i

.

, . ,

,

. ,

.

, .

,

.

,

, ,

,

.

, ,

.

ii

................................................................................................................. i

......................................................................................... ii

............................................................................................... iv

............................................................................................... iv

.......................................................................................................... vi

.................................................................................................................. vii

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................viii

1 ............................................................................................................... 1

1.1 ................................................................................................ 1

1.2 ......................................................................... 1

1.3 ................................. 2

2 .......................................................................... 3

2.1 ........................................................................... 3

2.2 ........................................................................ 4

2.3 ................................................................... 7

3 ................................................................................. 11

3.1 .................................................................................. 11

3.1.1 ...................................................................................... 11

3.1.2 .......................................................................... 12

3.1.3 ...................................................................... 13

3.1.4 ................................................................................. 14

3.2 ..................................................................... 18

3.2.1 ................................................................... 18

3.2.2 ..... 19

3.2.3 ...................................................... 27

3.2.4 ................................................. 28

3.2.5 ................................................................ 28

3.3 ......................................... 31

3.3.1 .................................................................................. 32

3.3.2 ArcGIS............................................................ 32

4 ............................ 34

4.1 ..................................................................................................... 34

4.1.1 ................ 34

4.1.2 ..................................................... 39

iii

4.1.3 ................... 42

4.2 .............................................. 51

4.2.1 ............................................................................................... 51

4.2.2 ............................................................................................... 55

4.2.3 ................................................................................... 61

4.3 ......................................................................................... 64

5 68

5.1 .................................................................................... 68

5.1.1 ................................................................................ 68

5.1.2 ................................................................................................ 71

5.1.3 ............................................................................................ 72

5.1.4 .................................................................... 73

5.2 ............................................ 75

5.2.1 .................................................................................... 75

5.2.2 .................................................................. 76

5.2.3 ..................................................................... 79

5.3 ............................... 82

5.3.1 ............................................................................... 82

5.3.2 .................................................................................. 86

5.3.3 ............................................................................. 90

5.3.4 ................................................................................... 93

5.3.5 ........................................................................... 95

5.4

98

5.4.1

98

5.4.2 .................................................................... 100

5.4.3 ............................................ 100

6 ..................................................... 103

6.1 ............................................................................................ 103

6.2 ...................................................................................... 104

.......................................................................................... 106

......................................................................................................... 108

......................................................................................................... 109

......................................................................................................... 115

iv

1.

Cr. .............................................................................................. 10

2. (: 1/50.000) . ... 15

3. Cr(tot) . ............................................ 20

4. Cr(tot) . ................................ 25

5. . .............................. 42

6. ........................................................................... 55

7. . .......................................................................... 61

8. . ......................................... 62

9. .

...................................................................................................................................... 65

10. . ............................................... 73

11.

. ....................................................................................................... 77

12. Cr(tot) Cr(VI)

.................................................................................................. 79

13. . .......................................... 100

1. (: Rowbotham et al. 2000). ............... 7

2.

(Oze et al. 2007).

........................................................................................................................................ 8

3.

, ,

(: http://www.gsf.fi/publ/foregsatlas/). .................................................................... 9

4. . ...................................................... 16

5. . ......................................................... 17

6. . ............... 21

7. 2000 2005. .............................................. 23

8. Cr(tot). ..................... 24

9. Cr(tot) . ................................ 26

10. Cr(tot) . ................................................... 26

11. . ........................................... 27

12. ........................................... 29

13. Arc Map. ...................................................... 33

14. Cr(tot). ............................... 37

15. Cr(tot) ()

() ........................................................................................................................... 39

16. Cr(tot)

. .............................................................................................. 41

17. . ..................................................................... 43

v

18. . .................................................................... 44

19. . ................................................................... 45

20. V. .................................................................. 46

21. V. ................................................................... 47

22. VI. .................................................................. 48

23. . ..................................................... 50

24. .................................................................. 51

25.

( 7 ). ............................ 52

26. Cr(tot),

. .................................................................................................................................. 53

27.

. .............................................................................................. 54

28. . ..................................................................... 56

29.

( 7 ). . 57

30. Cr(tot),

. .................................................................................................................................. 58

31.

. .............................................................................................. 59

32. . .................................... 62

33. Cr(tot),

. ................................................................................................. 63

34. Cr(tot) Cr(VI) .

...................................................................................................................................... 65

35.

. ......................................... 67

36. . ....................... 70

37. .. (

et al. 1978, 2008). .......................................................................... 74

38.

( et al. 1978, 2005). ........................................................................... 75

39. ................ 78

40. Cr(tot) Cr(VI)

. ....................................................................................................... 80

41. . ................................................................................. 83

42.

. .................................................................................................................. 85

43. . ...................................................................................... 86

44. .

...................................................................................................................................... 89

45. . .............................................................................. 90

46.

. ........................................................................................................................... 92

47. . .................................................................................... 93

48. .

...................................................................................................................................... 95

49. . ................................................................................ 96

vi

50.

................................................................................................................ 97

51. . .............................................. 102

Crtot

Cr(VI)

DO

GIS Geographic Information Systems

TOC Total Organic Carbon ( )

vii

, .

Life+ CHARM (Chromium in

Asopos groundwater system: Remediation Technologies and Measures), ,

,

(Cr(VI))

(threshold values,TV) .

,

,

.

,

. ,

,

.

. ,

, 15 g/L

9,9 g/L.

, 50 g/L

29,4 g/L.

.

, .

.

, , ,

.

,

.

, ,

. ,

, .

,

. ,

.

viii

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the presence of indigenous Chromium in the

groundwater of Greece with a placed emphasis on the Asopos river basin. It

constitutes an integral part of the Life+ CHARM (Chromium in Asopos

groundwater system: Remediation Technologies and Measures) funded

programme, which, among other things, is mainly targeted towards assessing,

on the one hand, the impact of soil characteristics and groundwater into the

presence of high concentrations of natural background hexavalent Chromium

and, on the other hand, the development of a rational methodology for

determining threshold values (TV) in groundwater.

The search for indigenous Chromium was based on Greek regions with

systematic recordings of Chromium in their groundwater solely attributed to

natural sources. Great significance was given on locating areas in safety

distance from anthropogenic pressures, so that their contributing to Chromium

detection could be excluded. The research was led up to two regions which

were analysed in terms of groundwater quality, geology and geomorphology.

In a recent sample survey, the methodology for Chromium detection is

confirmed and further data for one of the two regions are collected. The

analysis of the two regions highlighted the presence of indigenous Chromium

in the groundwater of Greece with concentrations as high as 15 g/L and 9.9

g/L on average. The sample survey confirmed the presence of Chromium in

groundwater with significant detection at 50 g/L and 29,4 g/L on an

average scale. The research conducted on these two regions showed that

Chromium concentration in groundwater seems to depend on the regions

geology and morphology along with the samples distance from natural

sources.

The research of the Asopos river basin constituted a distinctive part of the

study due to the well-known anthropogenic pollution of the area. The analysis

of the aforementioned region commenced with a recording of its current state

and groundwater quality. A more in-depth analysis followed which focused on

the major regions in terms of anthropogenic pressures, indigenous resources,

morphology and groundwater quality. The study pinpoints the presence of

Chromium in concentrations higher than the rest of Greece, a fact that can be

attributed to anthropogenic and indigenous causes. There is a notable

resemblance concerning geology and morphology between regions where

indigenous Chromium was detected. There was special emphasis placed on

locating regions afar form anthropogenic pressures with the purpose of

researching indigenous Chromium. The study concluded in two regions where

sampling is highly recommended with the aim of reaffirming the presence of

indigenous Chromium in the Asopos river basin. Finally, further research is

considered vital in order to assess the extent to which indigenous Chromium

ix

interferes with the total concentration measures in the groundwater of the

Asopos river basin.

1

1

1.1

,

.

, ,

.

Life+ CHARM (Chromium in Asopos

groundwater system: Remediation Technologies and Measures), ,

,

(Cr(VI))

(threshold

values,TV) .

,

, (Cr(III)) (Cr(VI))

.

,

, Cr(III)

, Cr(VI), .

. , ,

(.. )

,

,

.

1.2

6 ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

()

.

2

,

. ,

, ,

.

,

.

.

,

.

1.3

. ,

. ,

,

, ,

.

3

2

2.1

(Cr)

. ,

.

, 100 g/L.

1g/L 10 g/L, 0,4g/L 8 g/L.

0,1 g/m3, 5

g/L 800 g/L 5,2 mg/L 26 g/L.

5 mg/kg

1800 mg/kg. (2-60

mg/kg), 60,000 mg/kg (Oze et al.

2004).

( 0,19 mg/kg) (INCHEM 1988).

-4 +6,

Cr(0), Cr(III), Cr(VI). Cr(0)

.

(Cr(III)) (Cr2O3)

(Cr(OH)3), (CrOH2+),

(Cr(VI)) (Cr2O72-)

(BaCrO4) (N2Cr2O7) (Hem 1992, Deutch 1997, Guertin et al.

2005).

(pH) (Eh).

, Cr(III) Cr(VI),

. Early and Rai (1987)

Fendorf and Zasoski (1992) Cr(III) Cr(VI)

( -MnO2(s), -

Mn2(s), -MnO2(s)) :

Cr3+ + 1,5-MnO2 + H2O HCrO4- + 1,5Mn2+ + H+

,

, ,

(, , ,

), , ,

(ATSDR 2008).

, Cr(III), ,

(Glucose

Tolerance Factor, GTF). GTF, ,

4

(INCHEM 1988). , Jacob and Testa

(2004), .

,

(NRC), 50 200 g . ,

(IARC) Cr(III)

3, .

, Cr(VI) ,

, ,

, ( 67/548/

92/32/).

(USEPA) Cr(VI)

, .

Cr(VI), ,

.

Cr(VI) ,

, . Cr(VI)

, ,

, .

Cr(VI)

( 2009).

Cr(VI) . ,

.

(IARC), Cr(VI)

Cr(III) ,

, Cr(III)

.

Cr(VI), , .

Cr(VI) .

Cr(VI)

DNA

(Guertin et al 2005, 2009).

, Cr(VI)

. ,

Cr(VI) .

2.2

, (Dermatas et al

2012).

.

5

A. Cr(III) Cr(VI) : ,

, ,

,

. Cr(III)

(Jacobs and Testa 2005).

(, , ),

, .

Cr(III) Cr(VI)

,

Cr(V)

(Becquer et al. 2003). Cr(VI)

, (Gonzalez

et al. 2005), (Fantoni et al. 2002) (Moraetis et al.

2012).

Cr(V) Mojave Desert

(Ball and Izbicki 2004). ,

Cr(VI)

,

(granitic), .

. 0,8

g/L 60 g/L, (Ball and Izbicki

2004).

B. :

67% ( , , Fe-Ni/Cu-

Cr), 15% ( , ,

, ..) 18% (..

Mg) (Saha et al. 2011).

, (2007),

:

6

, ,

. Cr(III)

,

,

Cr(VI)

( 2007).

( / ),

Cr(III) Cr(VI) . ,

,

Cr(VI)

pH (Stanin and Pirnie 2004).

, ,

:

(),

,

.

,

(Molina et al. 2009),

Cr(VI)

. ,

Cr(III) Cr(VI)

, (Jacobs and

Testa 2004).

( 1)

.

7

1. (: Rowbotham et al. 2000).

2.3

.

,

.

. ,

,

(), (),

,

() . , ,

,

,

.

8

(blogs)

,

.

(asopos sos - http://asopossos.wordpress.com/). , (,

..)

.

.

- .

( 2008).

, 2,

(Oze et al. 2007).

FORECS (Forum European Geological Surveys), 3.

2.

(Oze et al. 2007).

9

3. , ,

(: http://www.gsf.fi/publ/foregsatlas/).

10

A. :

.

,

.

,

(). ,

,

.

1.

Cr.

13.1 13.3 () 13.9 15.1 (),

,

18.1 20.2 20.3 , ,

23.2 23.3 24.1 24.2 , ,

24.3 24.4

24.5 25.1 25.2 , 25.6 25.7 , 25.9 27.3 28.4 28.9 38.1 38.2

11

3

,

,

.

,

().

3.1

, ,

. ,

, ,

. ,

, ,

:

1.

2.

3.

4.

3.1.1

.

excel.

(pH, , , , ),

(, , , , , , ,

, , , , , , , ,

), ,

, ..

.

:

1. (2011a).

, Intergeo . .

12

2. (2011b).

, .

3. . (2008).

. , .

4. Moraetis D., Nikolaidis N. P., Karatzas G. P., Dokou Z., Kalogerakis N.,

Winkel .L and Palaiogianni-Bellou A., (2012). Origin and mobility of

hexavalent chromium in North-Eastern Attica, Greece, Applied Geochemistry,

27, 6, 1170-1178.

( 2, 3.2.1) :

: , , ,

: , ,

: pH, (F), (B),

(Crtot), (As), (Pb), (Cd), (Ni),

(Zn), (Mo), (Mn), (Cu), (Ba),

(Hg), (Se), (Co), (Fe), (SO42-),

(NO3-), (Cl-), (EC).

3.1.2

,

,

.. ,

,

, ,

. ( 2.2),

, , (,

, ), .

.

,

, 1000

(2001).

.

,

,

13

. ,

:

, , , (1997).

, , .

(2012).

,

.

(2011).

, Energy and Climate

Change, Athens

, ,

( 2.2).

shape file (http://geodata.gov.gr/geodata/),

, , .

(),

()

(),

.

,

.

, .

,

.

3.1.3

.

,

-.

.

14

(, 1/500.000).

,

, 1/50.000

( 2).

.

,

.

(http://www.openstreetmap.org/),

.

.

.

Google Earth

765 .

3.1.4

-

. shape file,

(http://geodata.gov.gr/geodata/),

.

(1, 2, 3, 4 )

()

(Corine Land Cover)

15

2. (: 1/50.000) .

1 12 23 34

2 -

13 24 35

3 14 - 25 36

4 15 26 37 -

5 16 27 38

6 17 28 - 39

7 18 29 40

8 19 30 41

9 20 31 42

10 21 32 43

11 22 - 33 44

16

4. .

17

5. .

18

3.2

, .

,

.

3.2.1

, ,

.

.

excel

.

38057 , 9871

( 3.1.1).

. ,

. ,

,

( ),

.

1. GWB ( ) 2. ID ( ) 3. TYPE ( ) 4. X (, 87) 5. Y (, 87) 6. 7. 8.

. ,

,

. 5899

.

.

,

.

19

.

, .

(2011b)

,

,

. , ,

,

, . ,

,

.

: Cr(VI), Mg, TOC, Ca, K, Na, HCO3-, N4

+,NO2-,

(DO).

.

, 264,

6095 Cr(tot)

264 Cr(VI).

3.2.2

,

, , ,

.

,

. 4,

,

.

20

3. Cr(tot) .

Cr(tot) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

(g/L) 7,3 28,3 12,4 15,1 7,4 10,3 7,1 5,4 5,8 6,5 22,1 28,9

(g/L)

13,6 29,5 12,3 5,0 5,9 11,9 9,4 10,7 11,4 16,4 31,2 36,2

(g/L)

21

6. .

3,

7,3 g/L. ( 6)

2000

(28,3 g/L),

2006 (5,4 g/L).

(2007 2008),

2010 (28,9 g/L).

2008

(11 2009 61 2010)

, 6. ,

2006 2008,

, .

2002 2004, 29 10 .

2000, 2001, 2003 2005 230

500 . ,

22

. 2006

2008

,

.

2000 2005 .

2006 2008,

. , (2009

2010) ,

,

.

7 2000

2005. , 2000

.

, ,

- . 2001 ,

. 2002

. 2003

, ,

. 2004

. 2005

,

. 2006 2008,

, , 2009 2010,

( ) .

23

7. 2000 2005.

. 8,

(72.53%) (0-5 g/L),

.

.

(6-15 g/L) 17,1% ,

. (16-30 g/L) 7%

, (31-50 g/L) 1.8% . ,

1.6%

(50 g/L), 0.33% , 100 g/L.

24

8. Cr(tot).

( 4). 9 ,

( ),

,

, .

(, ,

, , , ,

) 7,15 g/L 9,16 g/L.

,

(15,86 g/L),

.

25

4. Cr(tot) .

Cr(tot)

(g/L)

(g/L)

(g/L)

(g/L) #

. 3,26 3,94 2,5 2,5 2,5 30 27,5 210

. 5,43 7,27 2,5 2,5 2,5 30 27,5 321

. 5,29 13,40 2,5 2,5 2,5 153 150,5 213

. . 15,86 25,43 2,5 0,01 5 190 190 573

2,73 3,38 2,5 2,5 2,5 94 91,5 831

8,64 20,11 2,5 2,5 2,5 250 247,5 249

. . 7,99 10,62 2,5 2,5 2,5 90 87,5 197

7,88 12,30 2,5 2,5 2,5 70 67,5 229

. 7,84 10,66 2,5 2,5 2,5 83 80,5 731

. 7,14 11,17 2,5 2,5 2,5 203 200,5 1195

. 8,34 15,52 2,5 2,5 2,5 170 167,5 296

9,16 15,84 10 2,5 10 160 157,5 188

8,68 12,82 2,5 2,5 2,5 55 52,5 144

5,91 10,85 2,5 2,5 2,5 150 147,5 717

7,28 13,56 2,5 0,01 2,5 250 250 6095

26

9. Cr(tot) .

, . ,

10,

,

, ,

, ( 80

g/L). , ,

, ,

175 g/L,

247.5 g/L.

10. Cr(tot) .

, ,

.

27

, .

3.2.3

( 3.1.2)

4 .

,

:

( 2001, 2009, 2011, 2012).

.. ,

. ( 11).

.

11. .

28

3.2.4

.

:

1. .

.

GIMP2.

.

2. .

, ,

.

.

.

765 Google Earth.

, 8 ,

, GIMP2.

8 1 ArcGIS.

12,

.

3.2.5

shape file

.

29

12. .

30

GIMP2 Google Earth.

.

GIMP2 Gimp (GNU Image Manipulation Program)

raster.

, Microsoft

Windows, Mac OS X Apple, GNU/Linux.

, GIMP

, ,

,

. ,

, GIF MPEG

Animation plug-in.

Google Earth Google Earth

Internet

: windows (2000/XP/Vista), Linux, MacOSX.

. Google Earth

,

, ,

. Google Earth,

2004 .

:

,

, ,

, shp tab.

wmv.

31

3.3

(), GIS

(Geographic Information Systems),

(spatial data) .

, , , ,

(geographically referenced) .

, ,

,

( ),

(spatial data),

( ) (

, ) (Hellas GIS, Wikipedia).

.

, .. ,

,

, , ..

(Information Systems)

, , , ,

.

, (spatial)

,

.

,

.

(Hellas GIS, Wikipedia):

1. (relational) ,

.

2. (object-oriented) ,

,

.

,

.

( ),

, ,

,

.

32

3.3.1

:

.

,

.

(vector),

, . ,

,

.

. ,

.

. , ..

(1:1000) ,

(1:10.000)

. , 1-1

. (Raster)

(.. ,

)

.

(Hellas GIS, Wikipedia).

3.3.2 ArcGIS

ArcGIS 9.3 Desktop.

Arc View, Arc Editor Arc info. Arc Info

.

ArcGIS Desktop :

1. Arc Map 2. Arc Catalog 3. Arc Toolbox

Arc Map

Arc Map ( 13), ,

(Map). , Arc Map

,

, .

,

, .

33

13. Arc Map.

Arc Catalog

Arc Catalog .

Windows Explorer,

. Arc Catalog

,

. , ,

.

. , ,

, Arc Map.

Arc Toolbox

Arc Toolbox Arc GIS,

.

, ,

(data format)

.

34

4

4.1

,

, ( )

.

-

, .

:

4.1.1

,

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

( 1 )

,

( 2000 2007).

,

.

.

Cr(tot) 30 g/L

Cr(tot) 20 g/L

Cr(tot) 10 g/L

35

, . ,

( ),

.

.

,

.

,

(peaks).

88

, 19 , 15

77 .

3 ,

10 g/L 30 g/L.

,

10 g/L,

.

17,3 g/L.

,

, ( )

.

. 88 2 ,

.

(46)

(42).

, ,

1, .

,

.

,

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, .

(,

, ), .

(),

, 7 10 .

(, , ,

, ).

32 .

, 9 .

( ), 4

36

.

( , , , ).

5 . ,

,

2 , 1

1 . 14 ,

.

37

14. Cr(tot).

38

,

. ,

, , ,

.

,

:

,

.

.

.

,

, .

- 6

,

.

, (

) 2000 2007,

.

,

. ,

. 15

.

39

15. Cr(tot) ()

()

4.1.2

.

, .

, ,

.

.

( )

( 16),

,

.

,

, .

.

,

,

.

,

. ,

40

,

.

, ,

.

.

,

, .

.

. ,

,

2000 2007.

,

.

,

, .

,

, . ,

.

- .

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

, :

1. 1

2. 3

3. 4

4. 5 -

5. 6

41

16. Cr(tot)

.

42

4.1.3

. ,

.

,

- .

2.2,

, ,

(, , ).

,

. ,

, .

5.

5. .

5 km 5 km 0,5 km 5 km

5 - 7,5 km 5 - 7,5 km 0,5 - 0,75 km 5 - 7,5 km

I 7,5 - 10 km 7,5 - 10 km 0,75 - 1,0 km 7,5 - 10 km

II > 10 km > 10 km > 1,0 km > 10 km

, .

(),

(GR01),

(GR02), (GR03),

(GR04), (GR05), (GR06),

(GR07), (GR08),

(GR11) (GR12). III IV (

)

( , ).

,

. ,

,

43

, .

, ,

.

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7 , 4

3 .

17, 4

,

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44

. 25

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19 ,

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.

45

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IV

. 20, 10

,

2000 2007.

,

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. V

, ,

46

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20. V.

V

4 .

,

. 21, 4

,

.

47

21. V.

VI

. 22, 5

.

,

. 22, 3

. , VI

.

48

22. VI.

.

, , ,

,

.

, ,

( 23):

()

( ).

,

,

.

10 km .

.

49

8 .

5

10 km.

.

.

:

1.

2. -

3.

4.

5.

50

23. .

51

4.2

,

.

.

,

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.

4.2.1

1164 km2.

, , .

,

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.

. (1201

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2007,

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( 26) Cr(tot)

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2006

2007,

( 5,7 g/l, ).

(2,5 g/L 90 g/L)

(

54

27, (

, )

Cr(tot) 10g/L,

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( )

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.

8 km

. ,

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(km2)

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211 430,949 37,018

212 1,060 0,091

221 26,770 2,300

223 6,892 0,592

231 5,122 0,440

242 221,943 19,065

243

80,128 6,883

311 21,605 1,856

312 7,525 0,646

321 30,011 2,578

323 213,975 18,380

324 36,474 3,133

331 0,796 0,068

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7 .

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61

7. .

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222

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231 13,633 0,813

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243

101,126 6,033

311 227,377 13,565

312 6,275 0,374

313 42,991 2,565

321 65,619 3,915

323 67,342 4,018

324 54,621 3,259

331 3,125 0,186

333 1,052 0,063

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212

152.

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(62%),

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). , 100

g/L.

,

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( 33). 364

2000 2008.

:

Cr(tot)

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9,9

(g/L)

10

1

(g/L)

64

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100 g/L.

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2012 10

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( 9) 34 .

65

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Cr(tot) Cr(VI)

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7,31 8,89

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0,25 1,02

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# 10 212

34. Cr(tot) Cr(VI) .

,

. Cr(tot)

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0

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313 5,247 0,385

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2010. ,

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.

Cr(tot) Cr(VI)

(g/L) 23,22 20,92

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80

. ,

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13,01 11,69 g/L. 31,89 g/L

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,

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Cr(tot) Cr(VI) 20% 17% 17% 13% .

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100 g/L.

40. Cr(tot) Cr(VI)

.

45

9

20

13 11

3

48

10

17 17

5 3

0

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10

15

20

25

30

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40

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50

0 - 10 10 - 15 16 - 30 31 - 50 51 - 100 >100

(%

)

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Cr (tot)

Cr (VI)

81

,

:

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. (97),

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200 mg/L, ,

.

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74 ,

(

). DO

, 7 - 8 mg/L,

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54 (100 g/L).

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2000 g/L, 16

1000 g/L.

4. (NO3

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100 mg/L 3 . ,

NO3- .

5. (Ni) , 142

96

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8 .

6. (Mg) 117

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25 mg/L 9

100 mg/L. , Mg

82

,

.

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.

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89

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.

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. ,

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.

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) 1 km .

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)

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.

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15 g/L

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, 29,4 g/L.

,

,

.

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(

104

,

:

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.

:

.

15 g/L,

10 g/L.

(

= 23,2 g/L),

.

6.2

,

.

,

. , 5

,

. ,

,

,

.

105

106

(2008).

. . , , .

(2011).

, Intergeo Ltd.

(2011).

, .

, , , (1978).

, , .

(2012).

,

.

(2007).

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.

& -

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, .

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109

110

1.

ID TYPE X Y

Cr (tot) g/L

2 452942 4582586 24,64

3 346533 4540423 14,29

5 339816 4533646 20,00

6 351349 4523245 10,00

9 350265 4511062 14,29

10 480572 4543438 10,00

14 357211 4522525 10,00

15 373754 4442222 16,07

16 367884 4449940 11,79

17 437139 4552821 8,93

18 376413 4499666 13,21

19 372369 4446987 12,86

20 364561 4538807 10,00

22 491020 4563085 10,36

26 511705 4555171 18,93

28 517675 4534120 35,42

31 350177 4488755 22,86

32 502349 4542313 7,86

33 502640 4552421 18,00

35 509485 4543548 16,07

39 340597 4515094 7,50

43 322793 4519475 7,86

82 364668 4484942 26,07

200 375793 4511444 10,00

08/2 359999 4354974 44,83

08/6 387708 4370428 53,33

09/7 317159 4473167 24,50

12/2 676647 4519160 8,50

12/7 585526 4546523 7,00

14 478908 4526107 8,93

16 451780 4534560 8,93

19 496914 4550370 8,93

3 452927 4581146 7,86

5 463686 4549265 11,79

F4 449472 4426737 8,93

305191 4485994 13,80

/14 666635 4076616 20,70

100 424262 4482696 8,93

111

1 454775 4498453 8,93

9 284088 4445796 13,00

/46 407522 4475468 7,86

70 418916 4466360 23,33

/ 234754 4286447 20,33

139 704732 4599666 24,17

21 401643 4566912 10,00

24 378891 4535353 14,29

26 404179 4520921 10,00

27 399558 4502852 7,86

33 387868 4524841 15,71

37 392468 4509351 35,71

468 489693 4193728 32,38

1 643529 4526816 37,78

5 649559 4533970 7,19

8 280706 4443456 10,90

14 555256 4555666 7,50

19 547935 4545132 9,38

6 526260 4549691 8,33

9 532483 4542123 8,33

132 345868 4497309 38,85

2 707340 4605100 9,44

6 690562 4614760 7,50

39 438054 4242917 44,38

600 452688 4249145 38,00

4 484786 4477816 7,86

127 331894 4341635 21,50

6 412157 4539682 10,36

/5 437346 4212825 32,00

42 459903 4455808 11,43

20 564244 4548510 7,50

21 563597 4547826 7,50

23 522219 4546386 6,67

42 559801 4507325 7,50

50 701331 3887774 26,00

52 553742 4511888 6,25

54 315102 4506059 15,00

59 322433 4517495 15,80

8 647063 4523758 7,50

1 544235 4534110 6,67

2 437739 4456336 12,86

112

29 347657 4364131 27,00

10 380245 4526268 11,43

59 436697 4464824 18,93

1 441498 4500733 8,93

1 266540 4276045 25,58

1 374615 4461570 18,57

049 306517 4495076 29,70

11 312116 4474144 53,50

451 409649 4201106 81,50

113

2.

ID TYPE X Y

Cr (tot) g/L

3 346533 4540423 14,29

5 339816 4533646 20,00

6 351349 4523245 10,00

9 350265 4511062 14,29

14 357211 4522525 10,00

16 367884 4449940 11,79

17 437139 4552821 8,93

20 364561 4538807 10,00

22 491020 4563085 10,36

28 517675 4534120 35,42

82 364668 4484942 26,07

200 375793 4511444 10,00

F4 449472 4426737 8,93

/14 666635 4076616 20,70

100 424262 4482696 8,93

1 454775 4498453 8,93

9 284088 4445796 13,00

/46 407522 4475468 7,86

70 418916 4466360 23,33

/ 234754 4286447 20,33

139 704732 4599666 24,17

1 643529 4526816 37,78

8 280706 4443456 10,90

19 547935 4545132 9,38

6 526260 4549691 8,33

9 532483 4542123 8,33

4 484786 4477816 7,86

6 412157 4539682 10,36

/5 437346 4212825 32,00

42 459903 4455808 11,43

50 701331 3887774 26,00

54 315102 4506059 15,00

8 647063 4523758 7,50

2 437739 4456336 12,86

10 380245 4526268 11,43

59 436697 4464824 18,93

1 441498 4500733 8,93

1 266540 4276045 25,58

114

3.

ID TYPE X Y

Cr (tot) g/L

3 346533 4540423 14,29

5 339816 4533646 20,00

6 351349 4523245 10,00

9 350265 4511062 14,29

14 357211 4522525 10,00

16 367884 4449940 11,79

20 364561 4538807 10,00

82 364668 4484942 26,07

200 375793 4511444 10,00

100 424262 4482696 8,93

9 284088 4445796 13,00

70 418916 4466360 23,33

1 643529 4526816 37,78

8 280706 4443456 10,90

42 459903 4455808 11,43

8 647063 4523758 7,50

2 437739 4456336 12,86

10 380245 4526268 11,43

59 436697 4464824 18,93

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122