APPENDIX C

Abbreviations and AcronymsTom Markvart, Augustin McEvoy, and Luis Castañer

AC Alternating current

A/D Analogue to digital

AFM Atomic force microscopy

AGM Absorbent glass mat

AR Antireflection

ARC Antireflection coating

a-SI or α-Si (Hydrogenated) amorphous silicon

AM Air mass

AOI Angle of incidence

APCVD Atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ATOX Atomic oxygen

BCSC Buried contact solar cell

BIPV Building-integrated photovoltaics

BMFT German Ministry of Education and Research

BOL Beginning of life

BOS Balance of system

BR Bragg reflector

BSF Back-surface field

BSFR Back surface field and reflector

BSR Back surface reflector

BST British standard time

CAST Chinese Academy of Space Technology

CBD Chemical bath deposition

CDV Committee draft for voting

CEI Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano (Italy)

CGA Compressed Gas Association (USA)

CHP Combined heat and power, co-generation

CIBSE Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (UK)

CIS Copper indium di-selenide

CIGS Copper indium gallium di-selenide

CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (France)

CVD Chemical vapour deposition

CZ Czochralski

(continued)

1131

Appendix C. (continued)

DC Direct current

DEV Deutsches Einheitsverfahren (Germany)

DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung (Germany)

Dj Double junction

DOD Depth of discharge

DOE Department of Energy (USA)

DOS Density of states

DR Directional solidification

DTA Differential thermal analysis

DTI Department of Trade and Industry (UK)

DSC or

DSSC

Dye sensitised solar cell

EB Electron beam

EBIC Electron-beam induced current

EFG Edge-defined film fed growth

EHL Environmental Health Laboratories (USA)

EHS Environmental, health and safety

EMC Electromagnetic continuous casting

ENS Einrichtung zur Netzuberwachung mit zugerordnetem allpoligem

Schaltorgan/Grid monitoring system with circuit breaker

EOL End of life

EOT Equation of time

EP Electrical performance

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (USA)

EPBT Energy pay-back time

EPIA European Photovoltaic Industry Association

EQE External quantum efficiency

ESA European Space Agency

ESD Electrostatic discharge

ESRA European Solar Radiation Atlas

ESTI Eidgenossische Starkstrominspektorat Federal Electric Power

Authority (Switzerland)

ETSU Energy Technology Support Unit for the DTI (UK)

EURECA European Retrievable Carrier

EVA Ethylene vinyl acetate

FF Fill factor

FSF Front surface field

FZ Floating zone

GAP Global Approval Programme (see also PV GAP) (European Union)

GEO Geostationary orbit

GDP Gross domestic product

GMT Greenwich mean time

HIT Heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (cell)

(continued)

1132 Tom Markvart et al.

Appendix C. (continued)

HTM Hole transporting material

HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital

HV High voltage

IBC Interdigitated back contact

IEA International Energy Agency

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK)

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (USA)

INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial (Spain)

IPP Independent power producers (Portugal)

IQE Internal quantum efficiency

ISO International Standards Organisation

ISS International Space Station

ITO Indium-tin oxide

JIS Japan Industry Standard

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory (USA)

JQA Japan Quality Assurance Agency

LASS Low angle silicon sheet

LAT Local apparent time

LBIC Light-beam induced current

LBSF Local back-surface Field

LCA Life cycle assessment

LCR Load coverage rate

LED Light emitting diode

LEO Low earth orbit

LPP Loss-of-load probability

LMT Local mean time

LPP Loss-of-power probability

LPCVD Low pressure chemical vapour deposition

LPE Liquid phase epitaxy

LPSP Loss of power supply probability

LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

LV Low voltage

MATE Mars array technology experiment

MBE Molecular beam epitaxy

mc Multicrystalline

MDMO-

PPV

Poly(2-methoxy-5-(30,70-dimethyloctyloxy) 1,4-phenylene

vinylene

MEH-PPV Poly (2-methoxy-5�20-ethyl-hexyloxy) 1,4-phenylene vinylene)MEO Medium-earth orbit

MG Metallurgical grade

MINP Metal-insulator np junction (cell)

MIS Metal-insulator-semiconductor

(continued)

1133Abbreviations and Acronyms

Appendix C. (continued)

MITI Ministry of Trade and Industry (Japan)

Mj Multijunction

MOCVD Metalorganic chemical vapour deposition

MOS Metal-oxide-semiconductor

MOVPE Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy

MPP Maximum power point

MPPT Maximum power point tracker

MSD Mains monitoring units with allocated all-pole switching devices

connected in series (also known as ENS)

MV Medium voltage

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)

NASDA National Space Development Agency (Japan)

NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation

(Japan)

NFPA National Fire Protection Association (USA)

NIR Near infrared

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA)

NRL Naval Research Laboratory (USA)

NRS Nonreflective

NSRDB National Solar Radiation Data Base (USA)

O&M Operation and maintenance

ODC Ordered defect compound

OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OECO Obliquely evaporated contact

OLED Organic light-emitting diode

OCVD Open-circuit voltage decay

OMeTAD 2.20,7,70-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,90-spirobifluorene

OVE Ostereichische Verband fur Elektrotechnik (Austria)

OVPD Organic vapour phase deposition

PC Point contact

PCD Photoconductive decay

PCBM 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61

PECVD Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition

PEDOT:

PSS

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiopene):poly(styrene sulfonate)

PERL Passivated emitter, rear locally diffused (cell)

PESC Passivated emitter solar cell

PET Poly(ethylene terephalate)

PPV Poly-phenylene vinylene

PR Performance ratio

PRT Platinum resistance thermometer

(continued)

1134 Tom Markvart et al.

Appendix C. (continued)

PSH Peak solar hours

PTC Performance test conditions

PV Photovoltaic, photovoltaics

PVD Physical vapour deposition

PVGAP PV Global Approval Programme

PVPS Photovoltaic Power Systems (Programme)

PVUSA Photovoltaics for Utility Scale Applications

QE Quantum efficiency

QSSPC Quasi-steady-state photoconductance (method)

QSSVoc Quasi-steady state open circuit voltage (method)

R&D Research and development

RES Renewable energy sources

RF Radio frequency

RGS Ribbon growth on substrate

RH Relative humidity

ROCOF Rate of change of frequency

ROW Rest of the world

RTCVD Rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition

RTD Research and technology development

RTP Rapid thermal process

SA Solar array

SCA Solar cell assembly

SCCE Solar cell calibration experiment

SDL Surface defect layer

SELF Solar Electric Light Fund

SEM Scanning electron microscopy

SG Specific gravity

SRH Shockley�Read�Hall

SHS Solar home system(s)

SIPOS Semi-insulating polysilicon

Sj Single junction

SLI Starting, lighting, and ignition

SMUD Sacramento Municipal Utility District

SOC State of charge

SR String ribbon

SR Spectral response

SRC Standard reporting conditions

SSP Space solar power

STC Standard test conditions

STAR Surface texture and enhanced absorption with back reflector

SRV Surface recombination velocity

SWE Staebler-Wronski effect

(continued)

1135Abbreviations and Acronyms

Appendix C. (continued)

SWS Secondary working standard

S-Web Supporting web

TJ Tandem junction

TJ Triple junction

TC Technical committee

TCO Transparent conducting oxide

TEC Thermal expansion coefficient

TEM Transmission electron microscopy

TPV Thermophotovoltaics

TTV Total thickness variation

UCPTE Union for the Coordination of Production and Transmission of

Electricity (USA)

UL Underwriters Laboratory (USA)

UT Ultrathin

UV Ultraviolet

VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik

(Germany)

VdEW Verband der Elektrizitatswirtschaft (Germany)

VHF Very high frequency

VSE Verband Schweizerische Elektrizitatswerke (Switzerland)

WCP Wiring collecting panels

WET West European time

WMO World Meteorological Organisation

XRD X-ray diffraction

x-Si Crystalline silicon

XTE X-ray timing explorer

YAG Yttrium aluminium garnet

ZMR Zone-melt recrystalization

1136 Tom Markvart et al.