(retina)
, (rods) (cones).
& (rods): , .
: . & .
, . L-: (, 577 nm) M-: (, 540 nm) S-: (, 447 nm)
, ( 400 700nm)
.
. , . .
: Red, Green, Blue (RGB) Cyan, Magenta, Yellow (CMY)Hue, Lightness, Saturation (HLS)Hue, Saturation, Brightness (HSB)
CIE (1/2) 1931 CIE (Comission Internationale de l Eclairage, International Commision of Illumination) .
CIE (standard observer). .
CIE .
CIE (2/2)
(RGB) () . Blue + Green = Cyan Red + Blue = Magenta Green + Red = Yellow Red + Blue + Green = White
(CMY) R, G B.Cyan () (Blue + Green) Magenta () (Red + Blue) Yellow () (Green + Red).
Red = white Green (Yellow+Cyan) Blue (Magenta+Cyan)
CMYK (+blacK)
i[m, n] i[x,y] x y.
. pixels.
a[m, n] m={0, 1, 2,, M-1} n={0, 1, 2,, N-1}.
=16 =16 .
pixel pixel .
(image resolution) pixels (image resolution) ppi (pixels per inch)
: .
(color depth) bit pixel.
(sampling size) .
8, 16 24 bit.
8 bit 8 bit 8 bit (1 Byte) pixel 28 = 256 . 256 .
24 bit (true color). 224=16.777.216 (16,7 ) . pixel 24 bit 3 Bytes ( byte RGB).
& = [ pixels] x [ ]
Pixels = [pixels ] x [pixels ] = [] x [] x [] x []
. 6 x 3 100 dpi 8bit , : 100 x 6 x 100 x 3 x 8 = 1.440.000 bit = 180.000 bytes = 176 KB. 300 dpi (24 bit) : 300 x 6 x 300 x 3 x 24 = 38.880.000 bit = 4.860.000 bytes = 4746.1 KB.
& ()
(screen resolution) pixels . 800 x 6001024 x 768
(Screen Resolution)
( )
/
()
() 5 ppi ( )
() 10 ppi ( )
(5 ppi)
(10 ppi)
: 82 ppi : 82 ppi
: 164 ppi : 82 ppi
: 41 ppi : 82 ppi
( ) : ;; ppi : 82 ppi
20 ppi
.
A (. ) 80 ppi .
100 ppi.
(1/2) RGB (Colour image) pixel . RGB.
(Grayscale) ( ) 8 bit (. 256 ).
(Bitonal bilevel image) ( Photoshop bitmap) 1 bit (. ) .
(2/2) (Indexed Color images) 8 bit , . 256 () (index) 256 .
(Continuous tone images) & Halftone images : .
halftone: (. ) . halftoning ( dithering)
(Bitmap) & (Vector) .
(. , , , .) .
(formats) :
(file header) ,
() .
TIFF (Tagged Image File)
(scanners) .
.
.
.
GIF (Compuserve Graphics Interface Format) ( CompuServe)
( LZW)
8 bit, . 256 . GIF .
interlaced () .
. (animated gif).
JPEG (Joint Photographics Expert Group) (continuous tone)
RGB ( gif 256 ).
: ( ).
BMP (Standard Windows Bitmap) Microsoft DOS Windows. 1 24 bit.
4 8 bit RLE (Run Length Encoding) .
.
CCD & CMOS CCD = Charge Coupled DeviceCMOS = Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CCD
CCD
9 m (1=10-6m) , (photosite).
: CCD .
: (Super CCD Fuji). 9 m (1=10-6m)
(, photosite).
CCD
CCD & CMOS CCD CMOS (Complimentary Metal-oxide Semiconductor).
CMOS
T CCD
CMOS ( )
(, )
: (flatbed desktop scanners) (sheet-fed) (handheld) (drum)
CCD
CCD
: &
(1/2) (Optical Resolution) ( ) ( : . 300 x 300 dpi)
(Interpolation Resolution) pixels .
. . 24bit.
(2/2)SCSIUSBFireWire ( 1394)
TWAIN .
(Optical Character Recognition, OCR)
(1/2) :
() ,
() () 80 dpi () . = (dpi) / () . 1024x768 14,4 1024 / 14,4 = 71 dpi.
(2/2) lpi (lines per inch) . lpi halftone ( ) . .
lpi : 300 dpi: 53 600 dpi: 106 1200 dpi: 212
: = lpi x 1,5 150 dpi
(Dot matrix) () (character printer)
(inkjet) Laser (thermal wax)
InkJet (50-60 m)
(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) (black), , CMYK.
. Canon Hewlett Packard
. . . Epson.
Laser
Laser .
( ) .
.
(4) .
(1/2) (Controller) . : (printing queue)
PCL (Printer Command Language) Hewlett Packard (HP), Postscript ( Adobe) , .
(2/2) laser laser .
(toner) . .
Teflon ( ) toner .
() CCD ( CMOS) () .
(Red, Green, Blue); () (CCD) ( ) CCD ( R, G, B)() . () CCD CCD.
- CCD . Bayer &
(1/4) pixels , . 640x480 1600x1200 pixels.
pixels CCD . . 1 megapixel (. 1 pixels) 2 Mpix (2 pixels) .
: 640x480, 1216x912, 1600x1200
(2/4) Pixels - pixels (. 2.1 Mpix) pixels , . 1600 x 1200 = 1.920.000 pixels 2.100.000 pixels. ; (pixel) CCD ( ) CCD (ADC).
(3/4)
CCD: CMOS, .
CMOS: .
(4/4) Flash (. Secure Digital (SD), SmartMedia, CompactFlash, Memory Stick) (PCMCIA & 4 GB) CD DVD
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