The Navajo Language - Centre national de la recherche ...€¦ · The Navajo Language JOYCE...

How to put together a Navajo word:

Young and Morgan’s The Navajo Language

JOYCE MCDONOUGH

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER Paris-Diderot,11May2017

Summarysofar:COREVERBconsis6ngoftwoLEXEMES

containallobligatorymarkingisalwaysrightmosttwo(orthree)syllablesinthecomplexStemsarerobust

Supportedbyphone6cs,phonology,phonotac6cs σ σ

[ [ BASE ]x + [ BASE ]y] VCOMPLEX MODE.1s VL.STEM.IPV EXPONENTS INTERNAL CHANGES

Navajowords

sodi’niiszįįhIstartsayingaprayersodiszin Isayaprayer,praysohodizin it’saprayer,sayaprayersodidi’néeszįįłIwillstartaprayersodizinbahooghan church

5/11/17 3

Navajowords

hadanishkaad Idriveitdownfromaheighthadaashkaad Idropitdownfromaheighthadaashzhood Islidedownfromaheighthadaashtłíísh Ifalldown(AnO)hadaashtłeeh Iloweredit,droppedit(mushy)hadaashteeh Iunloadit(AnO)hadááł6 Iunloadedit(AnO)(Y&M:d377-381)

5/11/17 4

Navajowords

bik’eenééhitpeelsoffbik’eesdziisIpullhimoffhimbik’eessoǫsIpeelit,strippeditoffbik’eeshjooł Itakeitoffhim(non-compact)bik’i-ish l.joolbik’idilkǫǫhit’scoveredwithalayerbik’i-di l.kǫoh(handoutY&M:d202)

5/11/17 5

Navajowords

’iisdziih Iinhale’iisdziis Itowitoutofsight’iigéés Iscrewitin’iisgis Idothelaundry’iisxaas Iscaberit(violently)’a-is ø.ghaas(bił)‘iisdis Iwrapitup(insomething)’i-i-isø.dis5/11/17 6

(handoutY&M:d478)

Young and Morgan 1987 The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary Two parts •  Grammar (1 – 205) •  Appendices (206 - 437)

•  Dictionary (1 - 1069)

75/11/17

Young and Morgan w Midgette, 1992 The Analytic Lexicon of Navajo arranged by roots and ‘themes’

85/11/17

KEY (from left to right): 0 Direct object of postposition.

Possessive prefix with nouns.

Disjunct

Ia Null postposition

Ib Adverbial – Thematic (‘postpositional stems’) Ic (Reflexive)

Id (Reversionary) Ie (Semeliterative)

II (Iterative) III (Distributive Plural)

IV Direct Object Pronouns

Conjunct

V Deictic Subject Pronouns VIa Adverbial – Thematic

VIb Adverbial – Thematic VIc Transitional / Semelfactive Aspect markers

VII Modal - Aspectival Conjugation markers VIII Subject Pronouns

IX ‘Classifier’ X Stem Stem

PositionclasstemplateforNavajoverbHoijer1967;YoungandMorgan1987:g38)

Core (minimal) verb

95/11/17

Navajo

�YM 1987:37-38

Disjunct Conjunct Stem

0 Ib Ia Ic Id II III IV V VIa VIb VIc VII VIII IX X

σ σ øcha ø.‘cry’IPV stem set

Core verb •  rightmost two syllables

| Core verb |

yi øIPV.3 MODE.3S

yicha ‘he cries’

5/11/17

MODE inflected for Person and Number VERB VL.STEM

‘STEM SETS’ valence (‘classifiers’).stem shape

115/11/17

Disjunct Conjunct Stem

0 1b 1a 1c 1d 1e 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 6c 7.8 9.stem

(afs)DIS-(afs)-MODEStemsetsVL.STEM

5/11/17 12

hánísht’ááh I’m flying in to pick something up

Core (minimal) verb word •  smallest morphosyntactic unit •  2 syllables

hánísh łt’ááh há-nísh ł.t’ááh af-TAM VERB

(af) σ σ (AF)-MODE

VERB(STEM SET)

5/11/17 13

hánísht’ááh I’m flying in to pick something up

5/11/17 14

Dic6onaryentryfromY&M1987:d415for hánísht’ááh

hánísht’ááh(I),hánásht’ah(R),háníłt’a’(P),hádeesht’ah(F),háosht’ááh(O)(ł),toflyitalerit(aplane),(i.e.toarriveflyingitforthepurposeofgemngit).

Ha’át’íisha’chidinaat’a’iháíníłt’a’,whatdidyoucomealer?/Biłhánísht’ááh,totakehimaleritbyplane,toaccompanyhimalerit(withthesubjectoftheverbaspilot).Naat’áaniiba’áłchíniHoozdodibiłhánísht’ááhńt’éek’asdaą’chídinaat’a’iłanihídeezgoh,ItookthesuperintendenttoPhoenixalerhisfamilyandanotherplanenearlyranintous./

(414)(*łt’ááh:tocausetomoveflying.)(há-.)

Alldic6onaryentrieshavethreepartsprincipalentryis1stSingularSubject.IPV(I)

155/11/17

pictureofentryparts3parts

Alldic6onaryentrieshavethreeparts

165/11/17

hánísht’ááh (I) IPV imperfec6vehánásht’ah (R)REP repe66ve

háníłt’a’ (P)PFV perfec6ve hádeesht’ah (F)FUT future háosht’ááh (O)OPT opta6veø,ł,ld‘classifier’(VL)valencemarkerł.t’ááhIPV Iarriveflyingitforthepurposeofge3ngit.

flyittogoalerit(aplane)

175/11/17

Stem sets refer to the combination of the classifier (VL) and the different stem shapes that appear with that classifier in each of the modes of the verb word

5/11/17

ł.t’ááh IPV

Ha’át’íisha’ chidi naat’a’i háíníłt’a’, what did you come after?

Bił hánísht’ááh, to take him after it by plane, to

accompany him after it (with the subject of the verb as pilot).

Naat’áanii ba’áłchíni Hoozdodi bił hánísht’ááh ńt’ée

k’asda ą’ chídi naat’a’i ła nihídeezgoh, I took the superintendent to Phoenix after his family and another plane nearly ran into us.

Secondpartofdic9onaryentryisthecorpora

háíni łt’a’ NPFV.2 VL.STEMSET PFV

5/11/17

Dic6onaryentryfromY&M1987:d415for hánísht’ááh

Alldic6onaryentrieshavethreepartsprincipalentryis1stSingularSubject.IPV(I)

205/11/17

(414) (*łt’ááh: to cause to move flying.) (há-.) ł.t’ááhIPV VL.stemIPV

Thirdpartofdic9onaryentry:theVL(’cl’)+stemshapeunit leledgemorphemes

‘Stem sets’

ROOT:T’AAH‘FLY’Y&M1987:G344inAPPENDIXV:ROOT/STEM/THEMEINDEX

215/11/17

(*łt’ááh: to cause to move flying.) (há-.) há-4 : Ib. há-, Pos. Ib, for, after (to get)

hánísht’ááh (I)

há ----- łt’ááh ‘go after’ ‘cause to move by flying’

Thirdpartofdic9onaryentry

225/11/17

hánísht’ááh há ---- łt’ááh

235/11/17

hánísht’ááh há nísh łt’ááh

245/11/17

hánísht’ááh há nísh łt’ááh

255/11/17

4thpartofdic6onaryentry:INFLECTIONALPARADIGMSYM:1987:g200ff

Y&M1987:AppendixIBaseandModelParadigms

hánísht’ááh

I. IMPERFECTIVE II PERFECTIVE PERSON Ø NI- SI- YI-Ø NI sgl.

(1) (2)

Ø - Ł D - L

1. yish nish shi yiish ni nish 2. ni ni si sii yi ni yi ni 3. yi yi - yii yi yi 3o. yi yi - yiyii yi yi 3a. ji ji - jii ji ji 3i. ‘a ’i - ’ii ’i ’i s 3s. ha ho - hwo hwo hwo

16 Inflectional Paradigms / Conjugations 5/11/17 26

hánísht’ááh

(1) (2)

Ø - Ł D - L

1. Ø-IPV.1 N-IPV.1 SIPV.1 Y-IPV.1 ni nish 2. Ø-IPV.2 N-IPV.2 SIPV.2 Y-IPV.2 yi ni yi ni 3. Ø-IPV.3 N-IPV.3 - Y-IPV.3 yi yi 3o. Ø-IPV.3O N-IPV.3O - Y-IPV.3O yi yi 3a. Ø-IPV.3A N-IPV.3A - Y-IPV.3A ji ji 3i. Ø-IPV.3I N-IPV.3I - Y-IPV.3I ’i ’i s 3s. Ø-IPV.3S N-IPV.3S - Y-IPV.3S hwo hwo

5/11/17 27

(1) (2)

Ø - Ł D - L

5/11/17 28

From Y&M1987:d200 “The 16 Base and Extended Paradigms constitute the foundation upon which all verb bases are conjugated”

“The changes in prefix shapes [to these Base Paradigms] triggered by the Secondary Determinants [POSITIONS I – VI prefixes] are determined partly by their phonetic constituency and partly by their status as Disjunct or Conjunct elements.”

5/11/17 29

From Y&M1987:d200 “The 16 Base and Extended Paradigms constitute the foundation upon which all verb bases are conjugated”

“The changes in prefix shapes [to these Base Paradigms] triggered by the Secondary Determinants [POSITIONS I – VI prefixes] are determined partly by their phonetic constituency and partly by their status as Disjunct or Conjunct elements.”

5/11/17 30

hánísht’ááh

háprefix(Disjunct)affectschangesintheshapeofMODEparadigms

1 há- nísh łt’ááh

2 há- ní łt’ááh

3 há- í łt’ááh

3o há- í łt’ááh

3a há- jí łt’ááh

5/11/17 31

hánísht’ááh

*háíłt’ááh

háprefix(Disjunct)affectschangesintheshapeofMODEparadigms

5/11/17 32

(1) (2)

Ø - Ł D - L

5/11/17 33

háníłt’ááh PFV há ni łt’ááh há íni łt’ááh há i łt’ááh há i łt’ááh há ji łt’ááh

NPFVn-Perfec6ve

5/11/17 34

Dic6onaryentryfromY&M1987:d415forhánísht’ááh

/11/17

ha - Ib PERSON NI –

IMPERFECTIVE NI-PERFECTIVE

Ø-Ł SI-PERFECTIVE Ø-Ł

1 ha nish ha ni hase 2 ha ni ha i ni hasi ni 3 ha ha ni haas 3o ha i ha ini hais 3a ha ji ha zhni hajis 3i ha ’i ha ’ni ha’as dual 1 ha nii ha nii hasii 2 ha noh ha noo hasoo

Pg 414 paradigm forms | há- + NI-conjugations (IPV, PFV)

5/11/17 36

1 ha nish ha ni hase 2 ha ni ha i ni hasi ni 3 ha ha ni haas 3o ha i ha ini hais 3a ha ji ha zhni hajis 3i ha ’i ha ’ni ha’as 1 ha nii ha nii hasii 2 ha noh ha noo hasoo

há-nish ł.t’ááh

hánisht’ááh I’m flying in to pick something up

af-MODEIPV VERBIPV MODE = constitutes INFLCL

5/11/17 37

1 ha nish łt’a a h 2 ha ni łt’a a h 3 ha łt’a a h 3o ha i łt’a a h 3a ha ji łt’a a h 3i ha ’i łt’a a h 1 ha nii łt’a a h 2 ha noh łt’a a h

IPV requires the IPV stem set łt’ááh

5/11/17 38

1 ha nish ha ni hase 2 ha ni ha i ni hasi ni 3 ha ha ni haas 3o ha i ha ini hais 3a ha ji ha zhni hajis 3i ha ’i ha ’ni ha’as 1 ha nii ha nii hasii 2 ha noh ha noo hasoo

há-ni ł.t’a ’

háníłht’a ’ I flew in to pick something up

5/11/17 39

1 ha nish ha ni łt’a’ hase 2 ha ni ha i ni łt’a’ hasi ni 3 ha ha ni łt’a’ haas 3o ha i ha ini łt’a’ hais 3a ha ji ha zhni łt’a’ hajis 3i ha ’i ha ’ni łt’a’ ha’as 1 ha nii ha nii łt’a’ hasii 2 ha noh ha noo łt’a’ hasoo

Paradigm forms on page 414

PFV’s require the PFV stem set łt’a’

5/11/17 40

1 ha nish ha ni hase łt’a’ 2 ha ni ha i1ni hasi ni łt’a’ 3 ha ha ni haas łt’a’ 3o ha i ha ini hais łt’a’ 3a ha ji ha zhni hajis łt’a’ 3i ha ’i ha ’ni ha’as łt’a’ 1 ha nii ha nii hasii łt’a’ 2 ha noh ha noo hasoo łt’a’

PFV’s require the PFV stem set łt’a’

5/11/17 41

1 ha nish ha ni hase łt’a’ 2 ha ni ha i1ni hasi ni łt’a’ 3 ha ha ni haas łt’a’ 3o ha i ha ini hais łt’a’ 3a ha ji ha zhni hajis łt’a’ 3i ha ’i ha ’ni ha’as łt’a’ 1 ha nii ha nii hasii łt’a’ 2 ha noh ha noo hasoo łt’a’

THIS VERB DOESN’T INFLECT IN THE S-PERFECTIVE (see dictionary entry)

5/11/17 42

THIS VERB INFLECTS IN THE N-PERFECTIVE this information is in the dictionary entry for this word

háníłt’a’ (P)

hánísht’ááh(I), hánásht’ah(R), háníłt’a’(P), hádeesht’ah(F), háosht’ááh(O) (ł), to fly it after it (a plane), (i.e. to arrive flying it for the purpose of getting it).

5/11/17 43

•  Shape of the stem from that word’s VERB STEM SET (VL.STEM) FOR EACH MODE

•  MODE conjugations (inflectional classes) for that word •  The shapes of the prefix+MODE units in paradigms

•  The possible MODE + stem combinations

What we need to know or What a fluent speaker knows

5/11/17 44

MODE UNITS DETERMINE THE INFLCL A WORD FORM IS ASSOCIATED TO all the words belonging to an INFLCL conjugate in similar ways & linked in dictionary to their paradigm patterns

455/11/17

verbword VERB(VLstemshape)1 hánisba a s *ł.ba a s Icomeforitinwheeledvehicle2 hánishááh *ø.ghááh Iwalk,goafterit3 hánishkááh *d.kááh Iwalk,go,comeafterit(3+)4 hánish’aash *ø.’aash Iwalk,go,comeafterit(2)5 hánish’nééh *d.nééh Icrawlafterit6 háshishzhee’ *l.zhee’ Ihuntgameanimals

Dictionary entries

hánisht’ááh hánish łt’ááh

há-nish ł.t’ááh af-MODE VL.STEMVERB

46these forms belong to the same INFLCL 5/11/17

these forms belong to the same INFLCL

5/11/17

their stem sets differ

5/11/17

including their ‘classifiers’

5/11/17

Dictionary entries

hánisht’ááh hánish łt’ááh

há-nish ł.t’ááh af-TAM VL.STEMVERB

50these forms belong to the same INFLCL 5/11/17

verbword VERB(VLstemshape)1 hánisba a s *ł.ba a s Icomeforitinwheeledvehicle2 hánishááh *ø.ghááh Iwalk,goafterit3 hánishkááh *d.kááh Iwalk,go,comeafterit(3+)4 hánish’aash *ø.’aash Iwalk,go,comeafterit(2)5 hánish’nééh *d.nééh Icrawlafterit6 háshishzhee’ *l.zhee’ Ihuntgameanimals

how the words are put together

5/11/17

in two parts

5/11/17

the MODE unit for that word form

INCLUDING ANY PREFIXES IN ITS MEANING BASE

5/11/17

and the VERB – THE STEM SET FOR THAT WORD FORM

5/11/17

hold the MODE unit

5/11/17

vary the VERB unit

5/11/17

Young and Morgan 1987:d256

bits’a’nís łbąąs drive away from it AF- MODE VERB

5/11/17

bits’a’nísbąąs drive away from it VERB

5/11/17

bits’a’níshkǫǫh swim away from it VERB

5/11/17

bits’a’nísh’eeł

sail away from it

5/11/17

bits’a’níshdlóósh move away ‘on all fours’ VERB

5/11/17

bits’a’-nísh łkǫǫh swim away from it

bits’a’-nísh ø’eeł sail away from it

bits’a’-nísh ldlóósh move away ‘on all fours’

bits’a’-nísh łbąąs drive away from it

5/11/17

STEM SETS DETERMINE the ‘content’ meaning of verb

a combination of the classifier + stem shape

635/11/17

all the words with this stem/root DZIIS refer to action of ‘pulling an object’ & linked in Appendix V to the stem sets (VL.STEM SHAPE) this root occurs in

645/11/17

hold the VERB unit

5/11/17

vary the (af) MODE unit

5/11/17

‘iis ødzi i s pull or drag O out of sight

Young and Morgan w/ Midgette 1992:174

af-MODE VERB

Verb:DZIIS‘pull’

5/11/17

‘iisdzi i s pull or drag O out of sight

af-MODE

5/11/17

‘adaas‘iisdzi i s pull down from a height

af-MODE

5/11/17

‘ałts’ásdzi i s pull apart

af-MODE

5/11/17

haasdzi i s pull O out (like a splinter)

af-MODE

5/11/17

bíis‘iisdzi i s pull and add to a pile

af-MODE

5/11/17

bikiisdzi i s cover O

af-MODE

5/11/17

‘adah ch’ésdzi i s drag O over the edge

af-MODE

5/11/17

‘iis ødzi i s pull or drag O out of sight

‘adaas‘iis ødzi i s pull down from a height

‘ałts’ás ødzi i s pull apart

bíis‘iis ødzi i s pull and add to a pile

bikiis ødzi i s cover O ‘adah ch’e ødzi i s drag O over the edge

haas ødzi i s pull O out (like a splinter)

Youngw/Midgebe1992:174

af-MODE

5/11/17

whatY&Museinsteadofthetemplatetoformverbs

765/11/17

breakverbintotwoparts:MODEunit-includingprefixestotheMODE

&VERB(VL.STEMSHAPE)unit

775/11/17

eachwithitsownparadigmsandparadigmtypes

785/11/17

eachwithitsownparadigmsandparadigmtypeslinkedinthedic6onarytotheirconjuga6onalclassesviaMODEparadigms

795/11/17

andthustorelatedformsthatconjugatethesameway

805/11/17

thustheseparadigmsresultinorganiza9onofformsthatresideinverydenseneighborhoodofrelatedforms

815/11/17

StemsetsY&M1987:AppendixV

825/11/17

STEMS SETS “…constitute a fundamental resource on which native speakers draw subconsciously to elicit the multiple stem shapes required by various modes and aspects in which a given verbal root is expressed.”

Y&M1987:g302

835/11/17

Y&M1987:g302

Stems conjugate in the same 5 modes of the full words

5/11/17

imperfective(I)repetitive(R) perfective(P) future(F) optative(O)IPV REP PFV FUT OPT

Y&M1987:g302

stems conjugate in the same 5 modes of the full words

5/11/17

imperfective(I)repetitive(R) perfective(P) future(F) optative(O)IPV REP PFV FUT OPT

Y&M1987:g302

stems conjugate in the same 5 modes of the full words but ‘stem sets’ for any word require VL (‘classifiers’) affixes

5/11/17

STEMS SETS = VL.STEM SHAPE

VL IPV REP PFV FUT OPT Aspø øtaał øtal øtááł øtał øtaał MOMø øtał øtal øtał øtał øtał SEMø øtał øtal øtááł øtał øtał REPł łtaał łtal łtááł łtał łtaał MOMd dtaał dtał dtáál dtał dtał REPl ltał ltał ltáál ltał ltaał CON

ROOT: TAAŁ act w feet move quickly 6 stem sets

shapes of stems: tał tááł taał taal tał

875/11/17

STEMS SETS

VL IPFV REP PFV FUT OPT Asp

ø øtaał øtal øtááł øtał øtaał MOMø øtał øtal øtał øtał øtał SEMø øtał øtal øtááł øtał øtał REPł łtaał łtal łtááł łtał łtaał MOM

d dtaał dtał dtáál dtał dtał REPl ltał ltał ltáál ltał ltaał CON

word aspect

ROOT: TAAŁ act w feet move quickly 6 stem sets

ASP - of full word form

5/11/17

-fromYoungandMorgan1987

1b,d,e,2,3,6a,b,c [Mode.Subj

IPVREPPFVFUTOPT?

Disjunct Conjunct [ MODE VERB ]

0 1b 1a 1c 1d 1e 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 6c - 7.8 AGR ASP

(afs)DIS-(afs)CON-[MODEStemsetsVL.STEM]

5/11/17 90

Verbalcomplex

915/11/17

IPVREPPFVFUTOPT-STEMSMODEconjugationsY&M:200ff‘BASEPARADIGMS’IPV PFV PROG

(2)FUT OPT

ø ø–ł d-l

n ø-ł d-l

s ø-ł d-l

y ø-ł d-l

16 conjugation patterns in MODE (2 PROG)

925/11/17

IPVREPPFVFUTOPT=STEMS

MODEconjugations-12conjugationpatternsIPV PFV ø ø–ł’inactofdoingsomething’64%IPV32%PFV

d-l n ø-ł ’terminative’18%IPV21%PFV

d-l s ø-ł ’stative’0.7%IPV32%PFV

d-l y ø-ł ’transitional’17%IPV

INFLECTIONALPARADIGMSYM:1987:g200ffMODE.1S

há-nísh lt’ááh

(1) (2)

Ø - Ł D - L

16 Inflectional Paradigms / Conjugations 5/11/17 93

-fromYoungandMorgan1987

1b,d,e,2,3,6a,b,c [Mode.Subj

IPVREPPFVFUTOPT

BothUSITATIVE&ITERATIVEusethesamestem–REPPROGusesFUTstem

955/11/17

INFLECTIONALPARADIGMSYM:1987:g200ff

USITATIVE,ITERATIVE,PROGRESSIVE From Y&M1987:d200 “The ø-Imperfective and the Usitative are distinguished by stem shape alone. The Iterative is derived by adding the Disjunct prefix na -, POSITION II, to the Usitative”

The expression of ø-Imperfective - Usitative - Iterative realized at the word level as a relationship between Mode and Stem elements. …it’s a result of the interaction between a specific stem set and an inflected element from the ØIPV Base Paradigm 5/11/17 96

IPV&USITATIVEusedifferentstemsdifferencebetweenUsita6veandImperfec6veisrealizedinthestemsthattheformstake

975/11/17

IPVIPVSTEM

USITREPSTEM

ø yishdla yishdlııh DLA -drinks dahshishteeh dahshishtééh ł.TEEH-setupAnOn baanishteeh baayishtééh l.TEEH–bringAnO

ITERATIVE-USITATIVEusedsamestem(REP)ITERATIVErequiresØIPV(andnotNIPV)MODE

985/11/17

1b–náIterative Disjunctprefix outsidetheconjnctIPV ITER

yishłeeh náshdleeh I(repeatedly)becomeyishø.leeh ná-ishd.leeh

baanishheeh baanáshgééh I(repeatedly)haulittohimnish-ø.heeh ná-ishd-hééh

yiníł’ı néinil’įįh he’slookingatit(repeatedly)yiníł.’ı ná-yiníl.’įįh

ni-nishø.tłáád niishd.tłi’ I’mstopping,Iusuallystop

nináshd.tłi’ Irepeatedlystop

Usingitera6ve(REPstem)tobuildmeaning

995/11/17

1b–náIterative d-(6)‘inceptive’ IPV ITER

dishdziih ńdishdzih I’m(inactoftakingabreath)d-ishø.dziih ná-d-ishd.dzih

I’mbreathing(repeatledly)

dishhááh ńdishdááh Istartingtogod-ish-ø.ááh ná-d-ishd-ééh

I’mpacingbackandforth

disyéés ńdísyis I’mintheactofdodgingsomethingd-ishø.yées ná-d-ishø.yis I’mtwitchingorjerkingaround

‘anishneeh ná’anísh’nah I’mchoking

’a-nishø.neeh ná-’a-n-ishd.nah Ihiccupping

na-disjunctoutsidetheinner’conjunct’complex-

ASPECTofthefullwordisaresultofthecompound(conjoining)ofthetwoinflectedLEXEMESofcoreverb

includes(atleast)prefixesfromtwootherposi6onsinword1bna-6cdi-

[ na#di-[ModeStem]coreverb]VComplex

1005/11/17

Stemshapes&conjuga6onpaberns:IPVREPPFVFUTOPTIPVUSTI/ITERPFVFUT/PROGOPT

Imperfective MODEs + VL.DLAA ’ ’drink’ Imperfective Usitative Terminative (Continuous) (Momentaneous) (Momentaneous)

yish *d.dlaIPV yish *d.dlii hIPV ni- nish *ł.dlii hIPV øIPV.1s øIPV.1s term-nIPV.1s

Role of word unit: Aspect (af) MODE + STEM SET

1015/11/17

Imperfective MODE’s + VL.DLAA ’ ’drink’ Imperfective Usitative Terminative Continuous Momentaneous Momentaneous

yish *d.dlaIPV yish *d.dlii hIPV ni- nish *ł.dlii hIPV øIPV.1s øIPV.1s term-nIPV.1s

Role of whole word unit: Aspect (af) MODE + STEM SET

1025/11/17

yish *d.dla IPV yish *d.dliihIPV ni-nish *ł.dliihIPV øIPV.1s øIPV.1s term-nIPV.1s

1035/11/17

yish *d.dla IPV yish *d.dliihIPV ni- nish *ł.dliihIPV øIPV.1s øIPV.1s Term-NIPV.1s

yishdla CON yishdlııhMOM ninishdlíııshMOMyishd-dla (y)ishd-dlııh ni-nishł–dlııhØIPV.1SGVL-IPV ØIPV.1SGVL-IPV CESS-nIPV.1SG.VL-IPVIdrinkit Ialwaysdrinkit Ifinisheddrinkingit

1045/11/17

The subaspect of a verb can be determined by the conjugation patterns of the MODE elements

by differences in the STEM SET alone or by a combination of the above

understand the pattern of interdependencies of the elements in the verbal complex

1055/11/17

VL IPV REP PFV FUT OPT Aspø øyııh d.yııh øya a ’ øyııł øya a ’ MOM/TRANSITIONALø øya d.ııh øya a ’ øyııł øya a ’ DURATIVEø øyá d.ííh øyá øyııł øyá CONTINUATIVE

ROOT: YIIH eat

1065/11/17

ASPECT:Mom:ea6ngTransiAonal,mom/term:begintoeat,finishedea6ng,

finishea6ngameal,DuraAve/ConAnuaAve:eatallover(likeatermite),ea6ngaround(town)DistribuAve:samplefoods

STEMSETS=VERBBASES

(no frequency values for these verbs from corpora)

AllprimaryaspectsworkthiswayRoot’eat’YIIHvariousaspectsarerealizedbyrela6onshipsbetweenthetwoelementsintheCOREVERBandtheprefixesintheposi6onsinconjunctanddisjunctdomains.Theveryrichaspectualsystemisprebyintui6ve,but’sitsparadigma9candbuildoffofcombina9onsofexis9ngelements.

1085/11/17

the template to construct well formed words the elements and how they vary and interact

Young and Morgan, 1987

1095/11/17

Dictionary entries Fully inflected words associated to their INFLCL’s

w full paradigms

1105/11/17

Word is compound of two distinct morphemes from two distinct paradigm types

•  MODE inflectional paradigms (same page as entry) •  VERB VL.stemshapes - stem sets

1115/11/17

Both parts are inked to their paradigms in 2 Appendices (I, V)

1125/11/17

Stem sets (Appendix V)

VL.STEMSHAPE are fundamentally linked to the full word forms they appear in

1135/11/17

Thingstoconsider•  pabernsofassocia6onbetweentheelements•  therela6onshipofthestemshapetotheaspectsystem•  theobjectandindirectobjectagreementmarkers•  thedifferencesinroleofdisjunctvsconjunctmorphs•  therestofthecomplex….

•  nouns

1145/11/17

naadaą’t’áadadootł’izhígíi’greencorn’naadaą’t’áadadooł.tł’izh-ígíicorn’just’’theyaregreen’-nom

1155/11/17

SupportedbyNSF#0853929.Anyopinions,findings,andconclusionsorrecommenda6onsexpressedinthismaterialarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheNa6onalScienceFounda6on 116

hbp://ling.rochester.edu/DeneSpeechAtlas

5/11/17

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