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@ µ4.3 +,'0&%&"/&12< 0/0?-&103 µ" &' >AB +'/ 2%-&%$,*=32" 0&'/( ='1&3&-( %=','60" 0&' +,81.4 $"6µ%. C% %$4,1% +'/ +,'",?4&%. %+4 '12'$-."1% µ" /;3)< "/-µ*,"1% "#?%. +",#+'/ 3 =',-( +",1004&","( +1:%.4&3&"( .% 2%&%.%)90'/. +,81.4 $"6µ% 0" 0?-03 µ" &3 ?%µ3)< "/µ*,"1% (OR 2,896, 95%DB 1,127-7,443, p=0,027). C-)'(, &% %$4,1% +'/ +,'",?4&%. %+4 '12'$-."1% µ-03( '12'.'-µ12<( 2%&*0&%03( "#?%. /;3)4&","( +1:%.4&3&"( .% 2%&%-.%)90'/. =,'6&%, %. 2%1 3 0?-03 <&%. ',1%2* 0&%&10&12* 03µ%.&12< (OR 2,502, 95%DB 0,988-6,340, p=0,053).

!"#$%$!$E&3. +%,'60% ",$%0#% !1","/.<:32" 3 2%&%.*)803 =,'6-&8. 2%1 )%?%.129., 0%2?%,'6?8. %.%;/2&129., +,81.'6 $"6µ%&'( 2%1 $,<$','/ =%$3&'6 (delivery/junk) 0" 0?-03 µ" 2'1.8.12'-'12'.'µ12* ?%,%2&3,10&12* ("/µ*,"1% 2%1 %/&'-%.%=",4µ".3 '12'.'µ12< 2%&*0&%03 &3( '12'$-."1-%(, 2%1 "+#+"!' "2+%#!"/03( &'/ +%&-,% 2%1 &3( µ3&-,%() 0" +,8&'"&"#( ='1&3&-(. F" G*03 &% %+'&")-0µ%&%, !". "+%)3:"6"&%1 0&' 06.')4 &3( 3 /+4:"03 4&1 ='1&3&-( µ" /;3)4 >AB :% "#?%. ',:4&","( 2%1 +1' /$1"1.-( !1%&,'=1-2-( 0/.<:"1"(.

5*.8 %+4 &' 80% &'/ ='1&3&12'6 +)3:/0µ'6 &3( µ"-)-&3( !". 2%&%.*)8." 2*:" µ-,% =,'6&% 2%1 )%?%.12*. 5%,* &1( %+'2)#0"1( µ"&%76 !1%=',"&129. ?8,9., +,%-2&12* "+1G"G%19."&%1 +)<:'( "/,3µ*&8. 0" ='1&3&-( 2%1 0" "=<G'/( (Steptoe et al 2002, Papadaki & Scott 2002, Vereecken et al 2005, El Ansari et al 2012), &% '+'#% 4µ8( !" 0/.*!'/. µ" &1( !1%&,'=12-( 0/0&*0"1( ":.129. 2%1 !1":.9. ',$%.10µ9. $1% 2%:3µ",1.< +,40)3;3 (HH>I 2008, CDC 2012). F")-&3 +'/ +,%$µ%&'+'1<:32" 0" +%."-+10&<µ1% 13 "/,8+%J29. ?8,9. "2&#µ30" &1( %))%$-( 0" 0/µ+",1=',-( !1%21.!6."/03( $1% &3. /$"#% 0" ?,'.124 !1*0&3µ% 10 "&9. (1990-2000). C' +'0'0&4 2%&%.*)803( =,'6&8. 2%1 )%?%.129. µ"19:32" 03µ%.&12* 0&3 !"2%-"&#% %/&<, ".9 0&%:",< +%,-µ"1." 3 +,40)3;3 )1+%,9. '/019. (Steptoe et al 2002). B+1+,40:"&%, µ4.' -.%( 0&'/( &-00",1( +,8&'"&"#( ='1&3&-( 2%&%.*)8." +,81.4 $"6µ% 2%:3µ",1.*. E" +%,4µ'1% %+'&")-0µ%&% 2%&-)37%. 2%1 '1 Spanos 2%1 Hankey (2010), +%,’ 4&1 3 +)"1';3=#% &8. 0/µ-µ"&"?4.&8. K'60%. µ" &1( '12'$-."1-( &'/( 2%1 &' =%$3&4 &'/( +,'"&'1µ%K4&%. %+4 *))'/( 21 4?1 %+4 &'/( #!1'/(. E" 0/µ=8.#% µ" &'/( Chourdakis et al (2010), '1 +",1004&",'1

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

,-./0/1 1: (23.4.302-56µ278/930:;/8/0<683=<30: <4. =>µµ?<?;@.<4.

%A30-/ 923<6<B. (C<6) DC=21 @821 18,31

&>E30F/E@0A3=6

0,57

N (%)

GHA2 923<6<B.

I$4,1 524 46

>',#&01 614 54

!0E/35?><30@ ?E-E?52 µ6<C8/1

L%µ3)4 149 13,5

F"0%#' 692 62,7

H;3)4 262 23,8

!0E/35?><30@ ?E-E?52 E/<C8/

L%µ3)4 215 19,8

F"0%#' 643 59,3

H;3)4 227 20,9

&HE21 23027C.?3/1

F'.'$'."J2< 282 24,8

5/,3.12< (µ" 2 $'."#() 678 59,6

B2&"&%µ-.3 (µ" 2 $'."#( 2%1 *))'/( 0/$$"."#()

103 9,1

M'/. µ4.'1/?8,#( $'."#( 74 6,5

,?832;F 0/<230-/1 E83. <6. ?3=/747F =<2 &!'

I0&12< 407 44,2

I$,'&12< 514 55,8

I3/µ2.F 923<6<B.

E/."?#K8 .% K8µ" &3. '12'$-."1%

245 21,7

B0&#% 49 4,3

F4.'(/3 < µ"0/$2*&'12'/( 0" 0+#&1

835 74

J302.2µ30F 0/<:=</=6 23027C.?3/1

5*,% +')6 2%2</+')6 2%2</ 2%2<

326 28,9

E&' µ-0' 4,' 412 36,6

>%)</5')6 2%)</5*,% +')6 2%)<

389 34,5

!>µ:8?3/ <61 23027C.?3/1 (Family Affluence)

L%µ3)< 264 23,3

F"0%#% 697 61,6

H;3)< 171 15,1

E3µ"#803: E" ',10µ-."( µ"&%G)3&-( +'/ ?,301µ'+'1<:32%. 8( 0/$?/-&12'# +%,*$'.&"(, !". /+<,?%. !"!'µ-.% $1% &' 06.')' &'/ +)3:/0µ'6


!"# $%&' "()$%*$*+' ,%-$.$/' 0*1 2!$!134)1!1 5(65%(% ,!5.$#-delivery "31) !"# 1 ,%(3 $.1 *70%µ30!.

8$!1 %- 0-!$(%,-2/' 9&16:*-*' 0-*(*&16:.2!1 µ* 739. $% ,;4% $)1 9&µµ*$*<#1$)1 ,31.2* #$- $! 2%(+$9-! 2!$!-134)1!1 4!<!1-23 9* µ*5!4;$*(. 9&<1#$.$! !"# $! !5#-(-! (p<0,05), #")' 2!$!5(3,.2* !"# $%&' Bertsias et al (2005) 5-! ,%-$.$/' 9$.1 =(6$., *1> 5-! $.1 2!$!134)9. ,(%;$)1 2!- "()-1%; 5*;µ!$%' 0* 9.µ*->:.2* 9$!$-9$-23 9.µ!1$-26 0-!,%(3. ? 2!$!134)9. 5(65%(%& ,!5.$%; ,3-1.2* 1! 5+1*$!- µ* 9.µ!1$-23 µ*5!4;$*(. 9&<1#$.$! !"# $! !5#(-! 9* 9</9. µ* $! 2%(+$9-!, #")' !1!,/(*$!- 2!- !"# $%&' El Ansari et al (2012) 9* µ*4/$. "%& /4!7* <>(! 9* 4 <>(*' $.' @&(>".'.

89% !&A!1#$!1 . 7!:µ%4%5+! 9$. FAS II 2!- 3(! . *&-µ3(*-! $.' %-2%5/1*-!', $#9% !&A!1#$!1 . 2!$!134)9. !1!B&2$-2>1 "%$>1 2!- . 2!$!134)9. 5(65%(%& ,!5.$%; 5-! $! !5#(-!. C!(D #$- $! !"%$*4/9µ!$! *+1!- !1$+:*$! !"# $.1 *(*&1.$-26 µ!' &"#:*9., "!(#µ%-! 9$%-<*+! !1!,/(%-1$!- !"# $%&' Vereecken et al (2005): 9* %(-9µ/1*' <>(*' 2&(+)' $.' 2*1$(-26' @&(>".', !443 #<- 9* #4*', #9% !&-A31*$!- . FAS II, $#9% !&A31*$!- 2!- . 2!$!134)9. !1!-B&2$-2>1, <)(+' 1! 0-!<)(+E%1$!- $! !"%$*4/9µ!$! !13 ,;4%. @"-7*7!->1%1$!- *"%µ/1)' %(-9µ/1*' !1!,%(/' #$- %- 2%-1)1-2%-%-2%1%µ-2/' 0-!,%(/' 9* 9&µ"*(-,%(/' &5*+!', "!(’ #$- &"!(2$/', *+1!- µ-2(#$*(*' 2!- µ. 9&9$.-µ!$-2/' 2!$3 $. 0-3(2*-! $.' *,.7*+!' (West 1997, Spencer 2006, Koivusilta et al 2006, Aura et al 2016). F;µ,)1! µ*

$. :*)(+! $.' %µ%5*1%"%+.9.' - *A-9%((#".9.' (process of equalisation), 9$-' 1*!(/' .4-2+*' &"3(<%&1 9.µ!1$-2%+ "!(35%1$*' (#")' 0-!:*9-µ#$.$!, *&2%4+! "(%µ6:*-!' 2!- "!(!92*&6', 2%-1)1-2/' "%4-$-2/') "%& 0(%&1 2!$*&1!-9$-23 2!- *A-9%((%"-9$-23 2!- µ*$(-3E%&1 $-' 2%-1)1-2%-%--2%1%µ-2/' 0-!,%(/' 9* 9&µ"*(-,%(/' 2!- 0*+2$*' &5*+!' (West 1997, Zambon et al 2006). =3$- !134%5% µ"%(*+ 1! 9&µ7!+1*- 2!- 9$%&' "()$%*$*+' ,%-$.$/': 9$.1 "*(+"$)9. "%& . *&2%4#$*(. 2!- 2;(-! *"-4%56 $%&' 5-! ,!5.$# *+1!- . ,%-$.$-26 4/9<. 6 . !5%(3 /$%-µ)1 ,!5.$>1, %- "(%9,*-(#µ*1*', "*(-99#$*(% %-2*+*' 2!- "-% !9,!4*+' *"-4%5/' (".<. 2(/!', 9%&7432-! !443 #<- 9!43$*', #9"(-! 6 µ*5*--(*&$3 ,!5.$3) µ"%(*+ 1! 2!:%(+E%&1 $-' 2!:.µ*(-1/' 0-!-$(%,-2/' $%&' *"-4%5/' 9* &B.4#$*(% 7!:µ# 9* 9</9. µ* 344%&' "!(35%1$*' =G@. F* !&$# $% *(µ.1*&$-2# µ%$+7%, %- ,%-$.$/' µ* &B.4#$*(. *&µ3(*-! µ"%(*+ 1! 9&1%0*;%&1 $% ,!5.$# $%&' µ* !1!B&2$-2# 2!- 1! *A.5*+$!- . &B.4#$*(. 2!$!134)9. 9* 9</9. µ* ,%-$.$/' µ* <!µ.4#$*(. *&µ3-(*-! 2!- "-:!1#$!$! µ*-)µ/1. 0&1!$#$.$! 1! !5%(3E%&1 9&9$.µ!$-23 !1!B&2$-23 "%$3. G,*+4%&µ* 1! 9.µ*->9%&-µ* #$- . *(µ.1*+! 5+1*$!- &"# $% "(+9µ! $.' µ*:%0%4%5+-!' $.' µ*4/$.': "!(’ #$- /5-1* 9$3:µ-9. 5-! $.1 $(/<%&9! 0-!µ%16, . 9&44%56 $)1 0*0%µ/1)1 "(!5µ!$%"%-6:.2* $%&' $(*-' "(>$%&' µ61*' $.' ,%-$.$-26' E)6', /1! !"# $! 9.µ!1$-2%$*(! 9$30-! µ*$37!9.' 2!$3 $.1 !1:(>"-1. 7-%5(!,+!, 2!:>' 9.µ!$%0%$*+ µ-! "*(+%0% 9.µ!1$-2>1 51)9$-2>1, 9&1!-9:.µ!$-2>1, !1!"$&A-!2>1, 2!- B&<%-

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

,-./0/1 2: +23.4565/ 0/5/.789:61 5;<=-µ9. :> 1138 =<?565@1/5;?>1 561 µ>8@561

+A.<8< *B4;?/(n=524)

(<;-5:?/(n=614)

! (%) ! (%) ! (%) P

C;<A5/

H-5#$*(% !"# 1 ,%(3 $.1 .µ/(! 1002 88 470 89,70 532 86,600,114

I%&43<-9$%1 1 ,%(3 $.1 .µ/(! 23:* µ/(! 136 12 54 10,30 82 13,40

D/3/.?07

H-5#$*(% !"# 1 ,%(3 $.1 .µ/(! 944 83 456 87,00 488 79,500,001

I%&43<-9$%1 1 ,%(3 $.1 .µ/(! 23:* µ/(! 194 17 68 13,00 126 20,50

*./E205?07

H-5#$*(% !"# 1 ,%(3 $.1 .µ/(! 1069 93,9 486 92,70 583 95,000,121

I%&43<-9$%1 1 ,%(3 $.1 .µ/(! 23:* µ/(! 69 6,1 38 7,30 31 5,00

,;9?.4

H-5#$*(% !"# 7 .µ/(*' $.1 *70%µ30! 855 75,1 395 75,40 460 74,900,857

7 .µ/(*' $.1 *70%µ30! 283 24,9 129 24,60 154 25,10

);FB<;< =/B654 - Delivery (N=1136)

H-5#$*(% !"# 6 µ#1% 1 ,%(3 $.1 *70%µ30! 838 73,8 344 65,80 494 80,60<0,001

C31) !"# 1 ,%(3 $.1 *70%µ30! /)' 23:* µ/(! 298 26,2 179 34,20 119 19,40

F.µ*+)9.: chi-square test


!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

95% ,!

OR Lower Upper p value

-./012

!"µ#$% FAS II (ref)

&'(# FAS II 0,897 0,524 1,536 0,652

)*#$% FAS II 1,262 0,601 2,649 0,538

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,771 0,433 1,372 0,377

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,92 0,436 1,941 0,827

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,069 0,533 2,143 0,852

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,392 0,595 3,255 0,442

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,234 0,718 2,12 0,446

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,042 0,577 1,883 0,89

32425678


&'(# FAS II 0,797 0,508 1,251 0,323

)*#$% FAS II 1,467 0,800 2,690 0,215

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,216 0,724 2,042 0,460

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,389 0,720 2,681 0,327

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,432 0,761 2,695 0,265

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,339 0,624 2,873 0,453

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,142 0,714 1,826 0,580

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,476 0,905 2,410 0,119

*529:71678


&'(# FAS II 1,972 0,887 4,385 0,096

)*#$% FAS II 3,892 1,416 10,699 0,008

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,511 0,254 1,025 0,059

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,408 0,150 1,104 0,078

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,074 0,443 2,602 0,875

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 0,826 0,263 2,596 0,743

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,071 0,514 2,229 0,855

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,410 0,662 3,004 0,373

95% ,!

OR Lower Upper p value

;.<65=


&'(# FAS II 1,461 0,953 2,240 0,082

)*#$% FAS II 1,331 0,736 2,408 0,345

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,107 0,702 1,745 0,662

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,205 0,674 2,152 0,529

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,273 0,738 2,197 0,385

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,006 0,519 1,950 0,986

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,142 0,766 1,702 0,516

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 0,975 0,632 1,505 0,910

).>?/./ @2?A1= - Delivery


&'(# FAS II 1,703 1,101 2,633 0,017

)*#$% FAS II 1,941 1,081 3,485 0,026

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,836 0,532 1,312 0,436

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,737 0,414 1,313 0,301

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 0,928 0,544 1,586 0,786

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 0,985 0,517 1,874 0,963

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 0,967 0,646 1,448 0,872

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,166 0,762 1,787 0,479

+:?4:167/B C2.8?/51DE C/: DFG?4HA725: !"#$, %"&$' $()$*+,-(.', /(.µ$,0 !$(%1%0, &-2($30 /(.µ$,0' &2(, %1, -(4.*5*0, -&6&-/$ -)&.6-/-741' &.%+2., -&6&-/$ -)&.6/-741' µ1%+2.', -7µ82-(. ).( $()$,$-µ()0 ).%84%.41 $()$*+,-(.'

;B5272E 3. +12Hµ6IµG52 µ/51GF2 F/?6I167>E C2F65J.=µAIAE ?62 1A I:I4G16IA1/: 7/65<567/-/67/5/µ67/0 DC6CGJ/: 726 1<5 J621./@67K5 I:5AHD6K5 1<5 @/61A1K5/1.6K5


!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

,-./0/1 4. +2/3µ45µ6./ µ7.268/ 87945240:1 ;/84.<=>µ?5?1 94/ 2? 5@5A6245? 27@ 074.B.407-7407.7µ407C D;4;6<7@0/4 2B. <4/2=7E40F. 5@.?3D4F. 2B. E742?2F./2=4F. 5D 5A65? µD 27 EC87

*9>=4/ (7=-254/

95% G!

OR Lower Upper p value OR Lower Upper p value

H=7C2/

!"µ#$% FAS II (ref) (ref)

&'(# FAS II 0,749 0,291 1,924 0,548 1,095 0,559 2,144 0,791

)*#$% FAS II 0,981 0,282 3,408 0,976 1,445 0,557 3,753 0,449

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,711 0,444 6,589 0,435 0,609 0,311 1,193 0,148

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,801 0,408 7,958 0,438 0,737 0,283 1,916 0,531

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,542 0,308 7,718 0,598 0,857 0,385 1,908 0,705

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 2,775 0,499 15,440 0,244 0,917 0,311 2,710 0,876

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref) (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 2,502 0,988 6,340 0,053 0,891 0,445 1,783 0,745

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,096 0,367 3,277 0,869 1,099 0,536 2,251 0,796

I/A/.40J


&'(# FAS II 0,874 0,408 1,874 0,730 0,786 0,443 1,394 0,410

)*#$% FAS II 1,244 0,443 3,488 0,679 1,680 0,777 3,635 0,188

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,126 0,434 2,920 0,807 1,227 0,656 2,294 0,521

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,340 0,447 4,015 0,601 1,375 0,587 3,220 0,463

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,550 0,471 5,101 0,470 1,374 0,645 2,929 0,410

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,341 0,351 5,117 0,668 1,403 0,538 3,659 0,489

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref) (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,750 0,821 3,727 0,147 0,868 0,469 1,607 0,652

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,347 0,587 3,091 0,482 1,560 0,837 2,906 0,162

*./K@0240J


&'(# FAS II 5,046 1,042 24,427 0,044 1,243 0,443 3,487 0,679

)*#$% FAS II 8,104 1,377 47,676 0,021 3,020 0,734 12,433 0,126

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,305 0,111 0,832 0,020 0,696 0,255 1,897 0,479

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,188 0,049 0,722 0,015 1,055 0,238 4,687 0,943

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 2,095 0,411 10,671 0,373 0,754 0,244 2,334 0,624

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,969 0,326 11,889 0,460 0,273 0,039 1,913 0,191

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref) (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,620 0,618 4,244 0,326 0,612 0,177 2,122 0,439

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 0,973 0,323 2,933 0,962 2,007 0,661 6,096 0,219


!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

,-./0/1 4. +2/3µ45µ6./ µ7.268/ 87945240:1 ;/84.<=>µ?5?1 94/ 2? 5@5A6245? 27@ 074.B.407-7407.7µ407C D;4;6<7@0/4 2B. <4/2=7E40F. 5@.?3D4F. 2B. E742?2F./2=4F. 5D 5A65? µD 27 EC87

*9>=4/ (7=-254/

95% G!

OR Lower Upper p value OR Lower Upper p value

,=B4.> 9DCµ/


&'(# FAS II 1,982 0,952 4,126 0,067 1,347 0,783 2,318 0,282

)*#$% FAS II 2,896 1,127 7,443 0,027 0,808 0,360 1,816 0,606

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,873 0,798 4,399 0,150 0,882 0,504 1,543 0,660

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 1,922 0,721 5,126 0,192 0,977 0,453 2,104 0,952

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,056 0,401 2,781 0,911 1,224 0,622 2,409 0,559

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 0,608 0,200 1,844 0,379 1,358 0,576 3,205 0,485

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref) (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,081 0,580 2,016 0,807 1,298 0,757 2,227 0,343

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 1,283 0,658 2,498 0,464 0,889 0,493 1,603 0,696

)=:97=7 E/9?2> - Delivery


&'(# FAS II 2,442 1,270 4,695 0,007 1,261 0,686 2,317 0,455

)*#$% FAS II 2,305 0,972 5,467 0,058 1,620 0,710 3,695 0,252

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,581 0,293 1,150 0,119 0,977 0,513 1,861 0,943

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# -"1'2" 0,415 0,182 0,948 0,037 1,292 0,554 3,012 0,553

!"µ#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 (ref) (ref)

&'(# +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 1,166 0,511 2,663 0,715 0,822 0,395 1,711 0,600

)*#$% +,-"./+0(# µ#1'2"3 0,911 0,354 2,346 0,848 1,177 0,475 2,916 0,725

!"µ#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# (ref) (ref)

&'(# 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 0,946 0,545 1,643 0,843 0,966 0,515 1,811 0,914

)*#$% 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 0,866 0,474 1,583 0,640 1,506 0,794 2,857 0,210

+@9A@2407- ;/=H97.2D1 ;7@ D869A3?0/.: 18-43 45,49'6+5"3, /5"µ46% :451#1%, -+254;% /5"µ46%3 -256 1#6 +5("9<9%, +-.-+/4 +,-"./+0(#3 -"1'-2", +-.-+/4 +,-"./+0(#3 µ#1'2"3, +0µ72+5" ,"5 45,464µ5,% ,"17(1"(# 45,49'6+5"3

,456<65,=6 "$$"9=6. >+ (06721#(# µ+ 146 +?’ 425(µ48 µ+1"@"15,A ;"2",1%2" 1#3 "6"/0Aµ+6#3 +6#$5,.<(#3 (Arnett 2000), 14 A15 /+6 ,"1"927:461"5 /5":42'3 ,"17 1#6 '6"2?# 1#3 "01A64µ#3 /5"@.<(#3 /+6 (#µ".6+5 A15 A1"6 45 (06B%,+3 4µ"$4-45#B486 45 :451#1'3 "-A /5":42+15,A ,456<65,4-45,464µ5,A 0-A@"B24 B" ",4$40B%(406 1" ./5" µ41.@" (0µ-+25:42=6 (Friestad & Klepp 2006).

C6= (1#6 @5@$5492":." ,"1"927:+1"5 (0(1#µ"15,7 A15 0*#$A1+24 DEC (;+1.F+1"5 µ+ "0?#µ'6# ,"1"67$<(# :2481<6 ,"5 $";"65,=6 (Vereecken et al 2005), (1# µ+-$'1# GHIJ /+6 ,"1"927:#,"6 "61.(145;+3 /5":42'3, (+

"61.B+(# µ+ 1#6 +2+06#15,% µ"3 0-AB+(#. K" µ-4248(+ 6" +.6"5 5/5".1+2" +6B"220615,A 14 9+946A3 A15 /+6 0-72;406 /5":424-45%(+53 µ+1"?8 ;"µ#$A1+2<6 ,"5 0*#$A1+2<6 +-5-'/<6 DEC (1#6 ,"1"67$<(# :2481<6 ,"5 $";"65,=6, +76 # +?.(<(# +.;+ -2"9µ"14-45#B+. -243 1#6 ,"1+8B06(# 1#3 -24(,A$#(#3 (adherence) (153 -241+56Aµ+6+3 /5"124-:5,'3 4/#9.+3. >1#6 -27?# -2"9µ"14-45%B#,+ 14 "61.B+14, µ+ -4$8 µ5,2A -4(4(1A 1<6 :451#1=6/125=6 1#3 µ+$'1#3 6" ,"1"6"$=6406 :2481" ,"5 $";"65,7 ,7B+ µ'2", "6+-?721#1" "-A 14 ,456<65,4-45,464µ5,A 1403 +-.-+/4 ,"5 1#6 +,-"./+0(# 1<6 9465=6 1403.


!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#"$% µ&'() *+'",-'.)" &) /(&'" 0.1& )2.3-)&)4'+5µ'-&1 3"$3&3µ"$% $).,0.)01 1 363() #'& 0*'.(0.1$' µ' $)-&7&) #'($.1 #").+34"$8& 02&19'"8& 6)+, .3 5." 0' ,::'; µ':7.'; 0*'.(-'.)" µ' )2<1µ7&1 $).)&,:=01 4+3>.=& $)" :)*)&"$8& (Konttinen et al 2013, Dijkstra et al 2014). ?2&%9=; 3" 0):,.';, .) 4+3>.) $)" .) :)*)&"$, '(&)" 6"3 )$+"@, )&, 9'+µ(#) 0' 0*701 µ' ,::) 6+3A5&.) $)" 26,+-*'" µ,:"0.) 1 2659'01 5." ,.3µ) µ' *)µ1:7; 3"$3&3µ"$7; #2&).5.1.'; #'& µ63+3>& &) )&.)6'<7:932& 0.1& )/3+, 6+3A5&.=& 632 '&8 '(&)" 2/"'"&, #'& $):>6.32& ."; 1µ'+%-0"'; 9'+µ"#"$7; .32; )&,/$'; (Darmon et al 2005, Darmon & Drewnowski 2008). B65 .) )63.':70µ)., µ); µ63+3>µ' &) 7*32µ' µ") 7&#'"<1 5." .3 3"$3&3µ"$5 $+".%+"3 #'& '(&)" .3 $2+"5.'+3 /") .1& '6":3/% .+348&, 56=; 4+3>.) $)" :)-*)&"$,, $)., .1& 7&)+<1 .1; 43".1."$%; -=%;.

C3 '6(6'#3 '$6)(#'201; .32 6).7+) 4)(&'.)" &) #+) 6+30.).'2."$, =; 6+3; .1& $).)&,:=01 )&)D2$."$8& $)" /+%/3+32 4)/1.3> 0.) )/5+"). C3 )63.7:'0µ) )2.5 7+*'-.)" 0' )&."#")0.3:% µ' .) '2+%µ).) .1; #"'9&3>; @"@:"3-/+)4();, 5632 97:32& .3 µ3+4=."$5 '6(6'#3 $2+(=; .1; µ1.7+); &) #+) 6+30.).'2."$, 0."; #").+34"$7; 02&%9'"'; .=& 6)"#"8&, 6'+"005.'+3 )65 .32 6).7+) (Serra-Majem et al 2004, Nilsen et al 2009, Ulla D(ez & Perez-Fortis 2010, Papadaki & Mavrikaki 2015). E+3097.'" 5µ=; '&#'(<'"; 0' 7&) 02&'*8; )2<)&5µ'&3 08µ) @"@:"3/+)4(); 5." $3"&=-&"$, $)" 3"$3&3µ"$, *)+)$.1+"0."$, .32 6).7+) '61+',--32& '<(032 % 6'+"005.'+3 ."; 02µ6'+"43+7; 2/'(); .=& )63/5&=&, 7&#'"<1 .=& µ'.):)005µ'&=& $3"&=&"$8& #3-µ8& $)" +5:=& 632 2"39'.3>& .) 4>:) 0' 0*701 µ' ."; 3"-$3/'&'")$7; 263*+'80'"; (Smetanina et al 2015, Parikka et al 2015).

C3 µ5&3 )63.7:'0µ) 632 %.)& 0' 02µ4=&() µ' .1& '+'2&1."$% 2659'01 .1; 6)+3>0); µ':7.1; %.)& 5." 1 $).)&,:=01 6+="&3> /'>µ).3; 0*'.(0.1$' µ' .3 2D1:5 '6(6'#3 '2µ,+'"); 0.) )/5+"). ?.1 µ':7.1 HELENA, 1 '2-µ,+'") #'& 0*'.(0.1$' µ' 020.1µ)."$% $).)&,:=01 6+=-"&3> /'>µ).3; 0.) )/5+"), )::, 0.) $3+(.0") (Hallström et al 2011). C) 6)+)6,&= '(&)" '&#'"$."$, .1; #")43+'."$%; '6(#+)01; 632 7*'" .3 $3"&=&"$3-3"$3&3µ"$5 6'+"@,::3& 0' #").+34"$7; 02µ6'+"43+7; 0' #")43+'."$7; *8+'; $)" 63:"."0µ"$, 6'+"@,::3&.) $)" .3&(-32& .1& )&)/$)"5.1.) &) #"'+'2&5&.)" )2.7; 3" 0*70'"; )&'<,+.1.) 0' $,9' *8+).

!"#$%#$&µ%' ()* µ"+,()*F 6)+3>0) 7+'2&) 7*'" 3+"0µ7&32; 6'+"3+"0µ3>; 632 34'(:32& &) :1493>& 26’ 5D"& $)., .1& '+µ1&'() .=& )63-.':'0µ,.=&. G 02/*+3&"$5; 0*'#")0µ5; .1; #'& '6".+7-6'" µ' @'@)"5.1.) .1 #"'+'>&101 .1; )"."5.1.);, 6"3 '(&)" .3 )(."3 $)" 6"3 .3 )".").5 0."; )&)4'+5µ'&'; 020*'.(0'";. H0.503, '(&)" 0)48; 6"9)&5.'+3 .3 $3"&=&"$3-3"$3&3µ"$5 '6(6'#3 .1; 3"$3/7&'"); &) $)93+(-'" ."; #").+34"$7; 02-&%9'"';, 6)+, .3 )&.(9'.3.

C) '+=.1µ).3:5/") %.)& )2.5-02µ6:1+3>µ'&), 02-&'68; #'& µ63+'( &) )63$:'"0.'( .3 04,:µ) )&,$:101;, '4503& .3 '+=.1µ).3:5/"3 02*&5.1.); $).)&,:=01; .+3-4(µ=& )43+3>0' 0.1& '@#3µ)#")() $).)&,:=01. Iµ=;, 0' 7+'2&'; 0.,9µ"01; 0*'."$8& '+=.1µ).3:3/(=& 7*'" #'"*9'( 5." 6)+’ 5." 26,+*'" 0)47; 6'+"98+"3 @':."80'=&, '(&)" 7/$2+) $)" )<"56"0.) /") .1& $).)/+)4% .=& #").+3-4"$8& 02&19'"8& 0' '6"#1µ"3:3/"$7; µ':7.'; (Vereecken & Maes 2003).

G" D2*3µ'.+"$7; "#"5.1.'; .1; $:(µ)$); FAS 7*32& 02--1.19'( 0' )+$'., ,+9+) 0.1 #"'9&% @"@:"3/+)4(). E)+’ 5." 7*'" µ7.+") '0=.'+"$% )<"36"0.(), 7*'" #")6"0.=9'( 5." 7*'" 2D1:7; $)" 0.)."0."$, 01µ)&."$7; 020*'.(0'"; µ' ,::32; #'($.'; .1; $3"&=&"$3-3"$3&3µ"$%; $).,0.)01;, )::, $)" µ' '$@,0'"; 2/'(); (Boyce et al 2006, Zambon et al 2006, Liu et al 2012, Makransky et al 2014). E"3 02/$'$+"µ7&), 6)+320",-'" 01µ)&."$% 020*7."01 µ' .3 '6(6'#3 '$6)(-#'201; .=& /3&7=& $)" .3 '6,//':µ, .32;, 2D1:5 6303-0.5 02µ4=&(); µ'.)<> '4%@=& $)" /3&7=&, $)98; $)" "$)&363"1."$% 020*7."01 µ' .3& '9&"$5 #'($.1 6:3>.32, .3 B$)9,+"0.3 !/*8+"3 E+3A5& (Liu et al 2012). E)+,::1:), 0.) 9'."$, 0.3"*'() .1; $:(µ)$); FAS JJ $).)/+,4'.)" .3 5." '61+',-'.)" :"/5.'+3 )65 .3 04,:µ) 6+3$).,:1D1; 0' 0*701 µ' ,::'; µ'.+%0'"; .32 $3"&=&"$3-3"$3&3µ"$3> '6"-67#32, 3" 363('; @)0(-3&.)" 0."; )&)43+7; .=& '4%@=& /") .3 '"05#1µ) .=& &3"$3$2+"8& % .3 '6,//':µ) .=& /3&7=& .32;.

C3 #'(/µ) #'& '(&)" )&."6+30=6'2."$5 .32 43".1."$3> 6:1920µ3> .1; !::,#); $)" .(9'&.)" 97µ).) /'&($'201; .=& )63.':'0µ,.=&. C3 01µ)&."$5 0' )2.%& .1& 6'+(6.=-01 '(&)" 5." 3" 43".1.7; .32 C!J K+%.1; 7*32& 7+9'" µ70= .=& E)&'::1&(=& '<'.,0'=& $)" 6+37+*3&.)" )65 5:1 .1& !::,#), )::, $)" *8+'; .32 '<=.'+"$3>, $)" )65 5:) .) $3"&=&"$3-3"$3&3µ"$, '6(6'#), 7µ'&)& .503 0' )0."$7;, 503 $)" 0' )/+3."$7; 6'+"3*7; $)" 1 )&):3/() .=& )/3-+"8&-$3+".0"8& '(&)" )2.% 632 $).)/+,4'.)" /") .3 0>&3:3 .1; *8+);.

-./!012-/232 – !1432-05-?.1& 6)+3>0) µ':7.1 2D1:5.'+1 '2µ,+'") .1; 3"$3/7&'"); 0*'.(0.1$' µ' 2D1:5.'+1 $).)&,:=01 6+="&3> /'>µ).3;, )::, $)" µ' µ'/):>.'+1 $).)&,:=01 )&)D2$."$8& $)" /+%/3+32 4)/1.3> 0.) )/5+"). E)+,::1:), 4,&1$' µ") 6+30.).'2."$% 0*701 µ'.)<> .32 '6"67#32 '$6)(#'201; .32 6).7+) $)" .=& )&92/"'"&8& #").+34"$8& 02&19'"8& /") .) )/5+"). F $).)&,:=01 4+3>.=& $)" :)*)&"$8& #'& 0*'.(0.1$' µ' $,63"3 #'($.1 KG!. C) )63.':70µ).) '(&)" "#")(.'+) 01µ)&."$, $)98; )63.268&32& .3 5." 3" #")-.+34"$7; 02&%9'"'; .=& 6+=.3'.8& 43".1.8& '(&)" )&'-6)+$'(; )&'<,+.1.) )65 .3 $3"&=&"$3-3"$3&3µ"$5 .32; '6(6'#3 $)" .1& '$6)(#'201 .=& /3&7=& .32;. ?2&'68;, 3" 020.1µ)."$7; #+,0'"; /") .1 @':.(=01 .=& #").+34"$8&


!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#$%&'(# )*" +*')$)',*- ./$%"!µ*- &0#1' 1.1210)$)&3 ,1' 1#14,10&3 .125 )* 4&4*#63 6)' µ&//*#)',73 µ&/7)&3 *+&0/*"# #1 ,1)14258*"# /&.)*µ&27!)&21 ,1' 4'1 µ&41/--)&2* 92*#',6 :'5!)$µ1 )'3 :'1)2*+',73 !"#;%&'&3 .2*,&'-µ7#*" #1 1.*)".(!*"# 2&1/'!)',5 )'3 .'%1#73 µ&)1<*/73 ,1' :'1,"µ5#!&'3 )*"3 ,1)5 )$ +*')$)',; =>;.

?"#&9(3 1"@1#6µ&#* ./;%*3 µ&/&)(# )*#0=&' )*"3 #7*"3 26/*"3 .*" *+&0/*"# #1 "'*%&);!*"# *' #*!$/&"-)73, '1)2*0 ,1' 4&#',5 )* !-#*/* )># &.144&/µ1)'(# "4&0-13 .2*,&'µ7#*" #1 :2*"# &.',*"2',5 !)$ <&/)0>!$ )># !"µ.&2'+*2(# :'1,'#:-#&"!$3 4'1 )$# "4&01 )># 1)6µ># ,1' )># ./$%"!µ(#. A12’ 6)' *' #*!$/&")73 1.*)&/*-# )$# .*/"./$%7!)&2$ *µ5:1 !)* !-!)$µ1 "4&013 !& .14,6!µ'* &.0.&:*, :&# +10#&)1' #1 1@'*.*'*-# )'3 !"!)$µ1)',73 )*"3 &.1+73 µ& 1!%&#&03 ,1' 5)*µ1 4'1 )2*.*.*0$!$ !"µ.&2'-+*2(# :'1,'#:-#&"!$3 (Kotsoni et al 2008). A125//$/1, $ ',1#6)$)1 )*"3 4'1 *"!'1!)',73 ,1' 1.*)&/&!µ1)',73 .1-2&µ<5!&'3 .&2'*20=&)1' 1.6 )'3 :',73 )*"3 !"µ.&2'+*273: )1 5)*µ1 µ& 9&'26)&2&3 !"µ.&2'+*273 "4&013 1.*+&-4*"# #1 ,5#*"# .12&µ<5!&'3 14>4;3 "4&013 ,1' #1 :(!*"# .*/-)'µ&3 !"µ<*"/73, 1//5 ,1' 6)1# )'3 :0#*"#, *' 1!%&-#&03 :&# &0#1' 1#*',)*0 !)* #1 )'3 :&9)*-# (Hicks et al 2008, Lobelo & de Quevedo 2016). B& 1")6 )* :&:*µ7#*, %1 .27.&' #1 :>%&0 ':'10)&2$ 7µ+1!$ !)$# &,.10:&"!$ )># &.'!)$µ6#># "4&013 7)!' (!)& #1 µ.*27!*"# #1 1#)1.*-,2'%*-# ',1#5 ,1' 1.*)&/&!µ1)',5 !)* !-#%&)* ,1' .*/":'-5!)* &49&02$µ1 )$3 <&/)0>!$3 )$3 "4&013 ,1' )$3 .*'6)$)13 =>;3 µ7!> )$3 )2*.*.*0$!$3 !"µ.&2'+*2(#.

!"#µ$%&'(%#)#C µ&/7)$ "/*.*';%$,& !)* ./10!'* )*" D.'9&'2$!'1,*- A2*425µµ1)*3 «D,.10:&"!$ ,1' E'1 F0*" B5%$!$», A25-@$ «G29'µ;:$3 HHH – D#0!9"!$ &2&"#$)',(# *µ5:># !)* IDH J2;)$3» ,1' !"492$µ1)*:*);%$,& 1.6 )$# D"2>.1K,; L#>!$ (D"2>.1K,6 J*'#>#',6 I1µ&0*) ,1' 1.6 &%#',*-3 .62*"3 (D%#',6 ?)21)$4',6 A/10!'* G#1+*253 2007-2013).

*+,$"-)%./0M&2µ73 &"912'!)0&3 *+&0/*"µ& !)$ :'*0,$!$ ,1' )* .2*-!>.',6 )*" IDH J2;)$3 4'1 )$# ".*!);2'@; )*"3 !& ,5%& !)5:'* )$3 µ&/7)$3 NGIO, !)*"3 &2&"#$)73 4'1 )$# 1,5µ1)$ .2*!.5%&'5 )*"3 ,1' !)*"3 +*')$)73 4'1 )$ !"µµ&)*9; )*"3.

1234567 12889:;*<=P QJ &0#1' * &.'!)$µ*#',63 ".&-%"#*3 79*#)13 )$# 4&#',; &"%-#$ 4'1 )$ !-//$8$ ,1' )* !9&:'1!µ6 )$3 µ&/7)$3. P' IR ,1' QJ !"µµ&)&091# !)*# &#)*.'!µ6 )># &2>)$µ1)*/*-40>#. C !"//*4; )># :&:*µ7#># .214µ1)*.*';%$,& 1.6 12,&)5 5)*µ1 µ&)1@- )># *.*0># *' D? ,1' QJ. P' D? ,1' QJ !"#7442181# )* 129',6 ,&0µ&#*. S/*' *' !"4421+&03 (D?, IR ,1' QJ) !"µµ&)&091# !)$# 1#1!,6.$!$ )$3 <'</'*-421+013, !)$# 1#5/"!$ )># :&:*µ7#>#, !)$# &2µ$#&01 )>#

1.*)&/&!µ5)># ,1%(3 ,1' !)$# ,2')',; 1@'*/64$!$ ,1' 74,2'!$ )*" )&/',*- ,&'µ7#*".

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Eirini Syligardou1, Anastas Philalithis2, George Kritsotakis3

1. MPH, Nutritionist – Dietician, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Prevention and Management of Diseases,Department of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

2. AKC, MBBS, PhD, Professor, Department of Social Medicine,Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece

3. MA, PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Prevention and Management of Diseases,Department of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Low socio-economic status (SES) is associated with health risk behaviours contribut-ing to the social inequalities in health. However, the associations of dietary habits with socio-eco-nomic status have not been investigated in emerging adulthood in detail yet.Aim: To investigate the associations of dietary habits with socio-economic status in 1st year under-graduate university students.Methods: This cross-sectional analysis draws data from the LATO study, a longitudinal study of all 1st year undergraduate students of TEI Crete during the academic year 2012/13 (!=1138, 54% girls, Mean age 18,31 years, response rate 96,7%). The consumption frequencies of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks, breakfast and delivery food were associated with the following socio-economic indicators: Family affluence (FAS II), paternal and maternal educational level and self-reported economic sta-tus. The SPSS v21.0 was used to perform logistic regression models after adjusting for potential confounders.Results: Only 24,9%, 12% and 17% of the students were consuming breakfast, fruits and vegetables, respectively, in a daily basis. Soft drinks were consumed daily by 6,1% of the participants but most of them consumed delivery/junk food less than 1/week (73,8%). Higher family affluence was associ-ated with increased odds of consuming breakfast (OR=2,90, 95%CI=1,13-7,44), soft drinks (OR=8,10, 95%CI=1,38-47,68) and delivery/junk food (OR=2,44, 95%CI=1,27-4,70) in boys. High paternal educa-tional level was associated in a protective way with boys’ consumption of delivery food (OR=0,42, 95%CI=0,18-0,95) and soft drinks (OR=0,19, 95%CI=0,05-0,72). Fruits and vegetables consumption was not associated with any SES indicator. Conclusions: The majority of 1st year university students were not following current diet recom-mendations irrespective of SES. Interventions targeting eating behaviours are needed at higher education institutes.

KEYWORDS: Eating habits, socio-economic status, fruits, vegetables, breakfast

Family affluence, socio - economic statusand dietary habits

of 1st year University students

Corresponding Author: George KritsotakisE-mail: [email protected] &elephone Number: +302810379519

Submission Date: 20 Oct 2015Publication Date: 20 Jan 2016

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