LXI

List of Abbreviations

α-HL α-hemolysinβCD β-cyclodextrinµC micro controller*FTTP fault-tolerance time-out protocol2-D two-dimensional3-D-CG three-dimensional computer graphic3-D three-dimensional3G third-generation3PL third-party logistics3SLS three-stage least-square4-WD four-wheel-drive

A

A-PDU application layer protocol data unitA/D analog-to-digitalAAAI Association for the Advancement of

Artificial IntelligenceAACC American Automatic Control CouncilAACS automated airspace computer systemAAN appliance area networkABAS aircraft-based augmentation systemABB Asea Brown BoveriABCS automated building construction systemABMS agent-based management systemABS antilock brake systemAC/DC alternating current/direct currentACARS aircraft communications addressing and

reporting systemACAS aircraft collision avoidance systemACAS automotive collision avoidance systemACCO active control connection objectACC adaptive cruise controlACC automatic computer controlACE area control errorACGIH AmericanConference of Governmental

Industrial HygienistsACH automated clearing houseACMP autonomous coordinate measurement

planningACM Association for Computing MachineryACM airport capacity modelACN automatic collision notificationACT-R adaptive control of thought-rationalAC alternating-currentADAS advanced driver assistance systemADA Americans with Disabilities ActADC analog-to-digital converterADS-B automatic dependent

surveillance-broadcastADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line

ADT admission/transfer/dischargeaecXML architecture, engineering and

construction extensive markup languageAFCS automatic flight control systemAFM atomic force microscopyAFP automated fiber placementAF application frameworkAGC automatic generation controlAGL above ground levelAGV autonomous guided vehicleAHAM Association of Home Appliance

ManufacturersAHP analytical hierarchy processAHS assisted highway systemAIBO artificial intelligence robotAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAIM-C accelerated insertion of

materials-compositeAIMIS agent interaction management systemAIMac autonomous and intelligent machine toolAI artificial intelligenceALB assembly line balancingALD atomic-layer depositionALU arithmetic logic unitAMHS automated material-handling systemAMPA autonomous machining process analyzerANFIS adaptive neural-fuzzy inference systemANN artificial neural networkANSI American National Standards InstituteANTS Workshop on Ant Colony optimization

and Swarm IntelligenceAOCS attitude and orbit control systemAOC airline operation centerAOI automated optical inspectionAOP aspect-oriented programmingAO application objectAPC advanced process controlAPFDS autopilot/flight director systemAPI applications programming interfaceAPL application layerAPM alternating pulse modulationAPO advance planner and optimizerAPS advanced planning and schedulingAPTMS 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilaneAPT automatically programmed toolAPU auxiliary power unitAPV approach procedures with vertical

guidanceAQ as-quenchedARCS attention, relevance, confidence,

satisfaction

LXII List of Abbreviations

ARIS architecture for information systemsARL Applied Research LaboratoryARPANET advanced research projects agency netARPM the application relationship protocol

machineARSR air route surveillance radarARTCC air route traffic control centerARTS automated radar terminal systemaRT acyclic real-timeAS/RC automated storage/enterprise resourceAS/RS automatic storage and retrieval systemASAS airborne separation assurance systemASCII American standard code for information

interchangeASDE airport surface detection equipmentASDI aircraft situation display to industryASE application service elementASIC application-specific ICASIMO advanced step in innovation mobilityASIP application-specific instruction set

processorASI actuator sensor interfaceASME American Society of Mechanical

EngineersASP application service providerASRS automated storage and retrieval systemASR airport surveillance radarASSP application-specific standard partASTD American Society for Training and

DevelopmentASW American Welding SocietyASi actuator sensor interfaceAS ancillary serviceATCBI-6 ARSR are ATC beacon interrogatorATCSCC air traffic control system command centerATCT air traffic control towerATC available transfer capabilityATIS automated terminal information serviceATL automated tape layupATM air traffic managementATM asynchronous transfer modeATM automatic teller machineATPG automatic test pattern generationAT adenine–thymineAUTOSAR automotive open system architectureAUV autonomous underwater vehicleAVI audio video interleavedAWSN ad hoc wireless sensor networkAleph automated library expandable programawGA adaptive-weight genetic algorithmA&I abstracting and indexing

B

B-rep boundary representationB2B business-to-business

B2C business-to-consumerBAC before automatic controlBALLOTS bibliographic automation of large library

operations using time sharingBAP Berth allocation planningBAS building automation systemsBA balancing authorityBBS bulletin-board systemBCC before computer controlBCD binary code to decimalBDD binary decision diagramBDI belief–desire–intentionBIM building information modelBI business intelligenceBLR brick laying robotBMP best-matching protocolBOL beginning of lifeBOM bill of materialBPCS basic process control systemBPEL business process execution languageBPMN business process modeling notationBPM business process managementBPO business process outsourcingBPR business process reengineeringBP broadcasting protocolbp base pairBSS basic service setBST biochemical systems theoryBS base station

C

C2C consumer-to-consumerCAASD center for advanced aviation system

developmentCAA National Civil Aviation AuthorityCAD/CAM computer-aided design/manufactureCADCS computer aided design of control systemCAEX computer aided engineering exchangeCAE computer-aided engineeringCAI computer-assisted (aided) instructionCAMI computer-assisted medical interventionCAMP collision avoidance metrics partnershipCAM computer-aided manufacturingCANbus controller area network busCAN control area networkCAOS computer-assisted ordering systemCAPP computer aided process planningCAPS computer-aided processing systemCASE computer-aided software engineeringCAS collision avoidance systemCAS complex adaptive systemCAW carbon arc weldingCA conflict alertCBM condition-based maintenanceCBT computer based training

List of Abbreviations LXIII

CCC Chinese Control ConferenceCCD charge-coupled deviceCCGT combined-cycle gas turbineCCMP create–collect–manage–protectCCM CORBA component modelCCP critical control pointCCTV closed circuit televisionCCT collaborative control theoryCDMS conflict detection and management

systemCDTI cockpit display of traffic informationCDU control display unitCD compact discCEC Congress on Evolutionary ComputationCEDA conflict and error detection agentCEDM conflict and error detection managementCEDM conflict and error detection modelCEDP conflict and error detection protocolCEDP conflict and error diagnostics and

prognosticsCED concurrent error detectionCEO chief executive officersCEPD conflict and error prediction and detectionCERIAS Center of Education and Research in

Information Assurance and SecurityCERN European Organization for Nuclear

ResearchCERT Computer Emergency Response TeamCE Council EuropeCFD computational fluid dynamicsCFG context-free grammarCFIT controlled flight into terraincGMP current good manufacturing practiceCG computer graphicsCHAID chi-square automatic interaction detectorCHART Maryland coordinated highways action

response teamCH cluster-headCIA CAN in automationCICP coordination and

interruption–continuation protocolCIM computer integrated manufacturingCIO chief information officerCIP common industrial protocolCIRPAV computer-integrated road pavingCLAWAR climbing and walking autonomous robotCLSI Computer Library Services Inc.CL cutter locationCME chemical master equationCMI computer-managed instructionCML case method learningCMM capability maturity modelCMS corporate memory systemCMTM control, maintenance, and technical

managementCM Clausius–Mossotti

CNC computer numerical controlCNO collaborative networked organizationCNS collision notification systemCNS communication, navigation, and

surveillanceCNT carbon nanotubeCOA cost-oriented automationCOBOL common business-oriented languageCOCOMO constructive cost modelCODESNET collaborative demand and supply networkCOMET collaborative medical tutorCOMSOAL computer method of sequencing

operations for assembly linesCOM component object modelCOP coefficient of performanceCOQ cost of qualityCORBA common object request broker

architectureCO connection-orientedCPA closest point of approachCPLD complex programmable logic deviceCPM critical path methodCPOE computerized provider order entryCPU central processing unitCP constraint programmingCP coordination protocolCQI continuous quality improvementCRF Research Center of FiatCRM customer relationship managementCRP cooperation requirement planningCRT cathode-ray tubecRT cyclic real-timeCSCL computer-supported collaborative

learningCSCW computer-supported collaborative workCSG constructive solid geometryCSR corporate social responsibilityCSS Control Systems SocietyCSU customer support unitCSW curve speed warning systemCTC cluster tool controllerCTMC cluster tool module communicationCT computed tomographyCURV cable-controlled undersea recovery

vehicleCVT continuously variable transmissionCV controlled variablesCo-X collaborative tool for function X

D

D/A digital-to-analogD2D discovery-to-deliveryDAC digital-to-analog converterDAFNet data activity flow network

LXIV List of Abbreviations

DAISY differential algebra for identifiability ofsystems

DAM digital asset managementDARC Duke Annual Robo-Climb CompetitionDAROFC direct adaptive robust output feedback

controllerDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects

AgencyDARSFC direct adaptive robust state feedback

controllerDAS driver assistance systemDA data acquisitionDB databaseDCOM distributed component object modelDCSS dynamic case study scenarioDCS distributed control systemDCS disturbance control standardDC direct-currentDDA demand deposit accountDDC direct digital controlDEA discrete estimator algorithmDEM discrete element methodDEP dielectrophoreticDES discrete-event systemDFBD derived function block diagramDFI data activity flow integrationDFM design for manufacturingDFT discrete Fourier transformDGC DARPA Grand ChallengeDGPA discretized generalized pursuit algorithmDGPS differential GPSDHCP dynamic host configuration protocolDHS Department of Homeland SecurityDICOM digital imaging and communication in

medicineDIN German Institute for NormalizationDIO digital input/outputDISC death inducing signalling complexDLC direct load controlDLF Digital Library FoundationDMC dynamic matrix controlDME distance measuring equipmentDMOD distance modificationDMPM data link mapping protocol machineDMP decision-making processesDMP dot matrix printerDMSA/DMSN distributed microsensor array and

networkDMS dynamic message signDM decision-makingDNA deoxyribonucleic acidDNC direct numerical controlDNS domain name systemDOC Department of CommerceDOF degrees of freedomDOP degree of parallelism

DOT US Department of TransportationDO device objectDPA discrete pursuit algorithmDPC distributed process controlDPIEM distributed parallel integration evaluation

methodDP decentralized peripheryDRG diagnostic related groupDRR digitally reconstructed radiographDR digital radiographyDSA digital subtraction angiographyDSDL domain-specific design languageDSDT distributed signal detection theoreticDSL digital subscriber lineDSL domain-specific languageDSN distributed sensor networkDSP digital signal processorDSRC dedicated short-range communicationDSSS direct sequence spread spectrumDSS decision support systemDTC direct torque controlDTL dedicated transfer lineDTP desktop printingDTSE discrete TSE algorithmDUC distributable union catalogDVD digital versatile diskDVI digital visual interfaceDV disturbance variablesDXF drawing interchange formatDoD Department of DefenseDoS denial of service

E

E-CAE electrical engineering computer aidedengineering

E-PERT extended project estimation and reviewtechnique

E/H electrohydraulicEAI enterprise architecture interfaceEAP electroactive polymerEA evolutionary algorithmEBL electron-beam lithographyEBM evidence-based medicineEBP evidence-based practiceEBW electron beam weldingebXML electronic business XMLEB electron beamECG electrocardiogramECU electronic control unitEC European CommunityEDA electronic design automationEDCT expected departure clearance timeEDD earliest due dateEDGE enhanced data rates for GSM evolution

List of Abbreviations LXV

EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange forAdministration, Commerce and Transport

EDI electronic data interchangeEDPA error detection and prediction algorithmsEDPVR end-diastolic pressure–volume

relationshipEDS electronic die sortingEDV end-diastolic volumeEEC European Economic CommunityEEPROM electrically erasable programmable

read-only memoryEES equipment engineering systemEFIS electronic flight instrument systemEFSM extended finite state machineEFT electronic funds transferEGNOS European geostationary navigation

overlay serviceEHEDG European Hygienic Engineering and

Design GroupEICAS engine indicating and crew alerting

systemEIF European Interoperability FrameworkEII enterprise information integrationEIS executive information systemEIU Economist Intelligence UnitEI Enterprise integrationeLPCO e-Learning professional competencyELV end-of-life of vehicleEL electroluminescenceEMCS energy management control systemsEMF electromotive forceEMO evolutionary multiobjective optimizationEMR electronic medical recordEMS energy management systemEOL end-of-lifeEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEPC engineering, procurement, and

contsructionEPGWS enhanced GPWSEPROM erasable programmable read-only

memoryEPSG Ethernet PowerLink Standardization

GroupEP evolutionary programmingERMA electronic recording machine accountingERM electronic resources managementERP enterprise resource planningESA European Space AgencyESB enterprise service busESD electronic software deliveryESD emergency shutdownESL electronic system-levelESPVR end-systolic pressure–volume

relationshipESP electronic stability programESR enterprise services repository

ESSENCE Equation of State: Supernovae TraceCosmic Expansion

ESS extended service setES enterprise systemES evolution strategyETA estimated time of arrivalETC electronic toll collectionETG EtherCAT Technology GroupETH Swiss Federal Technical universityETMS enhanced traffic management systemET evolutionary techniqueEURONORM European Economic CommunityEU European UnionEVA extravehicular activityEVD eigenvalue–eigenvector decompositionEVM electronic voting machineEVS enhanced vision systemEWMA exponentially-weighted moving averageEWSS e-Work support systemEXPIDE extended products in dynamic enterpriseEwIS enterprise-wide information system

F

FAA US Federal Aviation Administrationfab fabrication plantFACT fair and accurate credit transactionFAF final approach fixFAL fieldbus application layerFAQ frequently asked questionsFASB Financial Accounting Standards BoardFAST final approach spacing toolFA factory automationFA false alarmFBA flux balance analysisFBD function block diagramFCAW flux cored arc weldingFCC flight control computerFCW forward collision warningFCW forward crash warningFDA US Food and Drug AdministrationFDD fault detection and diagnosisFDL-CR facility description language–conflict

resolutionFDL facility design languageFESEM field-emission scanning electron

microscopeFFT fast Fourier transformFHSS frequency hopping spread spectrumFIFO first-in first-outFIM Fisher information matrixFIPA Foundation for Intelligent Physical

AgentsFIRA Federation of International Robot-Soccer

Associations

LXVI List of Abbreviations

FISCUS Föderales Integriertes StandardisiertesComputer-Unterstütztes Steuersystem –federal integrated standardizedcomputer-supported tax system

FIS fuzzy inference systemfJSP flexible jobshop problemFK forward kinematicsFLC fuzzy logic controlFL fuzzy-logicFMCS flight management computer systemFMC flexible manufacturing cellFMC flight management computerFMEA failure modes and effects analysisFMECA failure mode, effects and criticality

analysisFMS field message specificationFMS flexible manufacturing systemFMS flexible manufacturing systemFMS flight management systemFM Fiduccia–MattheysesFM frequency-modulationFOC federation object coordinatorFOGA Foundations of Genetic AlgorithmsFOUP front open unified podFOV field of viewFPGA field-programmable gate arraysFPID feedforward PIDFP flooding protocolFSK frequency shift keyingFSM finite-state machineFSPM FAL service protocol machineFSSA fixed structure stochastic automatonFSS flight service stationFSW friction stir weldingFTA fault tree analysisFTC fault tolerant controlFTE flight technical errorFTE full-time equivalentFTL flexible transfer lineFTP file transfer protocolFTSIA fault-tolerance sensor integration

algorithmFTTP fault tolerant time-out protocalFW framework

G

G2B government-to-businessG2C government-to-citizenG2G government-to-governmentGAGAN GEO augmented navigationGAIA geometrical analytic for interactive aidGAMP good automated manufacturing practiceGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGA genetic algorithmsGBAS ground-based augmentation system

GBIP general purpose interface busGBS goal-based scenarioGDP gross domestic productGDP ground delay programGDSII graphic data system IIGDSS group decision support systemGECCO Genetic and Evolutionary Computation

ConferenceGEM generic equipment modelGERAM generalized enterprise reference

architecture and methodologyGIS geographic information systemGLS GNSS landing systemGLUT4 activated Akt and PKCζ trigger glucose

transporterGMAW gas metal arc weldingGMCR graph model for conflict resolutionGNSS global navigation satellite systemGPA generalized pursuit algorithmGPC generalized predictive controlGPRS general packet radio serviceGPS global positioning systemGPWS ground-proximity warning systemGP genetic programmingGRAI graphes de résultats et activités interreliésGRAS ground regional augmentation systemGRBF Gaussian RBFGSM global system for mobile communicationGTAW gas tungsten arc weldingGUI graphic user interface

H

HACCP hazard analysis and critical control pointsHACT human–automation collaboration

taxonomyHAD heterogeneous, autonomous, and

distributedHART highway addressable remote transducerHCI human–computer interactionHCS host computer systemHDD hard-disk driveHEA human error analysisHEFL hybrid electrode fluorescent lampHEP human error probabilityHERO highway emergency response operatorHES handling equipment schedulingHFDS Human Factors Design StandardHF high-frequencyHID high-intensity dischargeHIS hospital information systemHITSP Healthcare Information Technology

Standards PanelHIT healthcare information technologyHIV human immunodeficiency virusHJB Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman

List of Abbreviations LXVII

HL7 Health Level 7HMD helmet-mounted displayHMI human machine interfaceHMM hidden Markov modelHMS hierarchical multilevel systemHOMO highest occupied molecular orbitalHPC high-performance computingHPLC high-performance liquid chromatographyHPSS High-Performance Storage SystemHPWREN High-Performance Wireless Research and

Education NetworkHP horsepowerHRA human reliability analysisHR human resourcesHSE high speed EthernetHSI human system interfaceHSMS high-speed message standardHTN hierarchical task networkHTTP hypertext transfer protocolHUD heads up displayHUL Harvard University LibraryHVAC heating, ventilation, air-conditioningHazop hazardous operationHiL hardware-in-the-loop

I

i-awGA interactive adaptive-weight geneticalgorithm

I(P)AD intelligent (power) assisting deviceI/O input/outputIAMHS integrated automated material handling

systemIAT Institut Avtomatiki i TelemekhanikiIAT interarrival timeIB internet bankingICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationICORR International Conference on

Rehabilitation RoboticsICRA International Conference on Robotics and

AutomationICT information and communication

technologyIC integrated circuitIDEF integrated definition methodIDL Interactive Data LanguageIDM iterative design modelID identificationID instructional designIEC International Electrotechnical

CommissionIFAC International Federation of Automatic

ControlIFC industry foundation classIFF identify friend or foeIFR instrument flight rules

IGRT image-guided radiation therapyIGS intended goal structureIGVC Intelligent Ground Vehicle CompetitionIHE integrating the healthcare enterpriseIIT information interface technologyIK inverse kinematicsILS instrument landing systemILS integrated library systemIL instruction listIMC instrument meteorological conditionIMC internal model controllerIML inside mold lineIMM interactive multiple modelIMRT intensity modulated radiotherapyIMS infrastructure management serviceIMT infotronics and mechatronics technologyIMU inertial measurement unitINS inertial navigation systemIO inputoutputIPA intelligent parking assistIPS integrated pond systemIPv6 internet protocol version 6IP inaction–penaltyIP industrial protocolIP integer programmingIP intellectual propertyIP internet protocolIRAF Image Reduction and Analysis FacilityIRB institutional review boardIRD interactive robotic deviceIROS Intelligent Robots and SystemsIRR internal rate of returnIRS1 insulin receptor substrate-1IR infraredISA instruction set architectureISCIS intra-supply-chain information systemiSCSI Internet small computer system interfaceISDN integrated services digital networkISELLA intrinsically safe lightweight low-cost

armISIC/MED Intelligent Control/Mediterranean

Conference on Control and AutomationISM industrial, scientific, and medicalISO-OSI International Standards Organization

Open System InterconnectionISO International Organization for

StandardizationISO independent system operatorISP internet service providerISS input-to-state stabilityIS information systemITC information and communications

technologyITS intelligent transportation systemIT information technologyIVBSS integrated vehicle-based safety system

LXVIII List of Abbreviations

IVI Intelligent Vehicle InitiativeIV intravenous

J

J2EE Java to Enterprise EditionJAUGS joint architecture for unmanned ground

systemJCL job control languageJDBC Java database connectivityJDEM Joint Dark Energy MissionJDL job description languageJIT just-in-timeJLR join/leave/remainJPA job performance aidJPDO joint planning and development officeJPL Jet Propulsion LaboratoryJSR-001 Java specification requestJava RTS Java real-time systemJava SE Java standard runtime environmentJeLC Japan e-Learning Consortium

K

KADS knowledge analysis and documentationsystem

KCL Kirchhoff’s current lawKCM knowledge chain managementKIF knowledge interchange formatKISS keep it simple systemKM knowledge managementKPI key performance indicatorsKQML knowledge query and manipulation

languageKS knowledge subsystemKTA Kommissiya Telemekhaniki i AvtomatikiKVL Kirchhoff’s voltage lawKWMS Kerry warehouse management system

L

LAAS local-area augmentation systemLADARS precision laser radarLAN local-area networkLA learning automataLBNL Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLBW Laser beam weldingLC/MS liquid-chromatography mass

spectroscopyLCD liquid-crystal displayLCG LHC computing gridLCMS learning contents management systemLCM lane change/merge warningLC lean constructionLDW lane departure warningLDW lateral drift warning system

LD ladder diagramLEACH low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchyLED light-emitting diodeLEEPS low-energy electron point sourceLEO Lyons Electronic OfficeLES logistic execution systemLFAD light-vehicle module for LCM, FCW,

arbitration, and DVILF low-frequencyLHC Large Hadron ColliderLHD load–haul–dumpLIFO last-in first-outLIP learning information packageLISI levels of information systems

interoperabilityLISP list processingLLWAS low-level wind-shear alert systemLMFD left matrix fraction descriptionLMI linear matrix inequalityLMPM link layer mapping protocol machineLMS labor management systemLNAV lateral navigationLOA levels of automationLOCC lines of collaboration and commandLOC level of collaborationLOINC logical observation identifiers names and

codesLOM learning object metadata/learning object

reference modelLORANC long-range navigational systemLPV localizer performance with vertical

guidanceLP linear programmingLQG linear-quadratic-GaussianLQR linear quadratic regulatorLQ linear quadraticLS/AMC living systems autonomic machine

controlLS/ATN living systems adaptive transportation

networkLS/TS Living Systems Technology SuiteLSL low-level switchLSST Large Synoptic Survey TelescopeLSS large-scale complex systemLS language subsystemLTI linear time-invariantLUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbitalLUT look-up tableLVAD left ventricular assist deviceLVDT linear variable differential transformer

M

m-SWCNT metallic SWCNTM/C machining centerM2M machine-to-machine

List of Abbreviations LXIX

MAC medium access controlMADSN mobile-agent-based DSNMAG metal active gasMAN metropolitan area networkMAP manufacturing assembly pilotMAP mean arterial pressureMAP missed approach pointMARC machine-readable catalogingMARR minimum acceptable rate of returnMAS multiagent systemMAU medium attachment unitMAV micro air vehicleMBP Manchester bus poweredMCC motor control centerMCDU multiple control display unitMCP mode control panelMCP multichip packageMCS material control systemMDF medium-density fiberMDI manual data inputMDP Markov decision processMDS management decision systemMD missing a detectionMEMS micro-electromechanical systemMEN multienterprise networkMERP/C ERP e-learning by MBE simulations with

collaborationMERP Management Enterprise Resource

PlanningMES manufacturing execution systemMETU Middle East Technical UniversityMFD multifunction displayMHA material handling automationMHEM material handling equipment machineMHIA Material Handling Industry of AmericaMH material handlingMIG metal inert gasMIMO multi-input multi-outputMIP mixed integer programmingMIS management information systemMIS minimally invasive surgeryMIT Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMIT miles in-trailMKHC manufacturing know-how and

creativityMLE maximum-likelihood estimationMMS man–machine systemMMS material management systemMOC mine operation centermoGA multiobjective genetic algorithmMOL middle of lifeMOM message-oriented middlewareMPAS manufacturing process automation

systemMPA metabolic pathway analysisMPC model-based predictive control

mPDPTW multiple pick up and delivery problemwith time windows

MPEG Motion Pictures Expert GroupMPLS multi protocol label switchingMPS master production scheduleMQIC Medical Quality Improvement

ConsortiumMRI magnetic resonance imagingMRO maintenance, repair, and operationsMRPII material resource planning (2nd

generation)MRPI material resource planning (1st

generation)MRP manufacturing resources planningMRR material removal rateMSAS MTSAT satellite-based augmentation

systemMSAW minimum safe warning altitudeMSA microsensor arrayMSDS material safety data sheetMSI multisensor integrationMSL mean sea levelMTBF mean time between failureMTD maximum tolerated doseMTE minimum transmission energyMTSAT multifunction transport satelliteMTTR mean time to repairMUX multiplexorMVFH minimum vector field histogramMV manipulated variablesMWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotubeMWKR most work remainingMcTMA multicenter traffic management advisorMcr multi-approach to conflict resolutionMeDICIS methodology for designing

interenterprise cooperative informationsystem

MidFSN middleware for facility sensor networkMips million instructions per secondM&S metering and spacing

N

NAE National Academy of EngineeringNAICS North American Industry Classification

SystemNASA National Aeronautics and Space

AdministrationNASC Naval Air Systems CommandNAS National Airspace SystemNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNBTI negative-bias temperature instabilityNCS networked control systemNC numerical controlNDB nondirectional beaconNDHA National Digital Heritage Archive

LXX List of Abbreviations

NDI nondestructive inspectionNDRC National Defence Research CommitteeNEAT Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking ProgramNEFUSER neural-fuzzy system for error recoveryNEFUSER neuro-fuzzy systems for error recoveryNEMA National Electrical Manufacturers

AssociationNEMS nanoelectromechanical systemNERC North American Electric Reliability

CorporationNERSC National Energy Research Scientific

Computing CenterNES networked embedded systemNFC near field communicationNHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety

AdministrationNICU neonatal intensive care unitNIC network interface cardNIR near-infraredNISO National Information Standards

OrganizationNIST National Institute of StandardsNLP natural-language processingNNI national nanotechnology initiativenon RT nonreal-timeNP nondeterministic polynomial-timeNPC nanopore channelNPV net present valueNP nominal performanceNRE nonrecurring engineeringnsGA nondominated sorting genetic algorithmnsGA II nondominated sorting genetic

algorithm IINSS Federal Reserve National Settlement

SystemNS nominal stabilityNURBS nonuniform rational B-splinesNYSE New York Stock ExchangeNaroSot Nano Robot World Cup Soccer

TournamentNoC network on chip

O

O.R. operations researchO/C open-circuitOAC open architecture controlOAGIS open applications groupOAI-PMH open archieves initiative protocol for

metadate harvestingOASIS Organization for the Advancement of

Structured Information StandardsOBB oriented bounding boxOBEM object-based equipment modelOBS on-board softwareOBU onboard unit

OCLC Ohio College Library CenterODBC object database connectivityODE ordinary differential equationODFI originating depository financial

institutionOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation

and DevelopmentOEE overall equipment effectivenessOEM original equipment manufacturerOGSA open grid services architectureOHT overhead hoist transporterOHT overhead transportOLAP online analytical processOLE object linking and embeddingOML outside mold lineOMNI office wheelchair with high

manoeuvrability and navigationalintelligence

OMS order managements systemONIX online information exchangeOOAPD object-oriented analysis, design and

programmingOODB object-oriented databaseOOM object-oriented methodologyOOOI on, out, off, inOOP object-oriented programmingOO object-orientedOPAC online public access catalogOPC AE OPC alarms and eventsOPC XML-DA OPC extensible markup language (XML)

data accessOPC online process controlOPM object–process methodologyOQIS online quality information systemORF operating room of the futureORTS open real-time operating systemOR operating roomOR operation researchOSHA Occupation Safety and Health

AdministrationOSRD Office of Scientific Research and

DevelopmentOSTP Office of Science and Technology PolicyOS operating systemOTS operator training systemsOWL web ontology language

P

P/D pickup/deliveryP/T place/transitionPACS picture archiving and communications

systemPAM physical asset managementPAM pulse-amplitude modulationPAN personal area network

List of Abbreviations LXXI

PARR problem analysis resolution and rankingPAT process analytical technologyPAW plasma arc weldingPBL problem-based learningPBPK physiologically based pharmacokineticPCA principal component analysisPCBA printed circuit board assemblyPCB printed circuit boardPCFG probabilistic context-free grammarPCI Peripheral Component InterconnectPCR polymerase chain reactionPC personal computerPDA personal digital assistantPDC predeparture clearancePDDL planning domain definition languagePDF probability distribution functionpdf probability distribution functionPDITC 1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanatePDKM product data and knowledge managementPDM product data managementPDSF Parallel Distributed Systems FacilityPDT photodynamic therapyPD pharmacodynamicsPECVD plasma enhanced chemical vapor

depositionPEID product embedded information devicePERA Purdue enterprise reference architecturePERT/CPM program evaluation and review

technique/critical path methodPERT project evaluation and review techniquePET positron emission tomographyPE pulse echoPFS precision freehand sculptorPF preference functionPGP pretty good privacyPHA preliminary hazard analysisPHERIS public-health emergency response

information systemPHR personal healthcare recordPI3K phosphatidylinositol-3-kinasePID proportional, integral, and derivativePISA Program for International Student

AssessmentPI proportional–integralPKI public-key infrastructurePKM parallel kinematic machinePK pharmacokineticsPLA programmable logic arrayPLC programmable logic controllerPLD programmable logic devicePLM product lifecycle managementPMC process module controllerPMF positioning mobile with respect to fixedPM process modulePOMDP partially observable Markov decision

process

POS point-of-salePPFD photosynthetic photon flux densityPPS problem processing subsystemPRC phase response curvePROFIBUS-DP process field bus–decentralized peripheralPROMETHEE preference ranking organization method

for enrichment evaluationPR primary frequencyPSAP public safety answering pointPSC product services centerPSF performance shaping factorPSH high-pressure switchPSK phase-shift keyingPSM phase-shift maskPS price settingPTB German Physikalisch-Technische

BundesanstaltPTO power takeoffPTP point-to-point protocolPTS predetermined time standardPWM pulse-width-modulationPXI PCI extensions for instrumentationProVAR professional vocational assistive robotProlog programming in logicsP&ID piping & instrumentation diagram

Q

QAM quadrature amplitude modulationQTI question and test interoperabilityQoS quality of service

R

R.U.R. Rossum’s universal robotsR/T mPDPSTWmultiple pick up and delivery problem

with soft time windows in real timeRAID redundant array of independent diskRAID robot to assist the integration of the

disabledRAIM receiver autonomous integrity monitoringrALB robot-based assembly line balancingRAM random-access memoryRAP resource allocation protocolRAS recirculating aquaculture systemRA resolution advisoryRBC red blood cellRBF radial basis functionrcPSP resource-constrained project scheduling

problemRCP rapid control prototypingRCRBF raised-cosine RBFRC remote controlRC repair centerRDB relational databaseRDCS robust design computation system

LXXII List of Abbreviations

RDCW FOT Road Departure Crash Warning SystemField Operational Test

RDCW road departure crash warningRDF resource description frameworkRET resolution enhancement techniqueRE random environmentRFID radiofrequency identificationRF radiofrequencyRGB red–green–blueRGV rail-guided vehicleRHC receding horizon controlRHIO regional health information organizationRIA Robotics Industries AssociationRISC reduced instruction set computerRIS real information systemRI reward–inactionRLG Research Libraries GroupRLG ring-laser-gyroRMFD right matrix fraction descriptionRMS reconfigurable manufacturing systemsRMS reliability, maintainability, and safetyRMS root-mean-squareRM real manufacturingRNAV area navigationRNA ribonucleic acidRNG random-number generatorRNP required navigation performanceROBCAD robotics computer aided designROI return on investmentROM range-of-motionROT runway occupancy timeROV remotely operated underwater vehicleRO read onlyRPC remote procedure callRPM revolutions per minuteRPN risk priority numberRPS real and physical systemRPTS robot predetermined time standardRPU radar processing unitRPV remotely piloted vehicleRPW ranked positioned weightRP reward–penaltyRRT rapidly exploring random treeRSEW resistance seam weldingRSW resistance spot weldingRS robust stabilityRT DMP real-time decision-making processesRT-CORBA real-time CORBARTA required time of arrivalRTDP real-time dynamic programmingRTD resistance temperature detectorRTE real-time EthernetRTK GPS real-time kinematic GPSRTL register transfer levelRTM resin transfer moldingRTM robot time & motion method

RTOS real-time operating systemRTO real-time optimizationRTO regional transmission organizationRTSJ real-time specification for JavaRT radiotherapyRT register transferrwGA random-weight genetic algorithmRW read/writeRZPR power reserveRZQS quick-start reserveRecon retrospective conversionR&D research and development

S

s-SWCNT semiconducting MWCNTS/C short-circuitSACG Stochastic Adaptive Control GroupSADT structured analysis and design techniqueSAGA Standards und Architekturen für

e-Government-Anwendungen – standardsand architectures for e-Governmentapplications

sALB simple assembly line balancingSAM self-assembled monolayerSAM software asset managementSAN storage area networkSAO Smithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorySAW submerged arc weldingSA situation awarenessSBAS satellite-based augmentation systemSBIR small business innovation researchSBML system biology markup languageSCADA supervisory control and data acquisitionSCARA selective compliant robot armSCC somatic cell countSCM supply chain managementSCNM slot communication network managementSCN suprachiasmatic nucleusSCORM sharable content object reference modelSCST source-channel separation theoremSDH synchronous digital hierarchySDSL symmetrical digital subscriber lineSDSS Sloan Digital Sky Survey IISDSS spatial decision support systemSDS sequential dynamic systemSDT signal detection theorySECS semiconductor equipment

communication standardSEC Securities and Exchange ComissionSEER surveillance, epidemiology, and end

resultSEI Software Engineering InstituteSELA stochastic estimator learning algorithmSEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Material

International

List of Abbreviations LXXIII

SEM scanning electron microscopySEM strategic enterprise managementSESAR Single European Sky ATM researchSESS steady and earliest starting scheduleSFC sequential function chartSFC space-filling curveSHMPC shrinking horizon model predictive

controlSIFT scale-invariant feature transformSIL safety integrity levelSIM single input moduleSISO single-input single-outputSIS safety interlock systemSKU stock keeping unitSLAM simultaneous localization and mapping

techniqueSLA service-level agreementSLIM-MAUD success likelihood index

method-multiattribute utilitydecomposition

SLP storage locations planningSL sensitivity levelSMART Shimizu manufacturing system by

advanced robotics technologySMAW shielded metal arc weldingSMA shape-memory alloysSMC sequential Monte CarloSME small and medium-sized enterprisesSMIF standard mechanical interfaceSMS short message serviceSMTP simple mail transfer protocolSMT surface-mounting technologySNA structural network analysisSNIFS Supernova Integral Field SpectrographSNLS Supernova Legacy SurveySNOMED systematized nomenclature

of medicineSNfactory Nearby Supernova FactorySN supernovaSOAP simple object access protocolSOA service-oriented architectureSOC system operating characteristicSOI silicon-on-insulatorSONAR sound navigation and rangingSO system operatorSPC statistical process controlSPF/DB superplastic forming/diffusion bondingSPF super plastic formingSPIN sensor protocol for information via

negotiationSPI share price indexSQL structured query languageSRAM static random access memorySRI Stanford Research InstituteSRL science research laboratorySRM supplier relationship management

SSADM structured systems analysis and designmethod

SSA stochastic simulation algorithmssDNA single-strand DNASSH secure shellSSL secure sockets layerSSO single sign-onSSR secondary surveillance radarSSSI single-sensor, single-instrumentSSV standard service volumeSS speed-sprayerSTARS standard terminal automation

replacement systemSTAR standard terminal arrival routeSTA static timing analysisSTCU SmallTown Credit UnionSTEM science, technology, engineering, and

mathematicsSTM scanning tunneling microscopeSTTPS single-truss tomato production systemST structured textSUV sports utility vehicleSVM support vector machineSVS synthetic vision systemSV stroke volumeSWCNT single-walled carbon nanotubeSWP single-wafer processingSW stroke workSaaS software as a serviceServSim maintenance service simulatorSiL software-in-the-loopSmac second mitochondrial-activator caspaseSoC system-on-chipSoD services-on-demandSoS systems of systemsSoTL scholarship of teaching and learningSunfall Supernova Factory Assembly LinespEA strength Pareto evolutionary algorithmSysML systems modeling language

T

TACAN tactical air navigationTALplanner temporal action logic plannerTAP task administration protocolTAR task allocation ratioTA traffic advisoryTB terabytesTCAD technology computer-aided designTCAS traffic collision avoidance systemTCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet

protocolTCP transmission control protocolTCS telescope control systemTDMA time-division multiple access

LXXIV List of Abbreviations

TEAMS testability engineering and maintenancesystem

TEG timed event graphTEM transmission electron microscopeTER tele-ultrasonic examinationTFM traffic flow managementTHERP technique for human error rate predictionTHR total hip replacementTHW time headwayTIE/A teamwork integration evaluator/agentTIE/MEMS teamwork integration evaluator/MEMSTIE/P teamwork integration evaluator/protocolTIF data information forwardingTIG tungsten inert gasTIMC techniques for biomedical engineering

and complexity managementTLBP transfer line balancing problemTLPlan temporal logic plannerTLX task load indexTMA traffic management advisorTMC traffic management centerTMC transport module controllerTMS transportation management systemTMU traffic management unitTOP time-out protocolTO teleoperatorTPN trading process networkTPS throttle position sensorTPS transaction processing systemTRACON terminal radar approach controlTRIPS trade related aspects of intellectual

property rightsTRV total removal volumeTSCM thin-seam continuous miningTSE total system errorTSMP time synchronized mesh protocolTSTP transportation security training portalTTC time-to-collisionTTF time to failureTTR time to repairTTU through transmission ultrasoundTU transcriptional unitTV televisionTestLAN testers local area network

U

UAT universal access transceiverUAV unmanned aerial vehicleUCMM unconnected message managerUCTE Union for the Co-ordination of

Transmission of ElectricityUDDI universal description, discovery, and

integrationUDP user datagram protocolUEML unified enterprise modeling language

UGC user generated contentUHF ultrahigh-frequencyUI user interfaceUMDL University of Michigan digital libraryUML universal modeling languageUMTS universal mobile telecommunications

systemUMTS universal mobile telecommunications

systemUN/CEFACT United Nations Centre for Trade

Facilitation and Electronic BusinessUN United NationsUPC universal product codeUPMC University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterUPS uninterruptible power supplyURET user request evaluation toolURL uniform resource locatorURM unified resource managementUR universal relayUSB universal serial busUSC University of Southern CaliforniaUTLAS University of Toronto Library

Automation SystemUT ultrasonic testingUV ultravioletUWB ultra wire band

V

VAN-AP VAN access pointVAN value-added networkVAN virtual automation networkVAV variable-air-volumeVCR video cassette recorderVCT virtual cluster toolVDL VHF digital linkVDU visual display unitveGA vector evaluated genetic algorithmVE virtual environmentVFD variable-frequency driveVFEI virtual factory equipment interfaceVFR visual flight ruleVHDL very high speed integrated circuit

hardware description languageVHF very high-frequencyVICS vehicle information and communication

systemVII vehicle infrastructure integrationVIS virtual information systemVLSI very-large-scale integrationVMEbus versa module eurobusVMIS virtual machining and inspection systemVMI vendor-managed inventoryVMM virtual machine monitorVMT vehicle miles of travelVM virtual machine

List of Abbreviations LXXV

VM virtual manufacturingVNAV vertical navigationVNC virtual network computingVOD virtual-object-destinationVORTAC VOR tactical air navigationVOR VHF omnidirectional rangeVPS virtual physical systemVP virtual prototypingVRP vehicle routing problemVR virtual realityVSG virtual service-oriented environmentVSP vehicle scheduling problemVSSA variable structure stochastic automataVTLS Virginia Tech library systemVTW virtual training workshopVTx virtualization technologyVoD video on demand

W

W/WL wired/wirelessWAAS wide-area augmentation systemWAN wide area networkWASCOR WASeda construction robotWBI wafer burn-inWBS work breakdown structureWBT web-based trainingWCDMA wideband code division multiple accessWFMS workflow management systemWI-Max worldwide interoperability for microwave

accessWIM World-In-MiniaturWIP work-in-progressWISA wireless interface for sensors and actuatorWLAN wireless local area network

WLN Washington Library NetworkWL wireless LANWMS warehouse management systemWMX weight mapping crossoverWORM write once and read manyWPAN wireless personal area networkWSA work safety analysisWSDL web services description languageWSN wireless sensor networkWS wage settingWTO World Trade OrganizationWWII world war 2WWW World Wide WebWfMS workflow management systemWi-Fi wireless fidelity

X

XIAP X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteinXML extensible mark-up languageXSLT extensible stylesheet language

transformationXöV XML for public administration

Y

Y2K year-2000YAG Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnetZDO Zigbee device object

Z

ZVEI Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- undElektronikindustrie e.V.