1

( & )

PV = nRT PV = mMr RT P = dRTMr

P = 13

Nm

Vu2 P = 1

3

Nm

Vu2 P = 13 du2 P = 13 du2 P = 23 NV K

= 32

k, = 32 nRT u = u2 u = 3RTMr u = 3kTm : PV = NkT

Q = m c ( ) Q = n C

CP = CV + R = ( : + ) :

= 53, Cp = 52R CV = 32 R

1

Q = U + W : U = 3

2nRT ( ) U = n CV

W = P~V http:/

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2

Boyle: .

PV = . = . (: )

1. U = 0

2. W = n R T ln VV

= P V ln PP

3. Q = U + W = W

i. ( T, V, P)

ii. ( T, P, V)

ln() = ln + ln ln

= ln() ln()

ln 1 = ln(1) ln() = ln()

ln() = ln() ln(1) = 0 ln(e) = 1

http:/

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3

Charles: .

P

T = . V = . d = .

(: )

1. U = nCVT

2. W = 0 3. Q = U + W = nCVT

i. ( V, P, )

ii. ( V, P, )

htt

p://nu

cleus

2012

.word

press.

com

4

Gay Lussac: , , .

= . P = .

(: )

1. U = n CV T

2. W = P V 3. Q = U + W = n CP T

i. ( P, V, )

ii. ( P, V, T)

Q

U= nCP

nCV= CP

CV=

QW

= nCPTnRT

= CPR

WU

= nRTnCVT

= RCV

http:/

/nucle

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5

.

Poisson: P V= . (: )

1. U = W

2. W = PVPV1

3. Q = 0

i. ( P, V, )

ii. ( P, V, )

Poisson: V1 = . P1 =

http:/

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6

.

1. U = 0 ( T = 0)

2. W = P~V

3. Q = W ( .)

: , .

I. nRT :

P V ()

nRT = P V ()

P.V. P.V. ( )

II. Q > 0

Q < 0

http:/

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7

. , : 1) (Qh) Th. 2) . 3) (Qc) c.

O (e) . e = WQh Q , Qh |Qc|. W = Qh |Qc|. : e = Qh |Qc|Qh = 1 |Qc|Qh 18%, , , 40%. 20%, 35% 40%. htt

p://nu

cleus

2012

.word

press.

com

8

2

. (Kelvin-Planck)

. (Clausious)

Carnot Carnot . : : 1

Q1 : :

Q2 (< 0) :

Carnot : eCarnot = 1 TcTh : e < 1 ( Tc 0)

P = Wt

t=T P = WT

= Wf, f

http:/

/nucle

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