P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃...

23
P * A P * B P H 2 O C 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T , bA T , bB T H 2 O C 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 a b Phase diagram of immiscible liquid-liquid binary systems

Transcript of P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃...

Page 1: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

P

*AP

*BP

H2O C6H5Cl

A(l)+B(l)

A(l)+gg+B(l)

T

,b AT

,b BT

H2O C6H5Cl

A(l)+B(l)

A(l)+g

g+B(l)

T=90℃P=9.79X104Pa

g

g

F=2-3+1=0

ab

Phase diagram of immiscible liquid-liquid binary systems

Page 2: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Water vapour distillation

BA

BB

*

B nn

npyp

BA

AA

*

A nn

npyp

AA

BB

A

B

*

A

*

B

/

/

Mm

Mm

n

n

p

p

*B B B

*A A A

m p M

m p M

Page 3: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

5.4.4 Phase diagrams of solid-liquid binary systems Condensed matter Solid-solution

Water-salt

( )P F=2-Φ+1 Single phase region Bi-phase line Triple point

Page 4: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Phase diagram of Water-salt system

Decrease of freezing temperature

Saturation curve

Consoluted temperature

Liquid solution/Salt/ ice

Page 5: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Application example 1: ice salt bath

NaCl(s)-OH 2

)s(CaCl-OH 22

KCl(s)-OH 2

Water-salt Consolute temperature

252 K

218 K

262.5 K

257.8 KCl(s)NH-OH 42

Page 6: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Application example 2: Refine crude salt

Page 7: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

5.4.5 Phase diagrams of Solid-solid binary systemsSolid-solution equilibrium

Alloy

Au-Ag， Cu-Ni，Co-Ni

(1) Completely Miscible binary system

Annealing

Quenching

Page 8: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Dendritic segregation

Page 9: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Zone melting:

Page 10: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Dephlegmate factor l

ss C

CK

Page 11: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

(2) Have upper or lower consolute temperature

KBr,-KCl,COKCONa 3232

Au-CuSb,-Ag

Page 12: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

(3) Two almost miscible solids and their miscible solutions

Eutectics

xB

Page 13: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Measurement of the Cd-Bi binary phase diagram

Page 14: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.
Page 15: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Application example: Solder

67 per cent tin and 33 percent lead melts at 1830C

Page 16: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Sn-Zn alloy

Page 17: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Liquid-crystal

the cholesteric phase

the nematic phase the smectic phase

Page 18: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

5.4.6 Partly miscible solid solution

Page 19: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

5.4.7 Phase diagrams of reacting systems

N stable products

N+1 Eutectics

Page 20: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

H2O-H2SO4 phase diagram

2 4 2 3H SO H O (C )2 4 2 2H SO 2H O (C )2 4 2 1H SO 4H O (C )

283K

235K

Page 21: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Incongruent melting—K-Na

Page 22: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

CaF2-CaCl2

a:

b:

d:

peritectic temperature

Page 23: P H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T H2OH2OC 6 H 5 Cl A(l)+B(l) A(l)+g g+B(l) T=90 ℃ P=9.79X10 4 Pa g g F=2-3+1=0 ab Phase diagram of immiscible.

Homework Y: P176: 28; P182: 35; P183: 37 A: P215: 8.3(a); P219: 8.6

Preview: Y: 5.10-5.12 A:


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POS 1a, POS 1b L POS 2 L d = 20 cm L g = 2.0 kN/m POS S p ...imksus.grf.bg.ac.rs/nastava/beton/PROJEKTOVANJE I GRADJENJE B… · 2 3 POS 1a Mu = 1.6×31.5+1.8×22.5= 90.9kNm/m pretp.

A. BENSOUSSAN J.-L. LIONS G. PAPANICOLAOU

A. BENSOUSSAN J.-L. LIONS G. PAPANICOLAOU

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B. Ju. VEiSFEILER AND V. G. KAC

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A G O R A F O B I A Z U N B E L T Z

A G O R A F O B I A Z U N B E L T Z