Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at www.tjeas.com ©2015 TJEAS Journal-2015-5-S/445-450 ISSN 2051-0853 ©2015 TJEAS

Theoretical Fundamentals of the Bashfulness (Ḥayᾱ) of intelligence and Foolishness leaning on prophetic

traditions and psychology

Bihrūz Bih-ᾱbᾱdῑ1, Ḥamῑdih Yaʻqūbzᾱdih2, Muḥammad Hussayn Ghulᾱmῑ Nūqᾱb3

1. Graduate student of interpretation of the Qur'an, Qur'anic sciences of the Faculty of Mashhad 2. Graduate student of Arabic Language and Literature of PNU of Qum

3. PhD student of Educational Administration, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University Isfahan Branch Khorasgan

Corresponding Author email: b.behabadi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Bashfulness (Ḥayᾱ) is one of the moral virtues that God has put in human nature. Although the scope of bashfulness is wide and has been recommended for both sexes (male and female), some of its aspects are more manifested about the woman. In that, it is used in observing Islamic hijab and when dealing with a non-mahram man. Chastity and bashfulness are significant factors in maintaining and improving the position and character of the woman. The Prophet (ṣ) in a tradition has divided the bashfulness into two types: the bashfulness of intelligence and the bashfulness of foolishness. Here, we have found out that the bashfulness of intelligence is that it should be to the point and wise. This bashfulness follows with positive indications such as: chastity, saving-face, wiping one’s faults clean and keeping away from sins; still, the unwise bashfulness that psychologists have dealt with it under the title “Harms of Inhibition” follows with negative indications as physical problems, superiority complex, disorder of family relationships, and job complexities. Key words: bashfulness (Ḥayᾱ), positive bashfulness, negative bashfulness (inhibition)

INTRODUCTION

Bashfulness is the root of all goodness; it deters human from committing ill acts, acting indecencies,

approaching obscenities, expressing thought and behavior, bad and foul conduct against the other. Bashfulness is the most important human traits that has its origin in self-respect, dignity and greatness,

and it inhibits human of committing acts contrary to chastity and obscene and indecent deeds and things by the strong deterrent that is of. Some misunderstanding of this valuable topic, not being able to discriminate between the pleasant bashfulness and the unpleasant one, and going off into inhibition makes some problems for them.

In this article, we are going to investigate the positive indications and negative ones (inhibition) by enjoying teachings of Islam and psychology. Meaning of bashfulness literally and idiomatically speaking

Bashfulness (Ḥaya) is one of the Arabic terms which is equivalent to shame, modesty and embarrassment in Persian (ʻAlῑ Akbar Dehkhodā; 1998: 9243), it is the monopoly of soul at the time of being sensuous of committing indecencies in order to avoid deserving remorse. (Muḥammad Mu'in; 2003: 991)

Bashfulness is defined in Arabic lexical books as transforming the mood and denying out of fear that comes from whatever is considered a fault and blame. (Fakhruddin Ṭurayḥῑ; 1669: 112)

Bashfulness is the contraction of soul from indecencies and giving them up due to (being obscene) and refraining from evil deeds.

ال يستحيي أن يضرب مثلا ما بعوضةا فما فوقها﴾﴿إن اللInnallᾱha lᾱ Yastaḥyῑ an Yaḍriba Mathalan mᾱ Baʻūḍatan famᾱ Fawqahᾱ (The Cow/26) The mean of bashfulness in this verse is that:

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Indeed God is not ashamed to draw a parable whether it is that of a gnat or something above it. (Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani; 2007: 135)

Scholars of ethics have introduced bashfulness as the first consequence of emerging the faculty of distinction in human that occurs from early childhood; it is, therefore, advisable that bashfulness should be reinforced at the first step of raising children in order to fortify the power of recognition of goodness and badness in them.

In mystic scriptures, the main usage of the term bashfulness is to express the concept of bashfulness of God, and although, it has been applied for humans in the next stage, the definitions mentioned for bashfulness are related to the first case. Including, bashfulness is the very magnifying God’s essence, and it is the best sort of observing acts that should be done in three areas: observing to perform devotions, giving the sin up and observing thoughts come into the heart. Accordingly, being bashfulness of God does really mean being ashamed not to obey the commandments of God. (A group of authors; 2010: 477) Indications of positive bashfulness Bashfulness as a moral virtue is of positive indications that include: Worldly indications Bashfulness and etiquette

Bashfulness is a firmly rooted state and sensual habitus whose impression is the contraction and feeling of sadness of the spirit against the obscene act and refusing of tasks contrary to politeness in terms of being afraid of reproach and blame. (Muḥammad-bᾱqir Majlisῑ; 1985: vol. 2, p. 325.) Basically, the one who is of bashfulness is ashamed to do bad things, whereas, if he does not feel shame, he may do them. Consequently, bashfulness plays a well-deserved role in dressing human in etiquette. (Sayyid Ḥussayn Isḥᾱqῑ; 2007: 22-23.) The Great Prophet (ṣ) says:

ا « أفة و المراقبة لل أم ر و العلنية و السلمة و اجتناب الشر والبشاشة و السماحة و الظفر و حسن الثن الحياء فيتشعب منه اللين و الر على المرء فى اء فى الس الناس فهذا ما أصاب العاقل بالحياء فطوبى لمن قبل نصيحةالل و خاف فضيعته

Ammal-ḥayᾱ᾿u Fayatashaʻaabu Minhul-layyinu War-ra᾿fatu Wal-murᾱqabatu Lillᾱhi Fis-sirri Wal-ʻalᾱnῑyyati Was-salᾱmatu Waj-tinᾱbush-sharri Wal-bashᾱshatu Was-samᾱḥatu Waẓ-ẓafaru wa Ḥusnuth-thanᾱ᾿i ʻAlal-mar᾿i Finnᾱsi Fahᾱdhᾱ mᾱ Aṣᾱbal-ʻᾱqilu Bil-ḥayᾱ᾿i Faṭūbay liman Qabila Naṣῑḥatal-lᾱhi wa Khᾱfa Faḍῑʻatahu (Ibn Shu’ba al-Ḥarrᾱnῑ; 1983: 17)

What stems from bashfulness consists of: flexibility, compassion, considering God in secret and evidence, health, avoiding from badness, cheerfulness, forgiveness and generosity, success and reputability among people. These are advantages from which a wise person benefits. » Bashfulness and chastity

The true motivation of the woman’s tending to veil comes from a natural or instinctive feeling of shame and bashfulness. Shame, bashfulness, love and eagerness to chastity is a mechanism management hidden in the creation and nature of the woman through which she is sometimes unconsciously made to cover herself up non-mahram eyes. As a result, when she loses the sense of bashfulness and modesty, she also unveils in the unsecure society, and vice versa, when the feeling of shame and bashfulness is alive in her, she is still inclined to cover herself up even in an environment where there is a perfect security. Bashfulness, chastity, and cover is a management that the woman herself as a kind of inspiration has used to make herself precious and maintain her position against the man. (See: Sibtayn International Foundation (AS); 2007: 62-68) Imam Mahdi (ʻa) in his prayer states:

؛العفة...ارزقناتوفيقالطاعةوبعدالمعصيةوصدقالنية... و على النساء بالحياء و اللهم »Allᾱhummar-zuqnᾱ Tawfiqaṭ-ṭᾱʻah wa Buʻdal-maʻṣῑyah wa Ṣidqan-nῑyyah… wa ʻAlan-nisᾱi Bil-ḥayᾱi Wal-

ʻiffah…; O God! Provide us with giving success to obey you, and grant us the blessing of avoiding from the sin, and to our scholars the blessing of piety and benevolence… and to women bestow the blessing of bashfulness and chastity. » (Kafʻamῑ; 1984: 280) Pleasing others

The bashfulness of contraction and obstructing and refraining of the soul from evil deeds and giving them up is called bashfulness in this respect. Bashfulness, of course, is of an effective role in giving the sins and bad acts up. Therefore, it has been said that:

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يمان الحياء من الAl-ḥayᾱu Minal-ῑmᾱn That is, Bashfulness comes from faith And/or in other words,

و صاحب الحياء خير كلهWa Ṣᾱḥibul-ḥayᾱi Khayrun Kulluh That is, Bashfulness is the root of all goodness Or it has been said:

الحياء اليأتي اال بالخير فائده Al-ḥayᾱu lᾱ Ya᾿tῑ illᾱ Bil-khayri Fᾱidih That is, The effect of bashfulness is nothing but goodness and kindness.

Because this very shame of people does not let the man who is bashful commit an indecent act, let alone be bashful of God. Ibn Mas'ūd has narrated that a group came to the Prophet (ṣ) and said: one of our companions was ruined and deprived by bashfulness (perhaps it means that he felt shame to come) the Prophet said: bashfulness comes from Islam, and swear-word from the baseness of human and...

الجنته وااليمان فيWal-ῑmᾱnu Fil-jannatah That is, The one who is of faith will be in Paradise. (Muḥammad-bᾱqir Majlisῑ; idem: vol. 2, p. 325)

؛ أحداا بما يكره أن ال يلقى حسبك من كمال المرء تركه ما ال يحمد به، و من حيائه »Ḥasbuka min Kamᾱlil-mari Tarkuhu mᾱ lᾱ Yuḥmadu bihῑ, wa min Ḥayᾱihῑ ᾿an lᾱ Yalqᾱ Aḥadan bimᾱ

Yakrahu; The perfection of a man of faith is that he gives up whatever is ugly, and his bashfulness is that he does not take action against anyone who makes him displeased. » (Ḥilwᾱnῑ; 1987: 44) Defects being corrected Bashfulness is a cover that conceals the man’s defects out of others’ eye. Commander of the Faithful (ʻa) said:

؛ خفي على الناس عيبه ومن كساه الحياء ثوبه »Wa man Kasᾱhul-ḥayᾱu Thawbahu Khafiya ʻAlan-nᾱsi ʻAybuhu; Everybody is attired in the garment of bashfulness; people will not see their defects. » (Muḥammad-bᾱqir Majlisῑ; 1999: vol. 1, p. 258) Domination over the soul

Bashfulness is one of sensual-luminous traits that its origin is existential and the faculties of the soul, and then it may be possible to make it more perfect and stronger by training, ascetic combat, educating and spiritual struggle like other faculties of the human soul. The attribute of bashfulness in general maintains and prevents human from committing misdeeds and indecencies, approaching obscenities, and expressing bad and obscene thoughts and actions against the other. (Ḥassan Muṣṭafavῑ; 1981: 426) The factor of profiting and success

Bashfulness is one of the traits that is the factor of the enjoyment of human of life and wins his success over. Imam Ṣᾱdiq (ʻa) has said:

الخلق؛ العقل، و الدين و األدب، و الحياء، و حسن : فيه لم يكن فيه كثير مستمتع خمس من لم يكن »Khamsun man lan Yakun fῑhi lam Yakun fῑhi Kathῑrun Mustamtiʻu: al-ʻAqlu, wad-dῑnu wal-adabu, wal-ḥayᾱ᾿u, wa Ḥusnul-khulqi; There are five things that if one is of none of them, he will enjoy nothing: wisdom, religion, bashfulness, joviality and politeness. » (Mῑrzᾱ Ḥabῑbullah Hᾱshimῑ Khūyῑ; 1979: vol. 21, p. 94) Adoring and face-saver Bashfulness is one of the most effective agents for saving the human’s face. The Prophet (ṣ) said: «If there is swear and using foul language in everything, they will be ugly and worthless. » (Muḥammad-bᾱqir Majlisῑ; 1985: vol. 2, p. 330)

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Center of beauties Imam Ṣᾱdiq (ʻa) has said:

«O Mufaḍḍal! Look good at this great and precious character and temperament, i.e. bashfulness, that have been only allocated to man among creatures; if it was not, no guest would be accepted in a house, and needs would remain unanswered, and no one would have the intention of doing good work, and nothing and no work would seem evil and wrong. The efficacy of bashfulness is so that a lot of obligatory tasks are done for the sake of it. There are some among people that if it was not for the sake of bashfulness, they would not respect the right of parents, visit the blood relatives, return the deposit to the depositor and abstain from anything evil. You see how all the traits that the benefit of man’s work and organizing his affairs depends on them are bestowed to it. » (Ḥakῑmῑ; 2001: vol. 1, p. 638) Eschatological effects The Safety of the Day of Resurrection

A human who is of bashfulness in this world and is ashamed of doing the vile action, he will be safe of the fire of the Day of Resurrection.

؛يوم القيامة ، له األمان حياءا منك ؟ قال: يا موسىإلهي، فما جزاء من ترك الخيانة »Ilᾱhi, famᾱ Jazᾱu man Tarakl-khῑyᾱnata Ḥayᾱan minka? Qᾱla: Yᾱ Mūsᾱ, Lahul-᾿amᾱnu Yawmal-qῑyᾱmati; One day, the Divine Presence Moses said to God in his prayer: O God! What will be the reward for the one who testifies that you speak to me? God said: My angels take him on the Day of Resurrection and give him the glad tidings of Paradise. » (Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili; 2001: 112-113) Persuasion to perfection and the acceptance of the action

There is a difference between the correctness of the action and the acceptance of the action in devotional actions. The correctness of the action is the very observing the minimums, but the effect of the action is when that minimums are not found sufficient. Sometimes, the Pure Imams (ʻa) enjoy the bashfulness to persuade their companions to achieve those virtues. For example, God has defined a right upon every organ in fasting; anyone who recognizes the right is a true fasting, furthermore, anyone who gives up some part of it, the virtue of fasting is decreased to the amount of whatever he has given up. (Amῑr-hussayn Bᾱnkῑpūr-fard; 2009: 45)

ا يستحيى » ا إلى الليل احدكم أم ؛ ان ال يصبر يوما᾿Amma Yastaḥyῑ Aḥadukum ᾿an lᾱ Yaṣbira Yawman Ilal-layli; Have any of you not been ashamed of that not to tolerate the day to the night and not to wait. » (Muḥammad-taqῑ Majlisῑ; 1993: 384) Purity of sins

There are some moral qualities that moralists also emphasize on them and state that if someone commits a sin and guilt and is of some moral virtues as well, these sins will not hurt him. It is said that some moral qualities form the statue of our spirit, and actions are as the garment of the spirit. This statue is in the shape that the obscene and unpleasant acts are not compatible and harmonious with it. As a result, the moral qualities make it difficult that these inappropriate garments cause damage to the statue of the spirit, and it is because that traits cause repentance, and God’s forgiveness hinders the effect of the sin and makes up its harm. Sin depends on many factors. (Amῑr-hussayn Bᾱnkῑpūr-fard; idem, 46)

(Abū Baṣῑr has narrated that I heard of Imam Ṣᾱdiq (ʻa) that he said: "God the Almighty and Glorious revealed to the Prophet Dᾱwūd (ʻa) that: O Dᾱwūd! If my faithful servant commits a sin and then gives it up and repents and is shamed of me for the sin committed, I will forgive him and not remind the angels who wrote the sin and change it into reward and not be concerned for it, for I am the most merciful of those who are merciful. » (Ibn-i Bᾱbiviy; 2002: 339) Bashfulness is better than seventy years of worship

The virtue of bashfulness is of many effects and blessings, and it is considered better than seventy years of worship in narrations that it indicates per se the place and import of bashfulness. Negative bashfulness (inhibition)

Inhibition is considered as the synonym of bashfulness and chastity among people especially girls, and it is acknowledged, praised and encouraged; whereas, "bashfulness" has been one of the most outstanding attributes

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of exalted men, it is an index of piety and indicates a favorable growth of character. In other words, the power of continence is a voluntary and valuable matter, and vice versa, inhibition is immensely an involuntary and unpleasant phenomenon that indicates a kind of social disability and infirmities. (Afrūz, Ghulᾱm-ʻalῑ; 1995: 16) Inhibition may be defined as a feeling of discomfort or deterrence in situations between the person and the social that prevents the individual from following his academic and social goals. Inhibition leads to an excessive center of worry, frequent preoccupation with related thoughts and emotions or physical reactions, sever heartbeat and so on and so forth. (Vanaja; Snehalata; Diego Marti; 2006: 14) Indications of negative bashfulness (consequences of inhibition)

Extreme inhibition is a disorder that affects various facets of a person's life. People who are shy face a lot of problems in the field of education, income and occupation, family relations, marriage, friendship, social network, romances and the like. They usually do not use social situations well, not show themselves either verbal or non-verbal, and show less interest in others. (Aḥmad Umῑdvᾱr; 2010: 61) Physical effects

Inhibition is similar to the human passions, which means that it is of reflections in the human body. Inhibition, in some stages and its own severe degrees, turns into a "deterrent" factor that paralyzes the muscles more or less significant. (Raymond De, Thomas De Saint-Laurent; 2009: 86) Shy people are sensitive in that to arise their psychological or medical problems with others. Telling the problem per se or the fear in that has not taken seriously into consideration also leads to their embarrassment. That is why they also attempt to hide their problem and due to this subject do not go to the supportive network of the health, therefore, they are exposed to more vulnerability to disorders. (Aḥmad Umῑdvᾱr; idem: pp. 61-62) Family Relationships

Fortunately, all of the timid are not shy in the family center; as such, they use their power and authority at home. Nevertheless, the family members of the shy person, more or less, tolerate his weak reaction and inability. The case is that the experts of ethics have repeatedly pointed it out: a shy person who is insulted due to his weakness and inability in the outdoors feels severely showing his superiority in the family environment. This behavior is a kind of weak revenge that by which he tries to exonerate himself in his own eyes and regain his previous position and reputation. (Raymond De, Thomas De Saint-Laurent; idem: pp. 88-89) Business problems

The consequences of inhibition on the job is not countable. Shy person is disable to do a lot of things that are needed in different situations.

Shy people often have financial problems because of factors such as careers lack of money-making that they choose, lack of business progress that needs to have fluency in speech and such like. At that, inhibition creates functional problems for them and leads to absenteeism, which in turn has an impact on their effectiveness. (Aḥmad Umῑdvᾱr; idem: p. 62) Marriage

Some studies have shown that few shy people marry or never marry or their marriage ends up in divorce even after controlling factors such as the age, sex, socio-economic state, race and the like. Existing researches in this field have shown timid men marry nearly three years later than the others and start a family. (Aḥmad Umῑdvᾱr; idem: p. 63)

CONCLUSION

Bashfulness is a sensual-moral virtue that inhibits human from doing evil act. It is a wise and rational, and it should not be confused with the ignorant one; for the rational bashfulness is the source of goodness and human prosperity, however, the ignorant one – which is the very inhibition in psychology - prevents man from progress and advance in society.

Thus, when the rational bashfulness (the positive one) is considered as one of the good-moral qualities of human, in this case, human moves on the course of development and exaltation in all aspects, furthermore, this very growth and elevation of various aspects of human is the ultimate goal of the explanatory religion of Islam.

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