The Works of Gerasimos Santas

Books

—. 1979. Socrates. London: Routledge.—. 1988. Plato and Freud: Two Theories of Love. Oxford: Blackwell.—. 1990. Italian translation of 1988, Plato e Freud. Bologna: il Mulino.—. 1997. Greek translation of 1979, Σωκρατης . Athens: Ellinika Grammata.—. 2001. Goodness and Justice: Plato, Aristotle and the Moderns. Oxford: Blackwell.—. 2003. Italian translation of 1979, Socrate. Milano: V&P Universita.—. 2008. The Blackwell Guide to Plato’s Republic (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.—. 2010. Understanding Plato’s Republic. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.—. 2011. Greek translation of 2001, To Aγαθóν και η Δικαιoσυνη. Athens: Kardamitsas.

Articles

—. 1964. “The Socratic Paradoxes.” The Philosophical Review 73.—. 1965. Reprinted in A. Sesonske and E. Fleming (eds.), Plato’s Meno. Belmont: Wadsworth

Publishing Company.—. 1966. “Plato’s Protagoras and Explanations of Weakness.” The Philosophical Review, 75.—. 1967. Reprinted in Reprint Series in Philosophy. New York: Bobbs- Merrill.—. 1969. Reprinted in G. Mortimer (ed.), Weakness of Will. London: Macmillan.—. 1969. “Socrates at Work on Virtue and Knowledge in Plato’s Laches.” Review of

Metaphysics 22.—. 1969. “Aristotle on the Explanation of Action, Practical Inference, and Akrasia.” Phronesis 14.—. 1971. Reprinted in G. Vlastos (ed.), The Philosophy of Socrates. Garden City: Doubleday

Anchor Books.—. 1972. “The Socratic Fallacy.” The Journal of the History of Philosophy 10.—. 1973. “Hintikka on Knowledge and Its Objects in Plato.” In Patterns in Plato’s Thought,

edited by J.M.E. Moravcsik. Dordrecht: Reidel.—. 1973. “Socrates at Work on Virtue and Knowledge in Plato’s Charmides.” In Exegesis and

Argument, edited by E.N. Lee et al. Assen: Supplementary Volume of Phronesis.—. 1979. “Plato’s Theory of Eros in the Symposium.” Nous 13.—. 1980. “The Form of the Good in Plato’s Republic.” Philosophical Inquiry 2.—. 1981. “Plato on Love, Beauty and the Good.” In The Greeks and the Good Life, edited by

D. Depew. Fullerton: A Publication of California State University, Fullerton.—. 1982. “Passionate Platonic Love in the Phaedrus.” Ancient Philosophy 2.—. 1983. Reprinted in J. Anton and A. Preus (eds.), Essays in Ancient Philosophy, Vol. II. Albany:

State University of New York Press.

401G. Anagnostopoulos (ed.), Socratic, Platonic and Aristotelian Studies: Essaysin Honor of Gerasimos Santas, Philosophical Studies Series 117,DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1730-5, C© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

402 The Works of Gerasimos Santas

—. 1984. “Plato on Friendship and Familial Love in the Lysis and the Republic.” PhilosophicalInquiry 6.

—. 1985. “Two Theories of Good in Plato’s Republic.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 57.—. 1986. “Plato on Goodness and Rationality.” Revue International de Philosophie 40.—. 1988. “Justice and Democracy in Plato’s Republic.” In Antike Rechts und Sozialphilosophie,

edited by O. Gigon and M. Fischer. Bern: Peter Lang.—. 1989. “Desire and Perfection in Aristotle’s Theory of the Good.” Apeiron 22.—. 1989. “Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato’s Theory of the Good: Ethics Without Metaphysics?”

Philosophical Papers 18.—. 1990. “Knowledge and Belief in Plato’s Republic.” In Greek Studies in the Philosophy and

History of Science, edited by P. Nicolacopoulos. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.—. 1992. “The Theory of Eros in Socrates’s Second Speech.” In Understanding the Phaedrus,

edited by L. Rossetti. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag.—. 1992. “Socratic Goods and Socratic Happiness.” In The Philosophy of Socrates, edited by

K. Voudouris. Athens: International Center for Greek Philosophy and Culture.—. 1992. “Did Aristotle Have a Virtue Ethics?” Philosophical Inquiry 14.—. Reprinted in D. Statman (ed.), Virtue Ethics. Washington: Georgetown University Press.—. 1993. Reprinted in T. Irwin and M. Nussbaum (eds.), Virtue, Love, and Form. Edmonton:

Academic Printing and Publishing.—. 1995. “The Relation Between Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics.” In Aristotelian Political

Philosophy, edited by K. Voudouris. Athens: International Center for Greek Philosophy andCulture.

—. 1996. “The Structure of Aristotle’s Ethics.” Topoi 15.—. 1996. “Goodness: Aristotle and the Moderns, A Sketch.” Philosophical Inquiry 18.—. 1997. Reprinted in W.J. Prior (ed.), Socrates: Critical Assessments. London: Routledge.—. 1998. “Plato and Freud on Justice and Health.” In Philosophy and Medicine, edited by

K. Voudouris. Athens: International Association for Greek Philosophy.—. 1999. Reprinted in G. Fine (ed.), Plato 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.—. 2000. “Plato’s Criticism of the Democratic Man in the Republic.” The Journal of Ethics 5.—. 2002. Translated into Greek and reprinted in Πλατων Vol. II: Essays in Honor of D. Z.

Andriopoulos. Athens: Papademas.—. 2002. “Plato: Ethics.” In The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy, edited by C. Shields.

Oxford: Blackwell.—. 2003. “The Form of the Good as Paradigm and Its Essence.” In New Images of Plato, edited

by G. Reale and S. Scolnicov. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag.—. 2003. “Penner, Plato, and Sachs on Justice and Happiness.” In Desire, Identity, and Existence,

edited by N. Reshotko. Kelowna: Academic Printing and Publishing.—. 2003. “Gender and Justice in Plato’s Republic and Laws.” In Proceedings of the VI Symposium

Platonicum. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag.—. 2004. “Legalite, Justice et Femmes dans la Republic at les Lois de Platon.” Revue Francaise

d’Histoire des Idees Politique 16.—. 2005. “Plato.” In Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece, edited by P. O. Grady. Burlington:

Ashgate.—. 2006. “Justice, Law, and Women in Plato’s Republic.” In Law and Rights in the Ancient Greek

Tradition, edited by G. Anagnostopoulos. Athens: Supplementary Volume of PhilosophicalInquiry.

—. 2006. “Methods of Reasoning about Justice in Plato’s Republic.” In The Blackwell Guide toPlato’s Republic, edited by G. Santas. Oxford: Blackwell.

—. 2006. “Plato on Pleasure as the Human Good.” In The Blackwell Companion to Plato, editedby H. Benson. Oxford: Blackwell.

—. 2007. “Plato’s Criticisms of Democracy in the Republic.” In Freedom, Reason and Polis:Essays in Ancient Greek Political Philosophy, edited by D. Keyt and F.D. Miller, Jr.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Works of Gerasimos Santas 403

—. 2009. “The Socratic Method in Republic I.” Skepsis XX.—. 2010. “The Socratic Method and Ethics.” In Foundations of Ancient Ethics, edited by J. H.

Hardy and G. Rudebusch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck.—. 2011 “The Sophists.” In International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.—. 2011. “The Isomorphism Between the Just City and the Just Person in Plato’s Republic.”

forthcoming.

Index

AAbilities, 206, 208–215, 232–233, 236, 251,

343, 385human, 215intellectual, 213

Ackrill, J.L., 309, 335–337, 340, 345, 347,352, 359, 362

Action, 3, 8–12, 25, 47, 51, 78, 99, 105,108–110, 112–120, 136–141,147–149, 151, 153–155, 197, 199,200, 202, 227, 252, 263, 265–268,331–332, 338, 340, 342, 344,349, 356–357, 360, 363, 368–371,384, 387

actual, 113–114, 137–141non-virtuous, 6, 9particular, 8, 25, 108, 114, 117–118, 136,

139, 332theory of, 147–149, 369

Adam, J., 188, 274Adeimantus, 186–188, 194, 208, 211–213,

229–232, 255Agathon, 2, 95, 154–155, 167, 170–171, 190,

201, 276, 292, 298–299, 301–302,304–310, 312–314, 335–337,341–342, 344–345, 356, 377

See also Good/goodnessAitia, 232, 235–236, 286–287, 298–302,

305–306, 308–309, 311–312, 314,316, 390

Anagnostopoulos, M., 367–385Anaxagoras, 2, 14, 301, 304, 310, 314Annas, J., 259–260, 262, 312Anytus, 224–225, 231, 236Apeiron, 390–395Appetite, 159, 252–253, 264, 266, 268–269,

324–325, 329, 372, 385Aristocracy, 195–201, 262Aristotle

Function Argument, xxvii, 335–358works

Categories, 389–390de Anima, 330, 370–371, 381Eudemian Ethics, 370, 378On Generation and Corruption, 396Metaphysics, 11, 146, 372, 376Movement of Animals, 330Nicomachean Ethics, 202, 361,

367–368, 377, 383–384Physics, 356, 389–390, 392Politics, 202, 377Posterior Analytics, 57Prior Analytics, 389Rhetoric, 72, 376Topics, 57, 61–62, 287–288, 368,

371–373

BBenson, H.H., 21, 23–24, 219–237Bolton, R., 311–312Boulêsis, 96, 98–99, 324, 329, 368, 372, 380Bravery, 80, 213, 258, 261–262, 265, 268

See also CourageBrickhouse, T.C., 93–101Brisson, L., 145Burnet, J., 359Burnyeat, M.F., 273

CCallicles, 31, 42, 44, 60, 77–78, 81, 86, 149,

152–156, 172, 323–324, 328Carpenter, M., 48Cause, 12, 67, 78, 83, 187, 197, 200, 206,

222, 232–233, 235–237, 269, 276,287, 289, 298–299, 301, 303–306,308–316, 327, 331, 348, 355–357,381, 389–390

causal explanation, 297–316

405

406 Index

Cause (cont.)causal relations, 300, 302, 308,

310–311, 313definition of, 315–316formal cause, 287, 289, 308, 314,

356–357Cleinias, 62, 71Cooper, J.M., 149, 364Courage, 2, 5, 7–8, 25–26, 29, 62, 80, 147,

165–166, 168, 175–176, 189,228, 250

See also Bravery

DDancy, R.M., 70–72Democracy, 187, 190, 192–202, 247, 260–261,

268, 327actual, 187, 195democratic rule, 192–193, 200

Desirefor the apparent good, 106, 113, 147, 332,

367–376de dicto, 107, 125–127, 129–135,

141–142de re, 107, 125–142dominant, 326–327for the real good, 106, 108, 120, 147,

367–385Donnellan, K., 137

EEdelstein, L., 89–90Education, 59, 77, 80–81, 85, 147, 189–190,

193, 200–201, 209, 214, 228,232–233, 236, 249, 251, 253, 268,271, 282, 284–285, 302–303

Elenchus (elenchos), 11–12, 19–31, 35–46,54–56, 58–60, 65, 69, 96, 194, 221

elenctic method, xxiv, 12, 35–36, 40–43,45–46, 67

Emotions, 167–168, 329–330Epagôgê, 54–58, 60–63, 65–69, 151,

153–154explicative, 54, 60, 62, 69theory of, 63

Epistemology, 22, 146, 282, 307–308Epithumein, 95, 97–98Eros, 83, 191–192, 198–199, 202, 327Euclid, 308, 392–394Eudaimonia, 332, 335, 340, 345–346, 349,

352, 354, 370nature of, 116, 370, 378

Excellences, 54, 147, 186–187, 190, 192,196, 199, 207, 209, 250, 258,272, 335–336, 338–344, 356, 374,378–379, 383

Experts, 31, 64–65, 126, 171

FFood, 97, 110, 127, 178, 253, 259, 325–326,

328, 330–332, 381Frege, G., 103–122, 140–141Freud, S., xxv

GGill, C., 90, 92Glassen, P., 335–338, 340, 342–344, 349,

357, 361Glaucon, 187–188, 214–215, 225–227, 234,

245, 247–248, 250, 255, 272–274,281–283

Good/goodness, 55, 60, 145, 167, 171,175–176, 178, 190, 205–206,245, 251, 258–259, 271, 281–293,313–314, 335–337, 341–345, 349,352, 361, 372, 374–375, 377–378,381–385

See also Agathon; Human goodGuthrie, W.K.C., 55, 58, 188, 190, 197

HHierarchy, 110, 112, 115, 129, 134–136, 139,

260, 289hierarchical structure, 127, 130–131means-end, 110, 112, 115natural, 260

Hobbes, 215, 316Human good, 107, 134, 165, 171, 206, 248,

323, 335–342, 344–346, 348–349,353–355, 357, 378, 383

IIgnorance, 9, 21–22, 59, 81, 93, 99, 108,

111, 147, 167, 170–178, 219, 221,237, 312

Injustice, see Justicesuffering of, 153, 155

Instrumental value, 83, 151, 253, 346, 348,350–356, 362, 370

Irwin, T., 94, 149, 151–155, 251, 369,373–374, 379–380

Index 407

JJoseph, H.W.B., 283, 291–293Justice, 2, 5–7, 60–61, 80, 82, 93, 147, 151,

154, 166–167, 169, 171, 176–178,185–202, 205, 207, 213, 215,223, 228–229, 234–235, 245–254,255–270, 271–276, 281, 288–289,299, 306, 315, 358

account of, 167, 246, 248, 271definition of, 25, 185–202, 254, 271and human happiness, 271–276injustice, 61, 77, 93, 149–153, 155–156,

186–187, 190, 192, 195, 199–202,234, 247–248, 250, 255, 261,267, 325

theory of, 186, 255–256, 262

KKallipolis, 208, 220, 223, 225–226, 228, 236,

258–262, 268–269Kenny, A., 337, 340, 345, 347–350, 352Keyt, D., 255–270, 288, 307Knowledge, 2–4, 6–13, 21, 55–59, 61, 63–65,

68–69, 76, 79, 84, 88, 93, 100,107–108, 119, 127, 131, 147–148,156, 165–169, 171–175, 179,189–191, 197–198, 211–212,219–237, 261, 281–287, 291,298–299, 301, 303–306, 308–309,312–314, 364, 370, 373, 376, 379,384–385

comprehensive, 107, 122ethical, 8–11virtue is, 19, 93, 119, 147, 165, 219–220,

224, 226, 228, 230, 235–236Kraut, R., 36, 38–40, 46, 58, 271Krohn, A., 282–283, 291

LLocke, J., 215, 217, 316Logistikon, 187, 189–190, 199–201, 325Logoi, 54, 75, 77–81, 304, 394Logos, 76–79, 81–84, 86–87, 105, 187, 190,

194, 197–198, 200, 202, 223, 230,247, 253, 269

Love, xxv–xxvi, 68, 83–84, 121, 167, 191,208–212, 214–215, 228, 251, 253,264, 275–276, 307, 327–328, 377

MMarriage, 125, 128, 130–131, 234Mathematics, 314, 389–395McLaughlin, P., 361–362

McPherran, M., 53–69Medicine, 58, 60, 171, 356Morgan, K.A., 89–90, 92Myth, 76–88, 257, 260–261

educational, 77, 80–81, 85muthologikos, 75–76, 85, 88muthos, 76–79, 81, 83, 85–88, 103–105myth of Er, 80–82, 86, 188philosophical, 77, 81, 86, 88, 189

NNettleship, R.L., 203–204, 237, 240–242,

293, 296Nicias, 8, 166, 168–169, 172, 174–176,

178–179

OOligarchy, 195–196, 199, 268, 326–327Ousia, 83, 87, 283–284, 286, 290–291, 311

PPain, 97, 155, 159, 200, 269, 324, 328–329, 337Pedagogy, 165–179Penner, T., xxiv, 94, 103–122, 126, 132–133,

135–137, 146, 367–368, 370, 376Piety, 2–3, 8, 10–12, 25, 59, 67, 165–166,

168–169, 171, 177–179, 196Plato

Forms, 206, 390Function Argument, 258, 387Plato’s Academy, 393works

Alcibiades, 241, 358–359Apology, 59, 75, 165, 167–171, 175,

187, 191–192, 194, 202Charmides, 5, 7–10, 56, 62–63, 65, 68,

98, 165, 167Crito, 36, 42, 53, 59–60, 64–65, 147,

187, 269–270Euthyphro, 2–4, 6, 8–12, 25, 59–60, 67,

165–166, 169, 174–178, 187, 350Gorgias, 21, 30–31, 36, 41–42, 44, 46,

57, 59–60, 62, 76–79, 81, 85–86,93, 106, 108–109, 112–114, 116,118, 120, 145–157, 172, 188, 225,323–325, 328, 363, 367–368, 384

Hippias Major, 31, 237, 318Hippias Minor, 71, 237Laches, 5, 7–8, 13, 25, 31, 42, 63,

165–167, 169, 174–179Laws, 256–257, 268–269, 312Lysis, 105, 146, 150, 165, 167, 170

408 Index

Plato (cont.)Meno, 13, 25, 30, 55, 57, 61, 67,

93–101, 103–106, 108–112, 114,118–120, 166–170, 173–179,219–230, 233, 235–237,305, 310

Parmenides, 255, 257Phaedo, 2, 75–81, 83–87, 146, 185,

187–188, 195, 206, 220–224,234–236, 297, 312

Phaedrus, xxv, 76–77, 83–88, 167, 189,191, 253, 257, 312

Philebus, 390, 393–395Politicus (Statesman), 256, 262,

269, 360Protagoras, 7, 13, 31, 60, 62, 100, 146,

165, 167, 169–172, 188, 257, 372,375–378

Republic (selected), xxv–xxviii, 196,205–215, 245–254, 281–293, 307

Symposium, xxv, 191Theaetetus, 119, 256–257, 393Timaeus, 77, 86–89, 167, 189, 196, 255,

286, 289, 312Pleonexia, 210, 262–263Poetry, 75–76, 78, 82, 86, 88, 269Polansky, R., 48Polemarchus, 15, 49, 188, 194, 216, 245–246,

250, 266Polis, 186–203, 231, 256–265, 267–269

good of, 197, 262ideal, 259, 269

Polus, 42–43, 148–156, 172, 323, 368Prison, 47–48, 75–76, 108, 185, 300–301,

306, 314Properties, 79, 131, 139–140, 154, 157–158,

216, 228, 285, 288, 290, 303,310–311, 313, 317, 319, 348,364, 389

sensible, 157–158, 258Psyche, 64–65, 69, 258, 262–265, 267–269,

302, 312psychic activity, 330psychic faculties, 324–326, 329, 333psychic justice, 258, 262–266, 268,

272–275psychological states, 8, 104–105, 107,

125, 131

RRackham, H., 373Rickless, S., 180

Robinson, R., 54–57, 69–70, 304Rowe, C.J., 132–133, 137, 145–156, 367–370,

376

SSantas, G.X., 23, 26–27, 36, 39–42, 46, 53–69,

75, 93–97, 99–100, 111, 205–206,215, 245–254, 258, 262, 269,271–273, 288, 307–309, 313–316,323–326, 329, 332–333, 383–385

Science, 54, 61, 68, 171, 303, 363, 384Scott, D., 239Sensible objects, 307, 310, 313–315Sensible world, 197–198, 286, 292, 307, 311,

313, 390Simonides, 170, 172, 246Smith, N.D., 93–101Socrates

Historical, xxiii, 13, 31, 69–70, 89, 145,276–277

Plato’s Socrates, 76–77, 277, 384Sophists, 69–70, 224–225, 239Soul, 7, 76–79, 81–88, 147, 149, 165, 167,

169–170, 175, 186–187, 189–193,197–202, 206–208, 210, 212–213,222–223, 228–229, 250–254,257–258, 264–269, 272–276, 285,303, 305, 312, 324–333, 335–336,342–344, 370, 372, 375, 378,383–384

activity of, 335–336, 342–344, 384divided, 149, 159embodied, 197, 265, 269individual, 189, 258tripartite, 84, 167, 208

Sufficiency thesis, 3–4, 8, 10, 14–16Szlezák, T., 91

TTechnê, 190, 231, 256, 259, 356, 393Thrasymachus, 15, 31, 33, 49, 60, 186, 206,

245–248, 250, 257, 267, 350Timocracy, 160, 196, 199, 203, 268Truth, 1, 11–12, 20, 22–25, 27–29, 35, 37–39,

41–44, 55–56, 58, 61, 64, 78,81, 83–85, 87–88, 93, 109, 137,172–173, 191–192, 211–213, 215,220–224, 227–231, 236, 247, 249,253, 256–257, 269, 286–287, 291,293, 299, 305–306, 313, 323,333, 337, 339, 344, 367, 376,378–381, 383

criterion of, 23–24, 249

Index 409

establishing, 41–43, 50love of, 211–212, 228

Tyranny, 160, 196, 199–203, 213, 261,268, 327

VVirtue, 1–13, 19, 25, 28, 54, 60, 65–67,

79–80, 84, 93–94, 96, 99, 119,134, 147, 154, 165–169, 172,174–179, 189–191, 193, 196–198,200, 207–208, 211–213, 215,219–237, 249, 258–259, 261–265,268, 271–272, 274–275, 281–282,285, 288–289, 309, 330–332,340, 359–360, 362, 368, 374–378,380–384

account of, 167, 181actions of, 4, 6, 8–9, 14, 382–383complete, 7, 16, 232, 240human, 1, 49, 165–167, 181, 274–276imperfect, 240intellectualist conception of, 7–8,

11–13, 15justice is, 166, 176nature of, 1, 13, 219, 237, 242

possession of, 7, 332, 359, 383teaching, 13, 225, 238true cardinal, 212–213

Vlastos, G., 19–30, 35–40, 42–44, 53–54,57–63, 66, 69, 94, 245, 262, 274,288, 307, 311–314

WWhiting, J., 337, 345, 347–350, 352–353, 355,

359, 362–365Wilkes, K., 335–337, 340, 345–347, 350, 352,

358–359, 362, 364Wisdom, 2, 10, 57, 61–62, 79–80, 82, 88,

165–179, 185, 189, 191–192, 195,198, 200, 208, 210–215, 229, 233,236, 245, 250–251, 253, 258–259,261–262, 264, 275–276, 284, 298,328, 371, 375, 385

levels of attainment of, 166, 169, 171lover of, 211–212, 251, 253, 328real, 169

Woodruff, P., 180

XXenophon, 54, 60, 69–70, 89, 103