)2]+Cl-- Pb(NO3)2, ) PbCl2 Hg2Cl2.

Cu2+, Cd2+, () - ,

1. :) ) () ().2. , (Cu2+, Cd2+, As (III) ).3. As2S3 [+] = 1 , [+] = 0.1 , [S2-] ;4. Cu2+ Cd2+, 0.025 HCl 0.3 H2S. + ; 5. 1 mL 34 4.8 mg CuS 7.2 mg CdS , 3 ;

Al3+, Fe3+,Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+

, III.1. ;) Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)3, ) Zn(OH)2 Al(OH)3, ) Na2S CoS, ) Fe(OH)3 Ni(OH)22. N ) NH34M, ) NaOH 4M , Cu2+, Cd2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+.3. 4+, Mn2+,Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ ;4. Fe3+, Ni2+ Co2+ F- ;5. ZnCl2, CH3COOH CH3COONa 0.01 , 0.1 0.62 , , . ;

/ / EDTA VII

1. :) EDTA, Ca2+, , Mg2+;) EDTA, , pH 10,0;2. N [Zn2+] [ZnY]2-, 1,00x10-3, pH ) 4.00, ) 6.00.3. [ZnY]2-, n,1, NH30.100 M - NH4Cl 0.180 M. : K1= 102,27, K2= 102,34, K3= 102,40, K4= 102,05.4. pH, Zn2+1.00x10-3 M EDTA 0.100 , 99,9% EDTA 0,1 % ( 0,1%) ( , = 1).5. D 0.01000 M mg CaCO3/ml.

, I -

1. Ag++ Cl-=AgCl()Pb2++ 2Cl-=PbCl2()Hg22++ 2Cl-=Hg22Cl2()PbCl2(. ) =Pb2++ 2Cl-Pb2++ CrO42-=PbCrO4()PbCrO4+ 4-= [Pb(OH)4]2-+ CrO42-AgCl+ 2NH3= [Ag(NH3)2]++ Cl-[Ag(NH3)2]++ Cl-+ 2H+=AgCl+ 2NH4+[Ag(NH3)2]++ I-=AgI+ 2NH3HgCl2+ 2NH3=HgNH2Cl+Hg+ Cl-+ NH4+2. Cl , Cl .3. PbCrO4 K2CrO4, ( PbCrO4 , K2CrO4).Pb(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2, HCl 1 ( , ).4. Ag+ Zn2+, Cl 4M. Hg2+- Hg22+, Cl 4M.5. ) AgCl Hg2Cl2, 34. ) AgCl PbCl2, .) [Ag(NH3)2]+Cl-- Pb(NO3)2, 34, ) PbCl2 Hg2Cl2, .

, -

1. ) 2S () (HCl 0,1 0,3 ).) () () As2S3 OH- S2-(NaOH ).2. Cu2++ S2-=CuS()Cd2++ S2-=CdS()2As3++ 3S2-=As2S3()2As2S3+ 4OH-= AsO2-+ 3[AsS2-] + 2H2OAs2S3+ 3S2-= 2[AsS3]3-2AsS2-+ 2CH3COOH=As2S3+ H2S + 2CH3COO-As2S3+ 14H2O2+ 12OH-(34)= 2As43-+3S42-+ 20H2OAs43-+ Mg2++ NH4+=MgNH4AsO4()As43-+ 3NH4++ 12Mo42-+24H+=(NH4)3[AsMo12O40]+12H2O ()3CuS+ 2NO3-+ 8H+(. . 3) =3Cu2++ 2NO + 3S+ 4H2O3CdS+ 2NO3-+ 8H+(. . 3) = 3Cd2++ 2NO + 3S+ 4H2OCu2++ NH3= [Cu(NH3)4]2+()Cd2++ NH3= [Cd(NH3)4]2+2 [Cu(NH3)4]2++ 8CH3COOH + [Fe(CN)6]4-=Cu2Fe(CN)6() + 8NH4++ 8CH3COO-( Cu2+)[Cu(NH3)4]2++ S242-+ 2H2O=Cu+ 2S32-+ 4NH4+[Cd(NH3)4]2++ H2S + 2H+=CdS() + 44+ 3. As2S3 [+] = 1 , [+] = 0.1 , AsO2-+ 4H+= As3++ H2O + As3+, S2- As2S3.4. Cu2++ 2S=CuS+ 2+, Cd2++ 2S=CdS+ 2+ + Cu2+ Cd2+, + 0,4 .5. :3CuS+ 2NO3-+ 8H+(. . 3) = 3Cu2++ 2NO + 3S+ 4H2O3CdS+ 2NO3-+ 8H+(. . 3) = 3Cd2++ 2NO + 3S+ 4H2O CuS CdS (4,8/96 7,2/144) 0,05 mmmoles , 8 mmoles HNO3 3 mmoles CuS CdS, 0,05 x (8/3) + 0,05 x (8/3) = 0.267 mmoles HNO3, . (0,267/4) x 100 = 6.7% 3 1 mL 34 (1mL x 4mmoles/mL = 4 mmoles).

, III -

1. ) NaOH 4 M, ) NH34 M, ) H2O, ) NH34M.2. ) Cu2++ 2NH3+2H2O=Cu(OH)2+ 2NH4+ Cu(OH)2+ 4NH3= [Cu(NH3)4]2++ 2OH-Al3++ 3NH3+3H2O=Al(OH)3+ 3NH4+Fe3++ 3NH3+3H2O=Fe(OH)3+ 3NH4+Ni2++ 2NH3+2H2O=Ni(OH)2+ 2NH4+Ni(OH)2+ 6NH3= [Ni(NH3)6]++ 2OH-Zn2++ 2NH3+2H2O=Zn(OH)2+ 2NH4+Zn(OH)2+ 4NH3= [Zn(NH3)4]++ 2OH-) Cu2++ 2-=Cu(OH)2Al3++ 3-=Al(OH)3Al(OH)3+ -= [Al()4]-Fe3++ 3OH-=Fe(OH)3Ni2++ 2OH-=Ni(OH)2Zn2++ 2OH-=Zn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+ 2OH-= [Zn(OH)4]2-3. , NH3+ H2O NH + OH-, -, , Mn2+Fe2+ , Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ .4. ... Fe3+ F-([FeF6]3-), Ni2+ Co2+( Ni2+ 3, Fe(OH)3, Co2+ SCN- [Fe(SCN)n]3-n.5. . 1,3 x 10-8%.

, VII -

1. :) ( Ca-, 8x103, Mg-, 3x105, , , , Ca2+ EDTA, ).) ) [CaY]2-, [MgY]2- [Mg]- pH ( ), ) , 3- , ) pH < 10 2- .2. ) [Zn2+] = 2,9 x 10-6) [Zn2+] = 3.7 x 10-8.3. KMY= 1.3 x 10104. pH= 4,55. 1 mg CaCO3/mL.