(retina)

, (rods) (cones).

& (rods): , .

: . & .

, . L-: (, 577 nm) M-: (, 540 nm) S-: (, 447 nm)

, ( 400 700nm)

.

. , . .

: Red, Green, Blue (RGB) Cyan, Magenta, Yellow (CMY)Hue, Lightness, Saturation (HLS)Hue, Saturation, Brightness (HSB)

CIE (1/2) 1931 CIE (Comission Internationale de l Eclairage, International Commision of Illumination) .

CIE (standard observer). .

CIE .

CIE (2/2)

(RGB) () . Blue + Green = Cyan Red + Blue = Magenta Green + Red = Yellow Red + Blue + Green = White

(CMY) R, G B.Cyan () (Blue + Green) Magenta () (Red + Blue) Yellow () (Green + Red).

Red = white Green (Yellow+Cyan) Blue (Magenta+Cyan)

CMYK (+blacK)

i[m, n] i[x,y] x y.

. pixels.

a[m, n] m={0, 1, 2,, M-1} n={0, 1, 2,, N-1}.

=16 =16 .

pixel pixel .

(image resolution) pixels (image resolution) ppi (pixels per inch)

: .

(color depth) bit pixel.

(sampling size) .

8, 16 24 bit.

8 bit 8 bit 8 bit (1 Byte) pixel 28 = 256 . 256 .

24 bit (true color). 224=16.777.216 (16,7 ) . pixel 24 bit 3 Bytes ( byte RGB).

& = [ pixels] x [ ]

Pixels = [pixels ] x [pixels ] = [] x [] x [] x []

. 6 x 3 100 dpi 8bit , : 100 x 6 x 100 x 3 x 8 = 1.440.000 bit = 180.000 bytes = 176 KB. 300 dpi (24 bit) : 300 x 6 x 300 x 3 x 24 = 38.880.000 bit = 4.860.000 bytes = 4746.1 KB.

& ()

(screen resolution) pixels . 800 x 6001024 x 768

(Screen Resolution)

( )

/

()

() 5 ppi ( )

() 10 ppi ( )

(5 ppi)

(10 ppi)

: 82 ppi : 82 ppi

: 164 ppi : 82 ppi

: 41 ppi : 82 ppi

( ) : ;; ppi : 82 ppi

20 ppi

.

A (. ) 80 ppi .

100 ppi.

(1/2) RGB (Colour image) pixel . RGB.

(Grayscale) ( ) 8 bit (. 256 ).

(Bitonal bilevel image) ( Photoshop bitmap) 1 bit (. ) .

(2/2) (Indexed Color images) 8 bit , . 256 () (index) 256 .

(Continuous tone images) & Halftone images : .

halftone: (. ) . halftoning ( dithering)

(Bitmap) & (Vector) .

(. , , , .) .

(formats) :

(file header) ,

() .

TIFF (Tagged Image File)

(scanners) .

.

.

.

GIF (Compuserve Graphics Interface Format) ( CompuServe)

( LZW)

8 bit, . 256 . GIF .

interlaced () .

. (animated gif).

JPEG (Joint Photographics Expert Group) (continuous tone)

RGB ( gif 256 ).

: ( ).

BMP (Standard Windows Bitmap) Microsoft DOS Windows. 1 24 bit.

4 8 bit RLE (Run Length Encoding) .

.

CCD & CMOS CCD = Charge Coupled DeviceCMOS = Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

CCD

CCD

9 m (1=10-6m) , (photosite).

: CCD .

: (Super CCD Fuji). 9 m (1=10-6m)

(, photosite).

CCD

CCD & CMOS CCD CMOS (Complimentary Metal-oxide Semiconductor).

CMOS

T CCD

CMOS ( )

(, )

: (flatbed desktop scanners) (sheet-fed) (handheld) (drum)

CCD

CCD

: &

(1/2) (Optical Resolution) ( ) ( : . 300 x 300 dpi)

(Interpolation Resolution) pixels .

. . 24bit.

(2/2)SCSIUSBFireWire ( 1394)

TWAIN .

(Optical Character Recognition, OCR)

(1/2) :

() ,

() () 80 dpi () . = (dpi) / () . 1024x768 14,4 1024 / 14,4 = 71 dpi.

(2/2) lpi (lines per inch) . lpi halftone ( ) . .

lpi : 300 dpi: 53 600 dpi: 106 1200 dpi: 212

: = lpi x 1,5 150 dpi

(Dot matrix) () (character printer)

(inkjet) Laser (thermal wax)

InkJet (50-60 m)

(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) (black), , CMYK.

. Canon Hewlett Packard

. . . Epson.

Laser

Laser .

( ) .

.

(4) .

(1/2) (Controller) . : (printing queue)

PCL (Printer Command Language) Hewlett Packard (HP), Postscript ( Adobe) , .

(2/2) laser laser .

(toner) . .

Teflon ( ) toner .

() CCD ( CMOS) () .

(Red, Green, Blue); () (CCD) ( ) CCD ( R, G, B)() . () CCD CCD.

- CCD . Bayer &

(1/4) pixels , . 640x480 1600x1200 pixels.

pixels CCD . . 1 megapixel (. 1 pixels) 2 Mpix (2 pixels) .

: 640x480, 1216x912, 1600x1200

(2/4) Pixels - pixels (. 2.1 Mpix) pixels , . 1600 x 1200 = 1.920.000 pixels 2.100.000 pixels. ; (pixel) CCD ( ) CCD (ADC).

(3/4)

CCD: CMOS, .

CMOS: .

(4/4) Flash (. Secure Digital (SD), SmartMedia, CompactFlash, Memory Stick) (PCMCIA & 4 GB) CD DVD