Διπλωματική για Υ/Σ

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Διπλωματική σε Υ/Σ ΥΤ

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    , 2010

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    15 2010. , 2010

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    Copyright . , 2010 . All rights reserved. , , . , , , . .

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  • 6

    Abstract

    The project focuses in the investigation of substations configurations and in the

    comparison of them, by taking into account several factors that affect their choice in

    substations in transmission system.

    In chapter one, we have a description of the transmission of electricity and a reference

    of the basic utility and destination of a new substation.

    In chapter two there is a presentation of different kinds of substations, giving special

    emphasis to transmission substations.

    In chapter three there is a reference in basic equipment of a transmission substation

    and a description of the components, whose continuous operation is important for the

    operation of the substation as a whole.

    In chapter four we present the parameters of a substations design and the standards

    of the selection of a substations configuration.

    In chapter five there is an analysis of all kind of configuration of transmission

    substations, with a reference in their method of operation and their advantages and

    disadvantages.

    In chapter six different types of bus protection is presented for all kinds of

    configurations.

    In chapter seven we have a comparison of the different configurations by several

    factors that affect their selection in each substation, such as reliability, cost, extent of

    ground etc. Finally we present the conclusions that come from the comparison above.

    Keywords: Configuration, Types of Substations Configuration, Reliability of

    Apparatus, Parameters of the selection of Substations Configuration, Arrangements

    Comparison.

  • 7

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    Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 6

    1. ................................................................................................................. 12

    2. . .................................... 14

    2.1 ................................................................................................................. 14

    2.2 .......................................................... 15

    2.3 ......................................................................................................... 18

    2.3.1 .......................................................................................................... 18

    2.3.2 ..................................................................................... 20

    2.3.2.1 / ........................................................................................ 20

    2.3.2.2 / ......................................................................................... 21

    2.3.2.3 / ........................................................................................ 22

    2.3.3 .............................................................................. 22

    2.3.3.1 150kV/. ....................................... 24

    2.3.3.2 150/20 kV ................................... 26

    2.3.3.3 (..) ....................................................... 31

    2.3.4 SF6 (GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION) ...... 33

    2.3.4.1 GIS...................................... 34

    2.3.4.2 ....................................................................... 35

    2.3.4.3 ............................................................................................ 36

    2.3.4.4 - .......................................................................... 37

    2.3.4.5 37

    3. ......................................................................................... 39

    3.1 ............................................................................................................ 39

    3.2 (/) ..................................................................................... 39

  • 9

    3.3 ....................................................................................... 43

    3.4 ................................................................................................ 44

    3.4.1 ...................................................................... 49

    3.4.1.1 ................................................................................................... 49

    3.4.1.2 ............................................. 51

    3.5 ................................................................................................................... 53

    3.5.1 .......................................................................................................... 53

    3.5.2 T ................................................................................................. 53

    3.5.3 .......................................................................................... 54

    3.5.4 ........................................... 55

    3.6 ......................................................................................................... 56

    3.7 ..................................................................................................... 57

    3.7.1 .................................................. 58

    3.8 ......................................................................................................... 59

    3.8.1 ................................................................... 59

    3.8.2 ................................................................... 59

    3.9 - ............................................................. 60

    4 . ....................................... 61

    4.1 /. ................................................................................... 61

    4.2 ........................................................................... 62

    4.3 /. ...................................................................... 66

    4.4 .......................................................................... 69

    5. .................................................................................. 72

    5.1 ............................................................................................ 72

    5.2 ..................................................................... 76

    5.3 ................................................... 78

    5.4 ........................................................................... 81

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    5.5 1.5 (breaker and a half) ........................................................ 87

    5.6 , (Breaker and a third bus

    arrangement)............................................................................................................. 95

    5.7 . .................................... 97

    5.8 .............................. 101

    5.9 .......................................................................... 102

    5.10. ................................................................. 104

    6. ............................................................................................ 106

    6.1 .......................................................................................................... 106

    6.2 . ........................................................................ 108

    6.3 . ................................................................... 110

    6.4 ............................................... 110

    6.5 . ......... 112

    6.6 - . ........................................ 114

    6.7 - . ..................................... 116

    6.8 . ..................................................... 116

    6.9 1.5 ................................................................... 119

    6.10 . ........... 119

    6.11 ....................................................................... 122

    6.12 . ......................................................................... 124

    6.12.1 . ........... 124

    6.12.2 . .................. 126

    6.12.3 ............ 127

    6.12.4 . .............................. 130

    6.13 . ............................ 130

    6.13.1 . ......................................................... 131

    6.13.2 . ........................................................ 131

  • 11

    6.13.3 . ................................................................ 133

    6.14 . ............................................................................. 136

    7. . ................................. 137

    7.1 . ....................................... 137

    7.2 (service

    continuity). ............................................................................................................. 139

    7.3 . ................................. 141

    7.4 . ............................................................ 142

    7.5 . ................ 144

    8. ....................................................................................................... 147

    9. ......................................................................................................... 149

    ......................................................................................... 151

    ................................................................................... 152

    ................................................................................... 154

  • 12

    1.

    (/) (150 kV) (20 kV)

    () 50(),

    ,

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    230/400 V, .

    / 150/20 kV (

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  • 14

    2. .

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  • 15

    (

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    , 18 5 ( ).

    12069 MW.

    .

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    (...)

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  • 16

    ( 220 KV)

    ( 500 kV) ,

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    275 kV , 345 kV , 400 kV , 500 kV, 750 kV , 1100 kV , 1500 kV 2000 kV,

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    66 220 kV

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  • 18

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  • 19

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  • 21

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  • 22

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  • 23

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  • 24

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  • 25

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  • 26

    2.3.3.2 150/20 kV

    ,

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    400 kV, 150 kV 20 kV 15 kV .

    / 150/20 kV

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  • 27

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  • 28

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  • 29

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    ( ).

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    MVA, .

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  • 30

    /. /, .. BUCHHOLZ

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  • 31

    1.

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    (150/ 20 kV)

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    2.3.3.3 (..)

    ()

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  • 32

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  • 33

    2.2 .. ( ... ..)

    2.3.4 SF6 (GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION)

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    1960 SF6

    ,

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    GIS :

  • 34

    - SF6

    (Air Insulated

    Substations).

    .

    - , / GIS

    .

    - / ,

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    (modules).

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  • 35

    3. SF6 /.

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    (Life Cycle Cost)

    /. LCC / GIS

    ,

    GIS .

    (redundancy),

    , /.

    LCC :

  • 36

    LCC= CI +CP +CR +CO +OC +CD,

    CI: (, , , , ).

    CP: .

    CR: .

    CO: .

    OC: .

    CD: .

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    GIS

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  • 37

    ,

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    / SF6,

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    ,

    / GIS, .

    SF6,

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    GIS 0.02

    . 40 ,

    .

    400 kV.

    2.3.4.5

    H / GIS (indoor-outdoor GIS)

    ,

    /.

    / GIS ,

  • 38

    , , ,

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    GIS ,

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    / (GIS) / (AIS)

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  • 39

    3.

    3.1

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    (= )

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  • 40

    / :

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    400 kV.

    /.

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  • 41

    3.1 / ( ... ..)

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    .

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    :

    1.

    .

    2. ,

    , Kilovoltamperes (kVA).

    3. .

    (taps)

    .

  • 42

    4.

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    (taps),

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    4.

    5. ()

    KVA

    .

    6.

    .

  • 43

    .

    /

    / / ,

    15,75KV 23KV ( ),

    15,75KV 21KV 21KV. /

    , 15,75KV 21KV,

    / 15,75KV,

    21KV.

    15KV 20KV

    / /

    .

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    ( ,

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    VH VX .

    /

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  • 44

    1 2 .

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  • 45

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    1.

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    66 kV,

  • 46

    275 kV.

    .

    .

    3.2 ( ... ..)

    2.

    ,

    .

    .

    , (,

    , ). 20-220 kV

    250-7500 MVA.

    .

    220 kV, .

  • 47

    .

    , .. 72.5 kV 765 kV

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

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    3.

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    ) .

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    20-30 ata 60 ata.

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    110 kV .

  • 48

    4. SF6

    SF6 ,

    . SF6

    . SF6

    .

    ,

    15 ata, ..

    50 ata. SF6

    ,

    . .

    SF6

    (puffer type technique). SF6

    . 230 kV, 15000

    MVA. SF6 .

    3.3 SF6 ( ... ..)

  • 49

    5.

    .

    .

    . , ..

    ,

    .

    . ,

    138 kV, 760 kV 40 kA.

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    3.4.1

    3.4.1.1

    . ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    .

  • 50

    .

    .

    :

    1.

    2.

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    (2)

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  • 51

    3.4.1.2

    , ,

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  • 52

    , ,

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    .

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    ,

    .

    ,

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    , .

    .

    , 150 kV, 66 kV 30 kV

    ,

    .

    / . /

    , ( )

    . (

    15 . 19 ... ( ),

    50% ,

    0,9 1).

    15

    kV 20 kV, 20

    kV.

    .

    12MVAr ( 20 kV) 4

    MVAr

    .

  • 53

    150 kV

    .

    3.5

    3.5.1

    . ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

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    , , .

    3.5.2 T

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    :

  • 54

    (TRANSFER)

    .

    .

    3.5.3

    ,

    , ( )

    :

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    ,

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    .

    .

    ,

  • 55

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    ( )

    , . ,

    ,

    (TRANSFER). /

    /

    150 KV/ ..,

    . / ..

    ,

    , ..

    / /

    .

    3.5.4

    ()

    20/16 , 30/24 , 60/52 , 80/70 ,

    6m. 150 KV 30/24 ,

    ,

    6 m. 8.5 m

    60/52 . 20 KV

    30/24

    / . ,

    / 20 KV

  • 56

    30/24 / 10/12.5 MVA, 60/52 / 20/25 MVA,

    80/70 / 40/50 MVA. 20/16

    / / .

    / 150/20 KV 150 KV .

    ,

    150 KV 240 2.

    : .

    ,

    .

    3.6

    . ,

    .

    .

    (

    ).

    .

  • 57

    .

    ( 250KVA

    ) .

    .

    .

    3.4 ( ... .)

    3.7

    .

    :

  • 58

    1.

    .

    .

    .

    2.

    .

    .

    .

    3.

    .

    3.7.1

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 59

    3.8

    .

    .

    3.8.1

    . .

    .

    .

    25 /kV

    31 / kV (RMS) .

    ,

    .

    3.8.2

    .

    .

    .

  • 60

    3.9 -

    ,

    (CARRIER),

    :

    ,

    .

    , ()

    (50 Hz)

    ( 350 Hz) .

    50 Hz,

    , .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

  • 61

    4 .

    4.1 /.

    :

    , .[17]

    .

    ( )

    .

    .

    .

    .

    150 V 400 KV .

    ,

    .

  • 62

    .

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    /,

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  • 63

    ) / .

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    / 30

    50 .

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    100%

    .

    /.

    ,

    ,

    .

  • 64

    .

    , .

    GIS( Gas Insulated Substation),

    .

    .

    , , .

    :

    1. .

    2. .

    3.

    .

    4. /, .

    5. .

    6. .

    7. .

  • 65

    /

    :

    a) .

    b)

    .

    c)

    .

    d)

    .

    e)

    .

    .

    :

    1. .

    2.

    3. .

    4. .

    5. .

    :

    a) .

    b) .

    c) .

    d) .

    e) .

  • 66

    f) ( , ,

    ).

    4.3 /.

    / ,

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    , / ,

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    .

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    . /

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  • 67

    .

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    .

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    .

    1.

    .

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    .

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    .

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    .

  • 68

    3.

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    4.

    ,

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    5.

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  • 69

    , /

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    9.

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    / ,

    .

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    , /

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    4.4

    :

    ) .

    ) .

    ) .

    ) .

    ) .

  • 70

    ) .

    ) .

    ) .

    )

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    ) .

    ) (

    ).

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    , ,

    ,

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    ) .

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    :

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  • 71

    ii) .

    .

    ) .

    .

    .

    .

    .

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    .

    .

    ,

    .

    1.5

    .

    ) .

    .

  • 72

    5.

    . ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    .

    5.1

    .

    .

    .

    . 5.1

    .

    .

    .

  • 73

    .

    ,

    .

    .

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    . 5.2

    .

    .

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    , '

    .

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  • 74

    .5.1

  • 75

    .5.2

    .

  • 76

    5.2

    5.3.

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 77

    .

    .

    .5.3 .

  • 78

    5.3

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    5.4 .

    . 5.5

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 79

    .

    .

    .

    .5.4 .

  • 80

    .5.5

    .

  • 81

    5.4

    .

    .

    5.6.

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    . .

    ,

    .

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  • 82

    .

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    .

    .

    .

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    5.7.

    1 2

    1,

    1. ,

    .

    1.5 5.8.

    ,

  • 83

    .

    .

    .

    1.5 .

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

    1.5

    .

  • 84

    .5.6 .

  • 85

    .5.7 .

  • 86

    .5.8 1.5 .

  • 87

    5.5 1.5 (breaker and a half)

    H . 5.9

    . 3 ,

    1.5 .

    .

    ,

    .

    . 1.5

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

    1.5

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    . 1.5

    .

  • 88

    1.5 . 5.10

    5.9.

    .

    ,

    .

    . 1.5 ,

    .

    ,

    . 5.11

    .

    5.12 5.12

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    . .

  • 89

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    . 1.5

    .

    3

    .

  • 90

    .5.9 B 1.5

  • 91

    1.5 .

    .5.10 1.5

  • 92

    .5.11 1.5

    .

  • 93

    .5.12 1.5

    .

  • 94

    .5.12 1.5

    .

  • 95

    5.6 , (Breaker and a third

    bus arrangement)

    .

    1.5

    .

    1.5 .

    .

    5.13 .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . ,

    .

    .

    .

    1.5 .

    . 1.5

  • 96

    , ,

    .

    .5.13 1.5 .

  • 97

    5.7 .

    .

    .

    5.15.[7]

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    .

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    , .

    .

    1.5

    . 1.5

    ,

    .

    .

  • 98

    .

    .

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    .

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    ,

    .

    .

    1.5

    .

    /.

    .

  • 99

    .5.14 .

  • 100

    .5.15 - 1.5

    .

  • 101

    5.8

    5.16

    . 2 3

    (coupler). 2 3

    .

    ,

    ,

    . .

    .

    .[17]

    ,

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  • 102

    .5.16

    , .

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    ,

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  • 103

    . ,

    .[17]

    5.17 .

    .

    , .

    3 .

    .5.17 .

  • 104

    5.10.

    . 5.18()

    .

    , 5.18().[17]

    .

    5.19.

    .

    5.18

    .

    .5.18 .

    )

    )

  • 105

    :

    .5.19 .

    .[17]

  • 106

    6.

    6.1

    /

    :

    I.

    .

    II.

    .

    III.

    .

    IV.

    .

    :

    .

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    .

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  • 107

    /.

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    .. [23]

    :

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    7. .

    8. .

    , 6-7% ,

    60%.

    ,

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  • 108

    , .[24]

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    .[25]

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    6.2 .

    . ,

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  • 109

    . ,

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    .[24]

  • 110

    6.3 .

    , ,

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    6.1.

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    .[25]

    6.4

    ,

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    . 6.2

    (52) , .

    (52) .

    .

    / .[25]

  • 111

    NC = Normally closed,

    . 6.1

    .

  • 112

    NC =Normally Closed =

    . 6.2

    .

    6.5 .

    6.3.

    6.1., .

    ( ).

    ,

    .

    .

    (52)

  • 113

    .

    .

    . ,

    .

    .

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    .

    NC = Normally Closed =

    NO = Normally Open =

    . 6.3

    .

  • 114

    6.6 - .

    6.4

    .

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    . 6.4,

    1 2 1, 3 4

    2. :

    1 2.

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    , /

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  • 115

    NC = Normally Closed =

    = Normally Open =

    . 6.4 -

    .

  • 116

    6.7 - .

    6.5.

    , . /

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    6.8 .

    6.6 ,

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    .

  • 117

    C = Normally Closed =

    . 6.5 -

    .

  • 118

    C = Normally Closed =

    . 6.6 .

    .

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    .

  • 119

    6.9 1.5

    , 6.7, ,

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    6.8.

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    /.

  • 120

    C = Normally Closed =

    . 6.7 1.5

    .

    ,

    .

  • 121

    C = Normally Closed =

    . 6.8

    .

  • 122

    6.11

    /

    /

    . /

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    6.9. / ,

    .

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    / .

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  • 123

    . 6.9 / .

    . 6.10 / .

  • 124

    6.12 .

    ,

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    .

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    / , .

  • 125

    .

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    .

    .

    0.15 ,

    50-100 ms.

  • 126

    6.12.2 .

    /

    /

    . 6.11.

    , VR

    ZR , / (1)

    / (2 3) .

    , /

    .

    .

    .

    RL (

    ) RL 2RL

    -.

    , 6.9,

    Zn

    . VR

    / .

    ZR

    .

    , dc

    . RLR

    ZR .

    /

    (RS + RL ) .

    / ,

    ,

  • 127

    / , ,

    RL .

    /

    . /

    , ,

    ,

    . / .

    ,

    .

    / ,

    .

    20-30 ms

    , 8-16 ms .

    6.12.3 .

    / ,

    . /

    ,

    .

    , .

    / ,

    /

    .

    /

  • 128

    / .

    , VSec= IPri M V, 0.005

    60 Hz. 5 V 1000

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    . IR :

    R ZC

    . ZC 2-20 R.

    .

    2 50 mA . 16 ms

    .

    .

    ZC,

    VSec.

    ,

    , .

    .

  • 129

    . 6.11 .

  • 130

    6.12.4 .

    ,

    . /

    -o .

    5 /, / .

    /,

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    /

    2-3 ms .

    .

    6.13 .

    . ,

    , .

    .

  • 131

    6.13.1 .

    /

    (51).

    / .

    ,

    , /,

    dc . , dc

    . 15-20

    (60 Hz)

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    6.13.2 .

    ,

    , , . ,

    .

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    .

    , . [25]

    6.12

    .

    .

  • 132

    .

    .

    .[26]

    / , .

    ,

    . .

    .6.12 .

  • 133

    6.13.3 .

    / .

    ,

    /

    .

    .

    6.13. /

    .

    . 6.13 , 51

    .

    . 51

    ,

    .

    /.

    ,

    (21)

    51. 21 ,

    .

    ,

    51 .

    .[25]

  • 134

    . 6.13 . )

    )

    . )

    . ( ).

  • 135

    . 6.13 () ) .

  • 136

    6.14 .

    /

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    .[25]

    . 6.14 .[26]

  • 137

    7. .

    7.1 .

    ,

    .[7]

    1

    ,

    .

    .

    7.1: .[7]

    .

    .

    100%

    122%

    176%

    156%

    1.5 158%

    - 214%

  • 138

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    :

    ) .

    ) .

    ) .

    ) .

    .

    ,

    .

  • 139

    7.2 (service continuity).

    ,

    .

    , , .

    ,

    . ,

    .[15]

    .

    .

    1:

    .

    : 1

    ( )

    .

    2: ( 4 )

    .

    3:

    .

    4: .

    .

  • 140

    , ,

    .

    7.2: service continuity [15]

    3 4

    3 3

    -

    1 2 1

    2

    (. 1)

    4

    3 3

    1.5 1 2

    (. 2)

    1

    1 2 1

    1 2

    ( )

    1 2 4

    -1.5

    1 2

    (. 2)

    1

    -

    3 2

    1:

    .

    2: 1 . 2

    .

  • 141

    7.3 .

    .

    .[4]

    .

    7.3 :

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    1.5 -

    .

  • 142

    7.4 .

    /. ,

    .[22]

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    :

    .

    /

    .

    55 65%

    .

  • 143

    .7.1

    ,

    .

    ,

    ..,

    .

    ( )

    ,

  • 144

    , (,

    / )

    .

    .7.2

    7.5 .

    .[5]

  • 145

    7.4: [5]

    1 10 9 2

    6 8 8 7

    4 5 6 3

    1.5 2 9 10 9

    9 3 3 9

    8 1 1 9

    ,

    .

    .

    :

    (

    735 kV).

    .

    .

    ( ) .

  • 146

    .

    . ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 147

    8.

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    , .

    .

    5.2,

    .

    .

    1.5 ,

    .

    ,

    .

  • 148

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

  • 149

    9.

    1. -, , , ,

    , .

    2. , . ,

    1993.

    3. ,

    . , 1985.

    4. Electric Power Substations Engineering , Second Edition , John D.McDonald

    5. THE APPLICATION OF MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS TO SUBSTATION

    DESIGN IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 3, August 1998

    6. . , ,

    1996

    7. Substation Bus Arrangement Guideline Working Group Report Presented to the

    NEPOOL Reliability Committee April 4, 2006.

    8. . , . , ,

    2001

    9. Composite Reliability Evaluation Model for Different Types of Distribution

    Systems IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 18, NO. 2, MAY

    2003

    10.500-kV AC Substation Design Criteria Summary of Industry Practices

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. PAS-

    88, NO. 6, JUNE 1969

    11. Substation Expansion, Reliability, and Transformer Loading Policy Analysis

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. PAS-

    88, NO. 8, AUGUST 1969

    12. Substation Reliability Evaluation Including Switching Actions with Redundant

    Components IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, October 1997

  • 150

    13. Reliability of Substation Configurations Daniel Nack, Iowa State University,

    2005

    14. , 1994

    15. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF OUTDOOR AC SUBSTATIONS CIGRE, Working Group 23.03, August 2000

    16. QUESTIONNAIRE CONCERNING ASPECTS ON PLANNING, DESIGN, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF FUTURE SUBSTATION CIGRE, Working Group 23.01, August 2000

    17. , , 1985

    18. The impact of new functionalities on substation design TECHNICAL BROCHURE, No 244-June 2009 ELECTRA 45

    19. GIS-State of the Art 2008 TECHNICAL BROCHURE, No 244-June 2009 ELECTRA 51

    20. -- , -, , ,

    21. 400 kV 1995, . , .., ..

    22. - . , .

    23. Switchgear and Protection U.A Bakshi, M.V. Bakshi, Technical Publications Pune

    24. Power System Protection P.M. Anderson, IEEE PRESS SERIES ON POWER ENGINEERING

    25. Protective Relaying: Principles and applications, Second Edition, J. Lewis Blackburn

    26. Protective Relaying Theory and Applications Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Walter A. Elmore

  • 151

    ,

    /

    .. .

    , / 20 kV

    , - 150

    kV. .

  • 152

    /

  • 153

  • 154

  • 155

  • 156