RC and RL Circuits with Piecewise Constant Sources
Transcript of RC and RL Circuits with Piecewise Constant Sources
RC and RL Circuits with Piecewise Constant Sources
M. B. [email protected]
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)
→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources
C
A
B
v
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
C
A
B
i
v
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RThCdv
dt+ v → dv
dt+
v
RThC=
VTh
RThC.
* Homogeneous solution:
dv
dt+
1
τv = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
(V
Coul/sec× Coul
V
)→ dv
v= − dt
τ→ log v = − t
τ+ K0 → v (h) = exp [(−t/τ) + K0] = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making i = 0, and we get v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (whichhappens to be simply a constant).
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh .
* In general, v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on v .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources (continued)
C C
A
B
A
B
i
vv
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havev(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = RThC .
* i(t) = Cdv
dt= C × A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources (continued)
C C
A
B
A
B
i
vv
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havev(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = RThC .
* i(t) = Cdv
dt= C × A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources (continued)
C C
A
B
A
B
i
vv
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havev(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = RThC .
* i(t) = Cdv
dt= C × A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits with DC sources (continued)
C C
A
B
A
B
i
vv
Circuit(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havev(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = RThC .
* i(t) = Cdv
dt= C × A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)= e−t/τ
t/τ e−t/τ 1− e−t/τ
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
* For t/τ = 5, e−t/τ ' 0, 1− e−t/τ ' 1.
* We can say that the transient lasts for about 5 time constants.
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x= t/τ
exp(−x)
1− exp(−x)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)= e−t/τ
t/τ e−t/τ 1− e−t/τ
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
* For t/τ = 5, e−t/τ ' 0, 1− e−t/τ ' 1.
* We can say that the transient lasts for about 5 time constants.
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x= t/τ
exp(−x)
1− exp(−x)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)= e−t/τ
t/τ e−t/τ 1− e−t/τ
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
* For t/τ = 5, e−t/τ ' 0, 1− e−t/τ ' 1.
* We can say that the transient lasts for about 5 time constants.
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x= t/τ
exp(−x)
1− exp(−x)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)= e−t/τ
t/τ e−t/τ 1− e−t/τ
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
* For t/τ = 5, e−t/τ ' 0, 1− e−t/τ ' 1.
* We can say that the transient lasts for about 5 time constants.
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x= t/τ
exp(−x)
1− exp(−x)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Plot of f (t)=Ae−t/τ + B
* At t = 0, f =A + B.
* As t →∞, f → B.
* The graph of f (t) lies between (A + B) and B.
Note: If A > 0, A + B > B. If A < 0, A + B < B.
* At t = 0,df
dt= Ae−t/τ
(− 1
τ
)= − A
τ.
If A > 0, the derivative (slope) at t = 0 is negative; else, it is positive.
* As t →∞,df
dt→ 0, i.e., f becomes constant (equal to B).
0 5 τ t
A < 0
A+ B
B
0 5 τ t
A > 0
A+ B
B
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L
i
v
A
B
L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + Ldi
dt.
* Homogeneous solution:
di
dt+
1
τi = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differential equation. We know that all timederivatives will vanish as t →∞ , making v = 0, and we get i (p) = VTh/RTh as a particular solution(which happens to be simply a constant).
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ) + VTh/RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from known conditions on i .
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources (continued)
i
v
A
B
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havei(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
* v(t) = Ldi
dt= L× A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources (continued)
i
v
A
B
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havei(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
* v(t) = Ldi
dt= L× A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources (continued)
i
v
A
B
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havei(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
* v(t) = Ldi
dt= L× A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuits with DC sources (continued)
i
v
A
B
v
CircuitA
B
(resistors,voltage sources,current sources,CCVS, CCCS,VCVS, VCCS)
i
L L
RTh
≡ VTh
* If all sources are DC (constant), we havei(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B , τ = L/RTh .
* v(t) = Ldi
dt= L× A exp(−t/τ)
(− 1
τ
)≡ A′ exp(−t/τ) .
* As t →∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in the circuit can beexpressed asx(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ) + K2 ,where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
i
0 V t
5 V
Vs
Vs
C= 1µFVc
R= 1 k
Vc(0)= 0V
* Vs changes from 0V (at t = 0−), to 5V (at t = 0+). As a result of this change, Vc will rise. How fastcan Vc change?
* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1V in 1µs at a constant rate of 1V /1µs = 106 V /s?
* i = CdVc
dt= 1µF × 106 V
s= 1A .
* With i = 1A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000V ! Not allowed by KVL.
* We conclude that Vc (0+) =Vc (0−)⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt changes in Vc if there is a finiteresistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
R
Vs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = 0 V
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
i.e., B = V0 ,A = −V0
t = 0+: 0 = A+ B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
(A)Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B, t > 0
(1)
(2)
Conditions on v(t):
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0−)
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
v(0−) = Vs(0−) = V0
v(0+) ≃ v(0−) = V0
As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs(∞) = 0 V
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+: V0 = A+ B ,
i.e., A = V0 ,B = 0
t → ∞: 0 = B .
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
=CV0
τexp(−t/τ) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+) = V0/R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
A′ =V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [exp(−t/τ)]
= −CV0
τexp(−t/τ) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
t = 0+: v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V0/R .
A′ = −V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
=CV0
τexp(−t/τ) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+) = V0/R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
A′ =V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [exp(−t/τ)]
= −CV0
τexp(−t/τ) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
t = 0+: v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V0/R .
A′ = −V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
=CV0
τexp(−t/τ) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+) = V0/R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
A′ =V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [exp(−t/τ)]
= −CV0
τexp(−t/τ) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
t = 0+: v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V0/R .
A′ = −V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
=CV0
τexp(−t/τ) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+) = V0/R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
A′ =V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [exp(−t/τ)]
= −CV0
τexp(−t/τ) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
t = 0+: v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V0/R .
A′ = −V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
=CV0
τexp(−t/τ) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+) = V0/R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
A′ =V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [exp(−t/τ)]
= −CV0
τexp(−t/τ) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
t = 0+: v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V0/R .
A′ = −V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
=CV0
τexp(−t/τ) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+: v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+) = V0/R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
A′ =V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) =
V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0 V
i
t
Cv
RVs
Vs
V0
Compute i(t), t > 0 .
(A) i(t) = Cd
dtV0 [exp(−t/τ)]
= −CV0
τexp(−t/τ) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
Using these conditions, we obtain
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
t = 0+: v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+) = −V0/R .
A′ = −V0
R, B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
C= 1µFv
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
i(t) =V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0
5
v (
Vo
lts) v
Vs
5
0
i (m
A)
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
t0 V
i
C1µF
v
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
v (
Vo
lts)
5
0
v
Vs
i (m
A)
0
−5
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
C= 1µFv
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
i(t) =V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0
5
v (
Vo
lts) v
Vs
5
0
i (m
A)
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
t0 V
i
C1µF
v
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
v (
Vo
lts)
5
0
v
Vs
i (m
A)
0
−5
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
C= 1µFv
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
i(t) =V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0
5
v (
Vo
lts) v
Vs
5
0
i (m
A)
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
t0 V
i
C1µF
v
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
v (
Vo
lts)
5
0
v
Vs
i (m
A)
0
−5
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
C= 1µFv
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
i(t) =V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0
5
v (
Vo
lts) v
Vs
5
0
i (m
A)
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
t0 V
i
C1µF
v
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
v (
Vo
lts)
5
0
v
Vs
i (m
A)
0
−5
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
C= 1µFv
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
i(t) =V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0
5
v (
Vo
lts) v
Vs
5
0
i (m
A)
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
t0 V
i
C1µF
v
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
v (
Vo
lts)
5
0
v
Vs
i (m
A)
0
−5
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
t0 V
i
C= 1µFv
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
i(t) =V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
0
5
v (
Vo
lts) v
Vs
5
0
i (m
A)
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
t0 V
i
C1µF
v
R=1 kVs
Vs5 V
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)
i(t) = −V0
Rexp(−t/τ)
v (
Vo
lts)
5
0
v
Vs
i (m
A)
0
−5
time (msec)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
0 V 0 V
0
5
v (
Volts)
v (
Volts)
5
0
i i
t t
time (msec) time (msec)−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
C= 1µF C= 1µFv v
R RVs Vs
Vs Vs5 V 5 V
R = 1 kΩ
R = 100 Ω
R = 1 kΩ
R = 100 Ω
v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ)v(t) = V0 [1− exp(−t/τ)]
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Analysis of RC/RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.For example,
(1) t < t1
(3) t > t2
(2) t1 < t < t2
t1 t2
Vs
0 t
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ) + B1 , t < t1 ,x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time(long compared to τ), all derivatives are zero.
⇒ iC = CdVc
dt= 0 , and VL = L
diL
dt= 0 .
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,Vc (t) or iL(t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t+0 ) = Vc (t−0 ) , and iL(t+
0 ) = iL(t−0 ) .
* Compute A1, B1, · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Analysis of RC/RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.For example,
(1) t < t1
(3) t > t2
(2) t1 < t < t2
t1 t2
Vs
0 t
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ) + B1 , t < t1 ,x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time(long compared to τ), all derivatives are zero.
⇒ iC = CdVc
dt= 0 , and VL = L
diL
dt= 0 .
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,Vc (t) or iL(t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t+0 ) = Vc (t−0 ) , and iL(t+
0 ) = iL(t−0 ) .
* Compute A1, B1, · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Analysis of RC/RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.For example,
(1) t < t1
(3) t > t2
(2) t1 < t < t2
t1 t2
Vs
0 t
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ) + B1 , t < t1 ,x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time(long compared to τ), all derivatives are zero.
⇒ iC = CdVc
dt= 0 , and VL = L
diL
dt= 0 .
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,Vc (t) or iL(t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t+0 ) = Vc (t−0 ) , and iL(t+
0 ) = iL(t−0 ) .
* Compute A1, B1, · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Analysis of RC/RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.For example,
(1) t < t1
(3) t > t2
(2) t1 < t < t2
t1 t2
Vs
0 t
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ) + B1 , t < t1 ,x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time(long compared to τ), all derivatives are zero.
⇒ iC = CdVc
dt= 0 , and VL = L
diL
dt= 0 .
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,Vc (t) or iL(t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t+0 ) = Vc (t−0 ) , and iL(t+
0 ) = iL(t−0 ) .
* Compute A1, B1, · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Analysis of RC/RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.For example,
(1) t < t1
(3) t > t2
(2) t1 < t < t2
t1 t2
Vs
0 t
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ) + B1 , t < t1 ,x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time(long compared to τ), all derivatives are zero.
⇒ iC = CdVc
dt= 0 , and VL = L
diL
dt= 0 .
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,Vc (t) or iL(t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t+0 ) = Vc (t−0 ) , and iL(t+
0 ) = iL(t−0 ) .
* Compute A1, B1, · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Analysis of RC/RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.For example,
(1) t < t1
(3) t > t2
(2) t1 < t < t2
t1 t2
Vs
0 t
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ) + B1 , t < t1 ,x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using
(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time(long compared to τ), all derivatives are zero.
⇒ iC = CdVc
dt= 0 , and VL = L
diL
dt= 0 .
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,Vc (t) or iL(t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t+0 ) = Vc (t−0 ) , and iL(t+
0 ) = iL(t−0 ) .
* Compute A1, B1, · · · using the conditions on x(t).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
t0 t1
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1= 10Ω
R2= 40Ω
L= 0.8H
t0=0
t1=0.1 s
Find i(t).
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
There are three intervals of constant Vs:
R2
R1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
τ = L/RTh
= 0.1 s
= 0.8 H/8Ω
RTh = R1 ‖ R2 = 8Ω
⇒ i(t−0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t+0 ) = 0 A .
At t = t−0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
10 V
t
v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
If Vs did not change at t = t1,
we would have
t1t0
Vs
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).
Using i(t+0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
t0 t1
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1= 10Ω
R2= 40Ω
L= 0.8H
t0=0
t1=0.1 s
Find i(t).
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
There are three intervals of constant Vs:
R2
R1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
τ = L/RTh
= 0.1 s
= 0.8 H/8Ω
RTh = R1 ‖ R2 = 8Ω
⇒ i(t−0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t+0 ) = 0 A .
At t = t−0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
10 V
t
v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
If Vs did not change at t = t1,
we would have
t1t0
Vs
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).
Using i(t+0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
t0 t1
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1= 10Ω
R2= 40Ω
L= 0.8H
t0=0
t1=0.1 s
Find i(t).
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
There are three intervals of constant Vs:
R2
R1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
τ = L/RTh
= 0.1 s
= 0.8 H/8Ω
RTh = R1 ‖ R2 = 8Ω
⇒ i(t−0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t+0 ) = 0 A .
At t = t−0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
10 V
t
v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
If Vs did not change at t = t1,
we would have
t1t0
Vs
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).
Using i(t+0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
t0 t1
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1= 10Ω
R2= 40Ω
L= 0.8H
t0=0
t1=0.1 s
Find i(t).
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
There are three intervals of constant Vs:
R2
R1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
τ = L/RTh
= 0.1 s
= 0.8 H/8Ω
RTh = R1 ‖ R2 = 8Ω
⇒ i(t−0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t+0 ) = 0 A .
At t = t−0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
10 V
t
v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
If Vs did not change at t = t1,
we would have
t1t0
Vs
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).
Using i(t+0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
t0 t1
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1= 10Ω
R2= 40Ω
L= 0.8H
t0=0
t1=0.1 s
Find i(t).
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
There are three intervals of constant Vs:
R2
R1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
τ = L/RTh
= 0.1 s
= 0.8 H/8Ω
RTh = R1 ‖ R2 = 8Ω
⇒ i(t−0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t+0 ) = 0 A .
At t = t−0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
10 V
t
v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
If Vs did not change at t = t1,
we would have
t1t0
Vs
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).
Using i(t+0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
t0 t1
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1= 10Ω
R2= 40Ω
L= 0.8H
t0=0
t1=0.1 s
Find i(t).
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
There are three intervals of constant Vs:
R2
R1
Vs
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
τ = L/RTh
= 0.1 s
= 0.8 H/8Ω
RTh = R1 ‖ R2 = 8Ω
⇒ i(t−0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t+0 ) = 0 A .
At t = t−0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
10 V
t
v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
If Vs did not change at t = t1,
we would have
t1t0
Vs
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).
Using i(t+0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1,
Consider t > t1.
For t0 < t < t1, i(t) = 1− exp(−t/τ) Amp.
i(t+1 ) = i(t−1 ) = 1− e−1 = 0.632 A (Note: t1/τ = 1).
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ) + B.
It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
i(t) = A′ exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] + B.
Using i(t+1 ) and i(∞), we get
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rl1.sqproj)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
1
i (A
mp)
time (sec)
Combining the solutions for t0 < t < t1 and t > t1,
we get
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RL circuit: example
i
v
t
10 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
i (A
mp)
1
0
time (sec)
i(t) = 0.632 exp[−(t− t1)/τ ] A.
t1t0
R2
R1
Vs
Vs
R1 = 10Ω
R2 = 40Ω
L = 0.8H
t0 = 0
t1 = 0.1 s
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rl1.sqproj)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
1
i (A
mp)
time (sec)
Combining the solutions for t0 < t < t1 and t > t1,
we get
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5
−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: The switch has been closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.
t=0i
5 k 1 k
6 V
R2R1
ic
R3=5k
vc5 µF
AND
i i
5 k1 k
5 k
5 k
5 k
6 V
ic
t < 0
ic
vc
t > 0
vc5µF 5µF
t = 0−: capacitor is an open circuit ⇒ i(0−) = 6 V/(5 k+ 1 k) = 1 mA.
vc(0−) = i(0−)R1 = 5V ⇒ vc(0
+) = 5V
⇒ i(0+) = 5 V/(5 k+ 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = Aexp(-t/τ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k× 5µF = 50 ms.
i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ) mA.
Using i(0+) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get
0
1
time (sec)
i (mA)
0 0.5−0.5
0
0
5
time (sec)
time (sec)
0 0.5 0 0.5
ic (mA)vc (V)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
i C(m
A)
VS,V
C(Volts)Vc
5 k
iC
C1µF
2
1
−1
0
10
0
0 2010 30 40 50
t (msec)
Find expressions for VC (t) and iC (t) insteady state (in terms of R, C , V0, T1,T2).
V0
0T1 T2
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
i C(m
A)
VS,V
C(Volts)Vc
5 k
iC
C1µF
2
1
−1
0
10
0
0 2010 30 40 50
t (msec)
Find expressions for VC (t) and iC (t) insteady state (in terms of R, C , V0, T1,T2).
V0
0T1 T2
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
0 < t < T1 Let V(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
V(1)C (0) = V1, V
(1)C (∞) = V0
→ B = V0, A = V1 − V0.
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0 (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let V(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
V(2)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = V2 eT1/τ .
V(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
V(1)C (T1) = V2, V
(2)C (T1 + T2) = V1.
V2 = −(V0 − V1)e−T1/τ + V0 (3)
V1 = V2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ = V2e−T2/τ (4)
Rewrite with a ≡ e−T1/τ , b ≡ e−T2/τ .
V2 = −(V0 − V1)a + V0 (5)
V1 = b V2 (6)
Solve to get
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab, with a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ .
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0, V
(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ .
Current calculation:
Method 1:
iC (t) = CdVC
dt(home work)
Method 2:
Start from scratch!
STOP
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab, with a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ .
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0, V
(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ .
Current calculation:
Method 1:
iC (t) = CdVC
dt(home work)
Method 2:
Start from scratch!
STOP
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab, with a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ .
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0, V
(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ .
Current calculation:
Method 1:
iC (t) = CdVC
dt(home work)
Method 2:
Start from scratch!
STOP
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab, with a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ .
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0, V
(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ .
Current calculation:
Method 1:
iC (t) = CdVC
dt(home work)
Method 2:
Start from scratch!
STOP
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab, with a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ .
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0, V
(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ .
Current calculation:
Method 1:
iC (t) = CdVC
dt(home work)
Method 2:
Start from scratch!
STOP
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0
T1 T2
T1 T2
V1 = b V01− a
1− ab, V2 = V0
1− a
1− ab, with a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ .
V(1)C (t) = −(V0 − V1)e−t/τ + V0, V
(2)C (t) = V2e−(t−T1)/τ .
Current calculation:
Method 1:
iC (t) = CdVC
dt(home work)
Method 2:
Start from scratch!
STOP
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
VS
R
C Vc
iC
0
I1
−I2
iC∆
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2
∆
0 < t < T1 Let i(1)C (t) = Ae−t/τ + B
i(1)C (0) = I1, i
(1)C (∞) = 0
→ B = 0, A = I1.
i(1)C (t) = I1e−t/τ (1)
T1 < t < T2 Let i(2)C (t) = A′ e−t/τ + B′
i(2)C (T1) = −I2, i
(2)C (∞) = 0
→ B′ = 0, A′ = −I2 eT1/τ .
i(2)C (t) = −I2e−(t−T1)/τ (2)
Now use the conditions:
i(1)C (T1)− i
(2)C (T1) = ∆ = V0/R,
i(1)C (0)− i
(2)C (T1 + T2) = ∆ = V0/R.
I1e−T1/τ − (−I2) = ∆ (3)
I1 − (−I2e−(T1+T2−T1)/τ ) = ∆ (4)
a I1 + I2 = ∆ (5)
I1 + b I2 = ∆ (6)
Solve to get
I1 = ∆1− b
1− ab, I2 = ∆
1− a
1− ab
(a = e−T1/τ , b = e−T2/τ )M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
Q
Q
insulator
conductor
conductor
Unit: Farad (F)
VS
R
VC
C Vc
iC
C =ǫA
tt
iC
iC
iC =dQ
dt= C
dVC
dt
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2Charge conservation:
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,x(t0 + T ) = x(t0)
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)
iC =dQ
dt→ Q =
∫iC dt.
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)→ Q(t0 + T )− Q(t0) = 0
→∫ t0+T
t0
iC dt = 0.∫ T
0iC dt = 0→
∫ T1
0iC dt +
∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = 0
→∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = −∫ T1
0iC dt.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
Q
Q
insulator
conductor
conductor
Unit: Farad (F)
VS
R
VC
C Vc
iC
C =ǫA
tt
iC
iC
iC =dQ
dt= C
dVC
dt
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2Charge conservation:
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,x(t0 + T ) = x(t0)
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)
iC =dQ
dt→ Q =
∫iC dt.
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)→ Q(t0 + T )− Q(t0) = 0
→∫ t0+T
t0
iC dt = 0.∫ T
0iC dt = 0→
∫ T1
0iC dt +
∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = 0
→∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = −∫ T1
0iC dt.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
Q
Q
insulator
conductor
conductor
Unit: Farad (F)
VS
R
VC
C Vc
iC
C =ǫA
tt
iC
iC
iC =dQ
dt= C
dVC
dt
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2Charge conservation:
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,x(t0 + T ) = x(t0)
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)
iC =dQ
dt→ Q =
∫iC dt.
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)→ Q(t0 + T )− Q(t0) = 0
→∫ t0+T
t0
iC dt = 0.∫ T
0iC dt = 0→
∫ T1
0iC dt +
∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = 0
→∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = −∫ T1
0iC dt.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
Q
Q
insulator
conductor
conductor
Unit: Farad (F)
VS
R
VC
C Vc
iC
C =ǫA
tt
iC
iC
iC =dQ
dt= C
dVC
dt
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2Charge conservation:
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,x(t0 + T ) = x(t0)
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)
iC =dQ
dt→ Q =
∫iC dt.
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)→ Q(t0 + T )− Q(t0) = 0
→∫ t0+T
t0
iC dt = 0.∫ T
0iC dt = 0→
∫ T1
0iC dt +
∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = 0
→∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = −∫ T1
0iC dt.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
Q
Q
insulator
conductor
conductor
Unit: Farad (F)
VS
R
VC
C Vc
iC
C =ǫA
tt
iC
iC
iC =dQ
dt= C
dVC
dt
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2Charge conservation:
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,x(t0 + T ) = x(t0)
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)
iC =dQ
dt→ Q =
∫iC dt.
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)→ Q(t0 + T )− Q(t0) = 0
→∫ t0+T
t0
iC dt = 0.
∫ T
0iC dt = 0→
∫ T1
0iC dt +
∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = 0
→∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = −∫ T1
0iC dt.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
RC circuit: example
Q
Q
insulator
conductor
conductor
Unit: Farad (F)
VS
R
VC
C Vc
iC
C =ǫA
tt
iC
iC
iC =dQ
dt= C
dVC
dt
0
I1
−I2
iC
VC
VS
V0
V2
V1
0T1 T2
T1 T2Charge conservation:
Periodic steady state: All quantities are periodic, i.e.,x(t0 + T ) = x(t0)
Capacitor charge: Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)
iC =dQ
dt→ Q =
∫iC dt.
Q(t0 + T ) = Q(t0)→ Q(t0 + T )− Q(t0) = 0
→∫ t0+T
t0
iC dt = 0.∫ T
0iC dt = 0→
∫ T1
0iC dt +
∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = 0
→∫ T1+T2
T1
iC dt = −∫ T1
0iC dt.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
−10
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec)
VS
R
Vc
1 k
iC
C1µF
T1= 1.5msec, T2= 1.5msec.
V1= 1.8 V, V2= 8.2 V.
I1= 8.2mA, I2= 8.2mA.
VS
VC
iC (mA)
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 1msec, T2= 2msec.
V1= 0.9 V, V2= 6.7 V.
I1= 9.1mA, I2= 6.7mA.
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 2msec, T2= 1msec.
V1= 3.4 V, V2= 9.1 V.
I1= 6.7mA, I2 = 9.1mA.
SEQUEL file: ee101 rc1b.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
−10
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec)
VS
R
Vc
1 k
iC
C1µF
T1= 1.5msec, T2= 1.5msec.
V1= 1.8 V, V2= 8.2 V.
I1= 8.2mA, I2= 8.2mA.
VS
VC
iC (mA)
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 1msec, T2= 2msec.
V1= 0.9 V, V2= 6.7 V.
I1= 9.1mA, I2= 6.7mA.
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 2msec, T2= 1msec.
V1= 3.4 V, V2= 9.1 V.
I1= 6.7mA, I2 = 9.1mA.
SEQUEL file: ee101 rc1b.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
−10
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec)
VS
R
Vc
1 k
iC
C1µF
T1= 1.5msec, T2= 1.5msec.
V1= 1.8 V, V2= 8.2 V.
I1= 8.2mA, I2= 8.2mA.
VS
VC
iC (mA)
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 1msec, T2= 2msec.
V1= 0.9 V, V2= 6.7 V.
I1= 9.1mA, I2= 6.7mA.
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 2msec, T2= 1msec.
V1= 3.4 V, V2= 9.1 V.
I1= 6.7mA, I2 = 9.1mA.
SEQUEL file: ee101 rc1b.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
−10
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (msec)
VS
R
Vc
1 k
iC
C1µF
T1= 1.5msec, T2= 1.5msec.
V1= 1.8 V, V2= 8.2 V.
I1= 8.2mA, I2= 8.2mA.
VS
VC
iC (mA)
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 1msec, T2= 2msec.
V1= 0.9 V, V2= 6.7 V.
I1= 9.1mA, I2= 6.7mA.
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T1= 2msec, T2= 1msec.
V1= 3.4 V, V2= 9.1 V.
I1= 6.7mA, I2 = 9.1mA.
SEQUEL file: ee101 rc1b.sqproj
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
t (msec)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
−100
100
0
VS
R
T1= 1msec, T2= 2msec.
V1≈ 0V, V2= 10V.
I1= 100mA, I2= 100mA.
Vc
0.1 k
iC
C1µF
iC (mA)
VS
VC
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay