Practical Electricity. Recap… 5 important formulae: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Q = Charge (Coulomb) I =...
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Transcript of Practical Electricity. Recap… 5 important formulae: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Q = Charge (Coulomb) I =...
Practical Electricity
Recap… 5 important formulae:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ItQ
VQW
IRV
PtE
VIP
Q = Charge (Coulomb)I = Current (Ampere)t = time (second)V = Voltage or potential difference (volt)W = Work done (Joule)R = Resistance (ohm Ω)E = Energy (Joule)P = Power (Watt)
QuestionThe heating element of an electric kettle with a resistance of 38.4 Ω is connected across a 240 V power supply. Calculate(a) the current flowing through the element;(b) the amount of heat energy produced in one minute.
Solution:(a) R = 38.4 Ω and V = 240 V.
.
V I R
AI
I
R
VI
25.64.38
240
(b) E = P t
P = V IP = 240 × 6.25P = 1500 W
E = P tE = 1500 × 1 × 60E = 90 000 JE = 90 kJ
CURRENT MONTH CHARGES Usage Rate ($) Amount ($) Total ($)
Electricity Services Reading estimated on 16-01-2010 Electricity
161 kWh
162 kWh
0.2169
0.2287
34.92
37.05 71.97
Cost of one kWh
Measuring Electricity Consumption The cost of electricity consumed is calculated
based on the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electrical energy used.
One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the amount of electrical energy used by 1 kW device in one hour.
Example of PUB bill
Example
A 1.5 kW electrical heated is used to heat a large container of water for 2 hours.
(a) Calculate the amount of electrical energy used by the heater in kWh,
(b) The cost of the electricity if the cost of 1 kWh is 22¢
Solution:
Given P = 1.5 kW, t = 2 hrs
(a) Energy used E (in kWh) = P × t
= 1.5 × 2 = 3.0 kWh
(b) The cost = 3 x 22 = 66 ¢
The figure below shows a utilities bill of a household for one month. Calculate the total cost of electricity?
The heating elements used in kettles, irons, ovens and heaters are usually made of nichrome wire because of its high resistivity and ability to withstand high temperatures.
When current flows, the wire heats up. The thermal energy is spread evenly over a large metal base.
A thermostat controls the temperature by turning the current on or off
Electric kettle
Electric iron
Electric radiator
The Uses of Electricity: Heating Elements
The filament is made of tungsten because of its high resistivity and high melting point.
The filament is very thin, giving it a higher resistance than the rest of the circuit (R=l ∕A)
When an electric current flows through the filament, the tungsten gets extremely hot (2500 oC) and generates light.
A filament lamp
The Uses of Electricity:Electrical lighting – Filament Lamp
The Dangers of Electricity
• Electric shock – touching wet electrical appliances, and – use of wire with damaged insulation
• Fire from overheating of wires due to short circuits and overloading of extension cords
Safe Use of Electricity at HomeSafety features installed at home for safe
use of electricity:1. Circuit breakers2. Three-pin plug3. Fuses4. Correct placement of switch in the circuit5. Earth wire
1. Circuit Breakers
These are safety devices that can switch off the electrical supply when there is excessive current in the circuit.
Circuit breaker
2. Three-Pin Plugs Live wire:
brown insulation Neutral wire:
blue insulation Earth wire:
green-and-yellowyellow or yellowyellow insulation
3. Fuses A fuse is a safety device that
protects electrical equipment and circuit from excessive current.
It consists of a short thin piece of wire which becomes hot and melts when the current flowing through it is greater than its rated value.
Fuse rating = 3 A, 5 A, 13 A Choose fuse with rating slightly
higher than the maximum allowable current though an electrical appliance when it is working properly.
It is connected to the live wire
A glass cartridge fuse contains a thin metal wire which melts when excessive current flows through it.
Calculate the current taken by an 800 W vacuum cleaner connected to a 240 V supply. Suggest a suitable rating for a fuse to be used to prevent this vacuum cleaner from overheating.
A33.3240
800
I
I
V
PI
VIP
Hence, the fuse rating used is 5 A
4. Switches
Switches are used to turn an electrical appliance on or off
Fuse and switches are always insert along ‘live’ wires of circuits.
Which is a correct circuit connection?
5. Earth Wire The earth wire (green and yellow) is a low-
resistance wire and is usually connected to the metal casing of the appliance.
Earthing prevents users from getting an electric shock if the live wire is not properly connected and touches the metal casing of the appliance.