Ten Tips for Managing Energy- Efficient Air-Conditioned Ships · Hull Monday, May 25, 2015 4 ......

Ten Tips for Managing Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioned Ships

Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering,

Mechanical Power Engineering

Monday, May 25, 2015 1

Prof.Dr. Essam E. Khalil , Fellow ASHRAE,AIAA and ASME

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

Πολύ Καλησπέρα στους αγαπητούς φίλους μου

Very Good afternoon to my dear friends


• To keep going • Run on its own without additional inputs • “green” • Low energy • Low carbon footprint • “giving back”– energy resource, water usage– taking wastewater for an irrigation system, etc. • No unexpected costs • Able to fix • Renewable • Re-inventable– may come a time it needs to be redone; may need to be disposed of

(recycled/deconstructed) • Adjust with changes– with new needs don’t need to buy a new one (e.g. new cell phone) • Human element– ergonomics– not ruining someone else’s life (e.g. child labor; old computers in

people’s backyards) • Human leadership component • Multi- functional • Learning in the building and also from the building– green building as an opportunity to learn

and also have a more eco-friendly building • accountability

Sustainability

Hull



Hull: Frames

• The ribs of the ship


Keel

Frames

Which side is the nearest to us - port or starboard?

Starboard


Hull


Stern Bow Port

Starboard

Deck

Port is left Starboard is right

side of the ship side of the ship


Monday, May 25, 2015

9

OUR GOAL

Our Task is to keep these

lungs full with fresh air and

comfortable by removing

excessive humidity and to

provide adequate amount of

air at the conditions in

which for health humans the

lungs, and frequently the

heart and lungs, are able to

sufficiently oxygenate the

blood and body tissue.

Often, the ability to excrete

CO2 as well.

Slide 9 EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”

Monday, May 25, 2015 10

Action 1: improving our energy efficiency

1. Help for large resource users

2. Smart metering

3. Smarter energy pricing

4. Greener appliances

5. Energy smart business

6. Better billing methods

7. Growing the energy efficiency industry

8. Climate protection


The Sustainable Design Cycle

Specification Development

Detailed Design

Delivery

Service Maintenance

Redesign

Retirement

Problem Identification

Conceptual Design

STAKEHOLDERS

Needs Assessment User Analysis Observation Brainstorming Research

User Training Prototyping Field Testing Scenarios

Usability Testing…

Monday, May 25, 2015 Slide 11

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 12

Monday, May 25, 2015 13

ISO 23045

Main hierarchic scheme Monday, 25 May 2015 14

Boundary conditions

Overall

Energy Performance

of Built Environment

EP

Overall EP:

Energy Performance of

the built Environment

including its technical

systems

Dick Van Dijk and Khalil,2009


Needed Energy Satandards Monday, 25 May 2015 15

Ventilation 1)

Heating

Cooling

Lighting

Hot Water

Ship

Solar

thermal

PV , local

Heating/

cooling

systems

(incl.

BCHP)

Electricity

Gas, oil, coal, wood, …

Delivered

Exported

Electricity

Heat

1): Air transport for vent.

Electric

Appliances

District heating

or cooling

Ship “Needs” Delivered to or

Exported from

technical system

Renewable

Systems part

ISO/TC 163 – TC 205 JWG

= Conversion factors,

needed to aggregate

energy to one numerical

Indicator, e.g. “EP”, ECO2”,..

Cooking, ..

Input dh

Dis

trib

utio

n a

nd

tra

nsp

ort



Human responses when subjected to either hot or cold stresses.


Two examples of energy certificates including numerical indicator and ranking

Monday, 25 May 2015 18

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, 25 May 2015 19

SHIP ENERGY AND PROPULSION

Monday, May 25, 2015

20 EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”


Energy for Ship-Propulsion

• Mechanism used to move a ship across water (engine turning a propeller)

• Choice of a suitable power plant depends on:

– size of the ship

– speed (type of cargo)

– length, duration of voyage

– cost (operational expenses)

– fuel

Monday, May 25, 2015 21


Diesel Powered Ships

• In 1892 Rudolph Diesel invented the compression ignition engine

• The most widely used propulsion

• Two-stroke (large engines)

• Four-stroke (auxiliary e.)

Monday, May 25, 2015 22


Diesel Engine

• PROS:

– most efficient prime mover

– lower fuel consumption

– less bunker space

• CONS:

– more expensive to build and maintain

– more noise and vibration

– heavier

Monday, May 25, 2015 23


Steam Turbine Powered Ships

• Marine steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons

• Low noise, low weight, low maintenance costs, more space obtained (power /weight ratio raised)

• BUT higher fuel consumption

Monday, May 25, 2015 24

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons


Steam Turbine

• Most new-build ships with steam turbines are specialist vessels such as nuclear-powered vessels, and certain merchant vessels (LNG, coal carriers) where cargo can be used as bunker fuel.

Monday, May 25, 2015 25


Diesel electric driven Ships

• Large cruiser, Tankers, Ferries, Ro-Ro Passenger ships and LNG carriers

• PRINCIPLE

• 1. diesel engine connected to a generator

• 2. Generators drive electric motors

• 3. Electric motors drive the shaft

Monday, May 25, 2015 26


Turbo-electric driven

• 1.Turbines generate mechanical energy and drive generators

• Generators convert mechanical into electrical energy and drive motors

• Motors convert back the electrical into mechanical energy and drive the propeller shaft

Monday, May 25, 2015 27


Gas Turbine Driven Ships

• A compressor draws in and compresses atmospheric air.

• Combustion system where fuel is injected, mixed with compressed air and burned.

• Power turbine to the shaft.

• Poor thermal efficiency at low power.

Monday, May 25, 2015 28


Nuclear propulsion

• Submarines,

Navy ships ,

Aircraft carriers,

Ice breakers.

Monday, May 25, 2015 29


1. Define Energy Management through typical Operation and maintenance perceptions; it is really a management task (data / communication / implementation/tracking); it is an art. Energy Management should include operational efficiency and energy efficiency

Engineering tips for Energy Efficient Ships

The following tips represent the average more general and effective tips and hints to energy managers:

Energy Tip 1


2. Determine available data such as metered Data, Data bases, reporting tools, Utility Bills, Equipment Energy Efficiency/Performance, Direct Digital Control/Energy Management Systems, available Operation Manuals and Energy Performance

Energy Tip 2


3. Select your energy management team who can easily communicate with management / supervisor staff; bear in mind that the operations staff are critical therefore facilities and Maintenance staff need to be involved. Develop lines of communication and evaluate available staff resources, capabilities, required training

Energy Tip 3


4. Involve Operators and Maintenance Team on the location; solicit their ideas, they know their systems best and already often have good energy efficiency ideas; determine what would be required to implement an electrical efficiency measure. Determine low-to-no cost options and evaluate ability to not sacrifice comfort or productivity while implementing an energy efficiency measure then identify how to make an energy efficiency measure institutionalized.

Energy Tip 4


5. Select priority for energy saving through HVAC control, Lighting control, Process systems, Chillers and boilers. For that use potential team members that may include energy, utilities, facilities, Operation and maintenance and end-user stakeholders. Usually inefficiencies are not detectable by typical Operation and maintenance practices. Need someone experienced with implementing energy efficiency procedures to facilitate the process. Gather information and data; turn off what you can; if you can’t turn it off, determine if you can reduce it. Set-up a mechanism to facilitate communication; do not walk away; set-up a mechanism to continually apply energy efficiency measures.

Energy Tip 5


6. It is very imperative to involve operations and facility staff on the team and attempt to understand their perspective, make it clear that suggested improvements are not a reflection of their current performance. Usually address concerns that changes will result in more “trouble calls” and show them the potential and actual results of the proposed changes improving energy efficiency indicators.

Energy Tip 6


7. Measure or estimate how much energy is being used by different equipment, utilizing available meters and measurement instruments .A need emerges to determine if operational manuals are available or if operational knowledge has been institutionalized. The energy efficiency performance of facilities is to be evaluated through the knowledge of energy use data per gross floor area or other means to establish a rating/ comparison; careful analyses of simulation data or engineering calculations should be followed.

Energy Tip 7


8. Implement the energy efficiency operational ideas such as the low-to-no cost ideas and maintain communication among people involved and measure performance of the operational changes

Energy Tip 8


9.Measure where needed to determine savings from operational changes, in case you already have meters and sufficient measurement tools; determine if the data is being properly evaluated .Continually evaluate energy data and energy efficiency operational changes and document any successes and savings

Energy Tip 9


10.Operational changes need to be continually implemented and properly documented and retained specially implementation plan to track key energy efficiency operational changes. Maintain communication between Energy Manager, operators, maintenance, and management and document savings to justify energy efficiency program.

Energy Tip 10

Why use CFD?

• Why use CFD? – Analysis and Design

• Simulation-based design instead of “build & test” – More cost effectively and more rapidly than with experiments – CFD solution provides high-fidelity database for interrogation of

flow field

• Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to be measured by experiments

– Scale simulations (e.g., full-scale ships, airplanes) – Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution) – Physics (e.g., weather prediction, planetary boundary layer,

stellar evolution)

– Knowledge and exploration of flow physics

Monday, May 25, 2015 40 EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”


Where is CFD used? (Hydraulics)

• Where is CFD used?

Hydraulics – Marine power

– Power Generation


Where is CFD used? (Marine)

• Where is CFD used?

– Hydraulics: Flow around Hulls

– Marine – Power Generation

Unsteady State Results: 1-Sneezing and Coughing

Figure (a)

Figure (b)

Figure (c)

Particle traces colored by particle

diameter (m) at

ΔP = -2.5 pa

(a) at time = 0.25 sec,

(b) at time = 0.5 sec, and

(c) at time = 3.0 sec

Monday, May 25, 2015 43

Modeling (coordinates)

Monday, May 25, 2015 44

x

y

z

x

y

z

x

y

z

(r,,z)

z

r

(r,,)

r

(x,y,z)

Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

General Curvilinear Coordinates General orthogonal

Coordinates


Modeling (governing equations) • Navier-Stokes equations (3D in Cartesian coordinates)

2

2

2

2

2

2ˆ

z

w

y

w

x

w

z

p

z

ww

y

wv

x

wu

t

w

Monday, May 25, 2015 45

2

2

2

2

2

2ˆ

z

u

y

u

x

u

x

p

z

uw

y

uv

x

uu

t

u

2

2

2

2

2

2ˆ

z

v

y

v

x

v

y

p

z

vw

y

vv

x

vu

t

v

0

z

w

y

v

x

u

t

RTp

L

v pp

Dt

DR

Dt

RDR

2

2

2

)(2

3

Convection Piezometric pressure gradient Viscous terms Local

acceleration

Continuity equation

Equation of state

Rayleigh Equation

Numerical methods (grid generation) • Grids can either be structured (hexahedral) or

unstructured (tetrahedral). Depends upon type of discretization scheme and application

• Scheme

Finite differences: structured

Finite volume or finite element: structured or unstructured

• Application

Thin boundary layers best resolved with highly-stretched structured grids

Unstructured grids useful for complex geometries

Unstructured grids permit automatic adaptive refinement based on the pressure gradient, or regions interested (FLUENT)

Monday, May 25, 2015 46

structured

unstructured

Finite Differences

62

2

,

3

3

,

2

2,,1

,

x

x

ux

x

u

x

uu

x

u

jiji

jiji

ji

Monday, May 25, 2015 47

Methods of Solution

Direct methods Iterative methods

Cramer’s Rule, Gauss elimination

LU decomposition

Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel

Method, SOR method

Finite difference

representation

Truncation error

Numeric Solution (Finite Differences)

62

3

,

3

32

,

2

2

,

,,1

x

x

ux

x

ux

x

uuu

jijiji

jiji

Monday, May 25, 2015 48

o x i i+1 i-1

j+1

j

j-1

imax

jmax x

y Taylor’s Series Expansion

u i,j = velocity of fluid

Discrete Grid Points


Ship movement in stream

It is very gratifying to find some one

that silently appreciates your efforts

Monday, May 25, 2015 51

I REST MY CASE YOUR HONOURS

Monday, May 25, 2015 52

The End

Thank You

Ευχαριστώ πολύ

EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS 2015” Monday, May 25, 2015 Slide 53

Ευχαριστώ πολύ


QUESTIONS !! Monday, May 25, 2015 54

Yes ……. I have two hands

Monday, May 25, 2015 55


Ten Tips for Managing Energy-Efficient Air-Conditioned Ships

Essam E.Khalil, Speaker [email protected]

Ten Tips for Managing Energy- Efficient Air-Conditioned Ships · Hull Monday, May 25, 2015 4 ......

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