XIII. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and...

XIII–1FY 2013 Annual Progress Report DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program

α-AlH3 Alphapolymorphofaluminumhydride~ Approximately@ At°C DegreesCelsius°F DegreesFahrenheitΔ Change,deltaΔG GibbsfreeenergyofreactionΔH Enthalpyofreaction,Enthalpyof

hydrogenation∆H°f StandardheatofformationΔK Stressintensityfactor∆P Pressuredrop,pressurechange≈ Equalsapproximately> Greaterthan≥ Greaterthanorequalto< Lessthan≤ Lessthanorequaltoμ Micro(one-millionth;0.000001)μA Microampere(s)μA/cm2 Microampere(s)persquarecentimeterμc-Si Microcrystallinesiliconμg Microgram(s)μCHP Micro-combinedheatandpowerμCHX Microscalecombustor/heatexchangerμCHP Micro-combinedheatandpowerμm Micrometer(s);micron(s)μM Micromolarμmol Micromole(s)μΩ-cm2 Micro-ohm(s)-squarecentimeterμV Microvolt(s)η Viscosity# NumberΩ Ohm(s)Ω/cm2 Ohm(s)persquarecentimeterΩ-cm2 Ohm-squarecentimeter(s)% Percent® Registeredtrademark$ UnitedStatesdollars11B-NMR Boron11nuclearmagneticresonance1-D,1D One-dimensional1Q Firstquarterofthefiscalyear2-D,2D Two-dimensional2Q Secondquarterofthefiscalyear

3-D,3D Three-dimensional3DSM Dimensionallystablemembranewith

3-dimensionalporoussupport3-L Three-layer3-MPAB 3-methoxypropylamineborane3-PPAB 3-phenylpropylamine-borane3Q Thirdquarterofthefiscalyear4Q Fourthquarterofthefiscalyear5-L Five-layer6FBPS0 Hexafluorobiphenolsulfone6FCN-x HexafluorobisphenolAbaseddisulfonated

polybenzonitrile(H+form)(xdenotesdegreeofsulfonation)

6FK Hexafluoroketone;Partiallyfluorinatedpoly(aryleneetherketone)

6FPAEB Hexafluorobisphenolabenzonitrile8YSZ 8mol%yttria-stabilizedzirconiaA Ampere(s),amp(s)Å Angstrom(s)AAE AdsorbentacceptabilityenvelopeAB Ammonia-borane,NH3BH3

ABH2 Ammoniumborohydride,NH4BH4

AC Alternatingcurrent;ActivatedcarbonACF ActivatedcarbonfibersA/cm2 AmpspersquarecentimeterACN AcetonitrileACNT AlignedcarbonnanotubeADG AnaerobicdigestergasAEM Anionexchangemembrane;Analytical

electronmicroscopyAEO AnnualEnergyOutlookAFDC AlternativeFuelsDataCenterAFM Atomicforcemicroscopy;Anti-ferromagneticAFP AutomatedfiberplacementAFV AlternativefuelvehicleAg SilverAGC ActivatedgraphiticcarbonAgCl SilverchlorideA-h Amp-hour(s)AHJ AuthoritieshavingjurisdictionAISI AmericanIron&SteelInstituteAIST JapaneseNationalInstituteofAdvanced

IndustrialScienceandTechnologyAK Alkali

XIII. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Definitions


XIII–2DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program FY 2013 Annual Progress Report

a.k.a. AlsoknownasAl AluminumAl2O3 AluminumoxideAl-AB Aluminum-ammonia-boraneAlCl3 AluminumchlorideALD AtomiclayerdepositionAlH3 Aluminumhydride;AlaneALL-CRAFT AllianceforCollaborativeResearchin

AlternativeFuelTechnologyALS AdvancedLightSourceatLawrenceBerkeley

NationalLaboratoryALT AcceleratedlifetestAM AirmassAM1.5 AirMass1.5solarilluminationAM1.5G AirMass1.5Global(solarspectrum)AMBH AminemetalborohydrideAMC Aminomethyl-cyclohexaneAMFC Anionexchangemembranefuelcell;Alkaline

membranefuelcellAMR AnnualMeritReviewAN AcrylonitrileANL ArgonneNationalLaboratoryANOVA AnalysisofvarianceANSI AmericanNationalStandardsInstituteAo Arrheniusconstant,ml/[cm2-min-atm½];

AvailabilityAPCI,APCi AirProductsandChemicals,Inc.APD 3-aminopropane-1,2-diolAPR Aqueous-phasereformingAPU AuxiliarypowerunitAQMD AirQualityManagementDistrictAr ArgonAR ArealresistanceARPA-E AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency–EnergyARRA AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActAs ArsenicASAXS Anomaloussmall-angleX-rayscatteringa-Si Amorphoussilicona-SiC Amorphoussiliconcarbidea-SiGe Amorphoussilicongermaniuma-SiN AmorphoussiliconnitrideASME AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersASPEN Modelingsoftware,computercodefor

processanalysisASR Area-specificresistanceAST Acceleratedstresstest

ASTM ASTMInternational,originallyknownastheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials

AT Ammoniatriboraneat% Atomicpercentatm Atmosphere(s)ATP Adenosinetriphosphate;Advanced

TechnologyProgramATPase AdenosinetriphosphataseATR Autothermalreformer;Autothermal

reforming;AttenuatedtotalreflectionATR-FTIR AttenuatedtotalreflectanceFouriertransform

infrareda.u. ArbitraryunitsAu GoldAuS GoldsulfideAuSnOx GoldsupportedonhydroustinoxideAuTiOx GoldsupportedontitaniumoxideAutonomie Plug-and-PlayPowertrainandVehicleModel

ArchitectureandDevelopmentEnvironmentsoftwaremodelbyArgonneNationalLaboratorytosupporttherapidevaluationofnewpowertrain/propulsiontechnologiesforimprovingfueleconomythroughvirtualdesignandanalysisinamath-basedsimulationenvironment

Avg AverageAZO Aluminumzincoxide11B-NMR Boron11nuclearmagneticresonanceB BoronB2O3 Boronoxide;DiborontrioxideBa BariumBara Barabsolutebarg BargaugeBBC 4,4’,4’’-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1-

diyl))tribenzoateBCC Body-centeredcubicBCN BoroncarbonnitrideBe BerylliumBES BasicEnergySciencesofficewithintheDOE

OfficeofScienceBET Brunauer-Emmett-Tellersurfaceareaanalysis

methodBEV BatteryelectricvehicleBFZ0 BaFe0.975Zr0.025O3

BFZ1 BaFe0.90Zr0.10O3

BG-DW 65%bio-glycol-35%distilledwaterB-G BorondopedgraphiticmaterialB-H Boron/hydrogenbond



B-H,BH,BH4 BorohydrideBHP ButylperhydropyrolidineBi BismuthbmimBF4 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium

tetrafluoroboratebmimCl 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoliumchloridebmimOTf 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoliumtriflatebmimPF6 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium

hexafluorophosphateBMPFFP 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium

tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphateBN Boron-nitrogenBNH Boron-nitrogen-hydrogenBNHx Dehydrogenatedammonia-boraneBNL BrookhavenNationalLaboratoryBNNT BoronnitridenanotubesB-O Anyoxidizedboronspecies,borateBoc Tert-butoxycarbonylBOC BestofclassB(OH)3 BoricacidBOL BeginningoflifeBOP,BoP BalanceofplantBOT BeginningoftestBP Bisphenol;Biphenylbpe Bis(4-pyridyl)ethaneBPEE 1,2-bipyridyletheneBPDC Biphenyl-4,4’-dicarboxylateBPP BipolarplateBPPPO Biphenol-basedphenylphosphineoxideBPPPO-35 Biphenol-basedphenylphosphineoxide

copolymer,35%molarfractionofdisulfonicacidunit(35%levelofsulfonation)

BPS BallardPowerSystemsBPS BiPhenylSulfoneBPS100 Fullydisulfonatedpoly(aryleneethersulfone)BPSH BlockpolysulfoneetherpolymerBPSH BiPhenylSulfone:HFormBPSH-30 BiphenylsulfoneHform,30%molar

fractionofdisulfonicacidunit(30%levelofsulfonation)

BPSH-x BiPhenylbaseddisulfonatedpolySulfone(H+form)(xdenotesdegreeofsulfonation)

BPVC BoilerandPressureVesselCodeBPVE Perfluorocyclobutane-biphenylvinyletherBPVE-6F Perfluorocyclobutane-biphenylvinylether

hexafluoroisopropylideneBPy 2,2’-bipyridine

BPY 4,4’-bypyridineBr BromineBr2 DiatomicbromineBTB 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoateBTC 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylateBTE 4,4’,4’’-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(ethyne-2,1-

diyl))tribenzoateBTT Benzenetris-tetrazoleBTTCD Octa-carboxylateligandBTU,Btu Britishthermalunit(s)Bu3SnCl TributyltinchlorideBu3SnSnBu3 HexabutyldistannaneBV BenzylviologenBxHy PolyhedralboranesBZYC BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ

C CarbonC CouloumbC2H4 EthyleneC2H6 EthaneC3H8 PropaneCa CalciumCA Carbonaerogel;ChronoamperometryCaBr2 CalciumbromideCaCO3 CalciumcarbonateCAD Computer-aideddesignCAE Computer-assistedengineeringCAER CenterforAppliedEnergyResearchCaFCP CaliforniaFuelCellPartnershipCaI Clostridium acetobutylicumhydrogenaseCaO CalciumoxideCARB CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardCaS CalciumsulfideCaSFCC CaliforniaStationaryFuelCellCollaborativeCB Conductionband;CarbonblackCBECS CommercialBuildingEnergyConsumption

SurveyCbHS Carbon-basedhydrogenstorageCBM ConductionbandminimumCBN Carbon-boron-nitrogenCBS CasaBonitastrain;Completebasissetcc Cubiccentimeter(s)CCC CarboncompositecatalystCCD Charge-coupleddeviceCCF Complexcoolantfluid



cc/gcat/hr Cubiccentimeter(s)pergramcatalystperhour

CcH2 Cryo-compressedhydrogenCCHSS ComplexCompoundHydrogenStorage

SystemCCL CathodecatalystlayerCCM Catalyst-coatedmembranecc/min,ccm Cubiccentimetersperminuteccp Cubicclose-packingCCS CarboncaptureandstorageCC&S CarboncaptureandsequestrationCCVJ 9-([E]-2-carboxy-2-cyanovinyl)julolidineCd CadmiumCD Compactdisk;Chargedepleting;Cathode

dewpointCdl DoublelayercapacitancecDNA ComplementaryDNACDO CodedevelopmentorganizationCDP CompositedataproductCdS CadmiumsulfideC-DSMTM Chemicallyetcheddimensionallystable

membraneCe CeriumCEA Commissariatàl’EnergieAtomiqueCEC CaliforniaEnergyCommissionCEM Compressor/expandermotor(module)CeO2 CericoxideCF Carbonfiber;CarbonfoamCFC ChlorofluorocarbonCFD ComputationalfluiddynamicsCFF Complexcoolantfluidcfm CubicfeetperminuteCGA CompressedGasAssociationCGH2 CompressedgaseoushydrogenCGM Charge-generatingmaterialCGO Ceriumgadoliniumoxide,Gd-dopedCeO2

CGS Coppergalliumdiselenide,CuGaSe2

CGSe2 CoppergalliumdiselenideCH ChemicalhydridecH2 CompressedhydrogengasCH4 MethaneCHEX ContinuouscatalyticheatexchangerCHHP Combinedheat,hydrogen,andpowerChl Chlorophyll

CHMC1 TestMethodforEvaluatingMaterialCompatibilityforCompressedHydrogenApplications–PhaseI-Metals

CHP CombinedheatandpowerCHPFC CombinedheatandpowerfuelcellCHS ChemicalhydrogenstorageCHSCoE ChemicalHydrogenStorageCenterof

ExcellenceCI CompressionignitionCIGSe2 CopperindiumgalliumdiselenideCIGS CopperindiumgalliumdiselenideCl ChlorineCL Catalystlayer;ε-caprolactonecm CentimeterCM Controlsmodulecm2 SquarecentimeterCMO ConductivemetaloxidesCMWNT Carbonmulti-wallednanotubeCN Carbon-nitrogenCNC CarbonnanocageCNF Carbonnano-fiberCNG CompressednaturalgasCNT CarbonnanotubeCo CobaltCO CarbonmonoxideCO2 CarbondioxideCO2e CarbondioxideequivalentCOD ChemicaloxygendemandCOE CostofelectricityCOF Covalent-organicframeworkCOF2 CarbonylfluorideCOGS CostofgoodssoldCOMSOL Multiphysicsmodelingandengineering

simulationsoftwareCOPV CompositeoverwrappedpressurevesselCOS Carbonoxysulfide;CarbonylsulfideCOx Oxidesofcarboncp Specificheatcp CommercialpuritycP CentipoiseCpI Clostridium pasteurianum

[FeFe]-hydrogenaseCPMAS CrosspolarizationmagicanglespinningCPO,CPOX Catalyticpartialoxidationc.p.s. Countspersecond



CPU ComputerprocessingunitCPV CompositepressurevesselCr ChromiumCRADA CooperativeResearchandDevelopment

AgreementCRCC Corrosion-resistantconductingcatalyticCRTP Corrosion-resistanttransparentprotectiveCs CesiumC&S CodesandstandardsCSA CanadianStandardsAssociation;Cellstack

assemblyCSMP CabotSuperiorMicroPowdersCSTT CodesandStandardsTechTeamCSU CaliforniaStateUniversityCSULA CaliforniaStateUniversityLosAngelesCT ComputedtomographyCTA ChargetransferagentCTAB CetyltrimethylammoniumbromideCTB CyclotriborazaneCTE CoefficientofthermalexpansionCTTRANSIT ConnecticutTransitCu CopperCU UniversityofColoradoCu2O CuprousoxideCuBiW2O8 Copperbismuthtungstatecuin. CubicinchCuInGaS2 CopperindiumgalliumsulfideCuNW CoppernanowireCuO Cupricoxide;Copper(II)oxideCuWO4 Coppertungstatecu.yd. Cubicyard(s)CV Cyclicvoltammetry;CyclicvoltammogramCVD ChemicalvapordepositionCVS ChemicalvaporsynthesisCWRU CaseWesternReserveUniversityCY CalendaryearCZO Ceria-zirconiad Day(s)D2 DeuteriumD-A Dubinin-AstakhovDAC DiamondanvilcellDADB Diammoniateofdiborane,[(NH3)2BH2][BH4]DAKOTA DesignAnalysisKitforOptimizationand

TerascaleApplicationsDB Diborane(B2H6)

dB(A) Decibel(s)AscaleDBBPDSA 4,4’-dibromobiphenyl3,3’-dislufonicacid,

monomerDBPDSA 1,4-dibromophenylene2,5-disulfonicacidDC DirectcurrentDCTDD 1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,7-dioneDDMEFC DirectdimethyletherfuelcellDDP DetailedDataProductdDR Dubini-Radushkevichaveragemicropore

diameterDDR AzeolitestructurecodeDEF DiethylformamideDeg DegreeDEGDBE DiethyleneglycoldibutyletherΔBa Thedifferenceinmagneticinductionathigh

andlowappliedmagneticfieldsΔG GibbsfreeenergyofreactionΔH Enthalpyofreaction;Enthalpyof

hydrogenation∆H°f StandardheatofformationΔK Stressintensityfactor∆P Pressuredrop;PressurechangeDEMS Differentialelectrochemicalmass

spectroscopyDFM DesignformanufacturingDFMA® DesignforManufacturingandAssemblyDFT DensityfunctionaltheoryDGDE Di-ethyleneglycoldi-butyletherDHBC 2,5-dihydroxybenzenedicarboxylateDI Deionized;De-ionizedwaterDLC DiamondlikecarbondL/g DeciliterspergramDM DiffusionmediaDMA DimethylacetamideDMAc DimethylacetamideDMC DiffusionMonteCarlo;Directmanufactured

costDMDF 2,5-dimethoxy2,5-dihydrofuranDMDS DimethyldisulfideDME Dimethylether;DimethoxyethaneDMEA DimethlethylamineDMEAA DimethlethylaminealaneDMF n,n-di-methylformamideDMFC DirectmethanolfuelcelldmimMeSO4 1,3-dimethyl-imidazoliummethylsulfate



ECV ElectrochemicalcapacitancevoltageED EthylenediamineEDA Ethylenediamine;Energydecomposition

analysisEDAX ManufacturerofenergydispersiveX-ray

hardwareandsoftwareEDBB EthylenediaminebisboraneEDC EnergydistributioncurveedmimCl 2-ethyl-1,3-dimethyl-imidazoliumethylsulfateEDP ElectrophoreticdepositionEDS EnergydispersiveX-rayspectroscopy;

EnergydispersivespectrumEDTA EthylenediaminetetraaceticacidEDX EnergydispersiveX-rayEELS ElectronenergylossspectroscopyEERE U.S.DOEOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyand

RenewableEnergyEFR-AHJ Emergencyfirstresponder-authoritieshaving

jurisdictionEFTE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylenee.g. Exempli gratia:forexampleEGR ExhaustgasrecirculationEHC ElectrochemicalhydrogencompressorEHS EnvironmentalHealthandSafetyEIA EnergyInformationAdministrationofthe

U.S.DepartmentofEnergyEIGAIGC EuropeanIndustrialGasesAssociation/

IndustrialGasesCouncilEIHP EuropeanIntegratedHydrogenProjectEIS ElectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopyEISF ElasticincoherentstructurefactorELAT® RegisteredTrademarkofDeNoraNorth

America,Inc.,coversGDLsandGDEsEMA EffectivemediumapproximationEMF ElectromagneticfieldEMI ElectromagneticinterferenceEMPA ElectronmicroprobeanalysisENABLE Energeticneutralatombeamlithography/

epitaxyENG ExpandednaturalgraphiteeNMR ElectrochemicalnuclearmagneticresonanceEODC Electro-osmoticdragcoefficientEOL EndoflifeEOT EndoftestEPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPD Electrophoreticdeposition

dmpe DimethylphosphinoethaneDMPO 5,5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxideDMSO DimethylsulfoxideDMT DimethyltritylDMTHF DimethyltetrahydrofuranDNA DeoxyribonucleicacidDNG DesulfurizednaturalgasDNI DirectnormalinsolationDOD Depthofdischarge;DepartmentofDefenseDOE DepartmentofEnergyDOT DepartmentofTransportationDP DewpointDRIFTs DiffusereflectanceinfraredFouriertransform

spectroscopyDSC Differentialscanningcalorimetry;Dynamic

scanningcalorimetryDSMTM DimensionallystablemembraneDSM-MC DistancescalingmethodMonteCarloDVBPC DivinylarylethermonomerDVD DigitalvideodiskDVMT Dailyvehiclemilestravelede- ElectronE Activationenergy,kJ/molE0xE1 Utilizationefficiencyofincidentsolarlight

energyE1/2 Half-wavepotentialE85 85%-15%blendofethanolwithgasolineEa ActivationenergyEA EnvironmentalassessmentEad HydrogenadsorptionheatEAN EthylammoniumnitrateEASA ElectrochemicallyactivesurfaceareaE-BOP ElectricalbalanceofplantEBSD ElectronbackscatterdiffractionEC EuropeanCommission;Electro-chemical;

Evaportive-cooled;Efficiencyofconversion;Electrochemicalcapacitance

ECA ElectrochemicalareaECB EthylcyclobutaneECC Electrochemicalcompressor;Engineered

cementitiouscompositeECE EconomicCommissionforEuropeECS EquilibriumcrystalshapeECSA Electrochemicallyactivesurfacearea;

Electrochemicalsurfacearea;Effectivecatalystsurfacearea



FCTESQA FuelCellTesting,SafetyandQualityAssurance(aninternationalefforttoharmonizefuelcelltestingprocedures)

FCTO FuelCellTechnologiesOfficeFCTT FuelCellTechnicalTeamFCV FuelcellvehicleFd FerredoxinFe IronFE U.S.DOEOfficeofFossilEnergyFe2O3 FerricoxideFEA FiniteelementanalysisFEM FiniteelementmodelFEP Fluorinatedethylenepropylene;Teflon®

FESEM Fieldemissionscanningelectronmicroscopefg-ELAT FinegradientELATFIB FocusedionbeamFISIPE FibrasAcrilicasPortugeseFLiNaK LiF-NaF-KFeutecticsaltFLP FrustratedLewispairFluent Computercodeforcomputationalfluid

dynamicsFMEA Failuremodesandeffectsanalysis19FNMR 19FluorinenuclearmagneticresonanceFNR FerredoxinNADP+oxidoreductaseFOM FederatedobjectmodelFOM FigureofmeritFPA Fluoroalkylphosphonicandphosphinicacidsfpi Finsperinchfpm FeetperminuteFPS Bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone;Fuelprocessing

systemFRP Fiber-reinforcedcompositepiping;Fiber-

reinforcedpolymer;FullrateproductionFRR FluoridereleaserateF-SPEEK FluorosulfonicacidofpolyetheretherketoneFSW Frictionstirweldingft FeetFT Faulttreeft2 Squarefeetft3 CubicfeetFTA FederalTransitAdministrationFT-IR,FTIR FouriertransforminfraredFTIR-ATR Fouriertransforminfraredattenuatedtotal

reflectionFTO Fluorine-dopedtinoxideFTP,FTP-75 FederalTestProcedure

EPDM EthylenepropylenedienemonomerEPHC EthylperhydrocarbazoleePTFE ExpandedpolytetrafluoroethyleneER EmergencyresponderERW ElectricresistanceweldES EnergystorageESA ElectrochemicalsurfaceareaESEM EnvironmentalscanningelectronmicroscopeESIF EnergySystemsIntegrationFacilityetal. Et Alii:andothersETA Eventtreeanalysisetc. Et cetera:andsoonE-TEK DivisionofDeNoraNorthAmerica,Inc.ETFE Ethylene-tetrafluoroethyleneETFECS ExtendedthinfilmelectrocatalyststructuresEtOH EthanolEU EuropeanUnioneV ElectronvoltEVD ExtremevaluedistributionsEVOH EthylenevinylalcoholEVSE ElectricvehiclesupplyequipmentEW EquivalentweightEXAFS ExtendedX-rayabsorptionfinestructure

analysisF FluorineF Faradayconstant,theamountofelectric

chargeinonemoleofelectrons(96,485.3383coulomb/mole)

F- FluorineionFA FurfylalcoholFANS FilteranalyzerneutronspectroscopyFAT FleetAnalysisToolkit;Factoryacceptance

testFBMR FluidizedbedmembranereactorFC FuelcellFCB FuelcellbusFCC Face-centeredcubic;FuelCellCatalyst;Fluid

catalyticcrackingFCEB FuelcellelectricbusFCEV FuelcellelectricvehicleFCI FixedcapitalinvestmentFCPOWER FuelCellPowerModelFCPP FuelcellpowerplantFCS FuelcellsystemFCSMR Forecourtsteammethanereformer(ing)FCT FuelCellTechnologies



GLY GlycerolGlyme Dimethoxyethanegm Gram(s)GM GeneralMotorsgm/day Gram(s)perdayg/min Gram(s)perminuteGNF GraphitenanofiberGO GrapheneoxideGODC GrapheneoxidederivedcarbonGOF Graphene-oxideframeworkGPa Gigapascal(s)GPAT GlobalPathwaysResourceAnalysisToolGPC GelpermeationchromatographyGPS GlobalpositioningsystemGPU GaspermeationunitsGRC Glass-reinforcedconcreteGREC Graphitereinforcedepoxycomposite(IM6

continuouslywound)GREET2 Greenhousegases,RegulatedEmissionsand

EnergyuseinTransportationmodelGRPE WorkingPartyonPollutionandEnergyg/s GramspersecondGTI GasTechnologyInstituteGTR GlobalTechnicalRegulationsGUI GraphicaluserinterfaceGV GasolinevehicleGVW GrossvehicleweightGW Anapproximationpermittingpractical

calculationofexcitationenergiesinmetals,semi-conductorsandinsulators

GWe,GWe Gigawatt(s)electrich Hour(s)H HydrogenH+ ProtonH- HydrideH2 DiatomichydrogenH2A HydrogenAnalysisprojectsponsoredbyDOEH2BPyDC 2,2’-bipyridine-5,5’-dicarboxylicacidH2cat Catechol,1,2dihydroxybenzeneH2-FCS Stationaryfuelcellsystemdesignsthatco-

producehydrogenH2(hfipbb) 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(benzoic

acid)H2I HawaiiHydrogenInitiativeH2-ICE,H2ICE

Hydrogeninternalcombustionengine

FWS Fixed-windowscanFW Formulaweight;FilamentwindingFWHM FullwidthathalfmaximumFY Fiscalyearg Gram;accelerationofgravityG GraphiteGa GalliumGaAs GalliumarsenicGADDS Generalareadiffractionsystemgal GallonGaP GalliumphosphideGB GigabyteGC Gaschromatograph;GeneralcomputationalGC Glassy,orvitreouscarbon:apurecarbonthat

isamorphous(non-crystalline)g/cc GramspercubiccentimeterGCLP Grand-canonicallinearprogrammingGCMC GrandCanonicalMonteCarloGCMS Gaschromatograph-massspectroscopyGCNF Graphitizedcarbonnano-fiberGCNT GraphitizedcarbonnanotubesGCtool SoftwarepackagedevelopedatANLfor

analysisoffuelcellsandotherpowersystemsGd GadoliniumGDC Gadolinium-dopedceriaGDE GasdiffusionelectrodeGDL GasdiffusionlayerGDM GasdiffusionmediaGDS GalvanodynamicscanGe GermaniumGES GinerElectrochemicalSystems,LLCGF GlassfiberGFC GasflowchannelGFP GreenfluorescentproteinGGA GeneralizedgradientapproximationGGE,gge GasolinegallonequivalentGH2 GaseoushydrogenGHG GreenhousegasGHSV GashourlyspacevelocityGIS GeographicinformationsystemGJ Gigajoule(s)g/kW Gram(s)perkilowattGLACD Glancingangleco-depositionGLAD GlancingangledepositionGLS Gas-liquidseparator



HER HydrogenevolutionreactionHES HydrogenenergystationHEV HybridelectricvehicleHEX HeatexchangerHf HafniumHF HydrogenFuelerHF Hydrofluorhydricacid;Hydrogenfluoride;

Hartree-FockHFB HexafluorobenzeneHFC HydrogenfuelcellHFCTF HawaiiFuelCellTestFacilityHFCV HydrogenfuelcellvehicleHFI HydrogenFuelInitiativeHFP HexafluoropropyleneHFP 1,1,1,3,3,3hexafluoro-2-propanolHFR High-frequencyresistanceHFS HydrogenfuelingstationHFSS High-fluxsolarsimulatorHFV Hydrogen-fueledvehicleHGEF HawaiiGatewayEnergyCenterHGM HydrogenGenerationModuleHGMs HollowglassmicrospheresHGV HydrogengaseousvehicleHHV HigherheatingvalueHI Hydrogeniodide,hydriodicacidHIA Hydrogen-inducedamorphization;Hydrogen

ImplementingAgreementHIAD HydrogenIncidentsandAccidentsDatabaseHIB High-impedancebufferHIC Hydrogen-inducedcrackingHICE HydrogeninternalcombustionengineHiPCO,HiPCo High-pressurecarbonmonoxideHIPOC HydrogenIndustryPanelonCodesHIx Blendofhydrogeniodide,iodine,andwaterHIZ Perhydro-indolizidineHKUST 1Cu3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2

HLA HighlevelarchitectureHMC HyundaiMotorCompanyHNEI HawaiiNaturalEnergyInstituteHNO3 NitricacidHOMO HighestoccupiedmolecularorbitalHOPG Highly-orderedpyrolyticgraphiteHOR Hydrogenoxidationreactionhp HorsepowerHP Highpressure

H2Lib LibraryofH2componentmodelsinSimulink®

H2O WaterH2O2 HydrogenperoxideH2oba 4,4’-oxybis-benzoicacidH2QWG DOEHydrogenQualityWorkingGroupH2S HydrogensulfideH2SO4 SulfuricacidH2V HydrogenvehicleH3BBC 1,3,5-tris(4’-carboxy[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl-)

benzeneH3BTB 4,4’,4’’-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoicacidH3PO4 PhosphoricacidHAADF High-angleannulardark-fieldHAADF-STEM Highangleannulardarkfieldscanning

transmissionelectronmicroscopyHAMMER HazardousMaterialsManagementand

EmergencyResponseHATCI HyundaiAmericaTechnicalCenter,Inc.HAVO HawaiiVolcanoesNationalParkHAZ Heat-affectedzoneHAZID HazardIdentificationAnalysisHAZOP HazardsandOperationalSafetyAnalysis;

HazardsandoperabilityanalysisHB HydrazineboraneHBr HydrogenbromideHBTU o-Benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N’,N’-

tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphateHCC HybridcathodecatalystHCl,HCL Hydrochloricacid;HydrogenchlorideHClO4 PerchloricacidHCN HydrogencoordinationnumberHCNG Hydrogen-compressednaturalgasHCO3

- Bicarbonatehcp Hexagonalclose-packingHC&S HawaiianCommercialandSugarCompanyHD DeuteriumhydrideHDF HydrogendispensingfacilityHDPE High-densitypolyethyleneHDS HydrogendesulfurizationHDSAM HydrogenDeliveryScenarioAnalysisModelHe HeliumHE HydrogenembrittlementHEMA 2-hydroxylethylmethacrylateHEN HeatexchangenetworkHEPA Highefficiencyparticulateairfilter



HTM High-temperaturemembrane;Hydrogentransportmembrane

HTMWG HighTemperatureMembraneWorkingGroupHTPEM High-temperaturepolymerelectrolyte

membraneHTWGS High-temperaturewater-gasshiftHTXRD High-temperatureX-raydiffractionHVAC Heating,ventilation,andcoolingHWCVD Hot-wirechemicalvapordepositionHWD HotwiredepositionHWFET HighwayFuelEconomyTestHX HeatexchangerHyARC HydrogenAnalysisResourceCenterHYDA Chlamydomonas reinhardtii[FeFe]

hydrogenaseHydrofillTM GTIhydrogendispenserfillingcontrol

algorithmHyDRA HydrogenDemandandResourceAnalysisHyPro,HYPRO

AnalysistoolHyQRA HydrogenquantitativeriskassessmentHyS HybridsulfurHYSYS® ProcesssimulationsoftwarebyAspentech,

computercodeforflowsheetanalysisHyTEx HydrogenTechnicalExperimental(database)HyTRANS DOE’smarketsimulationmodelforthe

transitiontohydrogenvehiclesHz HertzHZM Hotzonemodulei Currentdensity(mA/cm2)I CurrentI2 DiatomiciodineI2CNER InternationalInstituteforCarbon-Neutral

EnergyResearchIBAD IonbeamassisteddepositionIBS IonbeamsputteringI/C IonomertocatalystIC InternalcombustionICC InternationalCodeCouncilICE InternalcombustionengineICEV InternalcombustionenginevehicleICMS IntegratedceramicmembranesystemICP InductivelycoupledplasmaICPAE InductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemissionICP-AES Inductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemission

spectroscopy

HPA HeteropolyacidHPA-C HeteropolyacidHPC HighlyporouscarbonHPEP HydrogenProductionExpertPanelHPIT Hydrogen-poweredindustrialtruckHPLC HighperformanceliquidchromatographyHPPH 1,6-di(4-hydroxyl)phenylperfluorohexaneHPPS N,N-diisopropylethylammonium2,2-bis(p-

hydroxyphenyl)pentafluoropropanesulfonateHPRD HydrogenpressurereliefdeviceHQS100 Hydroquinonesulfonehr Hour(s)HRA HomerefuelingapplianceHRS HydrogenrefuelingstationsHRT HydraulicretentiontimeHRTEM High-resolutiontransmissionelectron

microscopyHR-STEM Highresolutionscanningtransmission

electronmicroscopyHRXRT High-resolutionX-raytomographyHS HydrogensorptionHSAC HighsurfaceareacarbonHSC Databasenamederivedfromthelettersfor

enthalpy,entropy,andheatcapacityHSCC HydrogenStationCostCalculatorHSCoE HydrogenSorptionCenterofExcellenceHSDC HydrogenSecureDataCenterHSE HighsurfaceareaelectrodeHSECoE HydrogenStorageEngineeringCenterof

ExcellenceHSMCoE HydrogenStorageMaterialCenterof

ExcellenceHSO4 BisulfateanionHSP HydrogensafetyplanHSRP HydrogenSafetyReviewPanelHSSIM HydrogenStorageSIMulatorHSU HydrogenseparationunitHT HightemperatureH-T-NT HierarchicalTiO2nanotubesHTAC HydrogenandFuelCellTechnicalAdvisory

CommitteeHTFC High-temperaturefuelcellHTFSA TrifluomethylsulfonicacidHTGR High-temperaturegas-cooledreactorHTHX High-temperatureheatexchanger



IPCE Incidentphotonconversiontoelectrons;Incidentphotonconversionefficiency

IPE IntegratedphotovoltaicelectrolysisIPES InversephotoemissionspectroscopyIPHE InternationalPartnershipfortheHydrogen

EconomyIPNS IntensePulseNeutronScatteringFacilityat

ArgonneNationalLaboratoryIQE InternalquantumefficiencyIR InfrarediR InternalresistanceIr IridiumIRMOF IsoreticularmetalorganicframeworkIrOx IridiumoxideIRR InternalrateofreturnIRRAS Infraredreflection-absorptionspectroscopyISIS World’sleadingpulsedneutronandmuon

sourcelocatedattheUKRutherfordAppletonLaboratorynearOxford

ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

ISOTC197 InternationalStandardsOrganizationTechnicalCommittee

ISS IonscatteringspectroscopyITM IontransportmembraneITO IndiumtinoxideITP IndiumtinphosphateITWS IsothermalwatersplittingIV Current-voltageJ Current;Joule(s)JHQTF JointHydrogenQualityTaskForce(U.S.Fuel

CellCouncil)JM JohnsonMattheyJMFC Johnson-MattheyFuelCells,Inc.JNAIST JapaneseNationalInstituteofAdvanced

IndustrialScienceandTechnologyJOBSFC JOBSandeconomicimpactsofFuelCellsJOBSH2 JOBSandeconomicimpactsofHydrogenJPL JetPropulsionLaboratoryJRC JointResearchCentreJ-V,JV Currentdensity-voltageK Sievert’sconstant,ml/[cm2-min-atm½]K Kelvin,absolutetemperatureK PotassiumkÅ 1,000angstromsKAERI KoreaAtomicEnergyResearchInstitute

ICP-MS Inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry

ICP-OES Inductivelycoupledplasmaopticalemissionspectroscopy

ICR InterfacialcontactresistanceID Insidediameteri.e. id est:thatisIE IntelligentEnergyIEA InternationalEnergyAgencyIEA-HIA InternationalEnergyAgencyHydrogen

ImplementingAgreementIEC InternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIEC Ionexchangecapacity,milliequivalentsof

acidgroupspergramofmaterialIECV IntegratedendcapvesselIEEE InstituteofElectricalandElectronics

Engineers,Inc.IET InstituteforEnergyandTransportIFC InternationalFireCodeIGBT Insolated-gatebipolartransistorIGCC IntegratedgasificationcombinedcycleIGCC-CMR Integratedgasificationcombinedcycle-

catalyticmembranereactorIGCC-MR Integratedgasificationcombinedcycle-

membranereactorIGCC-PBR Integratedgasificationcombinedcycle-

paladium-basedreactorIGT InstituteofGasTechnologyIIC Industrial,institutional,andcommercialIINS InelasticincoherentneutronscatteringIIT IllinoisInstituteofTechnologyIL IonicliquidILS Inter-laboratorystudiesILTA IonicliquidstetheredtoamineboranesIn IndiumIn.,in Inchin2 SquareinchINER InstituteofNuclearEnergyResearchINERI InternationalNuclearEnergyResearch

InitiativeInP IndiumphosphorusINS InelasticneutronscatteringI-O Input-outputIOS IntelligentOpticalSystems,Inc.IP Inductionperiod;IntellectualpropertyIPA Isopthalate;IsopropylalcoholIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange



LANL LosAlamosNationalLaboratoryLAO Lanthanum-modifiedaluminaLAPS LargeapertureprojectionscatterometerLAS Largeaperturescatterometrylb Pound(s)LBM LatticeBoltzmannmethodlbmol Pound(s)-moleLBNL LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryLC Liquidcarrier;LowconcentrationLCA Lifecycleassessment;Life-cycleanalysisLCC LifecyclecostLCC La0.7Ca0.3CrO3-δ

LCH2 Hydrogenatedliquidcarrier;Compressedhydrogenproducedfromliquidhydrogen

LCHPP LowCostHydrogenProductionPlatform(DOEProgramTitle)

LCMS Liquidchromatography-massspectroscopyLCOD LevelizedcostofdrivingLCOE LevelizedcostofelectricityL/D LengthtodiameterratioLDV Light-dutyvehicleLED LightemittingdiodeLEED Low-energyelectrondiffractionLEL LowerexplosionlimitLFG LandfillgasLFL LowerflammabilitylimitL/h,l/h Liter(s)perhourLH2,LH2 LiquidhydrogenLHC Light-harvestingchlorophyllLHSV Liquidhourlyspacevelocity,h-1

LHV LowerheatingvalueLi LithiumLi3N LithiumnitrideLi-AB Lithiumamidoborane,Li-NH2-BH3

LiBH4 LithiumborohydrideLIBS Laser-inducedbreakdownspectroscopyLiH LithiumhydrideLLC LimitedLiabilityCompany;LessonsLearned

CornerLLNL LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryL/min,l/min Liter(s)perminuteLMWO Lanthanummolybdenumtungstenoxide(e.g.,

La2Mo1.8W0.2O9-x)LN2 LiquidnitrogenLNG LiquefiednaturalgasLOC Liquidorganiccarrier

KAIST KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology

kA/m2 Kilo-ampere(s)persquaremeterkb Kilo-basepair,aunitofmeasurementusedin

geneticsequalto1,000nucleotidesKBr Potassiumbromidekcal Kilocalorie(s)kcal/mol Kilocalorie(s)permoleKeV Kiloelectronvolt(s)kg Kilogram(s)kg/d Kilogram(s)perdaykg/hr Kilogram(s)perhourkg/m3 Kilogram(s)percubicmeterKH PotassiumhydrideKHTC Hydrotalcites;Potassium-promoted

hydrotalcitekHz KilohertzKIH FracturetoughnessmeasuredinhydrogengaskJ Kilojoule(s)KJIC FracturetoughnesskJ/mol Kilojoule(s)permolekm Kilometer(s)KMC KineticMonteCarloKOH PotassiumhydroxidekPa Kilopascal(s)kph Kilometer(s)perhourksi 1,000pound-forcepersquareinchkT/y Kiloton(s)peryearKth,Kth FracturetoughnessthresholdKTH Hydrogen-assistedcrackgrowththresholdkVA Kilovolt-amp(s)(unitsofapparentpower)kW Kilowatt(s)kWe,kWe Kilowatt(s)electrickWh Kilowatt-hour(s)kWh/kg Kilowatt-hour(s)perkilogramkWh/L Kilowatt-hour(s)perliterkW/kg Kilowatt(s)perkilogramkWt Kilowatt(s)thermalL,l Liter(s)La LanthanumLAGP LithiumaluminumgermaniumphosphateLAH Lithiumaluminumhydride(LiAlH4)λ Lambda,hydrationnumberLAMH LithiumamideandmagnesiumhydrideLAMOX Lanthanummolybdenumoxide(e.g.,

La2Mo2O9)



M70 Arkema’sfourth-generationmembranecandidate

MA Massactivity;methylacrylateMA3T MarketAcceptanceofAdvancedAutomotive

TechnologiesµA Microampere(s)mA Milliamp(s)MA MassactivityM-AB Metalammonia-boraneMAB,M-AB MetalamidoboranesµA/cm2 Microampere(s)persquarecentimetermA/cm2 Milliamp(s)persquarecentimeterMARKAL MarketAllocationModel—Ageneric,multi-

sectorenergymodeldevelopedbytheEnergyTechnologySystemsAnalysisProgramoftheInternationalEnergyAgency

MAS MagicanglespinningMAS11B-NMR

Magicanglespinningboron-11nuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy

MAS-NMR Magicanglespinningnuclearmagneticresonance

MATI ModularAdsorptionTankInsertMAWP MaximumallowableworkingpressureMB MegabyteMBE MolecularbeamepitaxyMBMS MolecularbeammassspectrometryM-BOP MechanicalbalanceofplantMBRC MilesbetweenroadcallMBWR ModifiedBenedictWebbRubinMC MonteCarlo;MethylcellulosemC2 Multi-componentcomposite(membrane)MCB MarineCorpsBasemC-cm-2 Millicoulomb(s)persquarecentimeterMCEL MilleniumCell,Inc.MCFC MoltencarbonatefuelcellmCHP Micro-combinedheatandpowerμCHP Micro-combinedheatandpowerµCHX Microscalecombustor/heatexchangerMCM Mobilecrystallinematerialμc-Si MicrocrystallinesiliconMDES Methyl-diethoxysilanemdip 5,5′-methylene-di-isophthalateMEA MembraneelectrodeassemblyMeAB MethylamineboraneMEAM Modifiedembeddedatommethod

LOHC LiquidorganichydrogencarrierLP LatticeparameterLPG LiquefiedpetroleumgasLPM Liter(s)perminuteLPR Liquid-phasereformingLQ* DehydrogenatedliquidcarrierLQ*H2 HydrogenatedliquidcarrierLRIP LowrateinitialproductionLRS LaserramanspectroscopyLSAC LowsurfaceareacarbonLSC Lanthanumstrontiumcobaltoxide,(La,Sr)

CoO3,strontium-dopedlanthanumcobaltite,La0.8Sr0.2CoO3+δ

LSCF Lanthanumstrontiumcobaltironoxide,(La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3

LSCF7328 La-Sr-Cu-Fe-OLSCM Lanthanumstrontiumchromiummanganese

oxide,(La,Sr)(Cr,Mn)O3

LSCr Lanthanumstrontiumchromiumoxide,(La,Sr)CrO3

LSM LanthanumstrontiummanganeseLSMO Lanthanumstrontiummanganeseoxide,

(La,Sr)MnO3,strontium-dopedlanthanummanganite,La0.8Sr0.2MnO3+δ

LST Lanthanumstrontiumtitaniumoxide,(La,Sr)TiO3

LSV Lanthanumstrontiumvanadate;Linearsweepvoltammetry

LT Low-temperatureLTDMS Laserinducedthermaldesorptionmass

spectrometryLUMO Lowestunoccupiedmolecularorbitalm Meter(s)M Mole,Molar;Millionm2 Squaremeter(s)m2/g Squaremeter(s)pergramm2/s Squaremeter(s)persecondm3 Cubicmeter(s)M31 Arkema’sfirst-generationmembrane

candidateM41 Arkema’ssecond-generationmembrane

candidateM43 Arkema’sthird-generationmembrane

candidateM51,M52,M53

Arkema’smembanesincorporatingphosphonicacid



MMBtu MillionBritishthermalunitsMM-FSW Multi-pass,multi-layerfrictionstirweldingMMOF Microporousmetal-organicframeworkmmol Millimole(s)µmol Micromole(s)MMSCFD Millionstandardcubicfeet/dayMMT MillionmetrictonnesMn ManganeseMn2O3 ManganeseoxideM-N-H Amide/imideMnO ManganeseoxideµΩ-cm2 Micro-ohm(s)-squarecentimeterMo MolybdenumMO Molecularorbital;metaloxideMOA MemorandumofAgreementMOF Metal-organicframeworkmol Mole(s)MOL Middleoflifemol% Molepercentmol/min Mole(s)perminutemΩ Milli-ohm(s)MΩ Mega-ohm(s)mΩ/cm2 Milli-ohm(s)persquarecentimeterMoPc MolybdenumphthalocyanineMOR MethanoloxidationreactionMPa Megapascal(s)MPG,mpg Mile(s)pergallonMPGGE Milespergasolinegallonequivalentmph Mile(s)perhourMPHI MethylperhydroindoleMPL MicroporouslayerMPMC MassivelyParallelMonteCarlompy MilesperyearMQMAS MultiplequantummagicanglespinningMR MembranereactorMRCAT MaterialsResearchCollaborativeAccess

TeamMREC Microbialreverse-electrodialysiselectrolysis

cellMRI MagneticresonanceimagingMRL Manufacturingreadinesslevelms Millisecond(s)MS Massspectroscopy;Massspectrometry;More

StationsMSAC Mid-rangecarbonsupport;Mediumsurface

areacarbon

MEC Microbialelectrolysiscell;Minimumexplosiveconcentration

MeCN AcetonitrileMEIC Mixedelectronicandionicconducting

(membranes)MEMS Micro-electro-mechanicalsystemsMeOH Methanolmeq Milliequivalentsmeq/g Milliequivalents/gramMES MicrostructeredelectrodescaffoldMeV Megaelectronvoltmf MassfractionMg Megagram(s)µg Microgram(s)mg Milligram(s)MgCl2 Magnesiumchloridemg/cm2 Milligram(s)persquarecentimeterMgH2 MagnesiumhydrideMgH2@C MgH2incorporatedincarbonscaffoldMgO MagnesiumoxideMg(OH)2 MagnesiumhydroxidemgPt/cm2 Milligram(s)ofplatinumpersquare

centimeterMH,M-H MetalhydrideMHC Metalhydride-basedcompressorMHCoE MetalHydrideCenterofExcellenceMHE MaterialhandlingequipmentMHI MethylperhydroindoleMHz Megahertzmi Mile(s)MIE MinimumignitionenergyMIEC Mixedionicandelectronicconductionmi/kg Mile(s)perkilogrammil Millimeter(s)min Minute(s)MIT MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMiTi® MohawkInnovativeTechnologiesInc.MJ Megajoule(s)mL,ml Milliliter(s)ML MonolayerµCHP Micro-combinedheatandpowerµm Micrometer(s);micron(s)µM MicromolarmM Millimolarmm Millimeter(s)



NaBH4 SodiumborohydrideNaBO2 SodiummetaborateNACE NationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineersNaCl SodiumchlorideNACS NorthAmericanCatalysisSocietyNADH (reduced)NicotinamideadeninedinucleotideNADP NicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphateNADPH Nicotinamideadenininedinucleotide

phosphateNafion® RegisteredTrademarkofE.I.DuPontde

NemoursNaH SodiumhydrideNANG NorthAmericannaturalgasNaOH SodiumhydroxideNAS NationalAcademyofSciencesNASA NationalAeronauticsandSpace

AdministrationNb NiobiumNcc NormalcubiccentimetersN/cm2 Newton(s)persquarecentimeterNCNR NISTCenterforNeutronResearchND NotdeterminedatthistimeNDC Newdeliveryconcept,Naphthalene-2,6-

dicarboxylatenDDB N-dodecylbenzeneNDE Non-destructiveexaminationNE U.S.DOEOfficeofNuclearEnergy,Science,

andTechnologyNEB NudgedelasticbandNEC NationalElectricalCodeNEF N-ethylformamideNEMS NationalEnergyModelingSystemNEPA NationalEnvironmentalPolicyActNETL NationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratoryNEU NortheasternUniversityNEXAFS NearedgeX-rayabsorptionfinestructureNFCBP NationalFuelCellBusProgramNFCRC NationalFuelCellResearchCenterNFM NanoporousframeworkmaterialNfn-Pt/C Nafion®-loadedPt/CNFPA NationalFireProtectionAssociationng NanogramNG NaturalgasNGCC NaturalgascombinedcycleNGNP NextGenerationNuclearPlantNGV Naturalgasvehicle

mS/cm Milli-Siemen(s)percentimeterMS-H2 HydrogenmassspectrometryMSM Macro-SystemModelMSR MembranesteamreformerMSRI MaterialsandSystemsResearch,Inc.MSTF MesostructuredthinfilmsMTA Metrictonneperannum;MassTransportation

AgencyMTBF MeantimebetweenfailureMTBR MeantimebetweenrepairsM/TC Metal-dopedtemplatedcarbonM-TCPP M=Fe,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,H2,tetrakis(4-

carboxyphenyl)porphyrinmtorr MillitorrµV Microvolt(s)mV Millivolt(s)MV MethylviologenmW Milliwatt(s)MW Megawatt(s)MW MolecularweightmW/cm2 Milliwatt(s)persquarecentimeterMWCNT Multiple-wallcarbonnanotubeMWe Megawatt(s)electricMWh Megawatt-hour(s)MWNT Multi-wallcarbonnanotubeMWOE MidwestOptoelectronics,LLCMWth Megawatt(s)thermalMYPP Multi-YearProgramPlan(theFuelCell

TechnologiesOffice’sMulti-YearResearch,Development,andDemonstrationPlan)

MYRDD,MYRD&DP Multi-YearResearch,DevelopmentandDemonstrationPlan

N Normal(e.g.,1NH3PO4is1normalsolutionofphosphoricacid)

N NitrogenatomN Newton(unitofforce)N112 Nafion1100equivalentweight,2millimeter

thickmembraneN2 DiatomicnitrogenN2O NitrousoxideNa SodiumNA NorthAmericanNa2S SodiumsulfideNa3AlH6 TrisodiumhexahydroaluminateNaAlH4 Sodiumaluminumhydride;Sodium

tetrahydroaluminate;Sodiumalanate



NPPD n-phenyl-phenylenediamineNPS NationalParkServiceNPT NormalpressureandtemperatureNPV NetpresentvalueNR NanorodNR3 TertiaryamineNRC NationalResearchCouncilNREL NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryNRELFAT NRELFleetAnalysisToolkitNRVS NuclearresonancevibrationalspectroscopyNSF NationalScienceFoundationNSTF Nano-structuredthin-filmNSTFC Nano-structuredthinfilmcatalystNT NanotubeNTCNA NissanTechnicalCenter,NorthAmericaNTE Negativethermal-expansionN-T-NT Nano-grasstypetitaniananotubeNV NeutronvibrationalNVS NeutronvibrationalspectroscopyNW NanowireNWM NaturalWaterManagement,UTCPower’s

systemandcellstackdesignwhichutilizesevaprotativecoolinginthecellstackassembly

NYSERDA NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthority

NZVI NanozerovalentironΩ Ohm(s)Ωcm2 Ohm(s)-squarecentimeterO OxygenO2 DiatomicoxygenO/C Oxygen-to-carbonratioOCP OpencircuitpotentialOCSD OrangeCountySanitationDistrictOCV Open-circuitvoltageo.d.,OD OuterdiameterODA OxygenatedformofdiamineODE OrdinarydifferentialequationOEC OxygenevolvingcomplexOEM OriginalequipmentmanufacturerOER OxygenevolutionreactionOGMC OrderedgraphiticmesoporouscarbonOH- HydroxylradicalO&M OperationandmaintenanceOMC OrderedmesoporouscarbonΩ Ohm(s)

NH3 AmmoniaNHA NationalHydrogenAssociationNHE NormalhydrogenelectrodeNHFC4 NationalHydrogenandFuelCellsCodesand

StandardsCoordinatingCommitteeNHI NuclearHydrogenInitiativeNHTSA NationalHighwayTrafficSafety

AdministrationoftheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation

Ni NickelNICC NaturalgasInfrastructureComponentCost

modelNILS NormalinterstitiallatticesitesNiMH NickelmetalhydrideNIR Nearinfra-redNIST NationalInstituteofStandardsand

TechnologyNL Normalliter(s)NLDFT Non-localdensityfunctionaltheorynm Nanometer(s)NM NoblemetalNm3 Normalcubicmeter(s)NMHC Non-methanehydrocarbonsNMOC Non-methaneorganiccarbonsnmol Nanomole(s)NMP N-methylpyrrolidoneNMR NuclearmagneticresonanceNMSU NewMexicoStateUniversityNMT NewMexicoTechNNA Non-NorthAmericanNNANG Non-NorthAmericannaturalgasNNIF NISTneutronimagingfacilityNNSA NationalNuclearSecurityAdministrationNO2 NitricoxideNOA NorlandOpticalAdhesivenOB N-octylbenzeneNOx,NOx OxidesofnitrogenNP NanoparticleNPB NeopentylbenzeneNPC Nanoporouscarbon;NormalizedphotocurrentNPGM Non-preciousmetalgroupNPMC Non-preciousmetalcatalystNPD NeutronpowderdiffractionNPDF NeutronpowderdiffractionNPM Nanostructuredpolymericmaterials;

Non-preciousmetal



PCF PolycarbonatefilmPCHD Poly(cyclohexadiene)PCI Pressure-compositionisothermPCL PolycaprolactonePCM PowercontrolmodulePCN PorouscoordinationnetworkP-C-P Phosphorus-carbon-phosphorusPCR PolymerasechainreactionPCS PowerconditioningsystemPCT,P-C-T Pressure-concentration-temperaturePCTFE PolychlorotrifluoroethylenePd PalladiumPDA PhenyldiacetylenePdAg Palladium-silveralloyPd-ACF Pd-modifiedactivatedcarbonfibersPd-CR Palladium-basedchemicalresistorPdCu,Pd-Cu Palladium-copperalloyPdCuTM PalladiumcoppertransitionmetalPDF Probabilitydensityfunction;Pairdistribution

functionPdHg/CF Carbonfoamdopedwithpalladium-mercury

compoundPDI PolydispersityindexPd-MIS Palladium-basedmetal-insulator-

semiconductorPDMS PolydimethylsiloxanePDS PotentiodynamicscanPDU ProcessdevelopmentunitPE Polyelectrolyte;PolyethylenePEC Photoelectrochemical;Photoelectrocatalyst;

PhotoelectrochemicalcellPECH PolyepichlorohydrinPECVD Plasma-enhancedchemicalvapordepositionPED PulsedelectrodepositionPEDOT:ClO4 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):perchloratePEEK PolyetheretheretherketonePEFC Polymerelectrolytefuelcell;Protonexchange

fuelcellPEG PolyethyleneglycolPEGMEMA Monomethoxypoly(ethyleneglycol)

methacrylatePEGS PrototypeelectrostaticgroundstatePEI Polyetherimide;PolyethyleneiminePEKK Poly(etherketoneketone)PEM Protonexchangemembrane;Polymer

electrolytemembrane

Ωcm2 Ohm(s)-squarecentimeterONR OfficeofNavalResearchORF OpeningReadingFrameindicatingthe

occurenceofaproteincodingregionintheDNAsequence

ORNL OakRidgeNationalLaboratoryORNL-HTML

OakRidgeNationalLaboratoryHighTemperatureMaterialsLaboratory

ORR OxygenreductionreactionOSC OxygenstoragecapabilityOSHA OccupationalSafetyandHealth

AdministrationOSM Opticalscatterfieldmicroscopyo-SWNH Oxidizedsingle-wallednanohornOSU OhioStateUniversityOSU OregonStateUniversity(Microproducts

BreakthroughInstitute)OTM OxygentransportmembraneP PhosphorusP PressurePa Pascal(s)PA Phosphoricacid,Phenylacetylene;PolyamidePAA Poly(acrylicacid)P&D PickupanddeliveryPAD Polymer-assisteddepositionPADD PetroleumAdministrationforDefense

DistrictPAES Poly(arylene-ether-sulfone)PAFC PhosphoricacidfuelcellP&ID PipingandinstrumentationdiagramPAN Peroxyacetylnitrate;PolyacrylonitrilePANI PolyanilinePAN-MA PolyacrylonitrilewithmethylacrylatePAN-VA PolyacrylonitrilewithvinylacetatePA/PBI Phosphoric-acid-dopedpolybenzimidazolePAR Photosynthetically-activeradiationPAS Photoactivesemiconductor;PhotoacousticPb LeadPB PolyborazylenePBI PolybenzimidazolePBPDSA poly(biphenylenedisulfonicacid)P-C Pressure-compositionPC PolycarbonatePCA PyrenecarboxylicacidPCE Perchloroethylene



PHEV Plug-inhybridelectricvehiclePHI Perhydro-indolizidinePHIP Para-hydrogeninducedpolarizationPHMI Perhydro-methylindolePhOH PhenolPI PrincipalinvestigatorPI PolyimideP&ID Pipingandinstrumentationdiagram;Process

andinstrumentationdiagramPIL,pIL ProticionicliquidPIM,pIM ProticionicmembranepKa AciddissociationconstantPLC ProgrammablelogiccontrollerPLLA Poly-L-lacticacidPLP PreparedLewispairPLRS PlanarlaserRaleighscatterPLS Polymer-layeredsilicatePM PreciousmetalsuchasplatinumPM ParticulatematterPMG Glycidylmethacrylate-typecopolymerPMMA Poly(methylmethacrylate)PND PolymerizednitrogendonorPNNL PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratorypO2 OxygenpartialpressurePOC ProofofconceptPOCOP P,P-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-,3-[[bis(1,1-

dimethylethyl)phosphino]oxy]phenylesterPOF Polymeric-organicframework;Porous

organicframeworkPOM PolyoxometallatePOP PorousorganicpolymersPOSS PolyhedraloligomericsilsesquioxanePOX PartialoxidationPP Polyphosphazene;Polypropylene;

Poly(phenylene)PPA Polyphosphoricacid;Polyphthalamideppb Part(s)perbillionppbv Part(s)perbillionbyvolumePPDSA Poly(p-phenylenedisulfonicacid)PPE PorouspolyethylenePPI PlugPower,Inc.;Pore(s)perinchppm,PPM Part(s)permillionppmv Part(s)permillionbyvolumeppmw Part(s)permillionbyweightPPN PorouspolymernetworkPPO Phenylphosphineoxide

PEMFC Polymerelectrolytemembranefuelcell;Protonexchangemembranefuelcell

PEN PolyethylenenaphthalatePEO Poly(ethyleneoxide)PES PolyethersulfonePES ProtonEnergySystems,Inc.PES PolyethersulfonePET PolyethyleneteraphthalatePetF1 SynechocystishostferredoxinPEV Plug-inelectricvehiclePF PerfluoroPFA Perfluoroalkoxy(atypeoffluoropolymer)PFA PolyfurfurylalcoholPFAC PFA-derivedcarbonPFAE PerfluoroalkyletherPFC PolymerelectrolytemembranefuelcellPFCS Poly-generativefuelcellsystemsPFD ProcessflowdiagramPFGB PerfluorinatedguanidinebasePFG-NMR Pulsefieldgradientnuclearmagnetic

resonancePFGSE PulsefieldgradientspinechoPFGSENMR Pulsedfieldgradientspinechonuclear

magneticresonancePFIA PerfluoroimideacidPFPO PerfluorinatedpropyleneoxidePFPO-PSS Poly(perfluoropropyleneoxide)-b-

poly(styrenesulfonate)PFSA Perfluorinatedsulfonicacid,perfluorosulfonic

acid,poly(fluorosulfonicacid)PFSI PerfluorosulfonateionomerPFSHQ 2-(5-fluorosulfonyl-3-oxaoctafluoropentyl)-

1,4-dihydroxy-benzenePG PropyleneglycolPGAA Prompt-gammaactivationanalysisPGE PlatinumgroupelementPGM Preciousgroupmetal;Platinum-groupmetalPGSE Pulsed-fieldgradientspin-echoPGV PunaGeothermalVenturespH Powerofthehydroniumionp-H2 Para-hydrogenPh3SnCl TriphenyltinchloridePh3SnSnPh3 HexaphenyldistannanePHA Processhazardanalysis;Preliminaryhazard

analysisPHEC Perhydro-ethylcarbazole



Pt/AX-21 Pt-dopedmicroporouscarbonAX-21Pt/C Platinum/carbonPTC ProductiontaxcreditPTFE Teflon®–poly-tetrafluoroethylenePt-FePO PlatinumironphosphatePTM ProtontransportmembranePtML PlatinummonolayerPt-MM PlatinumgroupmixedmetalPt-NH Platinumdecoratedcarbonnano-hornsPtO PlatinumoxidePtO2 PlatinumdioxidePtRu PlatinumrutheniumPt-SWNH Platinumdecoratedsingle-wallednanohornsPt-TaPO PlatinumtantalumphosphatePTTPP Poly-tetrakis(3,5-dithiophen-2-ylphenyl)-

porphyrinPTW PumptowheelsPV Photovoltaic;PresentvaluePVA PolyvinylalcoholPVC PolyvinylchloridePVD PhysicalvapordepositionPVDC PolyvinylidenechloridePVDF PolyvinylidenefluoridePVP PolyvinylpyrrolidonePVPP PolyvinylpyridiniumphosphatePVT,P-V-T Pressure-Volume-TemperaturePXRD PowderX-raydiffractionPyC 4-pyrazolecarboxylatePzDC 2,8-pyrazaboledicarboxylateQ NeutronmomentumtransferQ1,Q2,Q3,Q4

QuartersoftheyearQC QualitycontrolQCM QuartzcrystalmicrobalanceQE QuantumefficiencyQENS QuasielasticneutronscatteringQLRA QualitativeriskanalysisQMC QuantumMonteCarloQNS QuasielasticneutronscatteringQRA QuantitativeriskassessmentqRT-PCR Quantitativereversetranscriptase-polymerase

chainreactionQst IsostericheatofadsorptionR Universaloridealgasconstant,8.314472J·

K-1·mol-1

RAMAN Aspectroscopictechnique

PPOR MetalloporphyrinporousorganicpolymerP-POSS Phosphonicacidpolyhedraloligomeric

silsesquioxanePPS PolyphenylenesulfidePPSA Poly(p-phenylenesulfonicacid)PPSA PartialpressureswingadsorptionPPSU PolyphenylsulfonePPy PolypyrrolePr PraseodymiumPR PressureratioPRA ProbabilisticriskassessmentPRD PressurereliefdevicePrOx PreferentialoxidationPRSV Peng-RobinsonStryjek-VeraPS Protonsponge(bis-(dimethyamino)

naphthalene)PS PolysiloxanePSA Pressureswingadsorption,adsorberPSAT PowertrainSystemsAnalysisToolkit,

avehiclesimulationsoftwarepackagedevelopedatArgonneNationalLaboratory

PSD Particlesizedistribution,poresizedistribution

PSEPVE Perfluoro(4-methyl-3,6-dioxaoct-7-ene)sulfonylfluoride

PSf Poly(aryleneethersulfone)psi,PSI Pound(s)persquareinchPSI PhotosystemIpsia Pound(s)persquareinchabsolutepsid Pound(s)persquareinchdifferentialpsig,PSIG Pound(s)persquareinchgaugePSOFC PlanarsolidoxidefuelcellPSS Porousstainlesssteel;PotentiostaticscanPSU PolysulfonePSU PennsylvaniaStateUniversityPt PlatinumPT PhosphazenetrimerP-T Pressure-temperaturePt3Co Platinum-cobaltalloyPt3Fe Platinum-ironalloyPt3Ni Platinum-nickelalloyPTA PhosphotungsticacidPt/AC/BC/IRMOF-8

Isoreticularmetalorganicframework(MOF)dopedwithplatinumsupportedonactivatedcarbon,andfurthercoupledtoMOFwithabridgingcompound



RR RoundrobinRRDE RotatingringdiscelectrodeRSOFC ReversiblesolidoxidefuelcellRT RoomtemperatureRTD ResistivetemperaturedeviceRTIL RoomtemperatureionicliquidRTO Ruthenium-titaniumoxideRu Rutheniums Second(s)S Siemen(s)S Sulfur-S Sulfur-deprivedSA SpecificamperageSA SurfaceareaSA Sulfur-ammoniathermochemicalwater-

splittingcycle;SystemArchitectSAC Super-activatedcarbonSAE SAEInternational,originallyknownasthe

SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersSAFC SolidacidfuelcellSAH SodiumaluminumhydrideSAM ScanningAugermicroscopySAMPE SocietyfortheAdvancementofMaterialand

ProcessEngineeringSANS SmallangleneutronscatteringSAS Styrene-acrylonitrile-vinylsulfateSASSP SolventassistedsolidstateprocessingSAXS SmallangleX-rayscatteringSBAB Sec-butylamineboraneSBET BETspecificsurfaceareaSBH SodiumborohydrideSBIR SmallBusinessInnovationResearchSc ScandiumS/C SteamtocarbonratioSCC Stresscorrosioncrackingsccm,SCCM Standardcubiccentimeter(s)perminuteSCCV Steel/concretecompositevesselSCE SaturatedcalomelelectrodeSCF,scf Standardcubicfeet;Supercriticalfluidscfd StandardcubicfeetperdaySCFH,scfh StandardcubicfeetperhourSCFM StandardcubicfeetperminuteS/cm Siemen(s)percentimeterSCOF SinglecellwithopenflowfieldSCR Selectivecatalyticreduction;Semi-conductor

rectifier

RAS RussianAcademyofSciencesRBS RutherfordbackscatteringRC Resistance-capacitance;ResearchclusterRCD RatedcurrentdensityRCS RegulationscodesandstandardsRCSWG Regulations,Codes,andStandardsWorking

GroupRct ChargetransferresistanceRCWA RigorouscoupleswaveguideanalysisR&D ResearchanddevelopmentRD&D,R,D&D

Research,development&demonstrationRDE RotatingdiskelectrodeRe RheniumReaxFF Reactiveforcefieldlarge-scalemolecular

dynamiccalculationsREC RenewableenergycreditRED ReverseelectrodialysisREWP RenewableEnergyWorkingPartyRf GenericfluoroalkylgroupRF,rf RadiofrequencyRFC RegenerativefuelcellRFP RequestforproposalsRFT Reactiveflow-throughRGA Residualgasanalyzer(analysis)Rh RhodiumRH RelativehumidityRHE Referencehydrogenelectrode;Reversible

hydrogenelectrodeRHLC Relativehumidity/loadcycletestρa Apparentdensityofactivatedcarbonρad.H2

AdsorbatehydrogendensityinmicroporesRIXS ResonantinelasticX-rayscatteringspectraRMS RootmeansquareRNA RibonucleicacidRNG RenewablenaturalgasROI ReturnoninvestmentROM RoughorderofmagnitudeROMP Ring-openingmetathesispolymerizationROW RightofwayRPC Ruthenium-polypridylcomplexRPI RensselaerPolytechnicInstituterpm Revolution(s)perminuteRPN RiskprioritynumberRPS RenewableportfoliostandardRPSA Rapicpressureswingadsorption



SLMA Sr-andMn-dopedLaAlO3

SLPH Standardliter(s)perhourSLPM Standarsliter(s)perminuteslpm,slm,sL/min Standardliter(s)perminuteSLT Strontium-dopedlanthanumtitanateSMART Specific,measurable,attainable,relevant,

timelySMR Steammethanereformer;Steammethane

reformingSMR-ECM Steammethanereformerwithelectrochemical

purifierSMR-PSA Steammethanereformerwithpressureswing

adsorptionSMT Single-moleculetrapSn TinSNG SubstitutenaturalgasSNL SandiaNationalLaboratoriesSNLL SandiaNationalLaboratoryLivermoreSnO TinoxideSnO2 TinoxideSNR Signal-to-noiseratioSNS SpallationneutronsourceSNTT SpiralnotchtorsiontestSO2 SulfurdioxideSO3 SulfurtrioxideSOC State-of-chargeSOEC Solidoxideelectrolysiscell;Solidoxide

electrolyzercellSOFC SolidoxidefuelcellSOFEC Solidoxidefuel-assistedelectrolysiscellSOM Solid-oxideoxygen-ion-conducting

membraneSORFC SolidoxideregenerativefuelcellSOTA StateoftheartSOW StatementofworkSOx OxidesofsulfursPAES Sulfonatedpoly(aryleneethersulfone)SPE SolidphaseepitaxialSPEEK Sulfonatedpoly(etheretherketone)SPEK Sulfonatedpoly-etherketone-ketoneSPEKK Sulfonatedpolyether(etherketoneketone)SPEX TypeofmillingmachineSPM ScanningprobemicroscopesPOSS Sulfonatedoctaphenylpolyhedraloligomeric

silsesquioxanes

ScSZ Scandia-stabilizedzirconiaSD Standarddeviation;SystemdynamicsSDAPP SulfonatedDiels-AlderpolyphenyleneSDAPPe SulfonatedDiels-AlderpolyphenyleneetherSDC Samarium-dopedceriasDCDPS 3,3′-disulfonate-4,4′-dichlorodiphenylsulfoneSDE SO2-depolarizedelectrolyzerSDO StandardsdevelopmentorganizationSe SeleniumSE Secondaryelectron;spectroscopic

ellipsometrysec Second(s)SECA SolidStateEnergyConversionAllianceSECM ScanningelectrochemicalmicroscopeSEM Scanningelectronmicroscopy;Scanning

electronmicroscopeSEOS SimpleequationofstateSERA ScenarioEvaluation,Regionalization,and

AnalysisSERC SchatzEnergyResearchCenterSET SurfaceenergytreatmentSF Safetyfactor;Polystyrene-b-PFPOSF6 SulfurhexafluorideSFA SulfonicacidSFC2 SrFeCo0.5Ox

SFM Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ

SFT Sr-Fe-TioxideSFTI Sr0.1Fe0.9Ti0.10Ox

SG ShalegasSGD Spontaneousgalvanicdisplacement;System

gravimetricdensitySGIP Self-GenerationIncentiveProgramSh SherwoodSHE StandardhydrogenelectrodeSi SiliconS-I Sulfur-iodineSI Sulfur-iodinecycle;SpectrumimageSi3N4 SiliconnitrideSiC SiliconcarbideSiCN SiliconcarbonitrideSIMS SecondaryionemissionspectroscopySi-NS SilicananospringsSiO2 SilicondioxideSIU SouthernIllinoisUniversitysL Standardliter(0°C,1atm)SLAC StanfordLinearAcceleratorCenter



t TimeT1bar Temperatureatwhichequilibriumpressure

ofhydrogenis1barforahydrogenexchangereaction

Ta TantalumTA TerephthalicacidTAG TechnicalAdvisoryGroupTAMU TexasA&MUniversityTaON TantalumoxynitrideTaPO TantalumphosphateTBAB Tetra-n-butylammoniumbromideTBA2B12H12 Tetra-n-butylammonium

dodecahydrododecaborateTBABh Tetra-n-butylammoniumborohydrideTBA-PF6 Tetra-n-butylammoniumhexafluorophosphateTBD TobedeterminedTBMD Tight-bindingmoleculardynamicTC TemplatedcarbonTC ThermocoupleTCCR Transparent,conductingandcorrosion

resistantTCD ThermalconductivitydetectorTCNE TetracyanoethyleneTCO TransparentconductiveoxideTDDFT Time-dependentdensityfunctionaltheoryTDLAS TunablediodelaserabsorptionspectroscopyTDS TransitionaldemandscenarioTe Telluriumte Metrictonortonne(1,000kg)TEA TriethylamineTEA2B12H12 TriethylammoniumdodecahydrododecaborateTEAA TriethylaminealaneadductTEAB TetraethylammoniumborohydrideTEAH TetraethylammoniumhydroxideTEAMS tetraethylammoniummethanesulfonicTED Triethylene-diamineTEDA TriethylenediamineTEM TransmissionelectronmicroscopyTEOA TriethanolamineTEOM TaperedelementoscillatingmicrobalanceTEOS Tetra-ethoxysilanetf ThinfilmTf Trifluormethanesufonate,ortriflateanion

(CF3SO3-)TFA TrifluoromethanesulfonicacidTFAc Trifluoroacetate

S-PPSU SulfonatedpolyphenylsulfoneSPS Sparkplasmasinteringsq.in. Squareinch(es)Sr StrontiumSR Steamreformer;Steamreforming;Salinity

ratio;StoichometricratioSRNL SavannahRiverNationalLaboratorySrO StrontiumoxideSRR Solarreceiver-reactorSrTiO3 StrontiumtitanateSS StainlesssteelSSA SpecificsurfaceareaSSAWG StorageSystemAnalysisWorkingGroupSSC Shortside-chain;Structure,system,and

componentSSM SacrificialsupportmethodSSNMR Solid-statenuclearmagneticresonanceSSRL StanfordSynchrotronRadiationLaboratorySSWAG StorageSystemWorkingAnalysisGroupSTCH SolarthermochemicalhydrogenSTEM ScanningtransmissionelectronmicroscopySTH Solar-to-hydrogenSTM ScanningtunnelingmicroscopySTMBMS Simultaneousthermogravimetricmodulated

beammassspectrometerSTP StandardtemperatureandpressureSTS ScanningtunnelingspectroscopySTTP SharedTechnologyTransferProjectSTTR SmallBusinessTechnologyTransferSu UltimatetensilestrengthSU/SD Start-upandshut-downSUNY-ESF StateUniversityNewYorkEnvironmental

ScienceForestrySV SpacevelocitySVD SystemvolumetricdensitySW SquarewaveSWCNH Single-wallcarbonnanohornSWCNT Single-walledcarbonnanotubeSWNH Single-wallednanohornSWNT Single-wallnanotubeSwRI® SouthwestResearchInstitute®

Sy YieldstrengthSYT Yttrium-dopedstrontiumtitanateT TemperatureT,t Ton,tonneT Tesla(unitofmagneticinduction)



TMOS TetramethoxysilaneTMPP TetramethoxyphenylporphyrinsTMPS TrimethoxylphenylsilaneTMPyP TetramethylpyridylporphineTNA TitaniananotubearrayTNT TrinitrotolueneTN-T TiO2nanotubesTOC TotalorganiccontentTOF TurnoverfrequencyToF-SIMS Time-of-flightsecondaryionspectroscopyTPA Tripropylamine;Temperature-programmed

adsorptionTPAH Tetra-n-propylammoniumhydroxideTPB TriplephaseboundaryTPD Tonne(s)perdayTPD Thermallyprogrammeddesorption;

Temperature-programmeddesorptionTPDMS Temperature-programmeddesorptionmass

spectrometryTPO Temperature-programmedoxidationTPP TetraphenylporphyrinTPPS 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)

porphyrinTPR Temperature-programmedreductionTPRD Thermally-activatedpressurereliefdeviceTPS 3-(trihydroxysilyl)-1-propane-sulfonicacidTPV Through-platevoltageTRA TechnologyReadinessAssessmentTRAIN TrainingFinderRealtimeAffiliateNetworkTRL TechnologyreadinesslevelTRO RuO2-TiO2

Trityl Chemicalblockinggroupusedtoprotectamines

tr.oz. TroyounceTSWS Temperature-swingwatersplittingTVS TwinVorticesSeriesTW TriangelwaveUC UniversityofCaliforniaUCB UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyUCF UniversityofCentralFloridaUCI UniversityofCalifornia,IrvineUCLA UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesUCONN UniversityofConnecticutUCSB UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbaraUDDS UrbanDynamometerDrivingScheduleUEL Upperexplosivelimit

TFE TetrafluoroethyleneTFMPA TrifluoromethylphosphonicacidTFMSA TrifluoromethanesulfonicacidTF-RDE Thinfilmrotatingdiskelectrodetf-Si Thin-filmsiliconTFSI bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imideTFVE TrifluorovinyletherTg,Tg GlasstransitiontemperatureTG Thermogravimetric;TheoryGroupTGA Thermalgravimetricanalysis;

Thermogravimetricanalysis;Thermogravimetricanalyzer

TGA-DSC Thermo-gravimetricanalysis-differentialscanningcalorimetry

TGA-MS Thermogravimetricanalysis-massspectrometer

TG-DTA Thermo-gravimetric/differentialthermalanalyzer

THF TetrahydrofuranTi TitaniumTiCl3 TitaniumtrichlorideTiF3 TitaniumtrifluorideTiH2 TitaniumhydrideTi-IRMOF-16 Titanium(Ti)intercalatedIRMOF-16TiO2 Titaniumdioxide(anatase)TIVM ToroidalintersectingvanemachineTKK TanakaKikinzokuKogyoK.K.TLA,Tla Truncatedlight-harvestingchlorophyll

antennatla1 MutantoftheTla1gene(GenBankAssession

No.AF534570)tlaR Mutantofunknowngenewithatruncated

light-harvestingchlorophyllantennatlaX Mutantofunknowngenewithatruncated

light-harvestingchlorophyllantennaTLCP ThermotropicliquidcrystalpolymerTM TetramethylbisphenolATM TransitionmetalTMA Trimethylamine;TrimethylaluminumTMA ThermalmechanicalanalyzerTMAA TrimethylaminealaneadductTMAB TetramethylammoniumborohydrideTMAH TetramethylammoniumhydroxideTMB TrimethylborateTMEDA Tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine;N1,N1,N2,N2-

tetramethylethane-1,2-diamineTMG Tetramethylguanidine



UT UniversityofToledo;UniversityofTennesseeUTC,UTCFC UnitedTechnologiesCorporationFuelCellsUTC UniversityofTennessee,ChattanoogaUTCP UTCPowerUTRC UnitedTechnologiesResearchCenterUV UltravioletUV-vis Ultraviolet-visualUW UniversityofWashingtonV VanadiumV VoltVA VinylacetateVAC VoltsalternatingcurrentVACNTs VerticallyalignedcarbonnanotubesVANTA VerticallyalignednanotubearraysVASP ViennaabinitiosimulationpackageVaTech VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState

UniversityVB ValencebandVBM Valencebandminimum,Valenceband

maximumVC VanadiumcarbideVC VulcancarbonVDC VoltsdirectcurrentVDF VinylidenefluorideVDOS VibrationaldensityofstatesvdW vanderWaalsvdW-DF vanderWaalsdensityfunctionVFA VolatilefattyacidVFS VehiclefuelingstationV(H2) Volumetrichydrogenadsorptioncapacity;

VolumetrichydrogenstoragecapacityVHSV VolumetrichourlyspacevelocityVHTR Veryhightemperaturegas-coolednuclear

reactorVHTS Virtualhigh-throughputscreeningVI VenterInstituteV-I,V/I Voltage–currentVIM/VAR Vacuuminductionmelting/vacuumarc

remeltingVIR Voltage-current-resistanceVIS Visiblelightat400-700nmVmp MicroporevolumeVMT VehiclemilestraveledVOC Volatileorganiccompound,Voltageopen

circuitVol.,vol. Volume

UFL UpperflammabilitylimitUGA UniversityofGeorgia,AthensUH UniversityofHawaiiUHP Ultra-highpurityUHV Ultra-highvacuumUIUC UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-ChampaignUL UnderwritersLaboratoryULAM Ultra-low-anglemicrotomyULSD Ultra-lowsulfurdieselUM UniversityofMichiganUMC UnsaturatedmetalcentersUMC UltramicroporouscarbonUMCP UniversityofMarylandCollegeParkUMSL UniversityofMissouri,St.LouisUN UnitedNationsUNB UniversityofNewBrunswickUNCC UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotteUNECE UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionfor

EuropeUNLV UniversityofNevada,LasVegasUNLVRF UNLVResearchFoundationUNM UniversityofNewMexicoUNR UniversityofNevada,RenoUPD UnderpotentialdepositionUP-DW Ultra-puredistilledwaterUPE Ultra-highmolecularweightpolyethyleneUPL UpperpotentiallimitUPS UltravioletphotoelectronspectroscopyU.S. UnitedStatesUS06 EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyvehicle

drivingcycleUSA UnitedStatesofAmericaUSANS Ultra-smallangleneutronscatteringUSAXS Ultra-smallangleX-rayscatteringUSB UniversalserialbusUSC UniversityofSouthCarolina;Universityof

SouthernCaliforniaUSCAR UnitedStatesCouncilforAutomotive

Research,U.S.CooperativeAutomotiveResearch

U.S.DRIVE UnitedStatesDrivingResearchandInnovationforVehicleefficiencyandEnergysustainability

USFCC UnitedStatesFuelCellCouncilUSM UniversityofSouthernMississippiUSTAG U.S.TechnicalAdvisoryGroup



WTP WatertransportplateWTPP Well-to-powerplantWTT Well-to-tankWTW Well-to-wheelsw/v WeightbyvolumeWWTP WastewatertreatmentplantX- ananionicligandsuchaschlorideXAFS X-rayabsorptionfinestructureXANES X-rayabsorptionnear-edgespectroscopyXAS X-rayabsorptionspectroscopyXC72 High-surface-areacarbonsupportmadeby

CabotXES X-rayemissionspectroscopyXPS X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy,X-ray

photonspectroscopy,X-rayphotoemissionspectroscopy,X-rayphotoluminescencespectroscopy

XPS-UPS X-rayphotoelectron-ultravioletphotoelectronspectroscopy

XRD X-raydiffractionXRF X-rayfluorescenceY Yttriumyr,YR YearYSZ Yttria-stablizedzirconiaZ AtomicnumberZEBA ZeroEmissionBayAreaZEV ZeroemissionvehicleZHS ZinchydroxystannateZIF ZeoliticimidazolateframeworkZIO Zirconium-dopedindiumoxideZMOF Zeolite(-type)metal-organicframeworkZn ZincZnO ZincoxideZPE Zeropointenergyzpp ZirconiumphenylphosphonateZr ZirconiumZrO2 ZirconiumdioxideZrSPP ZirconiumphosphatesulfophenylphosphonateZVI Zerovalentiron

vol% VolumepercentVpore TotalporevolumeVT VirginiaTechW TungstenW Watt(s)WAXD Wide-angleX-raydiffractionWAXS WideangleX-rayscatteringWBS WorkbreakdownscheduleWC Tungstencarbon;TungstencarbideW/cm2 Watt(s)persquarecentimeterWDD WaterdisplacementdesorptionWe,We Watt(s)electricWG WorkinggroupWG-12 WorkingGroup12WGS Water-gasshiftWGSMR Water-gasshiftmembranereactorWGSR Water-gasshiftreactorWh Watt-hour(s)W(H2) GravimetrichydrogenstoragecapacityW-h/kg Watt-hour(s)perkilogramW-h/L,Wh/liter,Wh/L

Watt-hour(s)perliterWHSV WeighthourlyspacevelocityWind2H2 WindtohydrogendemonstrationprojectW/kg Watt(s)perkilogramW/L,W/l Watt(s)perliterW/m-K,W/m.K,W/mK

Watt(s)permeter-Kelvin(unitofthermalconductivity)

WMO WorldMeteorologicalOrganizationWO3 TungstentrioxideWOx TungstenoxideWP.29 WorkingParty29-WorldForumfor

HarmonizationofVehicleRegulationsWppm Weightpart(s)permillionWSTF WhiteSandsTestFacilitywt WeightWt Watt(s)thermalwt%,wt.% Weightpercent(percentbyweight)WTP Welltopump

XIII. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and...

Documents

Transcript of XIII. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and...