2.. compensación reactiva

CARGAS INDUSTRIALES - COMPENSACION REACTIVA ING. HUBER MURILLO MANRIQUE

Expositor : Huber Murillo M.

TIPOS DE CARGAS

Three categories of loads

RESISTIVES

INDUCTIVES

CAPACITIVES

Henry Hy

Farad F

RESISTIVE Furnaces Electrical

heaters Electrical irons Light bulbs ....

INDUCTIVE Transformers Induction motors Fluorescent lighting Induction furnaces Welding machines Drivers ........

CAPACITIVE Capacitors

TIPOS DE CARGAS

OHMIC LOAD.

RESISTIVE

0 45 90 135

Corriente IR = U/R Amper

Potencia P = RI² = U²/R Watts

OHMIC LOAD.

RESISTIVE

0 45 90 135

INDUCTIVE LOAD.

INDUCTIVE

Corriente IL = U / L Amper.

Potencia P = U² / L var or kvar

INDUCTIVE LOAD.

INDUCTIVE

0 45 90 135

CAPACITIVE LOAD. CAPACITIVE

Corriente Ic = C U Amper.

Potencia P = C U² var or kvar

CAPACITIVE LOAD. CAPACITIVE

0 45 90 135

MIXED LOADS. Main industrial loads

RThe majority of industrial

loadscan be regarded as comprising resistor and inductor in series.

V : supply voltageVR: resistance voltage dropVL: inductance voltage dropI : total supply current

Main industrial loads

"I" lags "V" by some angle

MIXED LOADS.

Main industrial loads

MIXED LOADS.

CAPACITOR CONNECTION

IRL IRL : current through the load

IC : current through the capacitor

I : total current drawn from supply

MIXED LOADS.

CAPACITOR CONNECTION

MIXED LOADS.

- Active power (kW) performs the work (useful power)

- Apparent power (kVA) total power consumed

- Reactive power (kvar) sustains electromagnetic field (non useful power)

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION.

BASIC CONCEPTS.

Apparent power

Active or useful powerkW

Reactive power kvar

Power factorcos = kW / kVA

HOW CAN WE IMPROVE THE PF CORRECTION AND THUS REDUCE THE

CONSUMED POWER?

The capacitor connected in parallel will draw kvar in the same way than the load but in phase opposition (leading)

kVAkvar1

BASIC CONCEPTS.

)2tan1kW(tankvarckWkvar

kvar²kW²kW

kvar²kW²kVA

kVAkvar

BASIC CONCEPTS.

Power factor correction chartKvar = k * kW

Desired PF

Nomogram

Kvar = k * kW

kW=410

kVA1=586

kvar1=419

Ejemplo

kW=410

kVA1=586

kvar1=419

Carga compensada

kW=410

kVA1=586

kvar2=135

Carga compensada

kW=410

kVA1=586

kVA2=432

kvar2=135

Carga compensada

Advantages of a good power factor

Transformers and distribution cables lightened ( I )

0.70.95

Reduced Joule losses ( RI² )

cos final values

cos initial values

% reduction in losses

CABLES

TRANSFORMER

kVA output reduced

cos initial

% kVA recovered0.75

Voltage drop in transformer

Voltage drop

cos 0.6

Low losses

Normal lossesVOLTGE DROP

Cos ? = 0.6 * 5.1%

Cos ? = 0.6306

Cos = 0.6306

= 50.906

Typical PF encountered in industry

Energy saving calculation.

400 kVA400 V

P=80 kWcos = 0.75

P=170 kWcos = 0.75

1 cable70 mm²20 m

2 cables70 mm²100 m

Consumer's electricity bill: Monthly kWh consumed = 70125 Monthly kvarh consumed = 63081 Assuming an activity of :

340 days/year 15 hours/day

Average kW = 70125/425 = 165 (66% of the full load) Average kvar = 63081/425 = 148 Average kVA = 165² + 148² = 222 Average P.F. = kW/ kW² + kvar² = 0.744

Min P.F. value to avoid penalty : 0.93 capacitor required = kW (tg1 - tg2)

=165 (0.898 - 0.395) = 83kvar(in practice cap. size is increased by 5 to 10% to ensure aP.F.> 0.93)

New situation

kW = 165 (unchanged)kvar = 148 - 83 = 65 ()kVA = 165² + 65² = 177 () (222 previously)Monthly demand (kVA) is reduced by 20%

Cable losses

Cos = 0.75

Workshop A :I = P*0.66/ 3 V cos

= 80000 * 0.66/ 3 400 0.75 = 102ACable losses : P = 3 RI²L (R= 1/S)

= 3 * 246.10-6 /m * (102)² * 20 =154W5100 h/year P = 785kWh

Workshop B :I = 170000 * 0.66/3 400 0.75 = 216ACable losses : P = 2 (3RI²L)

= 2 * 3 * 246.10-6* (216/2)² * 100 = 1722W5100h/year P = 8782 kWh

Cable losses

Cos : 0.93

Workshop A:- I = 102 (0.75/0.93) = 82A- Cable losses = 154 (82/102)² = 100W- Cable losses/year = 150kWh

Workshop B:- I = 216 (0.75/0.93) = 174A- Cable losses = 1722 (174/216)² = 1117W- Cables losses/year = 5697kWh

Transformer losses

Before correction:

Total losses = 1000 + 5000 [(80+170) 0.66]² / (0.75 * 400)= 2513WTotal losses/year = 2513X5100 = 12814kWhTotal kWh = 785 + 8782 + 12814 = 22381

After correction:

Total losses = 1000 + 5000 [(80+170) 0.66]²/ (0.93 * 400) = 1984WTotal losses/year = 10118kWhTotal kWh/year = 510+5697+10118 = 16325kWh reduction/year = 22381 - 16325 = 6056kWh

27% reduction

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

The main reason for installing power capacitors is toreduce reactive power costs and avoid the penalties.

Typical pay back period is less than 1-2 years.Sometimes as little as a few months.

TYPICAL INSTALLATION

Individual compensation of large motors (>50kW 70hp)

Fixed compensation of transformers (+/-10 % of transformer rating)

Automatic capacitor bank to compensate varying load

Locating capacitors on your system

Capacitors may be installed at various locations on yourelectrical system.

1 : Capacitors on the incoming plant service2 : Capacitors on the main bus3 : Capacitors on the bus for various feeders4 : Capacitors a the individual load point

Capacitor location1 2 &3 4

Technical approach BestFlexibility Least Less Best

Savings Least less Max.Cost per kvar Least Lower Highest

TRANSFORMER COMPENSATION

- Increased useful capacity

- Reduced losses

- Reduced voltage drop

Degree of compensation :

1. "Rule of thumb" : +/- 10 % of transformer's nominal rating.

2. Calculation based on the individual transformer and its load pattern.

Note : check for resonance between transformer and capacitor.

Individual transformer compensation

T he resonant frequency can be calcu la ted from the fo llow ingform ula :

f f pP s c

f = resonant frequencyfp = pow er frequencyP sc = short c ircu it pow er of the transform er ( kV A )P c = pow er of the capacito r (kV A R )

If the frequency ob tained is too c lose to that o f a harm onic , thevalue of the capacitor ra ting should be m odified .

M ost com m on harm onic frequencies, 3rd , 5th , 7 th , etc ...

MOTOR COMPENSATION

Methods for determining capacitor rating for motor

compensation1.- Rule of thumb Qc = 40% of motor KW . rating.

2.- Use of table the speed and motor power . into acount

3.- Calculation based on exact individual . motor charasteristics.

AUTOMATIC BANK COMPENSATION

Advantages of automatic capacitor banks :

- Regulation of cos

- Better utilisation of the capacitor compared to individual compensation.

- Eliminates the possibility of overcompensation.

AUTOMATIC BANK COMPENSATION

Points to consider for automatic banks

Choice of regulator characteristics (c/k and tolerance) and step size toavoid hunting.

Correlation between minimum interval between switching and dischargedevice of capacitor to avoid energising a charged capacitor.

Disconnecting of all steps in case of a mains outage. Insensitivity to harmonics.Possibility to extend existing banks without changes in the control

equipment.

THE NEW CHOICE FOR POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION

BANCO DE CONDENSADORES ING. HUBER MURILLO M

Compact

Modular

Reliable

Compact Small dimensions

210 mm

200 mm78 mm

Compact High power density

20 kvar

@ 400/415 V

Modular

Terminals sized for common cable shoes

Built-in safety discharge resistors (<75V in 3 min.)

Enclosure with double casing insulation

Modular

Interconnection bars

Fixation holes

Clips system for group assembly

Modular

Easy and quick assembly of capacitor modules

DIN rail fixation

Examples of LVCP module assembly

30 kvar = 15 kvar + 15 kvar

400V/50Hz

Examples of LVCP module assembly

400V/50Hz

45kvar =

15kvar + 15kvar + 15kvar

50kvar =

16.7kvar + 16.7kvar + 16.7kvar

60kvar =

20kvar + 20kvar + 20kvar

Modular

External discharge deviceSafe discharge < 50V in 1 minute

Protective cover IP20

Built in safety discharge resistors

FusePressure sensitive disconnector

Thermo-setting resin

Dry type self healing capacitor winding

Insulating enclosure

Unique double action safety system

Self-healing +

Internal fuse +

Pressure sensitive disconnector

Reliable

In-house metallized film

Voltage withstand capability Peak current Capacitance stability Life Self-healing

Losses

Reliable

Automatized manufacturing process

Controlled performance Repeatable quality

IEC 60831 1&2

ISO 9001

ISO 14001

ReliableComprehensive testing

• Ageing• Temperature• Humidity• Dielectric• Self-healing• Current• Voltage

Range (50Hz)

Range (60Hz)

THEN YOU ABB

YOUR choice for Power Factor Correction

2.. compensación reactiva

Education

Transcript of 2.. compensación reactiva

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