TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background –...

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d l l l d df Index calculation related to needf or winter maintenance T bjö G T orbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg Sweden Göteborg, Sweden

Transcript of TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background –...

Page 1: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

d l l l d d fIndex calculation related to need for winter maintenanceT bjö GTorbjörn Gustavsson

KlimatorGöteborg SwedenGöteborg, Sweden

Page 2: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Example of winter index 

‐for calculation of maintenance activities

NORIKS = Σ ( Tr + Tf + P+ DS) 

Tr –Temperature rise indicates risk of hoar frost

Tf – Temperature fall indicates risk for ice formation. 

P – Precipitation such as snow or sleet 

DS – Drifting snow 

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Page 4: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.
Page 5: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.
Page 6: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Outline of presentationOutline of presentation

• Background– Areas

– Climate: today – future

I d• Index

• Variation in salting and plowingg p g

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The regionsThe regions

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Mean road temperature1st November to 31st March 1998‐2008

Area Road T (˚C) Air T (˚C)

S1 0.63 0.78

S2 ‐0.44 ‐0.24

S3 ‐4.52 ‐4.10

F1 ‐2.38 ‐2.39

F2 ‐4.05 ‐4.29

F3 ‐5.50 ‐5.50

Page 9: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Millimeters of water equivalent precipitation per seasonMillimeters of water equivalent precipitation per season

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• Millimeters of water equivalent precipitation as snow per season

• Millimeters of water equivalent precipitation as rain per season

Page 11: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Precipitation extremesMean number of events per area and season, 1998 to 2008

Precipitation extremes

Area Precipitation 1‐3mm Precipitation 3‐6mm Precipitation 6‐9mm Precipitation >9mm

S1 36.31 1.99 0.20 0.03

S2 12.08 0.43 0.06 0.00

S3 9.66 0.18 0.01 0.00

F1 40.40 3.91 0.34 0.20

F2 46 83 5 46 0 67 0 23F2 46.83 5.46 0.67 0.23

F3 37.90 3.00 0.29 0.20

Page 12: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.
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Mean winds1st November to 31st March 1998‐2008

Area Mean max wind (m/s) Mean wind (m/s)

S1 5.28 2.69

S2 4.51 2.27

S3 3.22 1.31

F1 4 33 1 82F1 4.33 1.82

F2 3.85 1.63

F3 3.59 1.51

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Extreme windExtreme wind

Mean number of events per area and season from 1998 to 2008

Area Wind 10‐15m/s Wind 15‐20m/s Wind 20‐25m/s Wind 25‐30m/s Wind >30m/s

S1 641.35 93.45 11.23 1.44 0.17

S2 361.58 25.08 1.49 0.12 0.00

S3 147.51 14.97 0.81 0.02 0.00

F1 301.30 23.73 1.37 0.11 0.00

F2 193 43 7 92 0 20 0 00 0 00F2 193.43 7.92 0.20 0.00 0.00

F3 79.16 0.94 0.03 0.00 0.00

Page 15: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Historical observationsHistorical observationsWind extremesWind extremes Mean number of events per season

200

250

vents Wind 15‐20m/s

0

50

100

150

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mean nu

mbe

r of ev

10

15

20

25

30

umbe

r of events Wind 20‐25m/s

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Season0

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mean nu

Season

6

7

ents Wind 25‐30m/s

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mean nu

mbe

r of eve

/

Mean S1

Mean S2

Mean S3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Season

0 2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

umbe

r of events Wind over 30m/s

0

0,1

0,2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mean nu

Season

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Page 17: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Index calculationIndex calculationPloughing indices, subdivided according to WIND and TEMP• Index1 ‐ Number of occasions when the amount of snow > 1mm during 4h, T between ‐3 to  +1°C, and the wind 

velocity is between 0‐7m/s.

• Index2 ‐ Number of occasions when the amount of snow > 1mm during 4h, T between ‐3 to  +1°C, and the wind velocity is between 7‐14m/svelocity is between 7‐14m/s.

• Index3 ‐ Number of occasions when the amount of snow > 1mm during 4h, T between ‐3 to  +1°C, and the wind velocity is between >14m/s.

• Index4 ‐ Number of occasions when the amount of snow > 1mm during 4h, T < ‐3°C, and the  wind velocity is b /between 0‐7m/s.

• Index5 ‐ Number of occasions when the amount of snow > 1mm during 4h, T < ‐3°C, and the  wind velocity is between 7‐14m/s.

• Index6 ‐ Number of occasions when the amount of snow > 1mm during 4h, T < ‐3°C, and the  wind velocity is g , , ybetween >14m/s. 

Salting indices, subdivided in relation to type of situation• Index7 ‐ Number of occasions when it is/has been raining and the surface temperature < 0,5°C.

• Index8 ‐ Number of occasions when surface temperature between ‐6°C and 0°C, during 4h, and dew point > surface temperature.

• Index9 Number of occasions when surface temperature shifts from +1°C to 1°C• Index9 ‐ Number of occasions when surface temperature shifts from +1 C to ‐1 C.

Page 18: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

IndicesIndicesSweden Finland

50

60

70

80

area

 whe

n ou

ghing

Ploughing needed(Index 1‐6)

50

60

70

80

 area whe

n ou

ghing

Ploughing needed(Index 1‐6)

0

10

20

30

40

50

umbe

r of events pe

r re was a need for plo

S1

S2

S3 0

10

20

30

40

umbe

r of events pe

rre was a need for plo

F1

F2

F3

0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mean n

ther

Season

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Mean n

ther

Season

200

300

400

500

600

of events pe

r area

 a ne

ed fo

r salting Salting needed

(Index 7‐9)

S1200

300

400

500

600

vents pe

r area

 ed

 for plou

ghing Salting needed

(Index 7‐9)

F1

0

100

200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mean nu

mbe

r o

whe

n there was 

S2

S3 0

100

200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mean nu

mbe

r of ev

whe

n there was a ne F1

F2

F3

Season

w

Season

Page 19: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

70was 

ces 1‐6) 2005‐2006 in S1 2005‐2006

20

30

40

50

60

70

f events whe

n there w

ughing

 (mean of indi

0

10

601 611 633 634 646 647 1403 1407 1417 1425 1426 1427 1504 1513 1518 1523 1539 1542 1543 1601 1612 1620 1623 1625Num

ber of

a ne

ed fo

r plou

Station

Page 20: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.
Page 21: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

New technique for calculating the need for maintenance activities

Page 22: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Model scenariosModel scenarios

ECHAM NCAR

AreaRoad T (˚C) Air T (˚C) Road T (˚C) Air T (˚C)Road T ( C) Air T ( C) Road T ( C) Air T ( C)

S10.89 1.03 1.06 1.21

S21.07 1.28 1.22 1.44

S31.19 1.58 1.38 1.86

F1F11.18 1.31 1.95 2.14

F21.20 1.37 2.11 2.41

F31.27 1.44 2.22 2.57

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Echam temperature scenariosEcham temperature scenariosMean Road temperature change from the first 30year Mean Air temperature change from the first 30yearMean Road temperature change from the first 30year period (1980‐2010) to the last one (2025‐2055) according to the Echam scenario.

Mean Air temperature change from the first 30year period (1980‐2010) to the last one (2025‐2055) according to the Echam scenario.

Page 24: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.
Page 25: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.
Page 26: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Seasonal mean halfhours per area

Area

Percentual change (1980‐2010 to 2025‐2055)Index 1‐6 Ploughing

Percentual change(1980‐2010 to 2025‐2055) Index 7‐9 Salting

F1  ‐8.9% 3.0%

F2  ‐5.1% 11.8%

2 1% 12 4%F3 ‐2.1% 12.4%

S1  ‐9.6% ‐1.3%

S2 ‐18.6% 1.9%S2

S3  ‐4.5% 16.6%

 

Page 27: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Seasonal mean events per areaPercentual change (1980 2010 to 2025 2055)

Percentual change(1980 2010 to 2025 2055)

Area (1980‐2010 to 2025‐2055)Index 1‐6 Ploughing 

(1980‐2010 to 2025‐2055)Index 7‐9 Salting 

F1  ‐9.0%  3.4% 

F2 5 3% 11 9%F2 ‐5.3% 11.9%

F3  ‐1.9%  12.2% 

S1  ‐9.8%  ‐2.1% 

S2 15 7% 2 4%S2 ‐15.7% 2.4%

S3  ‐3.1%  16.7%  

Page 28: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

DATABASE FORDATABASE FOR FURTHER STUDIESFURTHER STUDIES

Page 29: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

Echam scenarios extreme precipitation changes

E t i it ti h f th fi t thi t i d (1980 t 2010)Extreme precipitation changes from the first thirty year period (1980 to 2010) to the last thirty year period (2025 to 2055) in S1 region. Values are mean number of events (30 minute periods).

DATABASE FOR FURTHER STUDIES

Page 30: TbjöTorbjörn Gustavsson Klimator Göteborg, Sweden · Outline of presentation • Background – Areas – Climate: today – future • IdIndex • Variation in salting and ppglowing.

SummarySummary

ib d h d li f diff• Described the road climate for 6 different areas

• Developed a winter index• Calculated index according to present andCalculated index according to present and future climate

• Calculated the change in maintenance need• Calculated the change in maintenance need (salting & plowing)

• Analyzed extreme wind and precipitation and calculated variations for the future