7TEE 2

7(EN1997)

.,

.,.

.,.

,2009

7TEE 3

7 (EN 1997)

1 ................................................................................................................. 51.1 7 ................................................... 51.2 E 7 ........................................ 71.3 EC7 ......................................... 8 2 7 1 : ............................................ 102.1 1 : ............................................................................................... 132.2 2 : ....................................................... 142.2.1 ...................................................................................... 142.2.2 ....................................................................................................................... 172.2.3 B Yoo ................................................... 232.2.4 ......................................................... 232.2.5 (prescriptive measures) .................. 362.2.6 ................ 372.2.7 (obserational method) ................................................ 372.2.8 ....................................................................... 372.2.9 ........................................................................................ 382.2.10 ..................................... 392.3 3 : ......................................................................... 402.4 4 : , ..................................................................................................................... 432.5 5 : , , .......................................................................................................................... 442.6 6 : ............................................................... 442.6.1 .................................................... 462.6.2 ........................................... 482.7 .................................................................................. 552.7.1 ..................................................................................................... 552.7.2 ............................................................................... 562.7.3 ............................................................................ 682.7.4 ............................................................. 742.8 ........................................................................................................... 762.9 9 : ........................................................................... 832.10 ............................................................................................ 1062.10.1 (UPL) .................................................... 1072.10.2 (HYD) ........................................... 110

7TEE 4

2.11 ................................................................................................ 1122.12 ........................................................................................................ 1162.13 1997-1 () : ... 1182.14 () .................................. 1272.15 () ........................................................................ 141.1 ............................................ 141 3 EN 1997-1 : 2004 ..................... 144 4 7 2 : ........ 1564.1 .................................................................................................................. 1564.2 ............................................................ 1584.3 .................... 1604.4 .............................................................. 1614.5 ..................................................... 1614.6 .............................................................................. 162

7TEE 5

1

7 () . 7 , , , , . , 7 EN 1997 EC7. 7 : ) 1997-1: 7 1:

(CEN 2004). ) 1997-2: 7 2:

(CEN 2007).

1.1 7

- .., . , 1989 CEN (). , . , (10) (), 1990 1999, , 1990: , : EN 1990 0:

EN 1991 1:

EN 1992 2:

EN 1993 3:

EN 1994 4:

EN 1995 5:

7TEE 6

EN 1996 6:

EN 1997 7:

EN 1998 8:

EN 1999 9:

(., 1992 , 1993 ), 1990, 1991, 1997 1998 , . , 7 ( 1997) . 7 , . 7 : ) 1997-1: 7 1:

(CEN 2004) ) 1997-2: 7 2:

(CEN 2007) 7 1990 6 ( ), , . 7 : ) ..

, ..

) .

. , EC7 , ( ) : / , , / .. 7 ( ),

7TEE 7

, . , . . ( ), ' 7.

1.2 E 7

7, , 1981 ad-hoc 10 - ... 1990 (EC 7, 1990). , .. CEN , 250 (CEN/TC250), . 7 (CEN/TC250/SC7) 7. 1993, SC7 V 1997-1 : 1, CEN (pre-standard) 1994. 1997 CEN E 1997-1. CEN/TC250 . - .., , . EC7-1 . EC7-1 , CEN/TC250/SC7 2004 CEN 1997-1 . 2007, 7 2 1997-2 : : . 1997-2 1997-1, , . .

7TEE 8

1.3 EC7

. 7 :

1990: , , .

1998-5: , , , ..

TC250/SC7, (TC) CEN EC7 :

CEN/TC 341:

CEN/TC 288:

CEN/TC 189:

CEN/TC 288:

CEN/TC WG203: 1 TC 341 C 288, EC7. TC 341 ISO/TC 182/SC1 , ISO-EN ( ). , Ispra Joint Research Centre (JRC) , Nationally Determined Parameters (DP) - . (NAD). 7, 2006 (Maintenance Group MG). , , , , , , , . , CEN , .

7TEE 9

CEN/TC 341 CEN/TC 250 CEN/TC 288

( ) () ()

*

1:

( )

,

(CPT)

SPT

0

1

7

7

2:

:

ISO 182/SC1

7TEE 10

2 7 1 :

7 ( ) (CEN) 23 2004 24 2004. 7 1 ( 1997-1) (118 ) (principles) . . . . , . :

7-1 , 1990 1991 ( , ), (Structural Eurocodes), EC7. , 7-1 , . . EC7 , ( ). EC7 . (calculation models) EC7, (.. , ..), . . EC7 (checklist) . EC7-1 , :

7TEE 11

(qualified personnel) . EC7 , . E 1997-1 7 :

, . . .

. . , . .

( ), .

. . ( ). ( ) ( ).

. , , . , , .

:

, 7 ( ) .

( )

7TEE 12

7 .

7 , , .

, .. .

1997-1 . , , (National Annex) , , :

,

, (, ) , ..

,

. , 1997-1 :

2 : 2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1)

7 : 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6)

8 : 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4) 11 : 11.5.1(1)P

A : A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6, A.4, A.5

1997-1 , , , , , , , . , 1997-1 , , .

7TEE 13

1997-1 . 7 1 ( 1997-1) 12 :

1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : , & 5 : , , 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 10 : 11 : 12 :

9 - (39 ) (.. , (), ..). 1997-1.

2.1 1 :

1 1997-1 , (Normative) , , , 1997-1. 7-1, , : , P, (Principles) , A, (Application rules). () () :

. , .

.

7TEE 14

() :

EC7 . ( EC7) EC7 : ) ) .

2.2 2 :

2 1997-1.

2.2.1 2.1 1997-1. . , . : 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. ( , ,

, ..). 5. (

, , ..). 6. . : 2.1(10) 1997-1 ( - application rule) , . . ( 1 4) ( 5 6).

7TEE 15

1, , , ( ). 2 , . 3, , , , . 1997-1, () ( ) : . ,

7. (prescriptive measures).

/ . , (..) ( ) 200 kPa.

. , .

(observational method). ( ) ( ).

: 2.2 1997-1 (Design Situations) , (), (.. , , ) . . , :

7TEE 16

,

,

,

, :

, ,

, , :

, ,

,

.. , , ,

, .. ,

,

. : 2.4.3 1997-1 . : . , . , , .

7TEE 17

, , .

2.2.2

2.4.5 1997-1 . , (actions), F, (material properties), X, (design values). (Fd) (Xd) (characteristic values), Fk , Xk , () (), : : Fd = FrepF, Frep = Fk ()

: Frep = F = = (

1990 - )

F =

: Xd = Xk / ( ) () : =

= () ( ) , ' . , : )

, .

) . , , ( ).

7TEE 18

( EC7) , . :

, .

.

. ( ), (), 7-1 (cautious estimate) (), ( 2.4.5.2 2). . . , . Xk ( EC7), , . , , , , (.. ) . ..:

, (Xk) , ( ).

7TEE 19

, , . , , (Xk) .

7-1 ( 2.4.5.2 11), , , , , , 5%. (Xk) (cautious) (), . Frank et al. (2004), : . . , . , Xk 7 . Xk, Orr (2008) : (cu) 12m ( 1):

cu : 27, 42, 47, 31, 53, 38, 29, 49, 35, 54 kPa cu Xm = 40.5 kPa Sd = 10 kPa. (Xk) cu (Xm). H , , Student (n ) :

( 1 )c dk mm

t SX XXn

=

n tc () 95%. tc Student :

7TEE 20

n 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 40

tc 2.35 2.15 2.02 1.95 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.64

/ct n 1.36 1.08 0.90 0.80 0.58 0.46 0.39 0.27 0

1:

, n =10 Xk = 34.7 kPa. n < 3, . (Orr, 2008; Schneider, 1997) ( n= 14 ) :

Xk = Xm 0.5 Sd : Xk = 35.5 kPa. X ( ) 5%, Xk = Xm 1.64 Sd, Xk = 24.1 kPa. cu = 27 kPa ( 1). , .

7TEE 21

2: cu

. , , .. , cu, E .. () , . EC7 , . (input) EC7-1 ( 2.4.5.2) (Frank, 2007). 3 .

7TEE 22

EC7 2

,

: EC7 1

3:

-

7TEE 23

2.2.3 B Yoo

2.4 1997-1 . 1990 1997-1. : , ,

( , , ). .

, . .

, (...) .. .

( ) (ultimate limit states ULS). 7.

, .. (serviceability limit states SLS). .

7.

, (.. ), EC7.

2.2.4

2.4.7 2.4.8 1997-1 , (2.4.7) (2.4.8). 7 . 1990: ( ) 2.4.7 2.4.8 EN 1997-1.

7TEE 24

(Limit State Design - LSD) , . , LSD, . Simpson (1997) . , , . (Ultimate Limit State - ULS), .. , - (Serviceability Limit States - SLS), .. . , :

(Ultimate Limit States ULS) (Serviceability Limit States SLS)

(Limit State Design - LSD) . , . , ( ), . 1990 : ) (ultimate limit states - ULS)

( ) .

) (serviceability limit states - SLS) , ( ) , , , .

:

(ULS) ( GEO) , ( STR) .

(SLS) .

7TEE 25

, , , . EC7 , : ) ,

. , , 7 (partial factors) () .

) , , .

, , . EC7 , , . (ULS) 7-1, ( ) : EQU:

, (.. ).

STR: .. , , , ..

GEO: , , .. , , , ..

UPL: ( - uplift) , .. .

7TEE 26

YD: (hydraulic heave), .

1990 ( 3.2), o (ULS) (Design Situations):

(persistent), .

(transient) , .

(accidental) , ,

(seismic) . (.. , , , ) 1991 1990 1991. () (R) (R>E). , ( ), ( ) ( ). , ( , ) . , . , , . , , ( ). , , () (R) (FS), : R / E > FS. EC7, . , ( ). R

7TEE 27

(partial factors) . , EC7 (Ed) (Rd), :

Ed Rd (1) (d) (design value). , , . , , ( , ..) . , , ( ) ( ) . ( ), , 1997-1 . , . , (Ed) : ) (Fd)

(Xd), : Ed = (Fd , Xd ) = ( F Fk , Xk / ) (2)

(F, ) , ,

) () : Ek = (Fk , Xk), :

Ed = (Fk ,Xk) (2) (Fk, Xk) () (.. ) .

, L ' , ( 2), , (d, cd) , qd ( 2).

7TEE 28

- (.. ) (.. ), (2) (2) d. (Rd), (), (Rk), :

(F, ), : Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / ) (3)

(R) Rk = R (Fk , Xk), :

Rd = (1 / R) . R (Fk , Xk) (3) , (3) :

Rd = ( 1 / R ) . R (F Fk , Xk) (3) (R) ( ) , (F) (3). (3) (3) (R) (F). :

1. . , ().

2. . , ().

(.. ) - (.. ), (3) (3) (3) Rd. , ( ) (Design Approaches). , 1997-1 ( 2.4.7.3.4) (Design Approaches - D) GEO STR, Ed Rd (1). , - .. 1997-1.

7TEE 29

( EQU, YD UPL), . , (2) (3) (2) (3), (Ed, Rd). , : 1. - (..

), 2.

( ), (2) (3), ( , R) (.. , ..). - , ( 2 3) . ( ). , (Gd), ( ), :

1. (F) (Gk):

Gd = F Gk = F G (k) (4) 2. ()

(Xk) :

Gd = G (Xk / ) (4) , , - . , - . (4), ( Gd / Gk ) (F), . (

7TEE 30

), (4). : STR GEO , 1997-1 ( ), (Design Approaches) GEO STR. 2.4.7.3.4 E 1997-1 GEO STR. , , , (2) (2) (3) (3) (3) (4) (4). , E1997-1 - .. ( 2.4.7.3.4.1). ( 3 ). (ULS) , , E 1997-1. , , (DA). , , ( .. ) (2) (3) ( 2*, ). , EQU, HYD UPL, , . 1 (DA-1)

1, (1) : Ed Rd (1) (2) (3) :

(F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / ) 1 ( ), (1 2) (F ), E 1997-1. ()

7TEE 31

, , . 1997-1 . 1 (1) (1), (F > 1) ( = 1), . 2 (2) (2), ( > 1) (F = 1), . , (R1 R2) . , (), () (R) :

1: 1 + 1 + R1 2: 2 + 2 + R2

1 (DA-1) (Material Factor Approach - MFA) . O 1 (DA-1) . 2 ( DA-2 DA-2*) 2, (1) : Ed Rd (1) (2) (3) ( DA-2) (2) (3) ( DA-2*), (1), (1) (R2) 1997-1. 2 (1) (R2) , 2 (Resistance Factor Approach - RFA) . 2, (1) ( 2 3 ) : DA-2 : (F Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (F Fk , Xk) DA-2* : (Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Fk , Xk) : 1 + 1 + R2.

7TEE 32

, , , DA-2 ( ) (F = 1.35 1.50, ) () E 1.40. , DA-2*, (2), : d = (F Fk , Xk) (2) : Ed = (Fk ,Xk), : DA-2* ( ) : (F Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Fk , Xk) - , (2) (d) (2), (2) : DA-2* ( - ): (Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Fk , Xk) DA-2 DA-2* , ( 3 - DA-2*) ( 3 - DA-2). , , :

(F Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Xk) ( ):

1. . , ().

2. . , ().

2, DA-2* :

(GEO) (STR) , ( 6, 7, 8 9 1997-1) ( 12 1997-1) 3 ( ).

(STR) (, , ), 9 12 1997-1. , ( GEO) 3 (DA-3).

7TEE 33

(GEO) (STR) .

. DA-2* 2 :

1997-1 , ( FS).

- (.. ), .

DA-2* FS = R (Fk, Xk) / E (Fk, Xk) :

FS = R 3 (DA-3) 3, (1) : Ed Rd (1) (2) (3) (1) o (2) , (2) (R3) 1997-1 : (1 2) + 2 + R3, :

(F Fk, Xk / M) R (F Fk, Xk / M) O 3 (DA-3) (Overall Stability) (GEO) :

, 11 12 1997-1, , , , .

: () , () , ,

7TEE 34

, () (.. ).

, ( , , , , , , , ) (faurable actions) F = 1. (Upper Bound Limit State Analysis) , 3 ( =1.25) 2* ( R=1.25). 3 ( 2*) , / ( ) ( ). , , ( ) ( ) ( ). 2* , , 3 (=R=1) ( ). (SLS) 2.4.8 1997-1. , . . . . , 1997-1.

7TEE 35

:

1. .

2. . 3. -

. 4. (

). 1997-1, : 2.4.8(1) 2.4.8(4). 1 : 2.4.8(1) 1997-1, :

Ed < Cd : Ed = , ..

. Cd = , ..

, .

2.4.8(2) 1997-1, , : Ek < Ck . , (Ck) (Ek) Ck. , 10mm, (Ck) 10mm ( ) (Ek) Ck. () Ck model factor (m). 2 : 2.4.8(1) 1997-1, 2.4.8(4) ( ) :

(4)

7TEE 36

, :

, .

, , (Ed) (low fraction) (Rd) :

Ed < Rd () (sufficiently small to keep deformations within the required serviceability limits). , , ( 7.6.2.3 1997-1) :

F Fk < Rd : F Fk < (Rb;d + Rs;d)

: F Fk < (1/m) [ Rb;k / b + Rs;k / s ] () (s b). ( s = 1) (.. b=0.1) :

Fk < (1/m) [ b *Rb;k + s* Rs;k ] 7.6.2.3(2)+(8) 1997-1, (ultimate compressive resistance) ( ) (m) . 1997-1, m=1.30. , (SLS) , Rk ( Rsu,k Rbu,k ) , m (model factor). , (Fk) () ( Rk / m ).

2.2.5 (prescriptive measures)

2.5 1997-1 , . , , .

7TEE 37

.

2.2.6

2.6 1997-1 . :

.

, .

, .

2.2.7 (obserational method)

2.7 1997-1 , , . :

) , . ) ,

.

) , .

2.2.8

2.8 1997-1 , , . ' , . , . , :

7TEE 38

, 3.4 1997-1.

, , .

. ( ) : ,

, .

2.2.9

, , (.. , , ..). 7-1, :

1. , . 2. ,

. , ( 1997-1). .

7TEE 39

2.2.10

1997-1 8 - 5 ( 1998-5), , : (1)

(F = = 1). (2) ()

(R), : = R = 1 :

(-2000) (global safety factor) (FS=1.00) ( 5.4.3) 2.

(.. ..) (FS=1) -2000.

, 2000.

(3) (m) . , m=1.30, . FS = R m = 1 x 1 x 1.30 = 1.30, 39/1999 ( ).

(2) 2 ( D-2*) , 3 (DA-3). , , 2* 3. , D-2* .

, 2 -2000, 1997-1 1998-5 , : = R = 1 (FS=1),

7TEE 40

(. ). FS=1.30 (.. ) FS=1.10.

2.3 3 :

3 1997-1 . , . 2 7 (EN 1997-2). (. EN 1997-2, 2). 3.4 1997-1. 3.4.1 1997-1, ( 2.8 1997-1). :

1. (Geotechnical Factual Report - GFR). , . , : 1.1

. , :

,

: ( )

7TEE 41

, ,

,

, ,

. 1.2

. (test reports) EN 1997-2.

2. (Geotechnical Interpretation Report -

GIR). ( ) , , , ( ) ( ). , ( ) :

(review) .

7TEE 42

(.. , , ). , . - ,

(review)

, , . , .

,

/ , ()

,

.

: , , . , () . , ( ), ( ), ( ).

7TEE 43

( ) , .

2.4 4 : ,

4 1997-1 , . . , , :

.

, :

, .. ,

.

. 1, , . 2, . 3, . , :

(as-built drawings)

7TEE 44

.

:

.

(. 2.8(3) 1997-1).

2.5 5 : , ,

5 1997-1 , , .

2.6 6 :

6 1997-1 , . : (bearing resistance

failure), (punching failure) (squeezing)

/ (heave) ,

- . 2.4.2(4) 1997-1. , .

7TEE 45

: ,

,

,

,

, (volume-unstable)

, .. , , ,

, : ,

. , . . .

, .

, (. 2.5 1997-1).

, 6.7 1997-1. , . , , , .

7TEE 46

1997-1. ( ) 6.5 6.6 1997-1 .

2.6.1

6.5 1997-1 . . : : , , , , . , , 11 1997-1, . :

Vd Rd (6.1) : Vd

, , . .

Rd ( ) 2.4 1997-1.

DA-2* , (Rd) (Rk) (R;v) :

7TEE 47

Rd = Rk / R;v

(R;v) .5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;v = 1.4 ( R2). Rk . 1997-1. , , . , . , . , . :

Hd Rd + Rp;d (6.2) :

Hd ( ) . . Rd . Rd 2.4 1997-1. Rp;d , .. ( ).

Rd Rp;d . , (post-peak behaviour). Rp;d . , , Rd, (R;h) (Vk tan k) :

Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h (6.3) .5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;h = 1.1 ( R2).

7TEE 48

V'k, Hk and V'k .

(k) , ('cv;k), (2/3 'cv;k) . c' . , , Rd, (Ac cu;k) :

Rd = (Ac cu;k) / R;h (6.4) Ac cu;k . - , :

Rd 0,4 Vd (6.5) (6.5) . 1/3 0,6 . :

2.4.2 1997-1.

.

( .. , ) ( EQU). (Edst,d) (Estb,d), :

Edst,d < Estb,d .1 1997-1.

2.6.2

6.6 1997-1 .

7TEE 49

. 2.4.9 1997-1. , , 1.5.2.2 1997-1. , . . / 2 3, (). , , 6.6.2 1997-1. . . :

s0: ,

s1: s2: .

s0 s1, 1997-1. , . , . 20 % . ( ), 1 2 , . - , . , , .

7TEE 50

. -. , . , , . , . , ( ) . 3, . 2, - . : . :

: = 3m , : L = 4m : D = 1m : E : 1 = 20 kN/m3 E (

) : 2 = 20 kN/m3 : ' = 28 : c' = 10 kPa

( ) :

(persistent) : Gk = 1800 kN (transient) : Qk = 350 kN (persistent) : Gk = 360 kN (transient) : Qk = 70 kN (persistent) : LGk = 0 kN (transient) : LQk = 0 kN ( ) : MG,k = 1080 kNm ( L) : MLG,k = 0 kNm

7TEE 51

( ) : MQ,k = 210 kNm ( L) : MLQ,k = 0 kNm ( ) : qk = 0

1. : .3 .5 1997-1 ( 1, 2*). :

d = Vd = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 1800 + 1.50 x 350 = 2955 kN ( ) :

d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN ( ) :

Ld = G LGk + Q LQk = 0 kN ( ) :

d = G MG,k + Q MQ,k = 1.35 x 1080 + 1.50 x 210 = 1773 kN ( L) :

Ld = G MLG,k + Q MLQ,k = 0 kN 2. (

) : 1997-1 ( DA-2*) : ( ) :

eBk = MBk / Vk = (1080+210) / (1800+350) = 0.6m :

eLk = MLk / Vk = 0 ( B) :

tan (Bk) = B / V = (360+70) / (1800 + 350) = 0.20 Bk = 11.31o ( L) :

tan (Lk) = Lk / Vk = 0 Lk = 0 : = 2 eBk = 3 2 x 0.60 = 1.80m , L = L 2 eLk = 4m, = L = 7.2 m2

7TEE 52

(pu) :

( )1 212u c c c q q q

p c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + + (x 1.1)

(D.2) 1997-1, bi = 1 ( ). i (' = 28) :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 14.720

Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 25.803

N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 14.590

:

sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1.2113

s = 1 0.3 (B'/L ) = 0.8650 sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1.2267

(iq , i , ic) : m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 1.6897 :

7TEE 53

iq = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m (Ex 1.2)

i = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m+1

ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan ' ) V , :

V = pu B L H = V tan() (Ex 1.3)

(iq , i , ic) , pu ( ).

, iq = i = ic = 1, pu (Ex 1.1), V H (Ex 1.3) (iq , i , ic) (Ex 1.2). (iq , i , ic) (pu) . , :

iq = 0.6949 , i = 0.5602 , ic = 0.6727 : pu,k = pu = 588 kPa , :

Vu,k = pu B L = 588 x 1.80 x 4 = 4233 kN () DA-2* :

Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 4233 / 1.40 = 3024 kN (R,v) .5 ( R2 DA-2*) 1997-1. (6.1) : Vd Rd , Vd = 2955 kN ( ), :

Vd = 2955 kN 3024 kN = Rd , . (FS) :

FS = Rk / Vk = 4233 / (1800 + 350) = 1.97 (FS) : FS = F R;v 1.40 x 1.40 = 1.96 : (Ex. 1.2), V 2* (DA-2*) , 2* (3) Rd.

7TEE 54

2 (DA-2), V 2 (3) Rd. 3. : (6.2):

Hd Rd + Rp;d (6.2) ( ). ( ) : Rp;d = 0. ( ) :

d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN , ( 2*) :

Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h (6.3) Vk :

Vk = Gk + Qk = 1800 + 350 = 2150 kN : 2 (DA-2), (6.3) : Rd = (Vd tan k) / R;h , 2 (3) Rd. DA-2* : Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h .

(R;h) .5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;h = 1.1 ( R2).

() , ('cv;k), . : = 28 o, :

Rd = [ 2150 x tan(28) ] / 1.1 = 1039.25 kN ( 6.2) :

Hd = 591 1039.25 + 0 = Rd + Rp;d , . (FS) :

FS = Rk / Hk = [ 2150 x tan(28) ] / (360 + 70) = 2.66 (FS) : FS = F R;h 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54

7TEE 55

2.7

2.7.1

, :

: GEO : -

GEO :

GEO :

STR : ,

(.. )

:

, STR GEO , - , .. , , . ( 1997-1):

.3 .3 ((FF)) ((EE))

A1A1 A2A2

GG 1,351,351,001,00

1,001,001,001,00

QQ 1,501,5000

1,301,3000

.3 .3 ((FF)) ((EE))

A1A1 A2A2

GG 1,351,351,001,00

1,001,001,001,00

QQ 1,501,5000

1,301,3000

7TEE 56

.6 (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

(()) t 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60

.6 (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

(()) t 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60

.7 (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,251,25 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,601,60

(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

(()) t 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,501,50

-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60

.7 (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,251,25 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,601,60

(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30

(()) t 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,501,50

-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60 , :

(flight auger) R , , , .

EC-7, . , .

, 2* (DA-2*) 1, 1 R2 .

2.7.2

1. , , :

Fc,d Rc,d Fc,d: . Rc,d: ( )

7TEE 57

Rc,d (Rc,k) R .6 .7. : Rc,d = Rc,k / R . Rc,k , - . , , Rc,k. :

: (SPT, CPT,

PT) (.. cuk), .

1.1. 7.6.2.2 1997-1 , . (n) ( n2) , , Rc,m. n , Rc,m (Rc,m)mean, (Rc,m)min. Rc,k 1 2 ( .9 1997-1) :

Rc,k = Min {(Rc,m)mean / 1 ; (Rc,m)min / 2 }

.9.9

n=n= 11 22 33 44 55

11 1,401,40 1,301,30 1,201,20 1,101,10 1,001,00

22 1,401,40 1,201,20 1,051,05 1,001,00 1,001,00

.9.9

n=n= 11 22 33 44 55

11 1,401,40 1,301,30 1,201,20 1,101,10 1,001,00

22 1,401,40 1,201,20 1,051,05 1,001,00 1,001,00 , , , 1 2 , .9 1,10 1,00.

7TEE 58

, Rc,d Rc,k : Rc,d= Rc,k/ t, R= t Rc,k ( .6, .7). (Rb,k) (Rs,k), :

Rc,k = Rb,k + Rs,k E , , R ( .6, .7) :

Rc,d= Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s Rc,d= Rc,k/ t C 1 : (Design example 4, Eurocode 7 Workshop, 2005) 0,40m 15 . , :

(())

((mm)mm)

11

(mm)(mm)

22

000.50.51.01.01.51.52.02.03.03.04.04.05.05.05.65.66.06.06.46.4

002.12.13.63.65.05.06.26.2

10.010.018.018.040.040.063.063.0

100.0100.0

001.21.22.12.12.92.94.14.17.07.0

14.014.026.026.040.040.056.056.080.080.0

(())

((mm)mm)

11

(mm)(mm)

22

000.50.51.01.01.51.52.02.03.03.04.04.05.05.05.65.66.06.06.46.4

002.12.13.63.65.05.06.26.2

10.010.018.018.040.040.063.063.0

100.0100.0

001.21.22.12.12.92.94.14.17.07.0

14.014.026.026.040.040.056.056.080.080.0

( ):

: Gk = 20,0MN : Qk = 5,0MN

s = 10% B = 40mm. : 1: = 5,00 2: = 5,60 (Rc,m)mean=5,30MN (Rc,m)min=5,00MN

7TEE 59

. n=2 : 1= 1,30 2= 1,20. :

Rc,k = Min {(Rc,m)mean/1;(Rc,m)min/2} = min {5,30/1,30; 5,00/1,20} = 4,077 Rc,d = Rc,k / t = 4,077 / 1,10 = 3,706 MN Fc,d = 1,35*Gk + 1,50*Qk = 1,35 x 20,0 + 1,50 x 5,0 = 34,50MN ( (f=1), : n = 34,50 / 3,706 = 9,30 10 . , : 1 = 1,30/1,10 = 1,18 2 = 1,20/1,10 = 1,09 Rc,k = min {5,30/1,18; 5,00/1,09} = 4,49 Rc,d = 4,49/1,10 = 4,08MN : n = Fc,d / Rc,d = 34,50 / 4,08 = 8,46 9 1.2. (ground tests), , (CPT), (PT) (SPT) . , (qb,k) ( ), (qs,i,k) ( ), i. Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,k, , : ) : , () , (n) . , 5 , n=5 qc . , () . () , Rb,cal

7TEE 60

Rs,cal. , , :

Rc,cal = Rb,cal + Rs,cal (n) (Rc,cal)mean (Rc,cal)min Rc,cal (n) . 3 4 .10 :

Rc,k = Min { (Rc,cal)mean / 3 ; (Rc,cal)min / 4 }

.10.10

n=n= 11 22 33 44 55 77 1010

33 1,401,40 1,351,35 1,331,33 1,311,31 1,291,29 1,271,27 1,251,25

44 1,401,40 1,271,27 1,231,23 1,201,20 1,151,15 1,121,12 1,081,08

.10.10

n=n= 11 22 33 44 55 77 1010

33 1,401,40 1,351,35 1,331,33 1,311,31 1,291,29 1,271,27 1,251,25

44 1,401,40 1,271,27 1,231,23 1,201,20 1,151,15 1,121,12 1,081,08 Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,k , (model factor) m1 :

Rc,k = (1 / m) x Min { (Rc,cal)mean / 3 ; (Rc,cal)min / 4 } E , , R ( .6, .7) :

Rc,d= Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s Rc,d= Rc,k/ t C-2 n=3 . m=1.

7TEE 61

C2: CPT

0,50m 11 . (n=3) :

--

RRb,calb,cal(KN)(KN)

RRs,cals,cal(KN)(KN)

RRc,calc,cal(KN)(KN)

CPT 1CPT 1CPT 2CPT 2CPT 3CPT 3

235223521528152815481548

879879711711919919

323132312239223924672467

--

RRb,calb,cal(KN)(KN)

RRs,cals,cal(KN)(KN)

RRc,calc,cal(KN)(KN)

CPT 1CPT 1CPT 2CPT 2CPT 3CPT 3

235223521528152815481548

879879711711919919

323132312239223924672467

: (Rc,cal)mean = 2645 KN (Rc,cal)min = 2239 KN

Rc,k = Min{(Rc,cal)mean/3;(Rc,cal)min/4} n=3 : 3=1,33 4=1,23, : Rc,k = Min {1989 ; 1820} = 1820KN 2 : Rc,d = Rc,k / t = 1820 / 1,1 = 1645 KN ) - qb,k qs,i,k Rb,k, Rs,k . , , , , .

7TEE 62

Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,d :

Rb,k = Ab qb,k Rs,k = Rs,i = (As,i qs,i,k ) Rc,d = (1 / m) [ Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s ]

: qb,k = Ab = qs,i,k = i

s,i = (i) m = (

) m 1997-1 :

qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k ((.. SPT, CPT SPT, CPT ....))

mm = 1,00= 1,00

qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k

mm = 1,30= 1,30

qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k ((.. SPT, CPT SPT, CPT ....))

mm = 1,00= 1,00

qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k

mm = 1,30= 1,30

C-3, R.Frank (Evaluation of Eurocode 7 - Two pile foundation examples), .

7TEE 63

C 3 (FRANK, 2006: Evaluation of Eurocode 7 Two pile foundation examples)

0,60m =24KN/m3. : Gk =1200KN, Qk = 200KN : L 2 DIN 1054 ( DIN 4014). : Fc,d = 1,35 * Gk + 1,50 * Qk = 1920 KN ( ) : : qc = 0,4N = 10,0MPa, DIN 1054 : qb,k = 2,00 MPa qs,k = 0,08 MPa () : Rb,k = ( * 0,602 / 4) * 2000 = 565 Rs,k = * 0,60 * L * 80 = 150,8 * L

Rd = (1/ m ) * [ Rb,k / b + Rs,k / s ] b = s = 1,10 ( .7) : m=1,30

Rd = 395 + 105,4*L (KN) Fc,d = 1920KN : L 14,5m C4 , .

7TEE 64

C 4 :

0,30m

: , Gk = 300 KN

: q = 40KPa ( ) ( ) : qs,k = 60 KPa, qb,k = 900 KPa. cu,k=100kPa ( ). (q). : , L.

7TEE 65

: : Gk , FD,k ( ), Rb,k, Rs,k . :

= c + * * : ,m = c + **(*LD/2 +q) ,m = qD,k = :

c =0, = * = 0,250,40 =0,30: qD,k = (7,5x3,5 + 40)x 0,30 = 20KPa : FK,D = **LD*qD,k = 132 KN . : Rs,k = **LR*qs,k = 56,55 * LR (KN) : Rb,k = (1/4)* * 2 * qb,k = 64 KN : Rc,k = 56,55 * LR + 56,55 * LR (kN) 2 : : Fc,d = 1,35 * Gk + 1,35 * FD,k = 583 KN : Rc,d = Rc,k / (b* m) Rc,d= Rc,k / (1,1*1,3) = (64+56,55*LR) / (1,1*1,3) = 44,8 + 39,54 * LR : Fc,d Rc,d : 583 44,8 + 39,54 * LR > LR = 13,6m : L = LD + LR = 7 + 13.6 = 20,6m 1.3. , , .., .11.

Rc,k = Min { (Rc,m)mean / 5 ; (Rc,m)min / 6 } Rc,d = Rc,k / t

7TEE 66

..1111: :

22 55 1010 1515 2020

55 1,601,60 1,501,50 1,451,45 1,421,42 1,401,40

66 1,501,50 1,351,35 1,301,30 1,251,25 1,251,25

.. , .

..1111: :

22 55 1010 1515 2020

55 1,601,60 1,501,50 1,451,45 1,421,42 1,401,40

66 1,501,50 1,351,35 1,301,30 1,251,25 1,251,25

.. , .

) .11 . m=1, . 2. (F1) - .

(Ftr,d) (Rtr,d) (Rtr,k) R=s,t ( .6 .7).

Ftr,d Rtr,d : Rtr,d = Rtr,k / s,t s,t , .6 .8 1997-1. Rt,k

7TEE 67

( Rb,k = 0). :

. 1 2 :

Rt,k = Min { (Rt,m)mean / 1 ; (Rt,m)min / 2 }

(Rt,m)mean (Rt,m)min , .9.

. : Rt,k = Rs,k , Rs,k . Rt,k , :

Rt,k = Min { (Rs,cal)mean / 3 ; ( Rs,cal)min / 4 } Rs,cal ( ), 3 4 .10. , Rt,k qs,k ( ). qs,k , m =1,3 ( ).

-1, , , , L. , . qs,k, , , . 1 :

7TEE 68

0.80m. (. ) Ft=1040KN. : L : Ft,d = -1.0*GK+1.50*Ft,Q

GK = G , Ft,Q = Ft () GK = G = *(0.802 / 4) * 25* ( 5 + l2 )= 62.8 + 12.56 * l2 (KN) Ft,d = 1.50*1040 1.0*GK = 1497.2 12.56 * l2 (KN)

: Rt,K = Rs,K = *0.8*(5*50+l2*100)= 628.3 + 251.3*l2 (KN)

: Rt,d = Rt,K / (s,t*m) = Rt,K / (1.15*1.30) = 420.3+168.1 * l2 (KN)

: Ft,d Rt,d 1497.2 12.56 * l2 420.3 +168.1 * l2 l2 5.96m, L=5.0 + 6.0 =11.0m

2.7.3

, , :

. (.. ).

, (.. ).

, .

. , .

:

Ftr,d Rtr,d Ftr,d Rtr,d () . Rtr,d :

Rtr,d = Rtr,k /tr EC-7 R=tr.

7TEE 69

, tr = 1.40. Rtr,k, , . , , , , , , . , 7.71(3) EC-7 , . : () :

, . () , ,

.

TR-1 TR-2 , . .

7TEE 70

TR 1 :

1,0m : , cu=50KPa ( ) :

Ftr,k = 300KN () :

RM,d = 2400KNm . (). 1. Hu=Rtr,k

Broms : : f = Hu / 9cuB = Hu / 450 (1) : maxM = Hu (e + 1,5B + 0,5f) = 2,25g2cuB (2) L = 1,5B + f + g (3)

(1), (2), (3) : Rtr,k = 609KN maxM = Mk = 1935KNm 2. :

Rtr,d = Rtr,k / (R*m) : R = 1,40, m = 1,00, : Rtr,d = 609/(1,40x1,00) = 435KN

: Ftr,d = G * Ftr,k = 1,35 x 300 = 405KN

7TEE 71

: Ftr,d Rtr,d 405 < 435 . 3. , : d < Mk = 1935KNm. d = 1935 < RM,d = 2400KNm

TR 2 :

1,0m : cu = 50KPa E = 15MPa. ( ) : Ftr,k=700KN ( ):

RM,d=2400KNm . EC7 Winkler Kh . ( PLAXIS). () ( ) ( ). : I. DA-2* (

), (2) [ Ed = (Fk ,Xk) ]. ,

7TEE 72

(Fk) , (Mk) ( ) , , (2) (d). , (Rd).

II. ( F) (2) [ Ed = ( F Fk , Xk / ) ]. , (Ed). , (Rd).

( DA-2*) : (STR) : , : Frep = Ftr,k = 700 KN : k = 1600KNm ( ). : d = 1,35*k = 2160m

RM,d > d 2400KNm > 2160 kNm, .

7TEE 73

( ) : :

Ftr,d = 1,35 x Ftr,k = 1.35 x 700 = 945 KN

7TEE 74

: d = 2400KNm. (RM,d=2400 KNm) . TR-2 10% Md ( : 2160 kNm, : 2400 kNm), . DA-2* () .

2.7.4

: Ed Cd Ed: Cd: ., . 2.4.8 2.4.9 1997-1, - , . : i.

=1 (E =1, F=1,M=1). ii. ,

( ). , . , . . , Bauduin (2001), S/B (S=, B= ), , . Rult ( ), , , Rmob S.

7TEE 75

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5s/B (%)

=1,70

=2,15

Rmob/Rult

D.A. 2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5s/B (%)

=1,70

=2,15

Rmob/Rult

D.A. 2

, (Bauduin, C, 2001). S/B, Rmob/ Rult , , , . , , Fc= Rmob= Rult/, , F, , ct. , ( DA-2) ( ) : = F * t * = 1,70 2,15.

7TEE 76

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0s/B (%)

Rmob/Rult

=2,15

=1,70

D.A. 2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0s/B (%)

Rmob/Rult

=2,15

=1,70

D.A. 2

, =1m, ( ) Fc=(0,47-0,59) Rult, , S=0,3-0,7cm (). EC-7, , , , , .

2.8

8 1997-1 , , , , . ( 8.1.2). 8 1997-1 : , ,

,

, , (restraint),

7TEE 77

, (deadman), (screw anchor) (rock bolt).

, :

,

(distortion) (grouted anchors),

,

(deadman),

.

, , 1,5 ( 8.4.(7)). , . , (investigation tests), / . , . , (a), . , (suitability tests) (acceptance tests):

. , , .

7TEE 78

, . (proof load), Pp, EN 1537:1999 ( ) ( ). , EN 1537:1999 .

. , . EN 1537:1999 ( ) 1.25 k Ek (). , (lock-off load) 80-90% k. . 1,5 , .

(grouted anchorages) (screw anchorages), (pull-out resistance), Ra;k , ( 8.7 1997-1) . . , . EN 1537:1999. , Ra;d , , Ra, :

Pd Ra;d (8.1) Pd () .

7TEE 79

, Pd, : ,

,

. ( ) ( 8.5.1(2) 1997-1). (Ra;k) , . 2.4.7 2.4.8 1997-1, . (Ra;k) , (a) :

(n) (suitability tests) : (Ra,1), (Ra,2), (Ra,n) . (Ra;k) :

( ) ( )

=2

min,

1

,; ,min

a

ma

a

meanmaka

RRR

: ( ) =

=n

iiameanma

Rn

R1

,,1

, ( ) [ ]naaama RRRR ,2,1,min, ,....,min= , (a1 a2) :

(n) : 1 2 3

a1 = 1.20 1.15 1.10

a2 = 1.20 1.10 1.00

: (Ra;d) , .

7TEE 80

(Ra;d) (Ra;k) :

Ra;d = Ra;k / a (8.2)

(a) 3.3.4(1) A.12 A 1997-1. DA-2*, : R2, : a = 1.10. (Ra;d) (Rt;d), , :

Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m As , y,k m = 1.15 (). :

Ra;d Rt;d (8.3) , Rt;d, EN 1992, EN 1993 EN 1537:1999, . , Rt;d (. 9.5 of EN 1537:1999). , . (.. ), . 8.6(2)P, . - (-) , . : . ( ) :

: PGk = 320 kN

7TEE 81

: PQk =70 kN , :

Pk = 320 + 70 = 390 kN , ( ). , (Pk) , (.. ). . , .3 1997-1):

Pd = G PGk + Q PQk = 1.35 x 320 + 1.50 x 70 = 537 kN :

: d = 0.12m : L = 8m ( ) : fsu,k = 200 kPa. (.. ), , .

(Ra;k) :

(Ra;k) : Ra;k = d L fsu,k = 3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200 = 603.2 kN , : Ra,1 = 640 kN, Ra,2 = 662 kN , Ra,3 = 700 kN. : (Ra,m)mean = 667.3 kN : (Ra,m)min = 640 kN. , : a1 = 1.10 a2 = 1.00. :

( ) ( )

=2

min,

1

,; ,min

a

ma

a

meanmaka

RRR

= 606.7 kN

(606.7 kN) (603.2 kN),

7TEE 82

: Ra;k = 603.2 kN. , . (Ra;d) :

Ra;d = Ra;k / a = 603.2 / 1.1 = 548.4 kN.

(a) A.12 A 1997-1. DA-2*, : R2, : a = 1.10. (Ra;d) (Rt;d) :

Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m As , y,k m = 1.15 (). , , 140 mm2 y,k = 1600 MPa. : Rt;k = As y,k = 3 x (140 x 10-6) x 1600 = 0.672 MN = 672 kN, :

Rt;d = Rt;k / m = 672 / 1.15 = 584.3 kN

: Ra;d = 548.4 584.3 = Rt;d . , , (Ra;d) (Rt;d). , : Ra;d = 548.4 kN

: Pd Ra;d. , : Pd = 537 548.4 = Ra;d (FS) : FS = Rk / Pk = ( d L fsu,k) / (PG+PQ) = = (3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200) / (320 + 70) = 603.2 / 390 = 1.55 > 1.50 ( ), (proof load) 1.25 Pk = 1.25 x (320 + 70) = 487.5 kN . , 80-90% Pk, (0.800.90) x (320+70) = 312 351 kN.

7TEE 83

2.9 9 :

9 1997-1 , . . ( , , ) , (gravity walls) (embedded walls) ( ).

: ( ) : .

11 1997-1. , , (wale)

(strut) . (STR) .

. (GEO) ( ), , .

(hydraulic heave) (piping). 10 1997-1.

, .

- . - . : ()

: .

7TEE 84

, ( 9.1 - 9.6 1997-1).

9.1 1997-1 : .

9.2 1997-1 :

7TEE 85

9.3 1997-1 :

9.4 1997-1 :

7TEE 86

9.5 1997-1 :

9.6 1997-1 : .

: , . .

7TEE 87

, , ( , ). ( DA-2* ). , , ( ). , . DA-2*, . . : . : -

. - - (). , , - k = k. cv;k . cv;k . k 2/3 . k = 1,0.

7TEE 88

GEO , . 1997-1 . STR ( ) , (.. ). , 0.5 x ( + ), . (.. ) STR (). . . , . . . , , , . , . . (.. ) , .3 1997-1 . , ( ). . , ( h) 510-4 h. ,

7TEE 89

. 1997-1 ( ). , () , K0, :

OCRsin = )'1(0 K (9.1) OCR ( ).

' , 'h;0 K0; , :

( ) sin100 += KK ; (9.2) . , , (a). a . , :

, a 10 % , 0,5 m

(.. ), a 10 % , 0,5 m.

: :

Ed Rd (1) (Ed) (Rd). , GEO STR, : (1) (limit equilibrium analyses - LEA) GEO.

. ( ). (.. )

7TEE 90

. , , . , :

, , . , ( 60% - 100% ) .

(, , ) , . , ( 2-4 ).

() . , , GEO ( GEO ) STR ( ). . : . :

( GEO) , , , , , , . ( . ). .

(V, H, M).

, ,

7TEE 91

( 6 1997-1).

L, ( STR) ( , ) .

. ( ) :

() . ( ) (a, p) . ( ) ( ) : Ed < Rd . . DA-2*, .3 ( 1) .13 ( R2, ) 1997-1.

( , ) .

. :

(). ( ) (a, p) . Ed ( , ) Rd ( ). . . DA-2*, .3 ( 1) .13 ( R2, ) 1997-1.

( , ) .

7TEE 92

(2) STR. , ( , , ). STR, . , (.. ) . , ( ), . , , .. Terzaghi & Peck (1967) EAU (1980), (.. ).

: ( , , ). Winkler .

7TEE 93

1 :

h p

H =

6m

h a

(, ). . . . (10% ) 1997-1. . .1.1 1997-1 ( ) : Kah = 0.21. ( ) :

(z=0) : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x 0 0 = 0

z=6m : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x (20 x 6 + 0) 0 = 25.2 kPa

: ,ah gP = 0.5 x 25.2 x 6 = 75.6 kN/m

: ,av gP = ,ah gP tan () = 75.6 x tan (25.1) = 35.4 kN/m

(h) :

7TEE 94

1 2

1 2

2 6 2 0 25.23 3 0 25.2gHh

+ + = = + +

= 2m

( ) :

(z=0) : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x 20 0 = 4.2 kPa

z=6m : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x (20) 0 = 4.2 kPa

: ,ah qP = 4.2 x 6 = 25.2 kN/m

: ,av qP = ,ah qP tan () = 25.2 x tan (25.1) = 11.8 kN/m

(h) : hq = 3m : W = 0.5 ( Bo + B) H = 0.5 x (1+3) x 6 x 24 = 288 kN/m

(xo) : ( ) ( )1 13 3

oo o

o

B Bx B BB B

= + +

= 1.083 m

1. (GEO) : Ed < Rd

Ed = 1.35 ,ah gP + 1.50 ,ah qP = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.2 = 139.86 kN/m

( )1 1tand phR R

R N P = +

: R = 1.10 1.40 .

= W + ,av gP + ,av qP - Ppv = 288 + 35.4 + 11.8 0 = 335.2 kN/m

: Rd = (1 / 1.10) x [ 335.2 x tan (30) ] + (1 / 1.40) x 0 = 175.93 kN/m

: Ed < Rd 139.86 < 175.93 . 2. (EQU) : Edst,d < Estb,d . .1 1997-1. :

Edst,d = 1.10 x ( ,ah gP hg - ,av gP B ) + 1.50 x ( ,ah qP hq - ,av qP B) = 1.10 x (75.60 x 2 35.4 x 3) + 1.50 x (25.2 x 3 11.80 x 3) = 49.50 + 60.3 = 109.08 kNm/m

: Estb,d = 0.90 W ( B xo) + 0.90 Php hp = 0.90 x 288 x (3 1.083) + 0.90 x 0 x 0.33 =

496.89 kNm/m

: Edst,d < Estb,d 109.08 < 496.89 .

7TEE 95

3. (GEO) : Ed < Rd ( V, Q, ) : :

Vg = W + ,av gP - Ppv = 288 + 35.4 0 = 323.4 kN/m

Qg = ,ah gP - Pph = 75.60 0 = 75.60 kN/m

Mg = ( ,ah gP hg - ,av gP (B/2) ) W ( (B/2) xo ) Pph hp = (75.60 x 2 35.40 x 1.5) 288 x (1.50 1.083) 0 x 0.333 = 98.10 120.1 0 = - 22 kNm/m

:

Vq = ,av qP = 11.80 kN/m

Qq = ,ah qP = 25.20 kN/m

Mq = ( ,ah qP hq - ,av qP (B/2) ) = (25.2 x 3 11.80 x 1.5) = 57.90 kNm/m

: Vk = 323.4 + 11.80 = 335.20 kN/m Qk = 75.60 + 25.20 = 100.8 kN/m Mk = -22 + 57.9 = 35.90 kNm/m

( ): : e = M / V = (-22 + 57.90) / (323.4 + 11.80) = 0.107 m : e / B = 0.107 / 3 = 0.036 B = B 2 e = 3 2 x 0.107 = 2.786 m

: tan () = Qk / Vk = 100.8 / 335.20 = 0.30 = 16.7 :

Vd = 1.35 x 323.4 + 1.50 x 11.80 = 454.29 kN/m Qd = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.20 = 139.86 kN/m Md = 1.35 x (-22) + 1.50 x 57.90 = 57.15 kNm/m

1997-1 ( DA-2*) : (pu) :

( )1 212u c c c q q q

p c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + +

(D.2) 1997-1, bi = 1 ( ).

7TEE 96

i (' = 30) :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 18.401

Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 30.14

N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 20.093

( / L = 0 ) :

sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1

s = 1 0.3 (B'/L ) = 1 sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1

(iq , i , ic) ( / L = 0 ) :

m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 2 :

iq = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m (Ex 1.2)

i = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m+1

ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan ' ) V , :

V = pu B L H = V tan() (Ex 1.3)

(iq , i , ic) , pu ( ).

, iq = i = ic = 1, pu (Ex 1.1), V H (Ex 1.3) (iq , i , ic) (Ex 1.2). (iq , i , ic) (pu) . , :

iq = 0.50352 , i = 0.35726 , ic = 0.47499 : pu,k = pu = 528 kPa : Vu,k = pu B = 528 x 2.786 = 1471 kN/m

Hu,k = Vu,k tan() = 1471 x 0.30 = 441.3 kN/m () DA-2* :

Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 1471 / 1.40 = 1050.7 kN/m (R,v) .5 ( R2 DA-2*) 1997-1.

7TEE 97

(6.1) : Vd Rd , Vd = 454.29 kN/m ( ), :

Vd = 454.29 1050.7 = Rd , . (FS) :

FS = R / V = 1471 / (323.4 + 11.80) = 4.39 2 Vd Rd (454.29 1050.7). 2 :

, =8 ( 10% 1997-1) (D) . 1. GEO : Blum Earth pressure and earth retaining structures C.R.I. Clayton, J.Milititsky, R.I.Woods, Blackie Academic

7TEE 98

and Profesional, Second edition. . . R . , () 20% . , ( ) : ( = 0 8m) ( Kah) .1.1 1997-1 =37.5 = : Kah = 0.19 :

Z=0m : 019.0*0*20*20*19.02)(, === ahahgah KczK

Z=8m : KPaKczK ahahgah 4.3019.0*0*28*20*19.02)(, ===

: mKNP fill gha /6.12184.3021

,, ==

:

Z=0m : KPaqKahgah 8.320*19.0, ===

Z=8m : KPaqKahgah 8.320*19.0, ===

: mKNP fillqha /4.3088.3,, ==

( = 8m (8+D)m ) ( Kah) .1.1 1997-1 =30.0 = : Kah = 0.27 :

Z=8m : KPaKczK ahahgah 3827.0*5*28*20*27.02)(, ===

7TEE 99

Z=(8+D)m: : ( ) KPaDDKczK ahahgah )4.538(27.0*5*28*20*27.02)(, +=+==

: ( ) mKNDDDDP soillgha /7.238)4.53838(5.0 2,, +=++= :

Z=8m : KPaqK ahgah 4.520*27.0, ===

Z=(8+D)m : KPaqK ahgah 4.520*27.0, ===

: ( ) ( ) mKNDDP fillqha /4.54.5,, ==

( = 0 m (D)m ) ( Kph) .2.1 1997-1 =30.0 = : Kph = 5.8 :

Z=0m : KPaKczK phpahgph 08.248.5*5*20*20*8.522)(, =+==

Z=(D)m: : ( ) KPaDDKczK pahphgph )11608.24(27.0*5*2*20*8.52)(, +=+==

: ( ) mKNDDDDP gha /5808.24)11608.2408.24(5.0 2,, +=++= .

7TEE 100

filla,h,qfillPa,h,q

fillPa,h,gfilla,h,g

soila,h,q soila,h,gsoilPa,h,q

soilPa,h,g

soilPp,h,g

soil p,h,g

H =

8m

D

C. (P), (s) C (M). - :

mKNP fill gha /6.12184.3021

,, ==

mDDHDs fill gha )67.2(831

31

,, +=+=+=

( ) mmKNDsPM fill ghafill ghafill gha /67.26.121,,,,,, +== - :

mKNP fillqha /4.3088.3,, ==

mDDHDs fill qha )4(821

21

,, +=+=+=

( ) mmKNDsPM fill qhafillqhafill qha /44.30,,,,,, +==

7TEE 101

- ():

( ) mKNDDP soillgha /7.238 2,, +=

mDDD

DDDDs soil gha

++

=

++++

=

++

=4.5764,5114

34.538384,538382

32

3 2121

,,

( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM soil gha

soilgha

soilgha /4.576

4,51143

7.238 2,,,,,,

++

+==

- ():

( ) ( ) mKNDDP soilqha /4.54.5,, ==

mDs soil qha 2,,=

( ) mmKNDDsPM soil qhasoilqhasoil qha /24.5,,,,,, ==

- :

( ) mKNDDP gha /5808.24 2,, +=

mDDD

DDDDs gha

++

=

++++

=

++

=11616.4811624.72

311608.2408.2411608.2408.242

32

3 2121

,,

( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM ghpghpghp /11616.48

11624.723

5808.24 2,,,,,,

++

+==

( - GEO) (D) DA-2* :

)(1),( , kkkR

kkFd xFRxFE

, . , 1.35 1.50 ( ) (), ( .3 1997-1).

)(*50.1)(*35.1 ,,,,,,,,soil

qhafiill

qhasoil

ghafill

ghaEdd MMMMME +++==

. R=1,40 ( .13).

7TEE 102

ghpghpR

d MMR ,,,, 4.111

==

. D=6m. , D = 6m :

( ) mmKNDsPM fill ghafill ghafill gha /27.105467.26.121,,,,,, =+==

( ) mmKNDsPM fill qhafillqhafill qha /30444.30,,,,,, =+==

( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM soil gha

soilgha

soilgha /47.8784.576

4,51143

7.238 2,,,,,, =

++

+==

( ) mmKNDDsPM soil qhasoilqhasoil qha /2.9724.5,,,,,, ===

( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM ghpghpghp /48.460911616.48

11624.723

5808.24 2,,,,,, =

++

+==

: mKNmME Edd /3211)2.97304(*50.1)47.87827.1054(*35.1 =+++==

mKNmEMR dghpR

d /321148.329248.46094.111

,, =>===

20%, , : D = 1.20 * 6.0 = 7.20m, :

tot = +D = 8+7.2 = 15.2m , ( , R), Rk D=6m :

mKNP fill gha /6.12184.3021

,, ==

mKNP fillqha /4.3088.3,, ==

( ) mKNDDP soillgha /2.3257.238 2,, =+= ( ) ( ) mKNDDP soilqha /4.324.54.5,, ===

( ) mKNDDP ghp /48.22325808.24 2,, =+=

: mKNRR

PRPPPPF

kk

ghpksoill

qhasoil

ghafill

qhafill

ghax

/88.169548.22324.322.3524.306.121

0 ,,,,,,,,,,==++++

=++++=

7TEE 103

( ) ( ). (. ). () -, , . 2. STR : . DA-2*, . , () . ( ) () , . , : (g,k). ( + ) (g+q,k). q,k = g+q,k - g,k. , : d = 1.35 *g,k +1.50* q,k . :

7TEE 104

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000

d(K Nm/m)

(m

)

14m (8+6=14m) 12.10m. GEO STR . , ( GEO) , ( STR), . . (. ). , : . GEO : 1.

( ), ( ) ( ). , (1.35 1.50) (R=1.40).

7TEE 105

( ) (a, p) . ( ) , .

2. ( ) .

3. . , 1.00 . ( , , ) .

. STR : 1.

. . . , (.. ). , GEO . ( ) , a, p ( ). GEO, ( , , ) .

2. . (1.35 1.50) .

, : 1.

( ). , , . ()

7TEE 106

. , ( 2-4 ) , . ( ) . , .

2. , Terzaghi . . .

3.

( ). (1.35 1.50) .

2.10

10 1997-1 :

7TEE 107

(UPL - uplift) . ( ).

(HYD). . , , (boiling).

. , . , .

(piping). , , , - . .

2.10.1 (UPL)

( , ) . (UPL) (2.8) 2.4.7.4 1997-1 (Vdst;d= Gdst;d +Qdst;d) (Gstb;d) (Rd):

Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd (2.8) (Rd), .. , () (Gstb;d). (2.8) Gdst;d, Qdst;d, Gstb;d Rd A.4 ( .15 16) 1997-1, .

7TEE 108

(2.8), (Gstb;d) , , , (Rd) , , , (Td), , (P), . (Gstb;d). , (Vdst;d ), ( ) . , (2.8) (stb;d) (udst;d) :

udst;d stb;d EQU, HYD UPL, ( ). , , 2 ( DA-2*), . , , 10.1 1997-1 .

7TEE 109

)

1 2

)

1 2 3

) 4 5 6 7

)

1 2 5 6 8

7TEE 110

)

1 5 9

10.1 1997-1 :

: = 200 kPa ( ) G =150 kPa Q =50 kPa ( ). =12m () .

stb;d = G;stb stb;k = G;stb G = 0.9 x 150 = 135 kPa

udst;d = G;dst udst;k = G;dst (W H ) = 1.0 x 10 x 12 = 120 kPa

: udst;d stb;d 120 < 135 . : :

FS = 1 / G;stb = 1 / 0.9 = 1.10

2.10.2 (HYD)

(2.9) (2.9) .

udst;d stb;d (2.9)

Sdst;d Gstb;d (2.9) (2.9)

7TEE 111

(udst;d ) (stb;d) . (2.9) (Sdst;d) (Gstb;d) . (2.9) (2.9) , . , (2.9). (2.9) (2.9) udst;d, stb;d, Sdst;d Gstb;d A.5 ( .17) 1997-1, . ( ), : FS = G;dst G;stb = 1.35 / 0.90 = 1.50. 10.2 1997-1.

1 (), ()

2

3

10.2 1997-1 :

7TEE 112

2.11

11 1997-1 , , , , . : , , , (cut or buried

structures), . , . , . , . , . , . - . (jointed) , , . . , - . , , . , . . , . , - . .

7TEE 113

, . - . , 3 (DA-3) (GEO) . ( , , ) (favourable actions) F = 1. 3 (DA-3) (2.6) :

d = (Fd , Xd ) = (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.6)

(2.7) : Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.7)

(2.5) :

d Rd (F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.5)

(F , ) EN1997-1 : (1) ( ),

, (2) ( ),

, (2) . 3 (DA-3) . , , , ( ) 2 (DA-2), . , ( + ) DA-3 . , ( : cd , d

7TEE 114

: cu;d) (m), :

mM

kd

cc

= , kmM

d = tan1tan ,

mM

kudu

cc

;

; =

M . :

(1) : m = 1.1. (FS) :

FS = m = 1.25 x 1.1 = 1.38 (c , ).

FS = m = 1.40 x 1.1 = 1.54 (cu).

(2) : m = 1. , (FS) :

FS = m = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25 (c , ).

FS = m = 1.40 x 1 = 1.40 .

: 15 2:3 (:) ( ) :

: = 20 kN/m3 () : c = 15 kPa () : = 25 : q = 20 kPa

7TEE 115

3 (DA-3). 1.30 ( 2.4.7.3.4.4 1997-1). q : qd = 1.30 x 20 = 26 kPa. : cd = c / 1.25 = 15 / 1.25 = 12 kPa d = arctan (tan / 1.25) = arctan (tan 25 / 1.25 ) = 20.46o FS = 1.027 > 1. .

7TEE 116

2.12

12 1997-1 . : ,

.. (cracks)

, ..

7TEE 117

,

, . , , 11 1997-1. , . , (foamed concrete), .

7TEE 118

2.13 1997-1 () :

1997-1 . , 1997-1 .

(EQU)

(EQU) F :

G;dst

G;stb

Q;dst

Q;stb .

A.1 (F)

G;dst G;stb

1,1 0,9

Q;dst Q;stb

1,5 0

(EQU) , M :

c

cu

7TEE 119

qu

.

A.2 (M)

1,25 c 1,25 cu 1,4 qu 1,4 1,0 tan '

(STR) (GEO)

(F) (E)

(STR) (GEO) A1 A2 (F) (E):

G

Q .

A.3 (F) (E)

A1 A2

G 1,35 1,0

1,0 1,0

Q 1,5 1,3

0 0

7TEE 120

(M) (STR) (GEO) M1 M2 (M):

c

cu

qu

.

A.4 (M)

M1 M2 1,0 1,25 c 1,0 1,25 cu 1,0 1,4 qu 1,0 1,4 1,0 1,0 tan '

(R)

(STR) (GEO) , R1, R2 R3 (R):

R;v

R;h .

7TEE 121

A.5 - (R)

R1 R2 R3

R;v 1,0 1,4 1,0

R;h 1,0 1,1 1,0

(STR) (GEO) , R1, R2, R3 R4 (R):

b

s

t /

s;t .

R1, R2, R3 R4 A.6 , A.7 A.8 (continuous flight auger CFA).

A.6- (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3

() s 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3

/ () t 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3

s;t 1,25 1,15 1,1 1,6

7TEE 122

A.7 (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,25 1,1 1,0 1,6

() s 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3

/ () t 1,15 1,1 1,0 1,5

s;t 1,25 1,15 1,1 1,6

A.8 - (R) (CFA)

R1 R2 R3 R4

b 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,45

() s 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3

/ () t 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,4

s;t 1,25 1,15 1,1 1,6

(STR) (GEO) , :

1

2

3

4

5

6 .

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6 A.9, A.10 A.11.

7TEE 123

A.9 (n

)

n = 1 2 3 4 5

1 1,40 1,30 1,20 1,10 1,00

2 1,40 1,20 1,05 1,00 1,00

A.10 - (n

)

n = 1 2 3 4 5 7 10

3 1,40 1,35 1,33 1,31 1,29 1,27 1,25

4 1,40 1,27 1,23 1,20 1,15 1,12 1,08

A.11 - , , , , , (n -

)

n = 2 5 10 15 20

5 1,60 1,50 1,45 1,42 1,40

6 1,50 1,35 1,30 1,25 1,25

. 0,85

.

1,10 - .

1,210 - .

, n .

7TEE 124

(STR) (GEO) , R1, R2, R3 R4 (R) :

a;t

a;p

a;t a;p R1, R2, R3 R4 A.12.

A.12 - (R)

R1 R2 R3 R4

a;t 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,1

a;p 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,1

(R) (STR) (GEO) , R1, R2 R3 (R):

R;v

R;h

R;e .

A.13 - (R)

R1 R2 R3 R;v 1,0 1,4 1,0 R;h 1,0 1,1 1,0 R;e 1,0 1,4 1,0

7TEE 125

(R) (STR) (GEO) , (R;e).

A.14 - (R)

R1 R2 R3 R;e 1,0 1,1 1,0

(UPL)

(UPL) (F):

G;dst

G;stb

Q;dst .

A.15 (F)

G;dst G;stb

1,0 0,9

Q;dst

1,5

(UPL) :

c

cu

s;t

7TEE 126

a

A.16

1,25 c 1,25 cu 1,40 s;t 1,40 a 1,40 tan '

(HYD)

(HYD) (F):

G;dst

G;stb

Q;dst .

A.17 (F)

G;dst G;stb

1,35 0,90

Q;dst

1,50

7TEE 127

2.14 ()

.1

(1) , , (q) (c) : :

( ) [ ] aaa KcqzKz 2+=

a(z) = atan + a ( ) (.1)

:

( ) [ ] ppp 2 KcqzKz ++=

p(z) = ptan + a ( ) (.2)

: a ( ) c Ka Kp q z

( )

a(z) z ( )

p(z) z ( )

a(z) z ( )

p(z) z ( ) (2) (.1) (.2) , .

7TEE 128

(3) .1.1 .1.4 Ka .2.1 .2.4 Kp. . (4) , .2. (5) , K z, . (6) . (7) , .3.

.1.1 Ka : ( = 0)

7TEE 129

.1.2 Ka : (/ = 0 and = 0)

.1.3 Ka : (/ = 0,66)

7TEE 130

.1.4 Ka : (/ = 1)

7TEE 131

.2.1 Kp : ( = 0)

7TEE 132

.2.2 Kp : (/ = 0 and = 0)

7TEE 133

.2.3 Kp : (/ = 0,66)

7TEE 134

.2.4 Kp : surface (/ = 1)

7TEE 135

.3 -

v/vp (vp: )

.2

(1) , , . (2) , ( , c, , a) , . .4. (3) 1.6. Kc Kn

K mt ,

, ,

mw , .

,

,

7TEE 136

v ,

q ,

p ,

.4 ,

(4) a :

tan

tanca

=

(5) 0 . : - q, ,

- c cot .

0 q , . , c = 0 , 0 = . (6) mt :

7TEE 137

( )

sinsin2cos 00t =++m (.3)

(7) mw :

( )

sinsin2cos w =++m (.4)

mw ( > 0) sin /sin . (8) , v :

+= wt mmv (.5)

(9) Kn (.. ) v :

( )( ) ( )

tan2exp2sinsin12sinsin1

t

wn m

mK+++

= (.6)

(10) , :

2nq cosKK = (.7)

:

( ) cot1nc = KK (.8)

(11) :

( )coscosKK = n (.9)

. .

= 0 :

;cos2

;cos sincos2

w

t

cam

cpm

=

=

7TEE 138

;sin2sin22;cos

wtc

2q

mmKK

++=

=

( ), K ( = 0) :

t

w

sincossincosm

mK += (.10)

(12) , :

, c, a

0 , K.

(13) , ( 0). (14) ( ), .. , . .

.3

(1) - . .1 va/h.

7TEE 139

.1 va/h

va/h

%

va/h

%

)

0,4 0,5

0,1 0,2

)

0,2

0,05 0,1

)

0,8 1,0

0,2 0,5

)

0,4 0,5

0,1 0,2

:

va

h

(2) - . .2 vp/h , , . (3) .2 1,5 2,0 .

7TEE 140

.2 vp/h

vp/h

%

vp/h

%

)

7 (1,5)

25 (4,0)

5 (1,1)

10 (2,0)

)

5 (0,9)

10 (1,5)

3 (0,5)

6 (1,0)

)

6 (1,0)

15 (1,5)

5 (0,5)

6 (1,3)

:

vp

h

7TEE 141

2.15 ()

.1

A' = B' L b c, q

B B' D e , B L i , c, q

L L' m i N , c, q q q'

s c, q V '

H (2) .1.

.2

(1) . :

, cu, c' '

, .

7TEE 142

.3

(1) :

R/A' = (+2) cu bc sc ic + q (.1)

: : bc = 1 2 / ( + 2);

:

sc = 1+ 0,2 (B'/L'), sc = 1,2, .

, H:

)'

1(121

uc

cAHi +=

H A' cu.

.4

(1) :

R/A' = c' Nc bc sc ic + q' Nq bq sq iq + 0,5 ' B 'N b s i (.2)

: :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2)

Nc = (Nq - 1) cot '

N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ', '/2 ( )

:

bc = bq - (1 - bq) / (Nc tan )

bq = b = (1 - tan )2

:

sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ',

sq = 1 + sin ',

s = 1 0,3 (B'/L ),

7TEE 143

s = 0,7,

sc = (sqNq -1)/(Nq - 1), ,

, H:

ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc. tan ' )

iq = [1 - H/(V + A'c'cot ')]m

i = [1 - H/(V + A'c'cot ')]m+1

: m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] H B' m = mL = [2 + (L' / B' )]/[1 + (L' / B' ] H L'

L', m : m = m = mL cos2 + mB sin2.

.1

7TEE 144

3 EN 1997-1 : 2004

- 1 : 1997-1 : 1 : . . 1997-1 :

2 : 2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1)

7 : 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6)

8 : 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4)

11 : 11.5.1(1)P

A : A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6

A.4, A.5 , , , , , , , 1997-1.

1. 1.1 (National Annex)

7 1997-1, 1 : . 7 ( ) (CEN) 23 2004 24 2004.

1.2 1997-1, ( ) : ( ), CEN.

7TEE 145

. (National Annex).

, , :

,

,

(, ) , .. ,

.

1997-1, :

2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1), 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6), 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4), 11.5.1(1)P

A :

A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6, A.4, A.5

.

:

,

, , .

2 2.1

EN 1997-1: 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P,

2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 8.5.2(2)P, 11.5.1(1)P

A : A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6 A.4, A.5

, : qu = 1.60, .2 .4 (O 2).

7TEE 146

, : Rv = 1.60 ( .5 R2).

2.2 :

2.2.1 2.1(2) : : 1990. , 2.1 ( 2.3) EN 1990 :

( )

0 2

1 10

2 25

3 25

4 50 , , ,

5 100 , , , ,

2.2.2 2.1(8)P : : , , (risk), .

2.2.3 2.1(13) : , , , : 1 : . 2 : . 3 : .

7TEE 147

1990.

2.2.4 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P : (Design Approaches - DA) - , ( 4.3 ).

(ULS) (GEO) (STR) :

(1) 3 (DA-3), (GEO) :

, 11 12 1997-1, , , , .

( 11 1997-1) : () , () ,

, , () (..

). , ( , , ) 1 (favourable actions) F = 1 ( EN 1997-1).

3 (DA-3) (2.6) :

d = (Fd , Xd ) = (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.6)

(2.7) : Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.7)

(2.5) :

d Rd (F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.5)

(F , ) EN1997-1 :

(1) ( ), ,

1

7TEE 148

(2) ( ), ,

(2) . : 3 (DA-3) . , , -, ( ) 2 (DA-2), . , ( + ) DA-3 .

(2) 2 (DA-2), : (GEO) (STR)

, , , 6, 7, 8 9 EN 1997-1.

(STR) (, , , ) 9 12 1997-1. , . ( GEO) 3 (DA-3), .

(GEO) (STR) , . (GEO) ( 11 1997-1) (.. ) (strength reduction method), 3 (DA-3), .

, 2 (DA-2), (GEO) (STR) , , , .

7TEE 149

2 (DA-2), 2* (DA-2*) (2.6) , , (2.6) ( = 1) :

d = (F Fk , Xk ) (2.6) d = (Fk , Xk ) (2.6)

(2.7) (2 F = 1) : Rd = ( 1 / R ) . R (Fk , Xk) (2.7)

, :

(F Fk , Xk ) ( 1 / R ) . R (Fk , Xk)

, :

(Fk , Xk ) ( 1 / R ) . R (Fk , Xk)

EN1997-1 :

(1) ( F), ( ),

(R2) . : (d) (2.6) (2.6), ( ). (F = 1.35 1.50, ) . , , (F=1.35) , (F=1.50) , () (.. 1.35 1.50).

4.3 1998-5.

2 2.4.7.3.3 (1) 1997-1 DA-2* 2. , (2.7) , , F >1 ( 1 1997-1).

7TEE 150

2.2.5 2.4.7.5 : (UPL) (HYD), 10 2.4.7.4 2.4.7.5 1997-1, (2.9), 3 (2.9). EQU, HYD UPL, ( ). , , 2 ( DA-2*), .

2.2.6 2.4.9(1)P :

. .

2.2.7 2.5(1) :

. , .

2.2.8 7.6.2.3(8) : m (model factor) , 2 (DA-2) : (1)

(qb;k) (qs;i;k) 4 (.. SPT CPT) 5 [ 7.6.2.3(5)], (m=1.0).

3 : . , .

4 ( SPT) qc ( CPT) (.. ) qc

5 .. cu (c , )

7TEE 151

: FS=2 ( ). , :

FS = F * t * * m 1.40 x 1.10 x (1.15 1.35) * 1.0 = 1.77 2.08

t=b=s=1.10, = 1.15 1.35 ( .10) F = 1.40 ( ).

(2) 7.6.2.3 (8) 1997-1, (qb;k) (qs;i;k) (.. SPT CPT)