Presented by:

ABIN JOY

I - M PHARM, Dept.of pharmacology

PESCP,Bangalore

NEW AND OLD EQUIPMENTS AND ACCESSORIES

USED IN EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY

MICROPIPETTES

These types of pipettes are frequently used by molecular

biologists.

The most commonly used micropipettes tips are:

Large blue – 200-1000μL

Small yellow – 2-200μL

Small white - ‹2μL

MORTAR AND PESTLE

A mortar is a bowl usually made of wood or ceramic and is

available with different sizes.

The pestle is a heavy club-shaped object, the end of which is

used for crushing and grinding.

They are frequently associated in the profession of pharmacy.

A Cannula is a tube that can be inserted into a vein, an artery, or another body cavity, often for the delivery or removal of fluid or for the gathering of data.

CANNULA

TYPES OF CANNULA

SYMES CANNULA ARTERIAL CANNULA VENOUS CANNULA

SCISSORS

Scissors are hand operated shearing instruments

They are employed in pharmacology field mainly to

make incisions during animal experimentation.

Very well sterilised scissors are being used in this field.

TYPES OF SCISSORS

MAYO SCISSORS BANDAGE SCISSORSMETZENBAUM SCISSORS

FORCEPS

Forceps are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and holding objects. Forceps are

used when fingers are too large to grasp small objects or when many objects need to be held

at one time while the hands are used to perform a task.

THUMB FORCEPS ARTERY FORCEPS BIOPSY FORCEPS BULLDOG FORCEPS DRESSING FORCEPS

THORACIC FORCEPS TISSUE FORCEPS ANAESTHESIA FORCEPS NASAL FORCEPS

ORAL GAVAGE

• It is employed in experimental pharmacology for the administration of

medicaments orally to the laboratory animals.

• It is usually made of stainless steel with different size.

SURGICAL SYRINGES

• A syringe is a simple pump consisting of a plunger that fits tightly in a

tube.

• The plunger can be pulled and pushed along inside a cylindrical

tube.

• Syringes of various sizes are available and they are commonly made

of good quality plastic.

SURGICAL NEEDLES

• A needle is generally a thin, cylindrical object, often with a sharp point on

the end.

• It is mainly employed in pharmacology field for administer the

medicaments into proper sites.

• Various gauge number needles are meant for injections such as 16, 18, 20,

22, 26, 28, 32, etc.

SURGICAL SUTURES AND NEEDLES

• Needle and thread combination comprising of non-absorbable black

nylon polyamide thread and stainless steel needle.

• The nylon is suitable for closing ophthalmic, neurological and

microvascular wounds.

ANAESTHETIC CHAMBER

• These are made of glass or plastic chambers available with various sizes for

giving anaesthesia to animals.

• The anaesthesia may be given by putting the animal inside the chamber along

with a cotton wetted with chloroform for a particular period of time.

HEATING MANTLE

• It is used to apply heat to containers in order to boil the contents.

• It can also be as an alternative to other forms of heated bath.

• It prevents shattering of glass containers as the mantle is insulated with proper

material.

MICROSCOPE

• A microscope is an instrument used to view the objects that are not visible

through naked eye.

• There are different types of microscopes such as:

Compound microscope, Scanning electron microscope, Ultra microscope, etc.

STUDENT ELECTRIC KYMOGRAPH

• Electrically driven recording drums suitable for use by students for general

experiments

• Drive mechanism consists of constant speed electric motor

• Various gear ratios are available and which are effected by sliding the lever

into the slot marked with surface speed

ISOLATED ORGAN BATH

• Bath chambers made out of thick transparent acrylic sheets or fibre glass and

they are welded to make leak proof.

• Temperature is achieved by placing a thermostatically controlled warming coil

inside the chamber.

• A suitable motor with propeller is suspended from top ensuring vibration

inside.

LEVERS

• These levers are used to record the contraction or relaxation of the isolated

tissue preparation.

• A sketch pen tip is cut and pointer is fixed to the lever. The levers which can be

used are simple, frontal writing and starling’s heart levers etc.

OPERATING TABLE

• It is made of Stainless Steel top and used for variety of applications.

• The table top is provided with drainage system, vertical adjustment through

latest pinion-lift system replacing hydraulic system.

ROTAROD APPARATUS

• The rota rod test is designed to evaluate the motor co-ordination activity in

laboratory animals.

• The rota rod is controlled by an advanced microprocessor which is provided

with timing control.

• Rotation can be set manually at a constant speed of 4-40 rpm

• Also acceleration rate may be selected at a defined time like 30 sec, 1, 2, 10,

30 min etc.

ELEVATED PLUSMAZE

• It is a rodent model of anxiety that is used as a screening test for anti-anxiety

agents.

• This plus shape apparatus consists of two open and enclosed arms elevated

40-70 cm from the floor.

• The model is based on rodent’s aversion of open spaces.

EDDY’S HOT PLATE

• The hot plate test is a test of the pain response in animals. It is almost

similar to tail flick test.

• The apparatus is used in testing the effectiveness of analgesics by reaction

to pain caused by heat.

• It’s a behavioural model of nociception where behaviours such as jumping

and hind paw licking are recorded.

POLE CLIMB APPARATUS

• It is a closed box with electrical rods inside and also designed with a pole

vertically at the centre.

• This apparatus also provided with electrical shocks of 400 v in pulsating

rates 0.2 mV of 5 sec frequency for 30 sec of duration.

ELECTRO CONVULSIOMETER

• This apparatus is commonly used in pharmacology experiments to screen

Anti-convulsant agents.

• The instrument provides about 50 Hz stimulus current which can be

adjusted from 0.15 mA to 330 mA in discrete steps for producing

seizures.

ACTOPHOTOMETER

• Most of the CNS acting drugs influence the locomotor activities in living organisms

and the locomotor activity can be an index of alertness of mental activity.

• It measures the spontaneous and indicated activity made by the animals during the

experimentation.

• The equipment also provided with electric shock of up to 100 volts for activating rats

or mice.

LAGENDROFF ASSEMBLY

• Used for isolated mammalian heart with dual Perfusion system

• Two main uprights hold the equipment and isolated bath with a spiral glass tube

through which the fluid passes is electrically heated and thermostatically controlled

• Bath assembly complete with support, bottles, oxygen tubes, outlet chamber,

cannula, heart lever and rubber tube.

SCINTILLATION COUNTER

• A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing

radiation.

• There are two main types of scintillator: Inorganic and Organic

• Four main components of scintillation counter are: A sheet of scintillator, A

light guide, A photomultiplier and the electronics in the p.m base.

pH METER

• A pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH (acidity or

alkalinity) of a liquid.

• A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe connected to an

electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading.

CENTRIFUGE

• A laboratory centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment

• It is an electrical instrument driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at

high speed.

• There are various types of centrifuges, depending on the size and the sample

capacity.

• Eg: Micro centrifuge, Clinical centrifuge, etc.

BIOAMPLIFIER

• A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device

• It is used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical

activity for output to various sources.

• It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

• A spectrophotometer is employed to measure the amount of light that a

sample absorbs.

• It is usually employed in experimental pharmacology where the

estimations are being done.

ELECTROPHORESIS APPARATUS

• Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of

macromolecules (DNA, RNA & Proteins) and their fragments, based

on their size and charge.

• It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and/or

size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and

in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed

population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size

of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.

AUTO ANALYZER

• The Auto Analyser is an automated analyser using a flow technique called continuous flow

analysis (CFA).

• Auto Analysers were used mainly for routine repetitive medical laboratory analysis.

• The first industrial applications - mainly for water, soil extracts and fertilizer - used the same

hardware and techniques as clinical methods.

• Auto Analysers are still used for a few clinical applications such as neonatal screening.

STUDENT’S ORGAN BATH AND ITS ACCESSORIES

KYMOGRAPH ORGAN BATH WRITING LEVERS MUSCLE BATH AERATOR TUBE

STANDARD X-BLOCK OPEN SIDED X-BLOCK

CLIPS

FULCRUM MARIOTTE BOTTLE STAND

POWERLAB AND ITS ACCESSORIES

BIO AMPLIFIER PULSE TRANSDUCER FORCE TRANSDUCER MUSCLE HOLDER

THERMISTOR PODS REUSABLE ELECTRODES BIO AMP CABLE EEG FLAT ELECTRODES