Ten Tips for Managing Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioned Ships
Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering,
Mechanical Power Engineering
Monday, May 25, 2015 1
Prof.Dr. Essam E. Khalil , Fellow ASHRAE,AIAA and ASME
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Πολύ Καλησπέρα στους αγαπητούς φίλους μου
Very Good afternoon to my dear friends
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
• To keep going • Run on its own without additional inputs • “green” • Low energy • Low carbon footprint • “giving back”– energy resource, water usage– taking wastewater for an irrigation system, etc. • No unexpected costs • Able to fix • Renewable • Re-inventable– may come a time it needs to be redone; may need to be disposed of
(recycled/deconstructed) • Adjust with changes– with new needs don’t need to buy a new one (e.g. new cell phone) • Human element– ergonomics– not ruining someone else’s life (e.g. child labor; old computers in
people’s backyards) • Human leadership component • Multi- functional • Learning in the building and also from the building– green building as an opportunity to learn
and also have a more eco-friendly building • accountability
Sustainability
Hull
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Hull: Frames
• The ribs of the ship
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Keel
Frames
Which side is the nearest to us - port or starboard?
Starboard
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Hull
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Stern Bow Port
Starboard
Deck
Port is left Starboard is right
side of the ship side of the ship
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Monday, May 25, 2015
9
OUR GOAL
Our Task is to keep these
lungs full with fresh air and
comfortable by removing
excessive humidity and to
provide adequate amount of
air at the conditions in
which for health humans the
lungs, and frequently the
heart and lungs, are able to
sufficiently oxygenate the
blood and body tissue.
Often, the ability to excrete
CO2 as well.
Slide 9 EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Monday, May 25, 2015 10
Action 1: improving our energy efficiency
1. Help for large resource users
2. Smart metering
3. Smarter energy pricing
4. Greener appliances
5. Energy smart business
6. Better billing methods
7. Growing the energy efficiency industry
8. Climate protection
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
The Sustainable Design Cycle
Specification Development
Detailed Design
Delivery
Service Maintenance
Redesign
Retirement
Problem Identification
Conceptual Design
STAKEHOLDERS
Needs Assessment User Analysis Observation Brainstorming Research
User Training Prototyping Field Testing Scenarios
Usability Testing…
Monday, May 25, 2015 Slide 11
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 12
Monday, May 25, 2015 13
ISO 23045
Main hierarchic scheme Monday, 25 May 2015 14
Boundary conditions
Overall
Energy Performance
of Built Environment
EP
Overall EP:
Energy Performance of
the built Environment
including its technical
systems
Dick Van Dijk and Khalil,2009
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Needed Energy Satandards Monday, 25 May 2015 15
Ventilation 1)
Heating
Cooling
Lighting
Hot Water
Ship
Solar
thermal
PV , local
Heating/
cooling
systems
(incl.
BCHP)
Electricity
Gas, oil, coal, wood, …
Delivered
Exported
Electricity
Heat
1): Air transport for vent.
Electric
Appliances
District heating
or cooling
Ship “Needs” Delivered to or
Exported from
technical system
Renewable
Systems part
ISO/TC 163 – TC 205 JWG
= Conversion factors,
needed to aggregate
energy to one numerical
Indicator, e.g. “EP”, ECO2”,..
Cooking, ..
Input dh
Dis
trib
utio
n a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
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Human responses when subjected to either hot or cold stresses.
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 17
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Two examples of energy certificates including numerical indicator and ranking
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, 25 May 2015 19
SHIP ENERGY AND PROPULSION
Monday, May 25, 2015
20 EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Energy for Ship-Propulsion
• Mechanism used to move a ship across water (engine turning a propeller)
• Choice of a suitable power plant depends on:
– size of the ship
– speed (type of cargo)
– length, duration of voyage
– cost (operational expenses)
– fuel
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Diesel Powered Ships
• In 1892 Rudolph Diesel invented the compression ignition engine
• The most widely used propulsion
• Two-stroke (large engines)
• Four-stroke (auxiliary e.)
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Diesel Engine
• PROS:
– most efficient prime mover
– lower fuel consumption
– less bunker space
• CONS:
– more expensive to build and maintain
– more noise and vibration
– heavier
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Steam Turbine Powered Ships
• Marine steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons
• Low noise, low weight, low maintenance costs, more space obtained (power /weight ratio raised)
• BUT higher fuel consumption
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Steam Turbine
• Most new-build ships with steam turbines are specialist vessels such as nuclear-powered vessels, and certain merchant vessels (LNG, coal carriers) where cargo can be used as bunker fuel.
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Diesel electric driven Ships
• Large cruiser, Tankers, Ferries, Ro-Ro Passenger ships and LNG carriers
• PRINCIPLE
• 1. diesel engine connected to a generator
• 2. Generators drive electric motors
• 3. Electric motors drive the shaft
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Turbo-electric driven
• 1.Turbines generate mechanical energy and drive generators
• Generators convert mechanical into electrical energy and drive motors
• Motors convert back the electrical into mechanical energy and drive the propeller shaft
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Gas Turbine Driven Ships
• A compressor draws in and compresses atmospheric air.
• Combustion system where fuel is injected, mixed with compressed air and burned.
• Power turbine to the shaft.
• Poor thermal efficiency at low power.
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Nuclear propulsion
• Submarines,
Navy ships ,
Aircraft carriers,
Ice breakers.
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1. Define Energy Management through typical Operation and maintenance perceptions; it is really a management task (data / communication / implementation/tracking); it is an art. Energy Management should include operational efficiency and energy efficiency
Engineering tips for Energy Efficient Ships
The following tips represent the average more general and effective tips and hints to energy managers:
Energy Tip 1
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 31
2. Determine available data such as metered Data, Data bases, reporting tools, Utility Bills, Equipment Energy Efficiency/Performance, Direct Digital Control/Energy Management Systems, available Operation Manuals and Energy Performance
Energy Tip 2
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 32
3. Select your energy management team who can easily communicate with management / supervisor staff; bear in mind that the operations staff are critical therefore facilities and Maintenance staff need to be involved. Develop lines of communication and evaluate available staff resources, capabilities, required training
Energy Tip 3
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 33
4. Involve Operators and Maintenance Team on the location; solicit their ideas, they know their systems best and already often have good energy efficiency ideas; determine what would be required to implement an electrical efficiency measure. Determine low-to-no cost options and evaluate ability to not sacrifice comfort or productivity while implementing an energy efficiency measure then identify how to make an energy efficiency measure institutionalized.
Energy Tip 4
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5. Select priority for energy saving through HVAC control, Lighting control, Process systems, Chillers and boilers. For that use potential team members that may include energy, utilities, facilities, Operation and maintenance and end-user stakeholders. Usually inefficiencies are not detectable by typical Operation and maintenance practices. Need someone experienced with implementing energy efficiency procedures to facilitate the process. Gather information and data; turn off what you can; if you can’t turn it off, determine if you can reduce it. Set-up a mechanism to facilitate communication; do not walk away; set-up a mechanism to continually apply energy efficiency measures.
Energy Tip 5
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 35
6. It is very imperative to involve operations and facility staff on the team and attempt to understand their perspective, make it clear that suggested improvements are not a reflection of their current performance. Usually address concerns that changes will result in more “trouble calls” and show them the potential and actual results of the proposed changes improving energy efficiency indicators.
Energy Tip 6
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7. Measure or estimate how much energy is being used by different equipment, utilizing available meters and measurement instruments .A need emerges to determine if operational manuals are available or if operational knowledge has been institutionalized. The energy efficiency performance of facilities is to be evaluated through the knowledge of energy use data per gross floor area or other means to establish a rating/ comparison; careful analyses of simulation data or engineering calculations should be followed.
Energy Tip 7
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 37
8. Implement the energy efficiency operational ideas such as the low-to-no cost ideas and maintain communication among people involved and measure performance of the operational changes
Energy Tip 8
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 38
9.Measure where needed to determine savings from operational changes, in case you already have meters and sufficient measurement tools; determine if the data is being properly evaluated .Continually evaluate energy data and energy efficiency operational changes and document any successes and savings
Energy Tip 9
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 39
10.Operational changes need to be continually implemented and properly documented and retained specially implementation plan to track key energy efficiency operational changes. Maintain communication between Energy Manager, operators, maintenance, and management and document savings to justify energy efficiency program.
Energy Tip 10
Why use CFD?
• Why use CFD? – Analysis and Design
• Simulation-based design instead of “build & test” – More cost effectively and more rapidly than with experiments – CFD solution provides high-fidelity database for interrogation of
flow field
• Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to be measured by experiments
– Scale simulations (e.g., full-scale ships, airplanes) – Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution) – Physics (e.g., weather prediction, planetary boundary layer,
stellar evolution)
– Knowledge and exploration of flow physics
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 41
Where is CFD used? (Hydraulics)
• Where is CFD used?
Hydraulics – Marine power
– Power Generation
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 42
Where is CFD used? (Marine)
• Where is CFD used?
– Hydraulics: Flow around Hulls
– Marine – Power Generation
Unsteady State Results: 1-Sneezing and Coughing
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Figure (c)
Particle traces colored by particle
diameter (m) at
ΔP = -2.5 pa
(a) at time = 0.25 sec,
(b) at time = 0.5 sec, and
(c) at time = 3.0 sec
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Modeling (coordinates)
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x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
z
(r,,z)
z
r
(r,,)
r
(x,y,z)
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical
General Curvilinear Coordinates General orthogonal
Coordinates
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Modeling (governing equations) • Navier-Stokes equations (3D in Cartesian coordinates)
2
2
2
2
2
2ˆ
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p
z
ww
y
wv
x
wu
t
w
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2
2
2
2
2
2ˆ
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
z
uw
y
uv
x
uu
t
u
2
2
2
2
2
2ˆ
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p
z
vw
y
vv
x
vu
t
v
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
t
RTp
L
v pp
Dt
DR
Dt
RDR
2
2
2
)(2
3
Convection Piezometric pressure gradient Viscous terms Local
acceleration
Continuity equation
Equation of state
Rayleigh Equation
Numerical methods (grid generation) • Grids can either be structured (hexahedral) or
unstructured (tetrahedral). Depends upon type of discretization scheme and application
• Scheme
Finite differences: structured
Finite volume or finite element: structured or unstructured
• Application
Thin boundary layers best resolved with highly-stretched structured grids
Unstructured grids useful for complex geometries
Unstructured grids permit automatic adaptive refinement based on the pressure gradient, or regions interested (FLUENT)
Monday, May 25, 2015 46
structured
unstructured
Finite Differences
62
2
,
3
3
,
2
2,,1
,
x
x
ux
x
u
x
uu
x
u
jiji
jiji
ji
Monday, May 25, 2015 47
Methods of Solution
Direct methods Iterative methods
Cramer’s Rule, Gauss elimination
LU decomposition
Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel
Method, SOR method
Finite difference
representation
Truncation error
Numeric Solution (Finite Differences)
62
3
,
3
32
,
2
2
,
,,1
x
x
ux
x
ux
x
uuu
jijiji
jiji
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o x i i+1 i-1
j+1
j
j-1
imax
jmax x
y Taylor’s Series Expansion
u i,j = velocity of fluid
Discrete Grid Points
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 49
Ship movement in stream
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 50
It is very gratifying to find some one
that silently appreciates your efforts
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I REST MY CASE YOUR HONOURS
Monday, May 25, 2015 52
The End
Thank You
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 Slide 53
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
QUESTIONS !! Monday, May 25, 2015 54
Yes ……. I have two hands
Monday, May 25, 2015 55
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
Ten Tips for Managing Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioned Ships
Essam E.Khalil, Speaker [email protected]
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