תואחסונו ,םינוי ,תובוכרת ,תולוקלומJul 03, 2010 · 4. Draw molecular...

1 ©Prof. Zvi C. Koren 24.10.07

'חלק ב -3נושא

ונוסחאות, יונים, תרכובות, מולקולות


NOT composed of ions

(but consist of partial charges: δ+ and δ–)

Covalent Compounds(between Nonmetals)


C2H6O

Formulas - Representations

Molecular Formula

Condensed Structural Formula

Expanded Structural Formula

Stereo Projection Formula

Molecular Model

CH3CH2OH

OH

H

H

H

H H

CC

Example: Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol

HO

H

H

H

H

H

CC

(ball & stick) (spacefill)


Go to the website: www.acdlabs.com/download/chemsketch

1. Fill out the form at the bottom of the window – Submit Form.

2. Accept the conditions.

3. Download only this program (from the choices that are given): chemsk12.exe

(This program will download a number of folders/files into the main folder on your

computer.)

4. Draw molecular structures with the program named “ChemSketch” (see next slide).

Drawing 3-D Molecular Structures

ACD/ChemSketch 12.0 Freeware

(ball & stick) (spacefill)

Advanced Chemistry Development Labs:

OH

CH2

CH3

(continued)


ChemSketch: Drawing 3-D Molecular Structures1. To always show C and H atoms:

Click on “Tools”, “Structure Properties”; “Properties” window appears:Click on “Atom”:

With C highlighted, check-off “Show” (twice) until appears.Highlight “H”, “Show” should be checked () already.Click on “Set Default”, and close that window.

2. To start drawing:Click anywhere on the window pane, the formula CH4 appears.

3. To substitute H with another element:Click on the element symbol (on the left), or on the small periodic table icon on the upper left side and

hit “OK”. Click on the pane (a non-metal will always appear with the correct number of H’s.)Click on one of the structures (without releasing the mouse) and drag a line to connect the 2 formulas. (Note: The program ‘knows’ that it needs to eliminate H’s.)

4. To clean the structure:Click on “Tools”, “Clean Structure”

5. To draw the 3-D structure:Click on the “3D Viewer”, which appears as an icon at top right menu.Click on the “3D Optimization” icon (5th from right).Click on the “Balls and Sticks” icon.

6. To rotate the molecule:Click and drag the structure in any direction.

7. To Change Colors: Click “Options”, “Colors”:To change background color from black (to any color, white preferred): Choose white color.To change colors of atoms: Choose the atom and its new color.

8. To copy structure and paste it into Word or PowerPoint:Click “Edit”, “Copy”. Go to Word or PowerPoint and Click “Paste Special”, “ACD 3D Object”.

Have Fun!!!


Nomenclature of Binary Nonmetal Compounds: AaBb

prefix#

mono1

di2

tri3

tetra4

penta5

hexa6

hepta7

octa8

nona9

deca10

EXAMPLES:

NF3

NO

NO2

N2O

N2O4

PCl5

SF6

S2F10

IF7

HCl

H2S

H3As

What do these molecules look like?

General Rule for AaBb:

With no H’s: (prefix mono)(Element name for A) (prefix)(name of B as an ide)

With H’s: same as above without any prefixes

H2O water

NH3 ammonia

N2H4 hydrazine

PH3 phosphine

NO nitric oxide

N2O nitrous oxide

Compounds

with

Historical Names

(do not follow the rules):

nitrogen trifluoride

nitrogen monoxide

nitrogen dioxide

dinitrogen monoxide

dinitrogen tetraoxide

phosphorus pentachloride

sulfur hexafluoride

disulfur decafluoride

iodine heptafluoride

hydrogen chloride

hydrogen sulfide

hydrogen arsenide


Nomenclature of Polyatomic Anions – Group 4A - C

6A5A4A

ONC

Si

1A

H

Without “O”: as an –ideCN–, CN– cyanide

For Oxyanion: suffix is –ateOCN– cyanate

SCN– thiocyanateO

C

O-

O

C

O-

HO-

O

O

C

C2H3O2 – acetate

CH3CO2–

Ac– O-CH3

O

C

O-O-

O

C

HCO3– hydrogen carbonate

(or bicarbonate)

CO32– carbonate

SiO32– silicate

C2O42– oxalate

Prefix “thio” is used when O S

Example: OCN– SCN–


Nomenclature of Polyatomic Anions – Group 5A

1A

H6A5A

ON

P

As

Also for As replacing P

nitrite ion NO2–

nitrate NO3–

phosphite PO33–

phosphate PO43–

hydrogen phosphate HPO42–

dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4–

hydrogen phosphite HPO32–

dihydrogen phosphite H2PO3–

O

3

Polyatomic Cation

NH4+ ammonium

XOn–1 = -ite

XOn = -ate



1A

H

XOn–1 = -ite

XOn = -ate

hydroxide ion OH–

sulfite SO32–

thiosulfite S2O22–

sulfate SO42–

thiosulfate S2O32–

hydrogen sulfate HSO4–

(or bisulfate)

6A

O

S

Se

Te

oxide ion O2–

peroxide O22–

superoxide O2–

hydrogen sulfite HSO3–

(or bisulfite)

Prefix “thio” is used when O S

Example: OCN– SCN–

What are the names of the following

anions:

SeO32–

TeO42–

SeSO22–

TeSO32–



1A

H

chlorite ClO2–

chlorate ClO3–

7A6A

FO

Cl

Br

I

At

perchlorate ClO4–

hypochlorite ClO–

XOn–1 = hypo- -ite

XOn–1 = -ite

XOn = -ate

XOn+1 = per- -ate

X = halogen


Nomenclature of Transition Metal Polyatomic Anions

chromate CrO42–

6A

O

7B6B

MnCr

dichromate Cr2O72–

permanganate MnO4–


Substance with an ionizable proton in an aqueous solution: HCl(aq) H+ + Cl–

Naming Acids

• If anion’s suffix is ide, the acid’s name is: hydro(anion root name)ic acid:

Compound(aq), AcidPure CompoundAnion

HCl(aq), hydrochloric acidHCl(g), hydrogen chlorideCl– chloride

HBr(aq), hydrobromic acidHBr(g), hydrogen bromideBr– bromide

H2S(aq), hydrosulfuric acidH2S(g), hydrogen sulfideS2– sulfide

HCN(aq), hydrocyanic acidHCN, hydrogen cyanideCN– cyanide

• For oxyacids (oxoacids):if anion’s suffix is ate, the acid’s name is: (anion root name)ic acidif anion’s suffix is ite, the acid’s name is: (anion root name)ous acid

HNO3(aq) nitric acidNO3– nitrate

HNO2(aq) nitrous acidNO2– nitrite

H2SO3(aq) sulfurous acidSO32– sulfite

H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acidSO42– sulfate

HOCl(aq) hypochlorous acidClO– hypochlorite

HClO2(aq) chlorous acidClO2– chlorite

HClO3(aq) chloric acidClO3– chlorate

HClO4(aq) perchloric acidClO4– perchlorate

H3PO4(aq) phosphoric acidPO43– phosphate

H3PO3(aq) phosphorous acidPO33– phosphite


Nomenclature of Selected Inorganic Compounds

Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

Cation Anion

Metal(or NH4

+)monatomic

(or -ide)oxyanion(-ate, -ite)

metal nameor

ammonium(root)ide (root)ate (root)ite+

Ba(NO2)2Na2Cr2O7MgCl2

barium nitrite

sodium dichromate magnesium

chloride

AgOBrHg2(ClO4)2Fe2S3

silver hypobromite

mercury(I) perchloratemercurous “

iron(III) sulfideferric “

Na2SO3Ca(OCN)2KO2

sodium sulfite

calcium cyanatepotassium superoxide

Binary (without H)

AaBb

(#a1)(A name)(#b)(B root)ide

HNO2(aq)H2CrO4(aq)HI(aq)H2SN2O5

nitrous acidchromic acidhydroiodic

acid

hydrogen

sulfide

dinitrogen

pentoxide

H2SO3(aq)H2C2O4(aq)H2Se(aq)HC2H3O2SF6

sulfurous

acidoxalic acid

hydroselenic

acid

hydrogen

acetate

sulfur

hexafluoride

HClO(aq)HC2H3O2(aq)H2S(aq)HNO2CO

hypochlorous

acidacetic acid

hydrosulfuric

acid

hydrogen

nitrite

carbon

monoxide

With H

HnX(pure)

X = -ide, -ate, or -itehydrogen (root)(suffix)

HnX(aq) = acid

if X = -idehydro(root)ic

acid

if X = -ate(root)ic

acid

if X = -ite(root)ous

acid


Hydrated Compounds


Nomenclature of Selected Compounds

Formula Name

MgCl2 magnesium chloride

Fe(ClO3)3 iron(III) chlorate ALSO ferric chlorate

Fe(ClO2)2 iron(II) chlorite ALSO ferrous chlorite

Mg(SCN)2 magnesium thiocyanate

N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide

HCl(g) hydrogen chloride

HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid

HClO3(aq) chloric acid

HClO2(aq) chlorous acid

הטבלה הבאה תינתן בבוחן


Impossible (?) Formulas

HIJKLMNO

BaNa2

NAg

MgNiV

13Al–1H–19K–9F–19K

S H NU K Ra

Au

L )ארגון אשלגן חנקן הליום גופרית R):

תואחסונו ,םינוי ,תובוכרת ,תולוקלומJul 03, 2010 · 4. Draw molecular...

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