May - June 2011 | International Aquafeed

Volume 14 I s sue 3 2 011

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Aquaculture: Natural ingredients for sustainable

aquaculture

Maturation diets:diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to

natural food?

β-glucans:Preliminary effects of β-glucans on Nile tilapia

health and growth performance

Microalgae Microalgae and cyanobacteria

Volume 14 / Issue 3 / May-June 2011 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2011 / All rights reserved

Aquaculture for a Changing World

Gold Sponsor

World AquAculture 2011

SESSION SPONSORSAlltech Biotechnology

Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal HealthBIOMIN

Gold Sponsors

For More Information Contact:Conference Manager

P.O. Box 2302 • Valley Center, CA 92082 USATel: +1.760.751.5005 • Fax: +1.760.751.5003

Email: [email protected] • Web: www.was.org

aquaI n t e r n a t I o n a l

feedAn internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2011 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Volume 14 / Issue 3 / May-June 2011 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2011 / All rights reserved

EDITOR’S DESK 2

Aqua NewsDr Pedro Encarnação takes up last remaining IAF’s Editorial Panel postion 3‘H’ Series™ Cage Mills from Stedman 3Setting the future for Mediterranean aquaculture – Aquaculture Europe held in Greece for the first time 4Dumfries farm assistant named ‘Aquaculture Learner of the Year’ 6Biotronic® Top3 capitalizes on the PerforizerTM effect 6

F: Natural ingredientsNatural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture 8

F: Maturation dietsMaturation diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to natural food? 14

F: DDGSThe potential of distillers dried grains and solubles (DDGS) for inclusion in aquafeeds 16

F: β-glucansPreliminary effects of β-glucans on Nile tilapia health and growth performance 20

F: MicroalgaeMicroalgae and cyanobacteria 24

F: ExtrusionAquafeed twin -screw extrusion processing - Versatile and ideal for aquafeed 30

F: Alternative feedsBeyond limits – the future is now for alternative feeds 34

F: SustainabilitySustainability: Concerns & demand from the industry 36

F: ConditioningConditioning as part of the pelleting process 40

Feed Management

Book reviewAquaculture in the Ecosystem 50Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Volume 2 50Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change 51

ClaSSIfIED aDvERTS 52

EvEnTS 54

WEB lInKS 56

EDITOR’S DESK W

ELC

OM

E TO

INTE

RN

ATIO

NA

L AQ

UA

FEED

MA

GA

ZIN

E

Croeso (welcome in Welsh)

It is indeed a pleasure to welcome all our Spanish speaking friends from across the world as this edition heralds our first Spanish translation of International Aquafeed. Aquaculture is a major industry in Latin America from Mexico to Peru and we have been fortunate to have previously featured many examples of pioneering developments from this region in terms of feed formula-

tions and various types of products from companies engaged in fish and shrimp farming operations.

These have included articles on the emerging fish species specific to South America and others such as tilapia, now firmly established in these countries. Of course Spain represents too an important sector for European aquaculture with expanding operations to produce sea bass, sea bream, turbot , eel and more recently several companies specialising in algal culture for both hatchery feeds and bio-fuel market.

We hope by launching our first Spanish version we will reach out to a larger audience where Spanish is their first language and to encourage further dialogue and foster greater opportunities. Technical personnel, managers, nutritionists, and especially young researchers and students will all appreciate the vast and growing complexities of aquaculture nutrition, feed technology and the associated products being advocated by the commercial and government inspired initiatives in these countries.

In this issue we have our usual blend of news, regular features and articles from our contributors and also three current PhD students based at Plymouth. Samad Omar from Kurdistan ‘autonomous’ region of Iraq speaks of the use of DDG, Distillers Dried Grains as an important co-product from the bio-fuel and distillation industry which is part of an active program to validate waste stream by- products from processing operations. Also we have an article from Mark Rawling and Holger Kuhlwein regarding the positive effects of beta- glucan on the growth rates of tilapia under experi-mental conditions. The role of such functional feed additives continues to attract much interest and a major EU funded project ‘NEMO’ is in progress coordinated by the University of Keele (UK) working to establish the beneficial use of beta- glucans for carp on which we hope to elaborate in a future edition.

Dawn Purchase of the Scottish Marine Conservation Society sets the scene by taking us on a ‘Beyond Limits’ review of the contemporary problems of where our next generation of feed ingredients might be found.

Greta Clabots of Beneo-Animal Nutrition offers an interesting perspective of their companies’ range of novel ingredients for securing sustainable aquafeeds.

We have a comprehensive report from Alltech in their mission to produce both high quality yeast and algae proteins and additives from plants in Serbia, Brazil and USA.

In Spain, Algenergy also discuss their plans and technological capacity to produce a range of algae to meet the growing demands for ‘green’ single cell protein and lipid rich feed ingredients.

Also, new maturation diets for shrimp are presented by Nutrakol Pty which includes innovative natural ingredients to produce an enticing semi-moist feed claimed to have excellent organo-leptic properties for enhancing the development and fecundity of brood stock shrimp in hatcheries.

Krishen Rana continues coverage of the supply and demand for aquafeed with emphasis on climate change and how this might affect availability and cost of raw materials in the future.

On that note on a very dry and warm Easter in Plymouth, I wish you all enjoyable reading and a prosperous and rewarding summer.

May-June 20112 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2011 May-June 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3

EditorProfessor Simon DaviesEmail: [email protected]

Associate EditorProfessor Krishen RanaEmail: [email protected]

Editorial ManagerNicky BarnesEmail: [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Panel:•Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)

•ProfessorAntónioGouveia(Portugal)

•ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)

•ColinMair(UK)

•DrDanielMerrifield(UK)

•DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)

•DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)

•DrKimJauncey(UK)

•EricDeMuylder(Belgium)

•DrPedroEncarnação(Portugal)

Subscription & CirculationTuti TanEmail: [email protected]

Design & Page LayoutJames TaylorEmail: [email protected]

International Marketing Team

Caroline WearnEmail: [email protected]

Sabby MajorEmail: [email protected]

Lee BastinEmail: [email protected]

More information: International Aquafeed7 St George's Terrace, St James' SquareCheltenham, GL50 3PT United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

The Stedman‘H’ Series™Multi-Cage Mill is avail-able in two, four

or six-row designand in four sizesupto 250 tonnes perhour. The designfeaturesalsoincludeaircannons,heatersandhydraulicram.

The air cannons aremountedat the intakeanddis-charge tohelppreventbuild-upofwet stickymaterial,while theheaters are also installed onthe grinder housing to retardbuild-up of wet material.Thehydraulic ram eliminated thegear head motor and rack andpinion thatwereusedonotherStedmancagemills,nowcostinglesstomaintain.

The cage mill is a selectivecrushing,controlled-impact,multi-cage mill designed for sizingmineralsandagglomerates,wholegrains, chemical, ores and manyothermaterials.Processwetand

stickymaterialsaswellasdrymaterialsintoacarefullycon-trolled uniform particle size.Also available in stainlesssteel construction.Testingfacilities available for proofbeforepurchase.

More inforMation:StedmanPO Box 299,, 129 Franklin Street Aurora, IN 47001, USATel: + 1 812 9260038 Fax: +1 812 9263482Email: [email protected]: www.stedman-machine.com

‘H’ Series™ Cage Mills from Stedman

Dr Pedro Encarnação hasanextensivebackgroundin aquaculture andnutri-

tion.Hehas beenconduct ings e v e r a lresearchprojectsfocusingon theimprove-ment o ffeed for-mu l a -

tions for aquaculture speciesand improving animal perform-ance.

He has an Honors Degreein Mar ine B io logy and

Fisher ies and an MScin Aquaculture fromthe Un i ve r s i t y o fA lgar ve (Por tuga l )and obtained is PhD

in Animal Nutr i t ionfrom the University of

Guelph(Canada).Hewasalso a ResearchAssociate

at theCrustaceanResearchGroup of the University

ofAlgarve.H e i s n o wbased in Asia

where he isthe head of

Biomin’s aquaculture depar t-ment.DrEncarnacaoisalsothedirectorof theAppliedCentreo f Aquacu l tu re Nut r i t i on(ACAN), Biomin’s aquacul-ture research center based inBangkok.

Dr Encarnacao has publishedvariousar ticlesinpeerreviewedscientific journals as well innu-merous technical ar ticles forindustrymagazines.

He also collaborates as areferee of sc ient i fic manu-scripts for some of leading sci-entific journals in aquaculture.DrEncarnacaohasalsogivenanextensive number of oral com-munications in many interna-tionalconferencesandseminarsaroundtheworld.

Dr Pedro Encarnação takes up last remaining IAF’s Editorial Panel postion

Forfulldetailsandbio'sforallofourEditorialAdvisorypanel,pleasevisit:http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/editorialpanel

ForinformationontherestoftheAquafeedteampleasevisitthecontactuspageofthewebsite w

ww

.aqu

afee

d.co

.uk

2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2011 May-June 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3

Aqua News

AQUA NOR Forum - presentation of the issues, discussion of the solutions

I.Up-scaling land-based systemsII. Up-scaling (marine) cage systems

III. Up-scaling the ecological approach to production

www.easonline.org

UP-SCALINGAQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

Optimising system size for enhanced productivity with environmental equilibrium

August 17-18, 2011. Trondheim, Norway.Within AQUA NOR 2011, 16-19 August 2011

Organised by the European Aquaculture Society, with

To be held in Rhodes,Greece, from October18-21,Aquaculture Europe

2011, theannualconferenceorgan-izedby theEuropeanAquacultureSociety(EAS)willaddressvitalques-tionsaffecting thedevelopmentofMediterraneanaquacultureoverthenextdecade.

TheeventwillprovidereviewsoftheimportanceofaquacultureinEUfoodproduction:thesustainabilityofaquaculture feeds and the imple-mentation of selective breedingstrategiesinaquaculture.

AnoverviewofcurrentEU-fundedresearchprogrammeswillhighlighttheirrelevancetocurrentandfutureproductionpractices.Asusual, theconferencewill includean interna-tionaltradeshow,afarmersdayandastudentworkshopandprovidesaplatformtoshowcaseEuropeanini-tiativesinaquaculture.

Aquaculture Europe 2011(AE2011 )will behostedby theFederationofGreekMaricultures(FGM)andtheHellenicCentreforMarineResearch(HCMR).

Showcasing Greece and Turkey

Greece is the land of the 12Olympian Gods, the cradle ofWesterncivilization, thebirthplaceof sciences,philosophy,historyanddrama - and one of the leadingaquaculture producers in theMediterranean region.With totalproduction in the regionatmorethan 250,000 tonnes from themore thanonebillion fry stockedinMediterraneanwaters,GreeceandTurkeyarethemainproducingcountries followed by Spain andItaly.

GreeceandTurkeyare also themajorcentres for juvenileproduc-tion.

Three‘megahatcheries’withover50millionjuvenilesoperateinGreeceandTurkeyandaccount for20percentoftotalproductionintheregion.The28Greekandthe18Turkishhatch-eriesthereforehavemajorproductionthemselves,butalsoimportfryfromItalyandFrance.

Although Greece has a lowerpercapitaconsumptionof seafoodproductsthanPortugal,Spain,Franceor Italy, thepercentageof thiscon-sumption representedby seabass

andseabreamisthehighest intheregion(10.4%).

The reliance on these two keyspecieshasledtomarketchallengesinrecentyearsandtheopportunity

forMediterraneanaquaculture is toexpandconsumption (ofbass andbream) in thehigh fish consump-tioncountries and todiversify theproducts for the‘moredemanding’marketsofnorthernEurope.

With good spatial planning,increased production of otherfish (marine and freshwater)and shellfish species and espe-cially in the southernandeasternMediterraneanover thenext10yearsmayalsobeexpected.

Sittingbetween the twoundis-puted leaders in Mediterraneanaquaculture, Rhodes is ideallysituated forAquaculture Europe2011.

Plenary presentationsThethematicsessionstakeplace

each morning of AE2011 andareplenary sessions. Internationalspeakerswillpresentthesethematicsessionsthatopenthedebateandpavethewayfortheparallel,tech-nical sessionsof contributedpre-sentations inbothoralandposterformat.Threeplenarysessionsareplanned:• Importanceofaquaculture for

EU foodproduction.Avisionforthe2020statusofaquacul-ture in theMediterraneananditsroleinprovidinghighqualitysafefoodforEuropeancitizens.Thepresentationwill addressthedevelopmentofproductionin termsof sites, species andtechnologies tobetterbalancethecurrenttradedeficit

• Nutrition and feeding. Anoverview of recent andrequireddevelopments in thefeedingof speciescultivated inMediterraneanwaters

• Selective breeding. Lessonslearnedfromterrestrialanimalsandthestatusoftheimplemen-tationofselectivebreedingpro-grammes in (Mediterranean)aquaculture

Online abstract submission isnowopenforAE2010andauthorswishing topresent their results inoralorposterformatareinvitedtosubmitabstracts.Box1showsthe

Setting the future for Mediterranean aquaculture – AquacultureEuropeheldinGreeceforthefirsttime

AE2011 planned parallel sessions open for online abstract submission

PS 01: Sustainable feeds and feeding management -feeding systems and management, alternative nutrient sources, nutrient metabolism, feed technology, nutritional pathology, nutriomics

PS 02: Reproduction and breeding -broodstock management, gamete quality, reproduction control and selective breeding programs

PS 03: Hatchery production -larval rearing methods, weaning, fry quality, skeletal deformities, probiotics

PS 04: Health management -Disease prevention and treatment, vaccines, alternative therapy and prophylaxis, epidemiology, mapping diseases

PS 05: Welfare management –operational indicators, monitoring, rearing conditions, stress, harvesting, transportation

PS 06: Novel technologies -biotechnology, nanotechnology, computer modelling, hybrid technologies with other ocean industries

PS 07: New species for aquaculture production (including ornamentals) -production methods, product quality and markets

PS 08: Aquaculture engineering and technology -offshore aquaculture, submersible cages, RAS, remote sensing and automation, feeding systems, grading, processing

PS 09: Tuna farming -capture-based aquaculture, fattening, reproduction, larval rearing and feed development

PS 10: Zebrafish and other laboratory fish models for aquaculture applications

PS 11: Aquaculture and the consumer -product quality, awareness, safety, certification, markets and marketing issues, processing and presentation of aquaculture products

PS 12: Escapees -Environmental effects and methods to trace, mitigate and prevent escapes

PS 13: Energy efficiency in aquaculture production -renewable energy synergies

PS 14: Aquaculture governance-policy and socio-economics

PS 15: Aquaculture planning -establishing aquaculture as an equal user in coastal zone management.

PS 16: Organic aquaculture -standards, rearing methods, feeds, product quality and marketing

PS 17: More than fish-use of aquaculture technologies for the production of products other than sea food (carbon capture, algae, bioactive compounds

PS 18: Diverse freshwater aquaculture systems –including salmonids, cyprinids, cichlids acipenserids

PS 19: Alternative aquaculture -artificial reefs, restocking, sports and leisure…

PS 20: Mollusc aquaculture -genetics, diseases, new species, quality & food safety issues

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2011

Aqua News

May-June 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5

SABETHA, KANSAS USA 785-284-2133 [email protected] WWW.WENGER.COM

USA BELGIUM TAIWAN BRASIL CHINA TURKEY

Since 1935, we've been help-ing customers solve problemsand capitalize on opportuni-ties faced by their businesses.

Seventy-five years ago, a keyanswer was a molasses mixer.Today, the solutions tend tobe more technologically com-plex – but our foundingpledge remains unchanged.

At Wenger, we innovate tosolve customer challenges.

And then we do it again.

Inventing the new original since 1935.

innovation is our enduring legacy.

Wenger_Ad_2010_210x147mm 5/24/10 9:37 AM Page 1

full listofsessionsopenforabstractsubmission.Abstract submissionwillcontinue tobe available after thedeadlineofmid-April2011,althoughthesessionmoderatorswill alreadyhavestartedtoselect thebestoralandposterpresentationsatthattime,soyouarestronglyadvisedtosubmitontime.

Other eventsAE2011,asallAquacultureEurope

events,isaplatformforexchangeofideas and communicationson thedevelopmentofaquaculture.

TheAE2011 InternationalTradeEventwill showcasenewproductsandservicesofferedtotheaquacul-turesector.

TheEASStudentGroupwillalsobeorganisinganotherofitsverysuc-cessfulstudentforumsandafieldtriparoundtheconference.

TheResearchDirectorateGeneralof the European Commissionwill also host another of the EUFORUMS,where latest Europeanresearch initiativeswillbepresented

andwheredelegatescandiscusswithCommissionrepresentativesaboutfutureresearchplans.

Finally,otherEuropeannetworks,projectsandinitiativeswillpresenttheiractivitiesatAE2011.

The conference centreAE2011will takeplaceat the

RodosPalaceLuxuryConventionResort, located just12km fromRhodes Diagora internationalairport.Rhodescanbe reacheddirectly from many Europeanand international airports, orthroughAthens,and isonlyashortboat trip from themain aquacul-tureproduction sites inTurkey.Theislandiswellknownforthewarmthofitswelcome,itsmagnificentnaturalbeautyandclimate, itsmonumentsandhistorical sitesaswellas for itsgastronomy.

With its 785 rooms, theRodosPalace resort provides excellent,exceptionallystylishaccommodationwith top-classconferenceandexhi-bition facilities thatwillmakeavery

positivecontribution to thesuccessofAE2011. Our local agent, FreiTravelhasalsolinedupotheraccom-modation forallbudgets,aswellastourstolocalsightsandtofishfarmsontheisland.

AE2011 SponsorsEAS Premium Sponsor, Intervet

Schering Plough Animal Health,AE2011GoldSponsor,BiomarandAE2011SilverSponsorAlltechheada number of corporate sponsors

from theMediterranean aquacul-ture sector supportingAquacultureEurope2011andprovidingmuchneeded input for its success. EAS,FGM and HCMR are extremelygratefultothem.

More inforMation:AE2011Mario Stael Email: [email protected]: www.easonline.org


Aqua News

Far m as s i s t an t Har r i sWright from Dumfries hasbeen named‘Aquaculture

LearneroftheYear’attheeighthannual Lantra Land-based andAquaculture Learner of theYearawardsceremony.

This highly prestigious event,held at the Crieff Hydro Hotel,at t r acted 140 guests andwas attended by the CabinetSecretar y for Rural Affair sand the Environment, RichardLochhead.

Aquaculture is the wor ld’sfastest growing food producingsector, accounting formore thanhalfthefishsupplyforhumancon-sumption.Toreflecttheincreasingimportance of aquaculture as akey part of the food and drinkindustry in Scotland, the awardsceremony changed its name toinclude this industry, and is nowknown as ‘Lantra’s Land-basedandAquaculture Learner of theYearawards.

Harris,whoiscurrentlystudyingfor aHigherNationalCertificatein Fish Farming with BaronyCollege, is employed on a part-time basis with Selcoth FisheriesLtd.

“After leaving school I enrolledon the National Cer tificatecourse at Barony College tostudyFishFarming,which I really

enjoyed.Ipassedthecoursewitha distinction, and was awardedthemedalandshieldforthebestoverall theory in the course. I’mcurrently completing a HigherNationalCertificatecoursewhichoffers a good mix of practicaland theoretical knowledge; thisis reallybeneficial tomeas Icanapplywhat I’vebeentaught toasituation I’m working in.After IcompletetheHNCcourseIhopeto apply to StirlingUniversity toundertake a degree in aquacul-ture,”hesays.

Dr BrendanGara fromBaronyCollege added: “Harris is anenthusiasticandcompetentprac-tical worker. During his studiesHarris volunteered to work onneighbouring fish farms to learnadditionalskillsthatwereunavail-ableoncampus,workingfulldayson commercial farms to gainextra hands on practical expe-rience.”

The‘AquacultureRunner-UpoftheYear’ awardwaspresented toRobertWyvill, a Fish HusbandryTechnician with Marine Harvest.Robert,who is currently enrolledon theModernApprenticeship inAquaculturewithInvernessCollege,hasrecentlycompletedaSVQLevel2inAquaculture,andisalsoworkingtowardsanOpenUniversitydegreeinEnvironmentalScience.

Murray Stark from InvernessCollegesaid:“Roberthasgainedconsiderable practical experi-ence within the salmon farmingindustr y, but also recognisesthe impor tance of trainingand gaining qualifications. Heis a great student who alwaysshows willingness and determi-nation.”

A total of 25 prizes werepresented during the awardsceremony, which was organ-ised by Lantra, the Sector SkillsCouncil for land-basedandenvi-ronmental industries.Theawards,which attracted over 60 nomi-nations, are designed to inspirenewentrantstotakeupacareerin the land-based and aquacul-ture sectorandmakeemployersaware of the benefits of a well-trainedworkforce.

Cabinet Secretary for RuralAffairs and the Environment,Richard Lochhead said: “Thisis the third year I have beenhonoured to attend the LantraAwards and, like both previousoccasions, Ihavebeenimpressedbytheenthusiasmandskillofthetrainees.

“Farming and rural indus-tries face challenging, but inter-esting times. Scotland’s economyisrecovering,our foodanddrinksectorisworld-renownedandwe

areonthecuspofanenergyrev-olutionwhichisopeningupnewandexcitingopportunities.

“Rural Scotland is very wellplacedtotakeadvantageofmanyof these new opportunities andI am sure that many in the halltonighthavethetalenttomakeasignificantcontribution.”

Wil l ie Fergusson, NationalDirector said:“TheLand-basedandAquacultureLearneroftheYearawardsattractaveryhighcalibre of candidates who arecommitted to fur ther devel-oping their skills and knowl-edge. It is vital for the futureof these industr ies that wecontinue to encourage newentrantsanddemonstratehowemployerscansee thebottomline benefits that highly skillednew entrants can bring to thebusiness.

“Recognition of the impor-tance of the awards by industry,their commitment to them, andtheirgenerosityinsponsoringthiseventhasgrownsignificantlyoverthe years and we are indebtedto the sponsors who make thisevent the success that it is,” headded.

Skills Development Scotland,Marine Harvest and ScottishNatural Heritage were the mainsponsorsoftheevent.

Dumfriesfarmassistantnamed‘AquacultureLearneroftheYear’

Biomin launches a newnatural growth promoterthat effectively combats

pathogenic bacteria to improveweight gain and feed conver-sion, thanks to the proven syn-ergistic effects of three ingre-dients – a blend of organicacids, a phytochemical and thePerforizerTM.

Biotronic®Top3, a newnaturalgrowth promoter combiningcarefully selected ingredientswith a scientifically proven syn-ergism for improved animal per-formance.

“The VIV Asia in Bangkok

marked the international launchof this unique natural growthpromoter which combinesorganic acids, a phytochemicaland the PerforizerTM to createa synergism in their mode ofaction,”saysDrRenataUrbaityte,technicalmanageratBiomin.

Organic acids are strong antimi-crobialsworkingagainstpathogenicbacteria in feed and the gastroin-testinal tract.The synergistic effectoftheseorganicacidsandthephy-tochemical works to inhibit thedivisionofharmfulbacteria.

Thebreakthroughwasachievedwith the Biomin® PerforizerTM -

a unique substance that causesthe permeability of the outermembrane of Gram-negativebacteria.Suchactionfacilitatestheentryoforganicacidsandthephy-tochemical,leadingtoanenhancedantimicrobialeffect.

A special inorganic carrier actsas a Sequential Release Mediumto secure a slow release of theactiveingredientsinthefeedandgastro-intestinaltract.

Biotronic®Top3improvesanimalgrowthperformance through thereduction of common bacterialburden, stimulating productivity.Thefirsttrialresultsinpoultryand

pigshaveshownimprovementsinweight gains and feed conversionrates by eight and four percent,respectively.

This highly effective synergisticmodeofactionhelpsrealiseevengreater economic benefits fromanimalproduction.

More inforMation:Biomin Holding GmbHIndustriestrasse 213130 HerzogenburgAustriaTel: + 43 2782 803 0Fax: +43 2782 803 30Email: [email protected]: www.biomin.net

Biotronic®Top3capitalizesonthePerforizerTMeffect


Aqua News


No hollow spaces | No cross contaminationExcellent cleaning access | Filtered air inletTemperature control | Moisture control | Cleaning in Place

C L E A N C O N T R O L

Swivel Valve Cooler MkII

c o o l a n d d r y

clean and lean

[email protected]

www.geelencounterflow.com

T +31-475-592315

Geelen Counterflow Holland / USA / Argentina / China

With aquaculture becoming increas-ingly important for the production of

animal proteins on a global scale, it is no wonder that interest has also grown in the optimisation of the nutritional and technological quality of aquafeeds.

Here, Greta Clabots, area sales manager at Beneo-Animal Nutrition, explores the ways in which ingredients can be incor-porated into aquafeeds to offer further possibilities in this sector.

Beneo-Animal Nutrition has created a range of ingredients to meet the global demand for sustainable aquafeed produc-tion. Thanks to a carefully selected portfolio of products, Beneo-Animal Nutrition can offer aquafeed producers innovative, eco-

nomical and ecologically viable solutions for high quality aquafeed.

There are three key areas which pro-ducers in this area should pay particular attention to in order to make the most of their products, these include:• Provision of high quality vegetal pro-

tein sources• Improvement of intestinal health • The optimisation of the technical qual-

ity parameters of the extrudate

High quality vegetal protein sources

Beneo -Animal Nutrition has two veg-etal protein sources in its product range that will enable producers to optimise their products:• RemyPro N70, a concentrated rice

protein• BeneoProW, vital wheat gluten

With high levels of pro-tein in both RemyPro N70 and BeneoProW, these ingredients offer producers a sustainable alternative to the use of fish meal in their aquafeed.

The high levels of protein concentra t ion in both ingredi-ents means they contain less car-

bohydrates, which is especially important for those using condensed aquafeeds. In addition, neither Beneo-Animal Nutrition protein source contains any anti-nutri-tional factors, making them ideal for use with species that have sensitive digestive systems.

BeneoPro W, vital wheat gluten

With a protein content of >80 percent, vital wheat gluten is one of the most con-centrated vegetal protein sources available. It is a high-performance alternative to fish meal in formulations and has been shown to be beneficial in the nutrition of a wide range of aquaspecies.

Studies involving sea bream (see Table 1) have reported that a 100 percent replace-ment of fishmeal with wheat gluten delivers significantly improved zootechnical results. The first thing that limits the amino acid content is lysine and, if high quantities of lysine are used, a supplementation of this amino acid is necessary.

On the other hand, wheat gluten con-tains high levels of glutamine, which is crucial for the immune response in fish.

Mink digestibility trials, which function as a reference for salmon digestibility, have shown that true protein digestibility of 99 percent is achieved. This makes vital wheat gluten one of the most digestible vegetal protein sources.

RemyPro N70, an alternative protein source

Compared to wheat gluten, rice

natural ingredients for sustainable aquaculture


F: Natural ingredients

Table 1: effect of fish meal replacement by wheat gluten in various aquaspecies

author Species Substitution level (%)

aa suppl

Growth performance vs

reference

Davies et al. (1998) R. Trout 57 Lys Comparable

Pfeffer et al. (1994) R. Trout 100 Lys Slightly worse

Storebakken et al. (2000) A. Salmon 35 - Comparable

Tibbetts et al. (2006) S. Bream 30 - Comparable

Helland et al. (2006) A. Halibut 30 - Comparable

Kissil et al. (2004) S. Bream 100 Lys, Arg, Thr better

protein is more unknown to aquafeed p r o d u c e r s . However, it fea-tures a number of characteris-

tics, which make it a valuable ingredient for fish feeds.

As illustrated in Table 2, rice has a balanced amino acid profile and, compared to wheat protein, contains higher levels of lysine. Rice protein also contains high levels of arginine, tyrosine and phenylala-



Table 2: amino acid Profile of rice protein (rP) and wheat gluten (WG), compared to fish meal (FM)

% of protein

amino acid Wheat gluten

WG/FM (%)

rice Protein

rP/FM (%) FishMeal

Ala 2,5 40,3 5,0 81,7 6,2

Arg 3,3 53,2 9,1 147,0 6,2

Asn/Asp 3,0 32,0 8,4 88,8 9,5

Cys 2,2 217,2 1,4 142,4 1,0

Gln/Glu 36,1 261,0 21,1 152,2 13,8

Gly 3,0 45,5 3,7 56,7 6,6

His 1,8 74,7 1,5 63,8 2,4

Ile 3,4 70,5 5,1 106,1 4,8

Leu 6,6 87,0 8,4 111,4 7,6

Lys 1,6 19,4 5,0 61,3 8,1

Met 1,9 65,3 2,5 83,1 3,0

Phe 5,8 138,1 6,3 152,2 4,2

Pro 11,8 259,8 3,4 74,1 4,6

Ser 5,3 118,0 5,0 111,9 4,5

Thr 2,6 59,2 3,8 88,2 4,3

Try 0,8 71,3 1,3 121,3 1,1

Tyr 3,4 89,2 5,6 148,8 3,8

Val 3,8 67,0 6,4 114,9 5,6

Active ingredients for healthy fish

BENEO-Animal Nutrition capitalizes on BENEO‘s unique expertise in the food world. It offers a broad range of ingredients from a natural source that improve the nutritional and technological value of fish food. It covers speciality products such as vegetable proteins, functional carbohydrates and prebiotics from chicory.www.BENEO-An.com Connecting nutrition and health

Jäckering Mühlen- und Nährmittelwerke GmbHVorsterhauser Weg 46 | 59067 Hamm | Germany

Fon: 0049 2381 422 0 | Fax: 0049 2381 [email protected] | www.jaeckering.de

Producer of

Quality by Competence

Vital WHeat GluteNNatiVe WHeat StarcHFeed ProductS

nutrition can play an important role in opti-mising performance and disease resistance in fish.

Prebiotics have proven to be beneficial for gut health both in human, as well as in animal nutrition. Inulin and oligofructose are fibres, which are resistant to enzymatic digestion and are selectively fermented by lactobacillae and bifidobacterium in the gut. This selective fermentation leads to a shift in bacterial flora, resulting in a reduced growth of pathogens as a consequence.

Since lactic acid bacteria is part of the normal flora of healthy fish and may even antagonise fish pathogens (Ringo and

Gatesoupe, 1998), prebiotics may also have a benefit in fish nutrition.

Despite the fact that traditional fish feed contains as little fibre as possible, Orafti® trials with shrimp, turbot, salmon and trout have all shown the positive effect of using low dosages of inulin/oligofructose; both the zootechnical performance and the fish’s resistance to infectious diseases are improved.

In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the results of a trial with 900 salmon are summarised. In this research, the fish were introduced to a Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. The results show a clear, positive effect of inulin on the overall mortality rate

and feed conversion of the fish and confirm that prebiotic inulin and oligofructose are natural and sustainable alternatives for in-feed antibiotics.

Optimising the aquafeed pellet

When formulating

These studies also show that an inclusion of rice protein concentrate of up to 20 percent is fea-sible, without any negative influence impacting on the zootechnical performance of the fish or their fillet quality.

Orafti® prebiotics for optimal gut health

Aquaculture is steadily growing worldwide and

its production capacity depends on optimal zoo-technical performance.

Nowadays, aquacul-ture involves strategies to improve the overall functioning and efficacy of an animal’s digestion, to

reduce stress and to prevent diseases. The latter can be achieved through strict envi-ronmental management and prophylactic strategies, such as vaccination.

However, vaccines do not cover all the major aquaculture diseases.

Therefore, other preventive measures must be taken as well. With this in mind,

nine, which are reported to have a positive effect on growth performance and influence pigmentation of aquaspecies.

From mink digestibility trials, it can be concluded that apparent protein digest-ibility has a value of 80 percent; the true protein digestibility of rice protein is 85 percent. These values are in line with other vegetal protein sources and confirm the potential for using rice protein in aquafeed.

Studies on sea bream (Palmegiano et al, 2007) and rainbow trout (Palmegiano et al., 2006) indicate that rice protein concentrate is a good alternative to fish meal.



"Whether aquafeed poducers are looking for ingredients that impact zootechnical performance or animal health, or have improved technological parameters, BENEO-Animal Nutrition’s range of aquafeeds can do it all"

Table 3: effect of VWG addition to aquafeed on the technological parameters of pellets and extrudates (Kaushik, 2000)

Feed a Feed B

Feed Mixture Pelleted extruded Pelleted extruded

Mass/volume (g/l) 612 580 633 504

Durability (mechanical, pfost) (%) 87 100 93 99

Durability (pneumatic, holmen) (%) 25 97 70 94

Buoyancy (% residues at 30sec) 0 0 0 10

Sinking rate (cm/sec) 8 6,2 9,7 4

Water Stability (% residues at 10 min and 1hr) 30/89 0/4 17/37 11/92

Slope of particle breakdown (10-60 min) 0,0114 0,0097 0,0052 0,0167

Oil absorbing capacity (%) 16 18 16 31

A: basal diet containing fishmeal, fish oil, gelatinised starch, vitamin and mineral mixtures

B: 80% A + 20% wheat gluten

Table 4: Beneo application matrix

Fish meal replacement

technological ingredient

optimising gut health

BeneoPro W *** ***

Orafti® Prebiotics * **

RemyPro N70 ***

Remy starches ***


Figure 1

Figure 2

Process Technology and Complete Plants - for the Aqua Feed Industry

New process lines and plants • Process equipment upgrades and replacements • Spare- and wear parts • Service and maintenance programmes • Optimization and support.

ANDRITZ FEED & BIOFUELEurope, Asia and South America: [email protected] and Canada: [email protected] www.andritz.com

In 2008 ANDRITZ FEED & BIOFUEL delivered a complete solution to Ems-land-Aller Aqua in Germany. Having built Europe’s most modern fish feed factory in Golßen, Emsland-Aller Aqua has an optimum playing field. With the aid of the most modern machines available, e. g. the latest in extruder technology, product developments can also be put into practice quickly.

Leading technologies - Global presence - Local service Together, we make it work!

For enquiry, please e-mail

[email protected] www.aqua.biomin.net

Naturally ahead

Naturally ahead in phytogenics!Biomin® P.E.P. is made with a unique blend of essential oils and a functional carrier to provide a synergistic formula. It is designed specifically to support digestion and improve feed conversion.

Ad_PEP_IAF_CIL_4_11.indd 1 20.04.11 08:42

Kaushik,S(2000).Feedformulation,dietdevelopmentandfeedtechnologyIn:In.RecentadvancesinMediterraneanaquaculturefinfishspeciesdiversification.Zaragoza:CIHEAM-IAMZ,2000.p.43-51

Kissil,G.W.&I.Lupatsch.(2004).SuccessfulreplacementoffishmealbyplantproteinsindietsfortheGiltheadseabream,Sparusauratal.TheIsraeliJournalofAquaculture–Bamidgeh56(3):188-199.

RingoE.,GatesoupeF.J.,1998.Lacticacidbacteriainfish:areview.AquaculturalResearch

26,773-789.

PalmegianoGB,CostanzoMT,DapràF,GaiF,GallettaMG,MaricchioloG,etal.(2007)Riceproteinconcentrate

mealaspotentialdietaryingredientinpracticaldietsforblackspotseabream(Pagellusbogaraveo).Journalofanimalphysiologyandanimalnutrition.2007Jun;91(5-6):235-9.

Pfeffer,E.,Henrichfreise,B.,1994.EvaluationofpotentialsourcesofproteinindietsforrainbowtroutOncorhynchus mykiss.Arch.Anim.Nutr.45,371–377.

T.Storebakken,K.D.Shearer,G.Baeverfjord,B.G.Nielsen,T.Åsgård,T.ScottandA.DeLaporte(2000)Digestibilityofmacronutrients,energyandaminoacids,absorptionofelementsandabsenceofintestinalenteritisinAtlanticsalmon,Salmo salar,feddietswithwheatgluten.Aquaculture,Volume184,Issues1-2,3April2000,Pages115-132

Tibbetts,S.M.,Milley,J.E.&Lall,S.P.(2006)ApparentproteinandenergydigestibilityofcommonandalternativefeedingredientsbyAtlanticcod,Gadusmorhua(Linnaeus,1758).Aquaculture,261,1314–1327

its cereal based equivalents, this results in increased resistance towards the formation of steam pockets.

When the extrudate cools down, the rice starch product’s structure is more homogeneous and its surface smoother, improving the pellets the overall perfor-mance and durability in water.

Not only is the surface of the pellet smoother when rice flour is used in the extrusion process, but the expansion of extrudate products is also modified when rice flour is added. Rice starch has a positive effect on the expansion of an extrudate and, since expansion characteristics are directly linked to the bulk density of the pellet, adding rice flour or starches to fish feed enables the aquafeed producer to adjust the floating capacities of extruded fish feed to suit their specific requirements.

ConclusionPromoting multi-purpose nutrition and

sustainable aquaculture production, BENEO ingredients are the obvious choice. So, whether aquafeed producers are looking for ingredi-ents that impact zootechnical performance or animal health, or have improved technological parameters, BENEO-Animal Nutrition’s range of aquafeeds can do it all.

References:Davies,S.J.,Morris,P.C.,Baker,R.T.M.,(1997).Partialsubstitutionoffishmealandfull-fatsoyabeanmealwithwheatglutenandinfluenceoflysinesupplementationindietsforrainbowtrout,Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum).AquacultResearch,28:317-328.

Helland,S.J.,Grisdale-Helland,B.(2006)ReplacementoffishmealwithwheatglutenindietsforAtlantichalibut(Hippoglossushippoglossus):effectonwhole-bodyaminoacidconcentrations.Aquaculture1363-1370

diets for aquaspecies, it is not only the nutritional content of the feed, which should be considered. The physical characteristics of the final product are also of major importance; the texture, water stability and buoyancy of the pellets can be modi-fied by not only altering feed processing techniques, but also by the physical nature of the ingredients themselves.

An optimal binder for aquafeed

Because of its visco-elastic properties, vital wheat gluten is an interesting techno-logical ingredient for aquafeed diets.

It serves as a strong, cohesive matrix and prevents gas expulsion during extru-sion. In Table 3, the effect of wheat gluten addition on the technological parameters of aquafeed is illustrated. It can be concluded that vital wheat gluten improves water stability of the extrudate and enables the feed producer to include higher dosages of oil in the feed.

An extrusion enhancerFollowing extrusion, rice flour and starch

dough expansion is characterised by very high hot set temperatures and viscosity rates. As the viscosity of dough, made from rice derivatives, increases more quickly than

About Beneo-Animal Nutrition

Beneo-Animal Nutrition offers a broad range of natural ingredients with nutritional benefits. The product range comprises vegetable proteins, func-tional fibres and carbohydrates as well as chicory-based prebiotics. BENEO-Animal Nutrition translates Beneo’s unique expertise in human food to the world of pet food, animal feed and aquafeed. BENEO is a division of the Südzucker Group, employs almost 900 people and has production units in Belgium, Chile, Germany and Italy.

More inforMation:Website: www. beneo-an.com




www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php

FindfullonlinebackissuesofinternationalAquafeedmagazinein

ourarchive

In recent years, shrimp culture has become one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. Current production

levels reach over three million tonnes per year, corresponding to a market volume of over US$10 billion (FAO 2008).

However, even with this expansion in the production there are some unknowns.

One of the problems with shrimp (and other crustacean) culture is broodstock diets and nutrition.

Currently, most, if not all, hatcheries around the world are using fresh or frozen, unprocessed marine organisms as food items. These include squid, various mollusks (mussels, oysters or clams), marine poly-chates, crustaceans such as shrimp (Peixoto et al., 2004; Preston et al., 2004, Coman et al., 2006) and Artemia biomass (Anh et al., 2008, Gandy et al., 2007). These feeds are usually topped up with nutritional additives such as vitamins, minerals and fatty acids (Hoa et al., 2009).

Maturation diets based on combina-tion of fresh and frozen marine organisms usually results in high reproductive perfor-mances for both domesticated and wild caught broodstock shrimp.

However, this practice is far from ideal, exposing the cultured animals to several major issues -

Biosecurity: Fresh and frozen food organ-isms can, potentially, become transferring vector for different pathogens and diseases. This is more so when crustaceans are been used (Coman et al., 2006). Although, recognized for their contribution to the maturation process through supplementing maturation hormones and other nutrients, the importation of crustaceans such as Artemia was banned in several countries in an attempt to reduce the risk of disease

transfer. Similarly, in many countries the use of shrimp heads or shrimp meal in maturation diets was banned. It is not known if none-crustacean organisms can transmit shrimp viruses such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellow head virus (YHV) or others but due to their origin, post har-vest methods and storage, they are all prone to become a vector for other pathogens.

Nutritional profile: Due to the fact that fresh/frozen food organisms are been caught in the wild, their nutritional profile varied. Season, location, life cycle, pre and post harvesting methods can and will affect their nutritional profile. This inconsistency in the quality and nutritional profile makes it hard to standardize protocols even within the same company. Different countries and even regions within a country will have different access to fresh/frozen food organisms and will used them differently resulting in high fluctuation in FCR’s and performances between farmers, regions and countries culturing the same species.

Water quality: In many cases high water flow is needed following feeding of fresh / frozen food organisms. In many cases daily (or even few times during the day) siphoning is essential to keep good water quality and tank hygiene. This is obviously labor-intensive task that might also affect the brood animals.

Domestication: It is commonly accepted that wild broodstock shrimp needs fresh / frozen food organisms. For example, Conan et al., 2006 raised the hypotheseis wether the removal of crustacean component from the maturations diet for domesticated P. monodon broodstock has contributed to the broodstock low performances.

Considering the cost of broodstock (especially ‘SPF’), these are serious risks and in many cases resulting in high mortal-ity and/or reduced productivity, leading to significant financial loss.

Until now, shrimp broodstock fed matu-ration-formulated diet, pelleted or extruded did not match the performances of animals fed on fresh/frozen food (Wouters et al., 2002. Braga et al., 2010). Formulated diets tend to break down due to the unique feed-ing behavior of the animals, resulting in pol-luted water and very high FCR. Moreover, palatability and ingestion rates are usually low. Even using the same food organisms as dry meals in formulated diets didn’t result in similar performances as when fresh/frozen organisms were given.

Recently, new maturation diet (NutraFeed®) for crustacean that can completely replace the use of fresh/frozen feed was developed. The diet is semi-moist (around 30-35% moist) and manufactured as short pellets at any length and diameter needed. The diet is stable in the water for 24 hours and will not break down when the shrimp is holding and chewing it.

NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry meals without any fresh or frozen products. They are certified as pathogen free (all ingredients pass Gamma radiation) with a shelf life of six months (refrigerated) or 12 months (frozen). To boost the hor-monal cycle, herbal extracts (NutraGreen® products) are incorporated into the diets. These are 100% natural additives aimed at improving broodstock performances includ-ing; enhancing egg and larvae quality, sperm mortality, vitellogenesis, as well as immune system and digestive system support.

Initially these natural herbal additives were developed as natural hormonal replacements for woman during IVF treat-ments and during menopause period.

Large experiment To compare the performances of the

maturation diet against traditional fresh/frozen food organism, a large experiment was conducted independently by one of

Maturation diets for shrimp – Is there alternative to natural food?


F: Maturation diets

performanceofreciprocallycrossedwild-caughtandtankrearedPenaeusmonodonbroodstock.Aquaculture252,372–384.

Gandy,R.L.,Samocha,T.M.,Masser,M.P.,Fox,J.M.,Ali,S.A.M.,GatlinIII,D.M.,andSpeed,M.2007.Theeffectofunilateraleyestalkablationanddietonthereproductiveperformanceofwild-caughtFarfantepenaeusaztecus(Ives,1891)usingaclosedrecirculatingmaturationsystem.Aquac.Res.38,580–587.

Hoa,N.D.,Wouters,R.,Wille,R.,Thanh,V.,Dong,T.K.,Hao,N.V.,andSorgeloos,P.2009.Afresh-foodmaturationdietwithanadequateHUFAcompositionforbroodstocknutritionstudiesinblacktigershrimpPenaeusmonodon(Fabricius,1798).Aquaculture,297,116-121.

Peixoto,S.,Coman,G.J.,Arnold,S.J.,Crocos,P.J.,Preston,N.P.,2005.Histologicalexaminationoffinal

oocytematurationandatresiainwildanddomesticatedPenaeusmonodonbroodstock.Aquac.Res.36,666–673.

Preston,N.P.,Crocos,P.J.,Keys,S.J,Coman,G.J.,Koenig,R.,2004.Comparativegrowthofselectedandnon-selectedKurumashrimpPenaeus(Marsupenaeus)japonicusincommercialfarmponds.Aquaculture231,73–82.

the biggest shrimp producers in the world. The results (see Table 1) showed signifi-cant performance improvements when the broodstock fed on NutraFeed® semi-moist diet.

Moreover, using the semi-moist diet also proved to be cost effective compared to traditional diets. 200 white shrimp L. vanna-mei were fed control diet (squid, polychates and nutritional booster) or NutraFeed® SM diet. The broodstock were kept in identical tanks and under the same environmental conditions. Growth, mortalities, spawning events, fecundity, hatching rates and number of nauplii were determined over 124 days.

The diet was also used with domesti-cated P. monodon broodstock in Australia with remarkable results. This is a significant achievement since it is known that P. mon-odon are particularly picky with their diet and feeding them solely on formu-lated diet used to be challenging, not to mention, achiev-ing similar or better performances.

Currently the diet is been used in several commer-cial hatcheries in Thailand, India and Malaysia and the company is up-scal-ing the production.

ReferencesAnh,N.T.N.,Hoa,N.V.,VanStappen,G.,andSorgeloos,P.2008.EffectofdifferentsupplementalfeedsonproximatecompositionandArtemiabiomassproductioninsaltponds.Aquaculture,286,217-225.

Braga,A.L.,Nakayama,C.L.,Martins,J.G.,Colares,E.P.,andWasielesky,W.Jr.2010.SpermatophorequalityofthepinkshrimpFarfantepenaeuspaulensis(Decapoda,Dendrobranchiata)broodstockfedwithdifferentmaturationdiets.Aquaculture,307,44-48.

Coman,G.J.,Arnold,S.J.,Callaghan,T.R.,andPreston,N.P.2006.EffectoftwomaturationdietcombinationsonreproductiveperformanceofdomesticatedPenaeusmonodon.Aquaculture,263,75-83.

Coman,G.J.,Arnold,S.J.,Peixoto,S.,Coman,F.E.,Crocos,P.J.,Preston,N.P.,2006.Reproductive

Table 1: Comparison between traditional (control) fresh/frozen food and formulated semi-moist diet

treatment Days %Mort/day avg. Sr/day total spawns egg/Femalenauplii/Female % Hatch total nauplii

Control 124 0.09 3.34% 602 179,364 154,364 86 92,860,000

NutraFeed 124 0.05 4.74 849 186,266 160,188 86 136,000,000

Difference 44.4% 29.5% 29.1% 3.7% 3.7% 0% 46.5%

Authors & CompanyDr Sagiv Kolkovski is the Principal scientist, marine aquaculture, at the Department

of Fisheries, western Australia. He is also the R&D director at Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Judith Kolkovski, ND is a nutritionist and herbalist and the general manager of Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Nutrakol Pty Ltd is specialized in developing and manufacturing nutritional and natural health solutions for aquaculture.

Company productsNutrakol specialized in nutritional and health solutions for aquaculture. ‘Tailor-made’

diets and additives for broodstock and enrichments for larvae. These products can be manufacture to specific requirements or species. Crustacean broodstock semi-moist diets for complete replacement of fresh/frozen food. NutraGreen natural health solutions solely based on herbal extracts and specifically design to support gonadal development, immune system and digestive system.

Nutra-Kol is a vibrant Australian company focusing on the nutrition and health of aquatic organisms. Nutra-

Kol products include feed additives and natural health solutions for the aquaculture industry.

These products are the result of a unique combination of expertise in marine biology and naturopathy. Nutra-

Kol products are scientifi cally designed and tested in collaboration with commercial hatcheries, research and

development centres, universities and fi sh farmers.

The products are based on natural ingredients with the majority of them produced in Australia. Nutra-Kol is

Western Australia based, supplying worldwide.‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for aquaculture

Completely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even bett er results

Nutrafeed - Improved bio-security, bett er performances, great palatability and no contaminati on of the water

Ideal for SPF (specifi c pathogen free) broodstock

‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for aquaculture‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for aquaculture‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for aquaculture

Nutra-Kol Pty LtdWestern Australia, Australia

Tel: +61 8 9403 2287Fax: +61 8 9403 2287

Email: [email protected]

Meet us at World

Aquacultre, Natal Brazil, Booth 66

One of the problems with shrimp (and other crustacean) culture is broodstock diets and nutrition. Currently, most hatcheries around the world are using fresh or frozen squid, worms (polychaetes), fi sh and other marine organisms, topped up with nutritional

additives. This practice is far from ideal, exposing the

cultured animals to potential pathogens

and diseases, nutritional

inconsistency and is dependent on wild fi sheries. Considering

the cost of broodstock

(especially ‘SPF’), these are

serious risks and in many cases result in

high mortality and/or reduced productivity, leading to signifi cant fi nancial loss.

Until now, broodstock fed maturation formulated dry diet, pelleted or extruded did not match the performances of animals fed on fresh/frozen food. The dry diets tend to break down due to the unique feeding behaviour of the animals, resulting in polluted water and very high FCR. Moreover, palatability and ingestion rates are usually low.

NO MORE!Recently, NutrKol developed maturation diet (NutraFeed® diet range) for crustacea that can completely replace the use of fresh/frozen feed. The diet is semi-moist and manufactured as short pellets at any length and diameter needed. The diet is stable in the water for 24 hours and will not break down when the shrimp or lobster is holding and chewing it.

NutraFeed® diets were tested with several crustaceans including; white shrimp L. vannamei, tiger prawn P. monodon (wild and domesticated), bugs (T. orientalis) and tropical lobster (Panulirus ornatus). The diet can be designed and manufactured to any crustaceans.

NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry meals without any fresh or frozen products. They are pathogen free (all ingredients pass Gamma radiation) with a shelf life of six months (refrigerated) or 12 months (frozen).

Herbal extracts (NutraGreen® products) are incorporated into the diets. These 100% natural additives aimed at improving broodstock performances including; enhancing egg and larvae quality, sperm motility, vitellogenesis, as well as immune system and digestive system support.

Currently, three different maturation diets are manufactured according to species: NutraFeed® SM for shrimps and prawns, NutraFeed® LM for lobsters and bugs and, NutraFeed® CM for crabs.

NutraFeed®Crustacean semi-moist maturation diet

additives. This pfrom ideal,

culturedpote

andn

i

tb

(es‘SPF

seriousin many ca

high mortality an

of six months

n).

o

ndpermpermperenesis, sissis

m andne systemst

Completely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even bett er resultsCompletely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even bett er resultsCompletely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even bett er resultsCompletely replace the need for fresh/frozen feed with even bett er results

Semi-moist maturati on diet for Shrimp

Nutrafeed - Improved bio-security, bett er performances, great palatability and no contaminati on of the waterNutrafeed - Improved bio-security, bett er performances, great palatability and no contaminati on of the waterNutrafeed - Improved bio-security, bett er performances, great palatability and no contaminati on of the waterNutrafeed - Improved bio-security, bett er performances, great palatability and no contaminati on of the water

Bett er performance

Ideal for SPF (specifi c pathogen free) broodstockIdeal for SPF (specifi c pathogen free) broodstockIdeal for SPF (specifi c pathogen free) broodstockIdeal for SPF (specifi c pathogen free) broodstock

Avoid potenti al pathogens and diseases

NutroKol_2_190x58mm.indd 1 07/04/2011 11:22


F: Maturation diets

On a global scale, aquac-ulture output has been increasing at a rate of around eight percent per

annum and now supplies about 65 million tons whereas fisheries landings have remained constant at about 90 million tons of fish for the last decade (FAO 2010).

Indeed, more than half of the fish prod-ucts produced for human consumption come from commercial aquaculture.

However, the sustained growth of the industry has resulted in an increased need for specialised compound feedstuffs, at approximately 30 million tonnes per year in 2009 and is expected to more than double by 2020 (Tacon 2010).

In the preparation of dry fish diets for intensive aquaculture, the principle aim is to provide a balanced diet that meets the full nutritional requirements.

Traditionally, fishmeal has been used as a main source of protein in aquafeeds due to its high protein content, excellent amino acid profile, as well as high nutrient digest-ibility (Gatlin et al., 2007).

However, being too dependent on any one ingredient presents considerable risk associated with supply, price and quality fluctuations (Naylor et al., 2000; Glencross et al., 2007); indeed, aquafeeds can account for over 50 percent of production costs in some aquaculture practices. In order to reduce dietary costs and increase the prof-itability, using less expensive protein sources to replace fishmeal, the most expensive dietary component, is a high priority.

The traditional dependence of aquafeeds on fishmeal and fish oil also raises questions as to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry.

Alternative proteins derived from plant sources often provide reasonably good growth; soybean meals/protein concentrates, canola meals/protein concentrates, lupin meals/protein concentrates and a range of

other plant proteins have all shown vary-ing degrees of suc-cess when included in aquafeed (Gatlin et al. 2007). Single cell protein sources, ani-mal by-products and by-products of the brewing and bioetha-nol industries have also been explored.

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), one of the main co-products obtaining from the fermentation of cere-al grains for the production of ethanol, is an interesting potential ingredient for inclu-sion in animal feeds.

Distillers dried grains

Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a valuable feed ingredient which is a by-product of the dry-grind or wet mill ethanol production resulting from the yeast fermentation of cereal grains. Corn (maize) is often the cereal of choice for ethanol plants because of its highly fermentable starch content. Each bushel of corn (~25.4kg) is converted into approximately 7.7kg of DDGS, 8.2kg of ethanol and 8.2kg of CO2 (Jacques et al., 2003). The continual expansion of the fuel ethanol industry will provide a steady and growing DDGS output and continually improving processing technologies pro-vides interesting, economical,

The potential of distillers dried grains and

solubles (DDGS) for inclusion in aquafeeds by Samad S Omar, Aquaculture Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, The University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

Table 1: Mean chemical composition of the DDGS from previous investigations

Cromwell et al. (1993)

Spieh et al. (2002)

Stein et al. (2006)

Pedersen et al. (2007)

DM (%) 90.5 89 88.9 87.6

CP (%) 26.9 30.2 27.4 29.2

Fat (%) 9.7 10.7 ND 10.5

Fibre (%) ND 8.6 6.8 7.8

Ash (%) 4.8 6.1 ND 3.86

ADF (%) 14.4 16.1 10.9 10.15

NDF (%) 35.1 41.45 40.13 24.2

DE MJ kg-1 ND 15.7 20.13 19.6

* ND = not determined

Table 2: amino acid composition of DDGS from previous investigations

Cromwell et al. (1993)

Fastinger & Mahan (2006)

Stein et al. (2006)

Pedersen et al. (2007)

Essential AA

Arg 1.06 1.00 1.10 1.28

His 0.72 0.65 0.77 0.76

Ile 1.00 0.98 1.02 1.09

Leu 3.33 3.07 3.11 3.54

Lys 0.70 0.64 0.79 0.81

Met 0.51 048 0.62 0.69

Phe 1.45 1.34 1.3 1.40

Thr 1.03 0.95 0.99 0.95

Trp 0.19 0.25 0.17 0.19

Val 1.35 1.3 1.41 1.44

Non-essential AA

Ala NT 1.88 1.76 2.14

Asp NT 1.66 1.94 2.02

Cys 0.53 0.48 0.70 0.39

Glu NT 3.98 3.52 5.38

Gly NT 0.94 0.98 1.16

Pro NT 2 1.95 2.34

Ser NT 1.05 1.08 1.34

Tyr NT 0.97 0.97 1.18


F: DDGS

opportunities for low level inclusion in animal feeds.

The typical crude protein content averages about 30 percent and fibre content ranges from ca. 7-11 percent (see Table 1). On the other hand, DDGS contains a good level of energy and is a rich source of vitamins and minerals. The physical appearance, chemical composition and nutrient digestibility can vary considerably depend-ing on sources, process-ing and different drying procedures.

For example, Cromwell et al. (1993) investigated the characteristics and compo-sition of 9 DDGS sources (seven from brewery pro-duction and two from ethanol plants) and found that crude protein ranged from 23.4 to 28.7 percent, fat ranged from 2.9 to 12.8 percent, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) ranged from 8.8 to 36.9 percent, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ranged from 28.8 to 40.3 percent, acid detergent fibre (ADF) ranged from 10.3 to 18.1 percent and ash ranged from 3.4 to 7.3 percent.

The amino acid profiles also varied greatly with source, particularly lysine concentrations, which ranged from 0.43 to 0.89 percent. Similar findings have been reported more recently (Spiehs et al. 2002; Pedersen et al. 2007; see Table 2). The colour of the DDGS sources ranged from being light to dark and odour varied from normal to burnt/smokey (Cromwell et al. 1993). Hunterlab scoring (based on lightness/darkness and yellowness) provided a good correlation with lysine content and subsequent nutritional qual-ity with regards to weight gain of chicks fed dietary DGGS.

The use of DDGS in animal nutrition

Conventionally, DDGS have been widely used for ruminants (beef and dairy cattle) and increasingly for non-ruminant terres-trial animals (mainly and swine and poultry) because of the moderate protein content and high fibre content.

A number of studies have focused on growth and carcass parameters but also the effect on milk yield of dairy cattle has inves-tigated. For example, Powers et al. (1995) stated that a satisfactory replacement in

dietary cow can be provided by DDGS for soybean meal and corn concentrates.

They indicated that the cows fed higher quality DDGS sources produced marginally more milk yield than cows fed soybean meal supplement. More recently, Kleinschmit et al. (2006) conducted a study to determine the effect of feeding diets with 20 per-cent DDGS inclusion from three different sources compared with DDGS-free control diets (CON); dairy cows fed diets contain-ing DDGS produced higher amount of milk, approximately 3.4kg d-1 more than cows fed diets containing no DDGS (CON). Also they found that the feed efficiency higher in cows fed DDGS compared with CON.

Klopfenstein et al. (2008) concluded that the various levels of WDGS and DDGS fed to feedlot cattle produced higher ADG and weight gain:feed intake ratios than cattle fed corn-based diets without DGS. Also they observed that the feeding value of DGS is greater than dry rolled-corn and high-moisture corn; however, the feeding value of DGS tends to be lower when fed in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn than based on dry-rolled corn or high-moisture.

The use of DDGS in poultry diets has historically been at a 5-10 percent inclusion level. In past decades, DDGS has been used in poultry diets primarily as a source of alternate protein, which can promote growth, egg production and potentially improve palatability (Couch et al. 1957; Day et al. 1972; Alenier and Combs 1981). Currently suggested maximum dietary inclusion rates for DDGS are 10-15 percent for chicken

but higher levels of DDGS can be used successfully with appropriate diet formu-lation adjustments for energy and amino acids (Waldroup et al.1981; Noll et al. 2004). Recommended maximum dietary levels of DDGS in swine diets are 20-50 percent depend on the goal of rearing and proving that diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis.

The use of DDGS in fish nutrition

The using of DDGS for aquaculture feeds is now of major significance as an alternative protein due to its relatively low price and availability and nutrient profile. An increasing body of literature is becoming available on the efficacy of utilising DGGS in aquafeeds (see Table 4).

Coyle et al. (1996) demonstrated that the DDGS can be consumed directly by juvenile prawn (>2g), and that the DDGS can have a simultaneous benefit as a food supply and a pond fertilizer. Webster et al. (1993) showed that diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30 percent DDGS, partially replacing corn or soybean meal, fed to cage reared juvenile catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) did not alter individual fish weights, survival, feed conversion, carcass composition, carcass waste (head, skin, viscera) or organoleptic properties of the fillets. They also suggested that more than 30 percent DDGS can be added to the diets with no negative impact on growth performance, carcass composi-tion or flavour qualities of the fillets.

Furthermore, Wu et al. (1996) showed


F: DDGS

ods used to process DDGS into suitable protein concentrates has been indicated to potentially affect feed quality, in terms of nutrient composition, amino acid profile, digestibility and gen-eral protein quality (Urzŭa 2010; Chiesa & Gnansounou 2011).

Another process-ing factor that needs to be considered is the form in which DDGS based feeds are presented and as well as feed ingredi-ent and extrusion conditions such as

ingredient moisture content and screw speed; these parameters have been shown to be important factors which determine and impact upon extrudate characteristics (e.g. moisture content, durability, brightness and redness) when using feed formulations

containing DDGS (Chevanan et al. 2009).

Further work is required to optimize process-ing conditions and technologies in order to produce more consistent feed products.

ConclusionsInitial feeding

studies have been conducted on tila-pia, rainbow trout and on catfish have shown that fish can be grown

on diets containing DDGS as a contributing protein source. In fact, there are indications from some studies that DDGS may improve palatability. Studies incorporating higher DS inclusion levels are needed to determine the efficacy of using DS alone and other studies are required to investigate and iden-tify any specific appetite enhancing factors.

As a moderately rich source of protein and a good source of micronutrients DDGS can be considered to be feasible ingredient for inclusion in fish diets within limited levels.

References available on request

of Nile tilapia compared to the reference diet (0% DDGS) (Schaeffer et al. 2010). However, fish fed the 20 percent DDG diet did not show reduced feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio whereas higher inclusion levels did.

In channel catfish, diets containing 10 percent distillers solubles (DS) or 30 percent DDGS has been shown to improve feed consumption and weight gain compared to the control diet (Li et al. 2010). However, feed conversion ratio was lower. DDGS in diets for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatalis) at 30 percent inclusion, have displayed lower protein efficiency ratio compared to other FM protein sources, poultry by-products and SBM (Thompson et al. 2008).

Factors affecting feed qualityIt must be noted that refining meth-

that the levels of DDGS at 30 percent of the diet fed to tilapia provided good growth performance and feed utilization.

In agreement, Coyle et al. (2004) indicated that diets containing 30 percent DDGS in combination with meatbone meal and soybean meal provided good growth in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticuse x O. aureus).

However, a diet without animal pro-tein did not support acceptable growth in the same species. The same result was found by Robinson and Menghe (2008) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Thiessen et al. (2003) showed that thin distillers solubles at 3.3 percent or 3.9 per-cent (dry matter basis) in diets containing 15 percent canola meal or 30.5 per-cent of air-classi-fied pea protein could increase short term dietary palatability for rainbow trout ( O n c r o h y n c h u s mykiss).

However, the feed intake did not increase when using 1.9 percent or 6.6 percent thin distillers solubles.

Cheng et al. (2004) observed that 50 percent up to 50 percent of dietary fishmeal could be replaced by a mixture of soybean meal and DDGS with-out affecting weight gain or feed conversion. Inclusion levels beyond this led to reduced performance which could not be rectified with supplementation of dietary methionine hydroxy analogue (2.75g kg-1).

Kukačka & Mareš (2008) showed that DDGS dietary inclusion of up to 30 percent can be used in carp diets without affecting growth performance and feed utilisation parameters. Contrary to these findings 17.5 - 27.5 percent DDGS dietary inclusion sig-nificantly reduced the growth performance

Table 3: Mineral analysis of DDGS from previous investigations

Minerals Concentration references

Ca (%) 0.25 - 0.40 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

P (%) 0.79 - 0.90 Spieh et al. (2002); Stein et al. (2006); Robinson et al. (2008)

K (%) 0.97 - 1.12 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Mg (%) 0.32 - 0.37 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

S (%) 0.48 - 0.64 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Na (%) 0.18 -0.26 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Zn (ppm) 91.4 -254 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Mn (ppm) 17 - 32.4 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Cu (ppm) 4.9 – 9.7 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Fe (ppm) 85.0 – 169.3 Spieh et al. (2002); Robinson et al. (2008)

Mo (ppm) 0.7 Robinson et al. (2008)

Se (ppm) 0.28 Robinson et al. (2008)

Co (ppm) < 0.1 Robinson et al. (2008)

Table 4: Summary of DDGS studies in aquatic animals

Species DDGS inclusion level references

Channel catfish 0, 10, 20, 30 & 40% Webster et al. (1993)

Prawn <0.2% Coyle et al. (1996)

Nile tilapia 30% Wu et al. (1996)

Rainbow trout 1.9, 3.3, 3.9 & 6.6% Thiessen et al. (2003)

rainbow trout 15, 50 & 75% Cheng et al. (2004)

Nile tilapia 30% Coyle et al. (2004)

Common carp 0, 15 & 30% Kukačka & Mareš (2008)

Sunshine bass 30% Thompson et al. (2008)

Channel catfish 27, 29, 30 & 100% Robinson & Menghe (2008)

Nile tilapia 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25 & 27.5% Schaeffer et al. (2010)

Channel catfish 10, 20 & 30% Li et al. (2010)


F: DDGS


Rising feedcost

Escalatingfish meal price

Opportunisticdiseases

Environmentalimpact

Low Shrimp& fish prices

Feed is the main cost in most aquaculture operations …

and the most difficult one to reduce when ingredient prices are rising …

Tired of hearing only bad news?

AQUAGEST® maximizes digestibility andfeedutilizationefficiency

AQUABITE® enhancespalatability andappetite

SANACORE® GM improvesgrowthandproductivity

bypromotingahealthygutmicroflora

[email protected]

applyingnatureforahealthyandsustainablefuture

www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php

FindfullonlinebackissuesofinternationalAquafeedmagazineinourarchive

2006 marked a turning point in European aquac-ulture, when the European Union ratified a ban on the

non-medical use of antibiotics in the regulation on feed additives for use in animal nutrition (EC № 1831/2003).

This put a statutory stop to the use of all antibiotics and ionophore anticoc-cidials as growth promoters in intensive aquaculture practice and alternatives have received much attention (Bricknell and Dalmo, 2005; Merrifield et al., 2010; Dimitroglou et al., 2011).

Such measures may help to facili-tate consumer perceptions of bio-security and eco-friendly fish farming. In this context much attention has been focused towards the development of immunomodulatory compounds such as β-glucans.

Sources and chemical structure

β-glucans are widely distributed in nature and can be found in the cell walls of yeasts, cere-al grains, algae, bacteria, fungi and mushrooms. β-glucans belong to the group of polysac-charides consisting of repeating β-(1,3)-linked D-glucose monomers that can be linear or branched with ran-domly distributed single

β-(1,6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl side chains, in which case it provides a comb-like structure (Bohn and BeMiller, 1995).

The most abundant source of natural β-glucans with highly immunomodulat-ing properties are yeasts, where research effort has focused in particular on β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucans, extracted from the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The β-glucan layer in the middle of the three-layered yeast cell wall gives strength and rigid-ity to the cell wall, forming a microfibrillar network.

There are other β-(1,3)-glucans from different sources available (Table 1). One of the first studies conducted in 1969 by Chihara et al., showed an inhibit-ing effect of the fungal β-glucan len-tinan on tumour growth in transplanted mice tumours after systemic infection. Lentinan and schizophyllan are nowadays used clinically in cancer therapy in Japan (Kaneko et al., 1989).

Immunomodulatory mechanisms of action of β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-glucans

Pathogens exhibit evolutionary con-served pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are recognised by host immune cells via contact with spe-cific receptors such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (Medzhitov and Janeway, 2000; Didierlaurent et al., 2005).

It is recognised that PRRs for β-glucans are present in all vertebrates as well as invertebrates (Raa, 2000) and in addition are important for the recognition of fungal pathogens. As a result it has been well docu-mented that β-glucans have positive effects on the immune cells of both fish and shrimp. Indeed it has been reported that β-glucans increase the activity of phagocytic cells (for example, macrophages) and the production of signal molecules such as cytokines, which results in the generation of new immune cells (Raa, 2000).

Preliminary effects of

β-glucans on Nile tilapia health and growth performance

by M D Rawling and H Kühlwein, Aquaculture Nutrition and Health Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK

Table 1: overview of other available beta (1,3)-D-glucan sources (adapted from Soltanian et al, 2009)

Origin β-glucan Branching frequency Reference

Fungi

Lentinus edodus (Shiitake) Lentinan 2/5 Wenneretal.,2008

Sclerotium glucanicum & sclerotiorum Scleroglucan, SSG 1/3, highly branched Riceetal.,2005

Schizophyllum commune Schizophyllan 1/3 Kubalaetal.,2003

Grifola frondosa (Maitake) Grifolan 1/3 Tadaetal.,2009

Poria cocos Wolf Pachyman 1.0-1.3 Wangetal.,2004

SeaweedLaminaria digitata Laminarin 1/10 Osmondetal.,2001

Laminaria hyperborea Laminaran 0.05 Nagaokaetal.,2000

AlgaeEuglena gracilis Paramylon - Skjermoetal.,2006

Chaetoceros mülleri Chrysolaminaran 0.005-0.009 Bäumeretal.,2001

Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Curdlan unbranched Kataokaetal.,2002

Lichen Umbilicaris pustulata Pustulan unbranched Yiannikourisetal.,2004


F: β-glucans

The use of glucans in practical diets for fish such as turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, Debaulney et al., 1996), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Peddie et al., 2002), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, Salinas et al., 2004), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Bagni et al., 2005) is well documented.

However, there is little data regarding the immune response and growth performance of tilapia when fed to apparent satiation on diets containing β-glucans (Whittington et al., 2005).

Consequently, the aim of the current investigation was to assess dietary inclu-

sion of a commercial β-glucan on the growth performance, feed utilisa-tion, and innate immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Experimental designThe experiment was under-

taken at the Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Aquarium, University of Plymouth, UK. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (6.8 ± 0.2g) were randomly distributed into 12 x 150-l1 fibreglass tanks containing well-aerated recirculated freshwater. Fish were fed to appar-ent satiation 3 times a day for 70 days. Fish were batch weighed on a weekly basis following a 24 hr starvation period and reared at 28 ± 1ºC with a 12:12 hr light:dark photoperiod.

Two isonitrogenous (ca. 38% crude pro-tein) and isolipidic (ca. 12% crude lipid) diets were formulated (Table 2). The basal diet served as a control diet (diet A). Experimental diet B consisted of the basal diet supplemented with β- glucan at 310 mg kg1 diet. The glucan source was a blend of β-(1,3) and (1,6) chained glucan. Each diet was produced by mechanically stirring the ingredients into a homogenous mixture using a Hobart food mixer.

Warm water was added to reach a

Table 2: Formulation of experimental diets. each ingredient component is expressed as g kg1 per diet

Diets

Ingredients A B

Herring meal LT921 300.00 300.00

Corn starch2 365.01 365.01

Lysamine pea protein3 164.74 164.74

Glutalys (maize)3 100.00 100.00

Fish oil4 30.00 30.00

Soybean oil 17.75 17.75

PNP Vitamin premix5 20.00 20.00

Barox plus liquid (antioxidant) 0.500 0.500

β-glucan6 - 1.00

Proximate analysis (% dry matter basis)

Dry matter (%) 93.7 94.2

Crude Protein (%) 37.8 39.3

Crude lipid (%) 8.6 8.6

Ash (%) 6.9 6.8

Gross energy (MJ kg -1) 20.4 19.5

Dietary codes: A = control diet, B = β-glucan diet. 1 Fish meal: United fish products, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.2 Corn starch: Sigma Aldrich Ltd, UK. 3 Lysamine pea protein: Roquette Frêres, France. 4 Epanoil: Sevenseas Ltd, UK.5 Vitamin premix: each 1kg of premix contains: 12.1%

calcium, Ash 78.7%, Vit A 1.000 µg/kg, Vit D3 0.100 µg/ kg, Vit E (as alpha tocopherol acetate) 7000.0 mg/kg, Copper (as cupric sulphate) 250.000 mg/kg, Magnesium 1.56%, Phosphorus 0.52%

6β-glucan: a blend of β-(1,3) and (1,6) chained glucan.


F: β-glucans

Figure 1: Growth performance of Nile tilapia after 10 weeks of feeding on experimental diets. Data expressed as means ± Standard deviations

Figure 2: Total circulatory leukocyte levels of fish after 70 days of feeding on experimental diets

18th Annual Practical Short Course on

Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition, & Feed Management

September 25-30, 2011

For more information, visit http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion

or contact Dr. Mian N. Riaz

[email protected] 979-845-2774

o 30+ lectures over a wide variety of aquaculture industry topics

o one-on-one interaction with qualified industry experts

o at the internationally Dry Extruder

Twin Screw Extruder

o discussion and live equipment demonstrations following lectures on four major types of extruders

o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat), coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feed formulation, and MUCH MORE!

recognized Food Protein R&D Center on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas

Full Fat Soy Demonstration

I prefer this quarter ad instead

of other one

(Thompson et al., 1995) and Asian cat-fish (Clarias batrachus; Kumari and Sahoo, 2006a). Contrary to these investigations, the result of the present study showed that after 70 days of feeding fish on diets containing β-glucan had no observable effect on serum lysozyme activity (567.1U. ml-1, P > 0.05) when compared to control fed fish (693.8U. ml-1).

Despite not being significantly different the activity was considerably less than the control, which may be explained by the high dietary glucan supplementation; previ-ously, Whittington et al., (2005) found that tilapia serum lysozyme activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when fed dietary β-glucan at 200 mg kg-1. Similarly Anderson (1992) and Couso et al. (2003) found nega-tive effects towards fish immune responses and disease resistance when fed dietary β-glucan at 10 g kg-1 for periods of up to 40 days.

Compared to control fed fish (1.61 x 104 µl-1) total leukocyte levels were significantly elevated in fish fed β-glucan diets (3.53 x 104 µl-1, P < 0.001) (Figure 2). This result is consistent with data reported for vari-ous fish species including: Atlantic salmon (Robertsen et al., 1994), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; Duncan and Klesius, 1996), common carp (Cyprinus carpio; Selvaraj et al., 2005) and rohu (Misra et al., 2006). The data from the present study suggests that the inclusion β-glucan at the dietary levels used had no detrimental effects towards the measured fish health parameters.

ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that

β-glucan fed to Nile tilapia at 310mg β-glucan kg-1 for 10 weeks had a positive effect on growth with no apparent detri-mental effects towards carcass composition or health status. Although there was no significant difference in the feed intake it was apparent that feed intake of fish fed β-glucan was considerably improved. Feed utilisation was not significantly affected further indicating that improved growth may have been due to improved appetite of fish fed diets containing β-glucan.

ReferencesAnderson,D.P.:AnnualReviewofFishDiseases,1992.2:pp.281-307.

Bagni,M.etal.Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2005.18:pp.311-325.

Bäumer,D.etal.JournalofPhycology,2001.37:pp.38-46.

twice per day, as opposed to three times per day in the present study. Efthimiou (1996) reported no improvements of den-tex (Dentex dentex) growth performance when diets were supplemented with 0.5% β-(1,3) (1,6)-D-glucans every second week for two months.

However, similar to the present study dietary β-glucans have been reported to improve fish growth performance, where Cook et al. (2003) fed a commercial β-glucan preparation to snapper (Pagrus auratus) at a dose of 0.1% of diet weight for 84 days.

In a similar investigation Misra et al. (2006) fed a β-glucan extracted from barley to rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings at a dose ranging from 0-500 mg β–glucan kg of diet for 56 days.

In the present study after 70 days of feeding on the experimental diets feed intake of fish fed β-glucan (36.6g kg-1 BW-1 day-1) was considerably higher (35.5 – 38.6g kg-1 BW-1 day-1) than control fed fish (28.3g kg-1 BW-1 day-1); however, this was not

significant due to high variance. This trend is at least suggestive toward increased absolute mean feed intake of fish fed on β-glucan to satiation three times a day; fur-ther research is required to evaluate appetite response and optimise β-glucan concentration. Despite increased growth compared to control fed fish, the supplementation of β-glucan had no effect on feed utilisation and carcass analysis

Haematology and immunology

Biochemical and haematological analysis can often provide vital information for health

and management assessment of cultured fish. In the present study haematocrit, haemoglobin and erthyrocyte levels were not affected by the inclusion of β-glucans (data not shown). Serum lysozyme activity also remained unaffected. Research has demonstrated that β-glucans can enhance the non-specific immune response of fish (Dalmo and Bogwald, 2008). Indeed, yeast glucans have been reported to enhance lysozyme activity in Atlantic salmon (Engstad et al., 1992), rainbow trout

consistency suitable for cold extrusion to form 1 mm pellets.

Results and discussion

Growth, feed utilisation and carcass analysis

This study endeavoured to determine the growth performance and health effects of including β-glucan in diets for Nile tilapia. Growth performance and feed utilisation of tilapia after 10 weeks feed-ing on experimental diets is presented in Table 3 and Figure 1. A high growth performance was observed in both groups; fish biomass increased by over 900% with feed conversion ratio (FCR) ≤ 1.0 and specific growth rate (SGR) > 3.5. SGR improved significantly from 3.5 ± 0.06% in the control fed fish (group A) to 4.1 ± 0.15% in the β-glucan fed fish (group B; P = 0.005). Mean final weight gain of the β-glucan fed fish (72.1g fish-1, P = 0.004) was significantly greater than control fish (50.9 g fish-1).

Contrary to the findings of the present study, an investigation by Whittington et al., (2005) reported that a yeast β-glucan at dietary levels of 50, 100 & 200 mg β–glucan kg did not significantly affect weight gain of tilapia after 84 days of feeding.

The current study used a commercial product at 310 mg β-glucan kg-1. The dif-ferences of growth performance may be explained by the higher β-glucan level in the current study or the fact that Whittington et al., (2005) fed to apparent satiation only

Table 3: Growth performance of nile tilapia after 10 weeks of feeding on experimental diets. Values expressed as means and pooled standard error. Dietary codes: a = control diet, B = β-glucan diet

Diets

Parameters a B

Initial body weight (g fish-1) 6.9 6.7

Final Body weight (g fish-1) 57.8a 78.8b

Weight gain (g fish-1) 50.9a 72.1b

Food consumption (g kg-1 BW-1 day-1) 28.3 36.6

Condition factor (k) 1.82a 1.99a

Net protein utilisation (NPU) 49.0 50.4

Protein efficiency ratio (PER) 2.59 2.59

Specific growth rate (SGR) 3.5a 4.1b

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.0 0.9abSignificant differences between groups are indicated by superscript letters


F: β-glucans

ExperimentalTherapeutics,314:pp.1079-1086.

Robertsen,B.etal.,in:StolenJ.andFletcherT.C.,Editors,ModulatorsofFishImmuneResponses,SOS,FairHaven,1994.pp.83-99.

Salinas,I.etal.Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2004.17:pp.159-170.

Selvaraj,V.etal.Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2005.19:pp.293-306.

Skjermo,J.etal.Aquaculture,2006.261:pp.1088-1101.

Soltanian,S.etal.CriticalReviewsinMicrobiology,2009.35:pp.109-138.

Tada,R.etal.CarbohydrateResearch,2009.344:pp.400- 404.

Thompson,K.D.etal.DiseasesinAsianaquaculture,1995.11:pp.433–439.FishHealthSection,AsianFisheriesSociety,Manila,Philippines.

Wang,Y.etal.CarbohydrateResearch,2004.339:pp.2567-2574.

Wenner,C.A.etal.PlantaMedica,2008.74:pp.909-910.

Whittington,R.etal.Aquaculture,2005.248:pp.217-225.

Yiannikouris,A.etal.JournalofFoodProtection,2004.67:pp.2741-2746.

22September2003onadditivesforuseinanimalnutrition,2003.

Kaneko,Y.etal.InternationalJournalofImmunotherapy,1989.5:pp.203-213.

Kataoka,K.etal.JournalofBiologicalChemistry,2002.277:pp.36825-36831.

Kubala,L.etal.CarbohydrateResearch,2003.338:pp.2835-2840.

Kumari,J.andSahoo,P.K.:DiseasesofAquaticOrganisms,2006.70:pp.63-70.

Medzhitov,R.andJaneway,C.Jr.:ImmunologicalReviews,2000.173:pp.89-97.

Merrifield,D.L.etal.Aquaculture,2010.302:pp.1-18.

Misra,C.K.etal.Aquaculture,2006.255:pp.82-94.

Nagaoka,H.etal.Hepatogastroenterolgy,1999.46:pp.2662-2668.

Osmond,R.I.etal.EuropeanJournalofBiochemistry,2001.268:pp.4190-4199.

Peddie,S.etal.VeterinaryImmunologyandImmunopathology,2002.86:pp.101-113.

Raa,J.:In:AvancesenNutricionAcuicolaV.Merida,Yucatan,Mexico:MemoriasdelVSimposiumInternacionaleNutricionAcuicola.2000.

Rice,P.J.etal.TheJournalofPharmacologyand

Bricknell,I.andDalmo,R.A.:Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2005.19:pp.457-472.

Chihara,G.etal.Nature,1969.222:pp.687-688.

Cook,M.T.etal.Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2003.14:pp.333-345.

Couso,N.etal.Aquaculture,2003.219:pp.99-109.

Dalmo,R.A.andBogwald,J.:Fish&ShellfishImmunology,2008.25:pp.384-396.

deBaulny,M.O.etal.:DiseasesofAquaticOrganisms,1996.26:pp.139-147.

Didierlaurent,A.etal.:CellularandMolecularLifeSciences,2005.62:pp.1285-1287.

Dimitroglou,A.etal.:FishandShellfishImmunology,2011.30:pp.1-16.

Duncan,P.L.andKlesius,P.H.:JournalofAquaticAnimalHealth,1996.8:pp.241-248.

Efthimiou,S.:JournalofAppliedIchthyology-ZeitschriftfürAngewandteIchthyologie,1996.12:pp.1-7.

Engstad,R.E.etal.Fish&ShellfishImmunology,1992.2:pp.287-297.

TheEuropeanParliamentandtheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion:Regulation(EC)No1831/2003oftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilof


F: β-glucans

Microalgae and cyanobac-teria provide us a high percentage of the oxygen we need to breathe. They

are also in the aquatic environment, being the first step in the food chain. We therefore owe our lives to them ... and they will change our way of life.

Indeed, in the near future, they are going to be able to generate clean energy and second-generation biofuels, as well as other products of benefit to mankind. This will also contribute to a sustainable develop-ment and to improve the environment on our planet.

Energy is an essential component of economic and social development in our times, and economic activity would be considerably limited without the thermal, mechanical and electrical energy generated by burning fuel.

Studies conducted by the International Energy Agency show that world evolution of the demand for primary energy is set to increase at a rate of 1.8 percent per year, going from the 10,000Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) produced in 2000 to the 17,000Mtoe estimated for 2030.

The significant increase in atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and

their contribution to climate change is also a reality that is endangering the future of the earth and mankind. Is sustainable development still possible in view of all this?

Microalgae & biofuelsMicroalgae are microorganisms that

contain chlorophyll and other pigments and are able to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere through water photolysis and synthesising organic material from oxidised forms of the primordial bioelements such as carbon dioxide or CO2, all at the expense of an inexhaustible energy source: sunlight. Over 30,000 spe-cies of microalgae exist on our planet, with a multitude of shapes, sizes and colours. Together with the higher plants, as we have mentioned, they are the basic support of life on earth and oxygenation of the atmosphere.

The making of liquid biofuels for vehicles (biodiesel and bioethanol), from certain microalgae and cyano-bacteria is a very promising alterna-tive as the production represents a sustainable and scalable process, it uses sea water, brine or waste

water and it does not compete with human food because it does not require the use of agricultural land.

Microalgae cultivation consumes harmful CO2 gas as an essential nutrient (the main agent of the anthropogenic GHGs that result from burning the fossil fuels used for energy production in various industries

Microalgae and cyanobacteriaWe owe them our lives ... and they will change our way of life

by Juan Pablo Jiménez Martín, Agricultural Engineer, Sales Manager, AlgaEnergy SA, Spain

Table 1: Comparison of some sources of biodiesel (Chisti 2007; Biotechnol. adv. 25, 294)

Crop oil yield (l/ha)

land area

needed (Mha)a

Percent of existing US cropping

areaa

Corn 172 1,540 846

Soybean 446 594 326

Canola 1,190 223 122

Jatropha 1,892 140 77

Coconut 2,689 99 54

Oil Palm 5,950 45 24

Microalgaeb 136,900 2 1.1

Microalgaec 58,700 4.5 2.5a For meeting 50% of all transport fuel needs in the

United States.b 70% oil (by wt) in biomass.c 30% oil (by wt) in biomass.


F: Microalgae

and for transport), and the flue gases from conventional energy generation facilities can therefore be used as a source of CO2 for large-scale microalgae cultivation installations.

The production of liquid biofuels for vehicles (biodiesel and bioethanol), is a very promising alternative

A series of factors must be taken into account when selecting microalgae as a source of biofuel precursors, such as: high productivity, temperature tolerance, toler-ance to pH, high performance in fermenta-ble carbohydrates for ethanol production or in fatty acids transformable to biodiesel, for example.

We also need to establish the most suitable type of cultivation system to be used (open, closed or mixed), and the most favourable operating conditions (batch, semi-continuous, continuous, number of phases, etc.).

Tables 2 and 3 below show some exam-ples of cyanobacteria as potential sources of fermentable carbohydrates for ethanol production and the lipid content of some microalgae for biodiesel production.

The expectations raised by microalgae as a source of second-generation bio-fuels have led to the creation of a large number of companies, some of which have made significant investment. Our company AlgaEnergy is convinced that in the near future microalgae will be able to provide us with these forms of clean energy so necessary for the sustainable economic development of our societies. Not only is constant research and development the basis for a continuous innovation process

required to achieve this ambitious goal, but also the combination of this process with a realistic Strategic and Business Plan.

R&D and a realistic Business Plan

AlgaEnergy is developing a responsible scientific agenda aimed at achieving the commer-cially viable production of biofuels derived from microalgae. The R&D programmes provided for that purpose include the selection and genetic engineering work on various types of microalgae, which carry substantial quantities of lipids or carbohydrates (some of which are patented), the development of

new photobioreactors more efficient and with lower costs, and the establishment of a suitable and scalable production process.

At present, biofuels produced from microalgae are not financially competitive with the first-generation bio-fuels obtained from conven-tional agricultur-al crops, and bio-mass production and processing must therefore be substantially improved so that the price of the product can be reduced by an order of magni-tude at least.

A l gaEnerg y is currently engaged in the construction of its first plant, a Techno log i ca l Platform for Experimentation with Microalgae ( P T E M ) , located at the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport of Madrid-Barajas. This is intended to be a model platform of its

kind, which will incorporate four types of photobioreactors (PBR): columns, tubular reactors, semi-open and in a second stage, raceways. The plant will be entirely auto-mated and controlled by specially designed software, which manages all the cultivation parameters. Its goal is to research and develop new PBR processes and technolo-gies in this field. For this reason, the plant will have the flexibility and capacity to grow simultaneously different species of micro-algae in different growing conditions, using indoor and outdoor PBR. The cultivation area will be initially of about 1,000 m2 and the culture volume up to 72,000 l.

AlgaEnergy’s plant will be visited during the 3rd Algae World Europe congress that

Table 2: Cyanobacteria as a potential source of fermentable carbohydrates (Vargas et al. 1998, J. Phycol. 34, 812)

StrainCarbohydrates

(% of dry weight)

Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047 28.0 ± 2.0

Anabaena variabilis 22.3 ± 2.5

Anabaenopsis sp. 16.3 ± 1.5

Nodularia sp. (Chucula) 16.9 ± 2.6

Nostoc commune 37.6 ± 2.5

Nostoc paludosum 26.6 ± 1.9

Nostoc sp. (Albufera) 26.8 ± 4.0

Nostoc sp. (Caquena) 23.3 ± 1.7

Nostoc sp. (Chile) 23.3 ± 2.0

Nostoc sp. (Chucula) 15.7 ± 1.8

Nostoc sp. (Llaita) 20.2 ± 1.5

Nostoc sp. (Loa) 32.1 ± 1.2

Figure 1: AlgaEnergy’s CO2BIOCAP mobile laboratory


F: Microalgae

programmes have enabled the company to begin working in the aquaculture and cosmetics sectors. AlgaEnergy has paid special attention to the aquaculture sector, and it now markets biomass from differ-ent microalgae with outstanding properties and performance, under its brand name

The research being conducted by AlgaEnergy is linked to major microalgae research centres at outstanding universi-ties in this field – Seville, Almeria, and Santiago de Compostela – and other organisations of international projection and renown, including the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO).

At the moment, the production takes place at the Las Palmerillas Experimental Station, which is equipped with large-sized closed vertical and horizontal tubular photobioreactors that work in continuous mode, enabling AlgaEnergy to ensure an excellent quality and hygienisation in the production process for its two key strains Nannochloropsis gaditana PREMIUM and Isochrysis galbana, which have demonstrated outstanding properties as food for rotifers and for the green waters technique.

Another market we expect to enter in the near future is in the weaning and finish-ing feed for aquaculture. We consider that animal feed needs to be provided with extra quality, and this can be achieved through the use of microalgae. However, the current low price of fattening feed makes it difficult for microalgae to be incorporated to it.

In any case, taking into account both the price variations of vegetable proteins and the quality that would be provided by the cells of these organisms, with their high omega-3 acid content, we believe that microalgae

could be included in microparticu-late, weaning or finishing feed, as a partial substitute for the flour and fish oil used at present.

ConclusionIn the distant past, oxygenic

photosynthesis by cyanobacte-ria and microalgae created the conditions that enabled a huge energy revolution to occur in the living world, allowing the devel-opment of aerobic respiration and the emergence of new forms of life based on it, which finally led to the appearance of human beings on our planet.

Cyanobacteria and micro-algae may now be called upon to play a leading role in a new

of high added value products related to food for human consumption, animal feed, pigments, dermocosmetics, nutraceuticals, biomedicine and even wastewater treat-ment. Considerable development of these applications and their corresponding bioin-dustries is to be expected until the produc-tion of biofuels from microalgae is made profitable. The chart below shows some of the products derived from microalgae, their destination markets and their prices.

Microalgae in the aquaculture sectorAlgaEnergy has identified the market requirements and set up major R&D pro-grammes with the corresponding budget. The results being obtained from these

will take place in Madrid on May 16-17, 2011. The company is also corporate spon-sor of such an important international event it the algae field.

Products derived from microalgae

Apart from biofuel production, these photosynthetic microorganisms provide a whole host of business opportunities for the totally natural products derived from them. Microalgae are therefore an important and exclusive natural source of many compounds and essential products for meeting the needs of numerous markets today.

Microalgae in fact have a huge bio-technological potential for the generation

Figure 2: Tubular photobioreactors at the Estación Experimental “Las Palmerillas”, where AlgaEnergy is currently producing its microalgae.

Table 3: comercially produced microalgae: amounts, locations, applications and market value (2004) (Brennan and owende 2010)

Microalga annual Production Producer Country application/Product Price

Arthrospira (Spirulina) 3000t d.w.China, India,

U.S.A., Myanmar, Japan

Human nutritionAnimal nutrition

CosmeticsPhycobiliproteins

36€/kg

11€/mg

Chlorella 2000t d.w. Taiwan, Germany, Japan

Human nutritionCosmetics

Aquaculture

36€/kg50€/L

Dunaliella salina 1200t d.w. Australia, Israel, U.S.A., Japan

Human nutritionCosmetics

Beta carotene

215-2150€/kg

Aphanizomenon flos-aque 500t d.w. U.S.A. Human nutrition

Haematococcus pluvialis 300t d.w. U.S.A., India, Israel

AquacultureAstaxanthin

50€/L7150€/kg

Crypthecodinium cohnil 240t DHA oil U.S.A. DHA oil 43€/g

Shizochytrium 10t DHA oil U.S.A. DHA oil 43€/g


F: Microalgae

the world. AlgaEnergy therefore trust that its findings, technologies and microalgae-derived products will contribute to this progress and to preserving the environ-ment and nature and life on our planet. Microalgae, these living beings, can be paid a tribute in one phrase: “we owe them our lives... and they will change our way of life”.

and environment. If this is not done, this threefold crisis will worsen and give rise to unpredictable consequences over time, therefore we therefore need to acquire a more in-depth knowledge of microalgae today and give greater use to their enormous potential, as this is of huge significance and will bring sustainability and wellbeing to the different regions of

revolution, this time led by mankind, with the objective of remedying the triple crisis affecting humanity: food, energy

Figure 3: AlgaEnerg's CO2BIOCAP mobile laboratory

Table 4: oil content of some microalgae(Chisti, 2007; Biotechnol. adv. 25, 294)

Strainoil content (% of dry weight)

Botryococcus braunii 25-75

Chlorella sp. 28-32

Crypthecodinium cohnii 20

Cylindrotheca sp. 16-37

Dunaliella primolecta 23

Isochrysis sp. 25-33

Monallanthus salina > 20

Nannochloris sp. 20-35

Nannochloropsis sp. 31-68

Neochloris oleoabundans 35-54

Nitzschia sp. 45-47

Phaeodactylum tricornutum 20-30

Schizochytrium sp. 50-77

Tetraselmis suecica 15-23


F: Microalgae

LSL

MCC 2

LSL

MM

LS

DP

LS

MCC 1

66

LS

M

LS

LS

LS

4

5

10

6

DP

The aquafeed manufactur-ing industry is widely recognised as one of the fastest expanding food

industries in the world. Fishmeal is the main protein source in aquafeed, but supply is limited, which means that alternative sources must be used.

From a processing point of view, extru-sion is the most efficient way of turning plant protein into fish feed. Twin-screw extruders offer a definite advantage in this.

The goal for production of aquatic feed is to manufacture a nutritionally complete product that achieves the desired product characteristics. While all aspects of the process are important, a number of the unit operations of the manufacturing process are critical to achieve this goal.

These operations are organized along the process as follows:

Selecting raw materialsThe first step of the aquafeed process

line is feed mix preparation–selecting a

combination of ingredients with the proper levels of essential nutriments required for the animal species. The formulation is also based on cost, availability and chemical composition of the raw materials. Ingredient selection has a direct impact on final prod-uct characteristics.

According to their functions, these ingredients can be divided in three groups:- Nutriments: to meet the require-

ments of fish- Functional product: binders, expan-

sion, hardness- Palatants and attractants

Pre- grinding / grindingIt is essential to decrease the particle

size to a powder state before mixing the ingredients. Post grinding achieves the best final performance.

In addition, particle size is dependent on the final size of the pellets. For die openings up to 3mm, the largest particle size should not be larger than 1/3 of the die opening. Smaller particles improve pel-let durability, water stability and decrease pellet friability.

MixingMixing accuracy depends on the proper-

ties of the components, which should be similar in density and particle size. Additives or micro ingredients are added at this step. The required mixing time depends on the type of mixer technology used, as well as dry ingredient mixing time before liquids are added.

Extrusion cookingThis step of the aquafeed processing line

can be divided into three stages: precondi-tioning, thermo-mechanical cooking and die texturization-shaping

Preconditioning The primary objective of precondi-

tioning in an extrusion cooking process is to initiate the hydration and the cooking of the feed mix. The dry feed mix and the liquid parts (slurry, oil …) are separately introduced into the preconditioner where they are continu-ously mixed, heated and moisturised by the injection of water and steam. The intense mixing created by the rotat-

Aquafeed twin -screw extrusion processingVersatile and ideal for aquafeed


F: Extrusion

By Mr Daniel Durand, Senior Extrusion Expert at Clextral

ing double shafts adjusting paddles assembly maintains the feed particles at the optimum moisture between 20–23 percent and temperature around 90°C during two to three minutes average retention time. Preconditioning helps to maintain starch and nutriment quality and allows increased extrusion capacity, while reducing extruder screw wear and mechanical energy requirements.

Twin-screw Extruder / Thermo-mechanical cooking

The preconditioned feed mix is submit-ted to the controlled thermo-mechanical cooking which is the main stage in extrud-ing aquafeeds.

Thermo-mechanical cooking of the feed mix in an extruder requires two energy inputs: - mechanical energy input defined

mainly by screw speed and screw configuration, which can be varied extensively to modulate this energy

- thermal energy input determined by direct steam heating and indirect bar-rel heating

Twin-screw extruders are able to process a large range of raw materials consistently with high levels of flexibility and pumping efficiency. The intermesh ing screws allow handling of viscous, oily, sticky or very wet materials and provide a very intense mixing, where macromix ing and micromix-ing result in a very homo-geneous melt with excellent lipid binding.

In a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, t h r o u g h p u t and screw speed are not interdependent; for a given formulated feed mix, the mul-tiple operating points combine with a high con-trol efficiency of the barrel t empera tu re

and consequently ensures efficient control of the expansion of the melt at the die.

In comparison with single-screw extrud-er, twin-screw is more responsive. By vary-ing the cooking parameters it is possible to maintain more precise limits on product characteristics such as density to achieve floating, low sinking and sinking pellets.

Expansion can be further enhanced by


F: ExtrusionMr Daniel

Durand

MADE IN HOLLAND

Almex b.v., Verlengde Ooyerhoekseweg 29, 7207 BJ ZutphenThe Netherlands, tel. +31 (0)575 572666, fax +31 (0)575 572727E-mail [email protected], www.almex.nl

High capacity extruders and expanders.

AL30O

www.extruder.nl

HIGH QUALITY Aquatic Feed

The twin screw extrusion expert

From 300kg/h to 30 000kg/h

moisture level is to make the product shelf stable. Most aquatic products are best processed at moisture levels between 20-28 percent. Moisture levels as low as 20 percent can be required for some light density aquafeed pellets. Some moisture is lost during flash evaporation as the cooked product exits the die. Then, the products are conveyed to the dryer to reduce the moisture content from 18–24 percent down to 8–10 percent, this corresponds to a water activity (aW) around 0.5–0.4, in order to obtain satisfactory water stabil-ity.

Several factors control the water removal from the aquafeed pellets:- Air related factors: depending on the

air flow characteristics around the pellets, temperature and humidity of the drying air

- Pellet related factors: depending on the initial moisture content and temperature, porosity and size of the pellet

aquafeed processing line as it determines the physical quality of the final product.

Micro-aquatic feeds often used as start-ers are products smaller than 2.0mm.

Specific die design allows direct extru-sion of micro-aquatic feeds down to 0.5mm. Products are pasteurised and very nicely shaped. Water stability is excellent and floating products are possible. Raw material must be carefully ground and sifted to achieve proper particle size before extrusion.

Macro-aquatic feeds with sizes up to 30mm emphasize the physical quality of the pellet and the related process history. A combination of twin-screw mixing and cooking, special Rotante drying technol-ogy and dedicated die design will produce pellets with sufficient resistance to avoid breakage and dust, yet porous enough to deliver all the nutrients to the digestive system of the fish.

Pellet dryingThe primary purpose of reducing pellet

injection of steam into the extruder bar-rel, which increases thermal energy inputs. Where higher product densities are required for certain feeds, the extruder barrel can be configured to include a vent stuffer to reduce product temperature through evaporative cooling. Vacuum regulation can be connected to the vented stuffer barrel to increase the product density even further with higher degrees of evaporative cooling.

Texturisation-shaping of aquafeed pellets

The end of the last barrel of the extru-sion chamber is capped with a final die, which serves two major functions. First, the die restricts product flow thereby causing the extruder to develop the required pres-sure and shear; and second, the die shapes the extrudate.

A face cutter is used in conjunction with the die, which consists of cutting knives revolving in a plane parallel to the face of the die. The relative speed of the knives and the linear speed of the extru-date result in the desired product length.

Die design –cutter assembly is one of the most important sub-units of the

Table 1: Indication of final pellets bulk density /floating or sinking properties:

Feed characteristics Fast sinking Slow sinking Neutral floatability Floating

Bulk density gr/l >640 540 - 600 480 - 540 <450

Species Salmon Trout Cod Carp Tilapia Cat fish Shrimp

Final pellet total fat % >35 15 - 35 15 - 25 5 - 15 5 - 10 5 - 10 <5

Texture bulk density Slow sinking Slow sinking Slow sinking Floating Floating Floating Fast sinking


F: Extrusion

• reduction of anti-nutriments • flavouring improvement • protein/lipid complexes• increase digestibility • texturization, shaping • expansion, density • hygienic, salmonella-free pellets

Challenges ahead The major challenge is to expand sus-

tainable aquaculture to achieve enhanced food security and economic development for the global population as a whole. In the context of substitution of fish meal with plant-derived feedstuffs, extrusion technol-

ogy has a role to play in reducing the level of anti-nutriments. (Kaushik 2006)

Twin-screw extrusion technology has contributed and will carry on the tre-mendous improvements, both in terms of nutritional value and in terms of physical quality characteristics of the aquafeeds.

With the continued economic devel-opment of aquaculture, each venture, and species will be subject to important research efforts so as to obtain, under acceptable economic conditions, efficient feeds delivered at the right time, which are non-polluting and which care for the health of the fish as well as the consumers.

must be lowered to approximately 50°C otherwise, the water in the pellets will start boiling because of the vacuum applied (0.2 bar absolute pressure).

The vacuum coating process allows the oil to be drawn into the pellets by capillary forces ensuring perfect control of the pellet oil absorption and the addition of more oil into the product while ensuring a dry surface and limiting the oil discharge in the natural environment.

With this technology it is possible to achieve more than 40 percent total product fat content.

Cooling pelletsOn completion of the fat coating proc-

ess, the pellets are cooled and sieved before the final conditioning. Cooling is required to remove excess heat to prevent condensation from occurring in the storage bins or the final packages. At this stage, the aquafeed pellets’ temperature should be cooled down to a temperature range close to the storage or transportation temperature.

ConclusionClextral systems can easily produce high

energy feed, allowing a delicate balance of proteins, oils and carbohydrates, processed for total digestibility with no waste. It’s the right formula for high quality products that “turn feed into flesh.” Output range from 25 to 30,000kg/h.

Thanks to twin-screw extrusion, high quality aquafeed pellets are achieved:• denaturing of proteins • gelatinization of starch

The drying parameters must be applied to remove the moisture while maintaining pellet quality. (that is, limiting fine gen-eration, maintaining palability and pigment ingredients, minimum energy losses and moisture variance)

Floating and sinking product characteris-tics can be influenced by the drying condi-tions. Elevated temperatures can lower residual moisture and improve floatability. Sinking aquatic feeds are preferably dried at moderate temperatures until the storage stability of the pellets is obtained.

In aquafeed processing lines, extruded pellets are generally dried on one of the following dryer designs: - Horizontal belt dryer - Vertical counter flow dryer- Fluidized bed dryer

And recently, rotary dryer tech-nology: the Rotante type rotary dryer was previously designed to process other cereal based products. Through gentle stirring of the product to eliminate build-up, the “Rotante” design achieves excellent heat exchange close to that obtained in a fluidized bed. Other advantages include a per-fectly controlled residence time with virtually no dispersion, of type FIFO (First In, First Out) and precise product moisture homo-geneity at dryer output. To master the drying barema, temperature & moisture are precisely regulated, which helps to prevent product cracks. Clextral’s Research and Test Centre in France is equipped with a ‘Rotante’ and tests have proven this dryer to be particularly efficient for fish feed, ensuring complete homogeneity of drying with lower energy consumption.

Fat coatingFat addition is commonly done after

dryer, while the dried extrudates are still warm. For that, the oil is sprayed directly on pellets. During this stage, fats, pigments, attractants and even powdered ingredients can be added.

This processing stage can be imple-mented two ways:• under atmospheric pressure: the

added oil, temperature around 40°C, is diffused from the surface of the product to the centre and is stored in cavities in the pellets’ structure.

• under vacuum pressure: this consists of a closed system with a mixing shaft or screw and spray system in the top. The product temperature

More inforMation:Clextral1 Rue du Colonel RiezFirminy, F-42700 FranceWebsite: www.clextral.com


F: Extrusion

The yield from the Peruvian anchovy fishery is down and a recent report from Norway highlighted the

fact we are facing a fish oil shortage within the next two-to-three years.

We know that fish oil availability could become the limiting factor to the expansion of the aquaculture industry for carnivorous fish such as salmon. So where do we go from here when it comes to feeding the farmed fish of the future?

This was the subject of a recent work-shop organised by the Marine Conservation Society (MCS), a UK-based environmental NGO working to promote sustainable sea-food through its Aquaculture and Fisheries Programme, and focused on working with industry to identify and promote sustain-able feed solutions in aquaculture.

The workshop also explored other related issues such as the increasing pres-sure being placed on global fish supply

by a burgeoning human population; the regulation and use of land-animal protein by-products in aquafeeds and the advances made in both feed formulations and innova-tive alternative feed ingredients.

Aquaculture’s role in food security

One prevalent topic, made throughout the various workshop presentations was the issue of aquaculture and its role in food security. There are various predictions for future population growth figures, however,

all indicate that population numbers will increase. United Nations figures predict by 2050 the planet will have to sustain 9.2 billion people. It has been suggested that if that number of people were to follow the World Health Organisations recom-mended advice to eat 450 grams of marine food a week we would need 231 million tonnes of marine products annually.

According to the lat-est (2010) report from the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), in 2008 aquaculture and fisheries supplied us with 142 million tonnes of fish, therefore production would have to increase 61 percent to supply this predicted future demand.

The FAO also report that the world’s oceans are fished to capacity. With only three percent of fish stocks underexploited there is little scope to expand the wild

capture fisheries sector for either human consumption or for feed production. Specifically:

“The increasing trend in the percentage of overexploited, depleted or recovering stocks and the decreasing trend in under-exploited and moderately exploited stocks gives cause for concern,” FAO reports.

Ensuring the sustainable and responsible management of wild capture fisheries is essential, and much progress has been made in this area, in particular the International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation’s Global Standard for Responsible Supply (IFFO RS).

However, it is widely accepted that if the supply of seafood is going to match future demand we will have to look to aquaculture to fulfil that need, but, with the most popular farmed fish also relying on the same exhausted wild fish supply for the marine proteins and oils required for their feed, we have a problem.

Research advantagesOn a positive note, there have been huge

research advances in alternative feed ingre-dients to partially replace marine proteins and oils in the diets of farmed fish, and many countries are already incorporating these ingredients.

However, in this respect the UK are clearly lagging behind. Why does the UK aquaculture industry have the highest inclu-sion rate of marine proteins and oils in the world? “Because our consumers prefer it”, we are told.

Consumers want a “natural” diet for their fish, which means a fish only diet, not one fed on alternative proteins or oils.

Beyond limits – the future is now for alternative feeds by Dawn Purchase, Aquaculture Officer, Marine Conservation Society, Scotland

"With a growing human population, an increasing demand for aquacultured fish and a decreasing wild fish ingredient source, how are we to deliver the health benefits of an Omega 3-rich diet?"


F: Alternative feeds

So, let’s explore this idea of naturalness and consumer perceptions a little more.

An average UK consumer, let’s call her Mrs Smith, wants to buy farmed salmon.

It has to be tasty, affordable, healthy and produced responsibly.

Mrs Smith is an average consumer who knows a little about the environmental impacts of food production and cares about the provenance of her food. She shops at a retailer that she believes is doing the right thing when sourcing products for its customers. Mrs Smith has little or no knowledge of the feed that goes into her farmed salmon but knows, via the media, that eating oily fish is good for her and her family and the packaging around her salmon filet says that all of her Omega 3 require-ments for the week are in this one portion.

She doesn’t question if that is “natural” or not.

She doesn’t think about why that por-tion of salmon is high in Omega 3, or why it is higher in Omega 3 that a cheaper salmon portion any more than she questions or knows why the pigs raised for her pork chops were fed fishmeal for part of their life.

So the question in this scenario is, where does naturalness play its part?

Will Mrs Smith accept a price rise to maintain a “natural” marine-only diet if fish oil supplies become scarce? Does a “natural” diet really mean feeding a North Atlantic farmed fish a diet compromising mainly of small pelagic fish from the South Pacific and does she understand the global implications of this practice?

MCS feel it is time to educate the con-sumer about the choices available to them, and the implications of current practices. Not in a sensationalist or alarmist way, but in a way that explains the global issues involved in providing seafood to consumers.

If a “natural” marine-only diet is a top priority for consumers then they will have to expect price rises to reflect the rising costs of the feed, which is being driven by increased demand and limited availability of current marine ingredients.

If, on the other hand, price is a primary concern for consumers then information should be made available regarding the range of ingredients in use, and their alter-natives for those who want it.

Of course many retailers already allow the use of a substituted diet in aquacultured fish, but there is still progress to be made across the retail sector and MCS believe that both retail and other standards need to evolve to allow and encourage a great level of substitution.

With better public information and awareness, par-tially substituted diets may soon be referred to as ‘responsible’ rather than ‘unnatural’.

MCS believe that these substi-tute diets are just that; responsible, and the most likely future scenario. Wild capture fish-eries are a finite supply and one which has already been reached. We have a responsibil-ity to efficiently use what are financially, nutritionally and ecologically valuable marine resources in a strategic way.

By strategic we mean using them at specific stages in a farmed fish lifecycle where high levels of marine pro-teins and oils are either essential for growth and health, or desirable to ensure the levels of Omega 3 are optimised prior to harvest. During grow out, when a fish can utilise a partially substi-tuted diet then this should be used.

With a growing human popula-tion, an increas-ing demand for aquacultured fish and a decreasing wild fish ingredient source, how else are we to deliver the health benefits of an Omega 3-rich diet to both an increasing number of farmed fish and an increasing popu-lation of seafood consumers?


F: Alternative feeds

FOR FISHMEAL REPLACEMENT

Functional Hydrolysates for Aqua Feed

Contact us at : +33 2 97 93 89 [email protected]

www.aquativ-diana.com

FRAN

CE /

00 3

3 2

97 4

0 42

09

AP-TEASING_87x267.indd 1 16/08/10 16:44

Sustainable development as defined in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is “devel-

opment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Today, sustainability is an emotive and much used term and its interpretation, by consumers and the industry, may differ according to their various viewpoints and perceptions.

A panel at the International Seafood Summit in Vancouver, British Columbia in February 2011 concluded that “the reali-ties facing producers, retailers, certification agencies and civil society developing sus-tainable seafood plans are diverse and constantly in flux”.

Currently, there is no universally agreed definition of sustainability as it relates to aquaculture although various traceability and certification initiatives, standards and guidelines exist and are becoming increas-ingly prevalent.

Sustainable and economic viability

In order for the aquaculture industry to be sustainable it has to be economically viable in the long term with a minimal envi-ronmental impact and a significant social

benefit. Sustainable management should not only involve governments and industry but should concern all areas of seafood produc-tion and consumers.

Consumers of seafood, particularly in richer economies, want to be able to make informed choices about the origin and production methods of products they buy, know that they are safe and that they are getting a healthy diet option.

Global aquaculture production, at 55.1 million tonnes in 2008, is continuing to grow and constitutes some 46 percent of world food fish production (FAO, 2010). Aquaculture has an important role to play in helping to alleviate hunger and poverty in a growing world population and it has been predicted that an additional 35 million tonnes of aquaculture products will be required to meet the demand of 8.3 billion people by 2030.

The establishment and maintenance of responsible fisheries practises and the man-agement of those ecosystems means that two important components of fish feeds (fishmeal and fish oil) are a limited and finite resource. It is largely these two products that are responsible for delivering much of the well-known human benefits associated with the consumption of seafood products.

The International Fishmeal and Fish Oil Organisation reported that in 2009 63 per-cent of the available fishmeal produced was used by aquaculture while it is estimated that in 2010 80 percent of fish oil was used by aquaculture. Fishmeal and oil can no longer be considered commodities but stra-tegic ingredients to be used at lower levels and retained as a specialty feed ingredient for use within higher value starter, finisher and broodstock feeds.

The challenge for the industry today and in the future will therefore be the develop-ment of sustainable aquafeeds that not only meet the requirements of the species being cultured but also maintain the quality of product expected by consumers from seafood products.

In order to improve the sustainability of such resources the aquafeed industry has been meeting the challenge and reduc-ing the quantities of fishmeal and oil in marine aquafeeds. Fishmeal inclusion as a percentage of salmon feed dropped from approximately 40 percent in 2000 to 22.5

Sustainability: Alltechdriveinitsyeastandmicroalgaeproductionfacilitiesforaquafeed

Concerns & demand from the industry


F: Sustainability

Winchester, Kentucky USA

Sao

Pedr

o, B

razi

l

percent in 2010 and fish oil from 22 percent to 12.5 percent respectively (Aquaculture Protein Centre).

Formulation trends are moving towards lower fishmeal and oil content in the grow-er feeds while specialised finishing feeds are being designed to restore flesh quality parameters, such as omega 3 fats, and fillet quality that are considered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health.

Sustainable alternative proteins and lipid sources

Unmodified plant protein sources, such as soymeal, legume seeds, oil seed cakes, leaf meals, leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals are widely available and used as alternative protein sources.

However, they may contain high levels of starch and carbohydrates, be low in some essential amino acids, energy and some minerals. Further, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) may be present and these are a major concern to the aquaculture industry.

Research into the effects of ANFs is ongoing and while heat treatment by extru-sion destroys some of the heat labile ANF’s, many components still pose problems, such as the saponins, non-starch polysaccharides, antigenic proteins, estrogens and some phenolic compounds. New processes such as enzymatic pre-treatments are being developed for use to reduce heat stable ANFs therefore improving plant based feed formulations.

The increased demand for grain resources has resulted in considerable price increases for these commodities on the world market. Single celled organisms, such as yeast and algae, have been incorporated into aquafeed and have shown their poten-tial as alternate forms of protein and oil, produced in a sustainable manner, to add to the list of alternative feed components.

Yeast-based proteins have been the most thoroughly investigated as a dietary replacement for fishmeal, due to their high crude protein levels with a relatively good balance of essential amino acids. They also contain B complex vitamins, pigments, complex carbohydrates and are a source of dietary nucleotides that have been shown to promote growth and enhance non-specific immune function. They are also low in phosphorous that can lead to less water and environmental pollution than fish meal and other plant based protein sources.

More recently, the use of algal meals and oil have been reported as being suitable for many fish and shrimp species offering the further potential and opportunity to be

used as alternatives to fish meal and fish oil (Harel et al., 2002; Ganuza et al., 2002; Nonwachai et al., 2010; Salze et al., 2010).

Microalgae are rich sources of pro-tein, carbohydrates and lipids. The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible. Microalgae composi-tion can vary greatly and is dependent on the species cultured and the growth conditions. The lipid content can range from 2 percent to as high as 84 percent. The pro-tein content can range from 5-70 percent and starch from 5-50 percent. However, it is the lipid content that is especially interest-ing because of the functionality of this com-ponent, particularly so in some species rich in omega 3 fatty acids. Today, commercial microalgae production is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed addi-tives in the food and feed industry or for the extraction of high-valued com-ponents such as vitamins (C & D2), n-fatty acids, pigments and antioxidants (B carotene, astax-anthin, lutein).

Natural, nutritional solutions

A l l t e c h provides natu-ral, nutritional solutions to the animal produc-tion industry and today is leading the chal-lenge in driving improvements in the production of sustainable ingredients for the aquafeed industry. Alltech specialises in f e r m e n t a t i o n technologies that are used to pro-duce sustainable

sources of single celled proteins: yeast and algae.

Alltech products are created in 31 production facilities strategically located throughout the world. Of particular interest to sustainable aquaculture is the yeast production facility in Sao Pedro Brazil, the world’s largest yeast factory producing 50,000 tonnes of a specific yeast strain.

In addition, the Alltech Fermin site, in Serbia, is a food grade facility producing 10,000 tonnes of natural yeast-based solu-tions annually. The proprietary processing and extraction technologies of both cell wall material and yeast extract are critical


F: Feature

Algae fermentation facilities

Meet us in one of the following cities:

New Delhi – India, 1/2 March 2011 Mexico City – Mexico, 11/12 April 2011Cape Town – South Africa, 11/12 May 2011Sao Paulo – Brazil, 6/7 June 2011 Cairo – Egypt, 12/13 July 2011 Warsaw – Poland, 14/15 September 2011 Atlanta – USA, 17/18 October 2011Bangkok – Thailand, 22/23 November 2011

Register now on www.tour2011.org

Good Agricultural Practice

New Delhi I Mexico City I Cape Town I Sao Paulo I Cairo I Warsaw I Atlanta I Bangkok

Everything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice Certification at a place near you!

Coming Your Way

Would you like to know more about the GLOBALG.A.P TOUR 2011? Then please see www.tour2011.org or contact Nina Kretschmer: [email protected] Follow us on Twitter@GLOBALGAP!

CrypthecodiniumcohniiandSchizochytriumsp.aspotentialsubstitutestofisheries-derivedoilsfromseabream(Sparusaurata)microdiets.Aquaculture,277,109-116.

HarelM,KovenW,LeinI,BarY,BehrensP,StubblefieldJ,ZoharYandARPlace.(2002).AdvancedDHA,EPAandArAenrichmentmaterialsformarineaquacultureusingsinglecellheterotrophs.

Aquaculture,213,347-362.

InternationalSeafoodsummitinVancouverFeb2011http://www.seafoodsource.com/newsarticledetail.aspx?id=9103)

NonwachaiT,PurivirojkulW,LimsuwanC,ChuchirdC,VelascoMandAKDhar.(2010).Growth,nonspecificimmunecharacteristics,andsurvivaluponchallengewithVibrioharveyiinPacificwhiteshrimp(Litopenaeusvannamei)raisedondietscontainingalgalmeal.Fish&ShellfishImmunology,29,298-304.

SalzeG,McLeanE,BattlePR,SchwarzMHandSRCraig.(2010).Useofsoyproteinconcentrateandnovelingredientsinthetotaleliminationoffishmealandfishoilindietsforjuvenilecobia,Rachycentroncanadum.Aquaculture,298,294-299.

which are involved in car-bohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, mediation in cellular processes, control of several enzymatic reac-tions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions.

The Aquate fam-ily provides functionality in aquafeeds as they have been designed to meet the

specific requirements of a particular spe-cies or aquaculture sector. Aquate SPMP contains specific yeast cell wall compo-nents that have been used to help control sea lice infestations in salmonid culture. Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner have resulted in improve-ments in gut morphology and gut function, improved immuno-competence and disease resistance.

Health benefits of seafoodFish is lower in saturated fat, total fat and

calories than comparable portions of meat or poultry. In addition, many of the health benefits of eating fish are due primarily to the presence of the omega-3 fatty acids and in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Consumers are becoming aware of the importance of these fatty acids in their diet and the benefits to their physical and mental well-being.

The fatty acid profile in salmon flesh has been shown to reflect the fatty acid profile of the diet that fish have been fed therefore the inclusion of fish oil in finishing diets of aquaculture products is crucial to maintain-ing the health benefits of the product produced. As omega-3 fatty acids derived from algae have been shown to successfully substitute for fish oil in several fish species and as aquaculture production increases their use in aquafeeds will become increas-ingly important.

ReferencesAquacultureProteinCentre.DatafromNovelfeedingredients:sourcesandpotentialinaquafeeds.PresentationmadebyMargarethØverland,ProfessorUniversityofLifeSciences,DirectorAquacultureProteinCenteratNASFFmeetingMarch1-3,2011,Norway,Oslo.http://prod.dfox.com/public/images/0000438021/000/047/0000472500.ppt

FAO2010Stateofworld’sfisheriesandaquaculture2010.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,Rome,Italy.

GanuzaE,Benítez-SantanaT,AtalahE,Vega-OrellanaO,GangaRandMSIzquierdo.(2008).

in providing functionality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibility.

Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics.

Last year Alltech Inc. acquired a state-of-the-art algae fermentation facility in Winchester, Kentucky, USA as part of their commitment to their algal fermentation technology platform. They see this area as being one of the world’s more renewable food and energy sources, playing a major role in both human and animal health and nutrition.

The laboratory and industrial fermenta-tion facilities, with their automated control and monitoring systems, are allowing quick product and process development. One of the main focuses of the facility will be the development of products derived from algae particularly for inclusion in their AquateTM range of aquaculture feeds.

Through the careful formulation and blending of yeast and algal components Alltech has produced the Aquate range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry. This range of products is a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing feed efficiency, bio-mass produc-tion and boosting natural defence mecha-nisms, promoting healthier and more robust animal populations.

Aquaculture species have a requirement for a well balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids, like other animals, from which to construct their own protein tissues and therefore the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial. Aquate has a crude protein content of approximately 40 percent and is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with an amino acid profile that closely matches fish requirement.

Aquate also contains nucleotides, func-tional nutrients that are present in the yeast extract component. Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biological processes and this includes: storage of energy, components of several coenzymes

Brief Bio of Rebecca Timmons

Rebecca Timmons is the Global Director of Applications Research and Quality for Alltech. One of her key mandates is her responsibility for the quality and traceability of all Alltech products. Quality and traceability are key Alltech pillars. She ensures that all Alltech products meet the high stan-dards demanded by the company, not only for the final products that Alltech produces, but also for ensuring that raw materials going into the products from supplier companies have been vetted before use.

More inforMation AlltechEmail: [email protected] Website www.alltech.com Facebook: facebook.com/AlltechNaturally Twitter : @AlltechTweets


F: Sustainability

Fermin, Serbia


A full range of natural products

to make a splash in aquaculture.

InnovatIve solutIons based on lallemand specIfIc straInsto safeguard your Shrimp&Fish health and performance

Live yeast for Aquaculture

LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FOR AQUACULTURE

a dietary probiotic solutions

The yeast fraction rich in Mannan-Oligosaccharides

The Premium Sourceof Bioavailable Selenium

Laltide®

Purified Nucleotic Product

a specific yeast fractions

Levucell® SB is only available outside Europe

LALLEMAND ANIMAL NUTRITIONTel: +33 (0) 562 745 555 - Email: [email protected]

www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

- R

CS

Lal

lem

and

405

720

194

- 0

4/20

11. C

réd

it p

hoto

: Fo

tolia

, Ist

ock,

Shu

tter

stoc

k.

While conditioning is a process that has kept the attention of the modern feed

milling industry for some time now, the pelleting process of press meal is a subject that is no longer considered to be very important.

It needs to be understood that feed milling is about the balance between the different processes being used. As one process is linked to another, it is difficult to discuss only one process without having to take another into consideration. I plan a discussion of two processes, which interact frequently with one another and also with all the other processes used in the feed milling industry.

ConditioningConditioning is a process in the feed

milling industry, which takes place from intake to out-loading.

However, in many cases when referring to conditioning, it is the treatment of press meal prior to the pelleting process that is meant.

Conditioning of press meal is a process with the variables time, humidity, tempera-

ture and pressure. Pressure is only used in unconventional processes where expander or extruder techniques are being used. In the conventional conditioning process, only time, humidity and temperature are applicable.

Whereas in the past the aim of con-ditioning was to optimise the pelleting process, nowadays it is much more the intention to optimise the nutritional and physical quality of the feed.

When using the variables in the conven-tional conditioning process, it should first need to be understood that temperature and humidity are related as steam is gener-ally used to increase the temperature of the press meal.

Furthermore, there is also a maximum level of humidity of the press meal in order to avoid blockages of the pellet press. In general it can be said that the maximum percentage of steam that can be added to the press meal is approximately maximum five percent and for each percentage of dry steam added, the temperature of the press meal will increase by approximately 15 deg C.

Of course, the steam quality is influential and the above mentioned values are only applicable when a good quality steam is

being used. Besides steam quality, the influ-ence of the humidity of raw materials as well as the feed composition are of great importance.

Steam quality and steam quantity control are subjects enough alone to warrant fur-ther discussion, however, in many practical cases, steam quality and steam control are subjects that are not usually given the attention they need in order to optimise the conditioning process.

As temperature and humidity are strongly related, the actual variable available in a conventional conditioning process is time. It should, however, be kept in mind that the conditioning process is an optimi-sation and not a maximsation.

Where single conditioners were a com-mon choice for quite a number of years, now double and even triple condition-ers are being used prior to the pelleting process.

Conditioning times lasted, in most cases, less than a minute and more importantly these types of conditioners did not guaran-tee the “first-in, first-out” principle.

For many years, the only conventional conditioning process that could guarantee a given time and that extended a maximum retention time of one minute, while also

Conditioning

by Harold Schroijen, Van Aarsen International, The Netherlands

as part of the pelleting process


F: Conditioning

g u a r a n t e e -ing “first-in, f i r s t - o u t ” , were ripen-ers; a kind of cooking vessel which has been in the feed mill-ing industry for over 20 years and in many varieties. The main concern when using the ripeners in the feed milling industry is contamination but when much longer conditioning times (that is >4 minutes) are required, the ripeners are still a valid option.

As already stat-ed the conditioning process is about optimisation and therefore the time factor is mainly determined by the

c o n -dit ioning temperature and the formulation.

The temperature level can be varied according to the retention time in order to avoid destructive effects on the nutrients in the feed (that is protein de-naturation). Whereas the formulation has an influence on the retention time meaning that the optimum availability of nutrients in the feed can be reached as well as optimising the physical quality of the pellets.

Recently other aspects have had to be taken into account due to consumer concerns, for instance Salmonella. Also this needs to be considered and treated in the conditioning process.


F: Conditioning

Since 1883

HIGH PERFORMANCES LOW COST MAINTENANCE MAXIMUM SAFETY LONG LIFETIME WWW.CPMEUROPE.NL

CONTACT CPM/Europe BV Distelweg 89, 1031 HD Amsterdam,The Netherlands Phone +31 20 494 61 11, Fax +31 20 636 42 94, [email protected]

• Long term conditioners, Hygieniser

• Remote roll adjustment, Lineator

• Roll speed measurement

• Hot start mixer

• Quick die change

The best value package with the lowest cost per tonne

Quick diechangeclamp

355 kw

Roll speed

Measurement

More than 125 years world 's leader in produc tivity

AL30O

Almex b.v., Verlengde Ooyerhoekseweg 29, 7207 BJ Zutphen, The Netherlandstel. +31 (0)575 572666, fax +31 (0)575 572727, e-mail [email protected], www.almex.nl

MADE IN HOLLAND

High capacity extruders and expanders.

AD System

course, is related to the capacity of the pellet mill.

Therefore, when comparing dies, the aspects that need to be considered are the types of material to be used, the hardness and whether surface hardening or complete hardening will be used, the number of holes or the open area surface (OAS) and the wall thickness of the die including possible counter-drill.

When discussing capacity, using the same formulation and the required pellet quality, the die surface of the pellet mill (with the same OAS) and the die thickness are the major factors influencing capacity. These together with the drive installed, determine the KW per cm2, which is a factor to be considered when researching the opera-tional costs.

Practical trials carried out under 100 percent identical circumstances, have indi-cated that differences in operational costs among different types of pellet mills can vary up to EUR50,000 per year which are, of course, significant figures, but realistic nevertheless.

Van Aarsen pellet mills are well know for their design criteria, a huge die surface and low die speed so that an acceptable capacity is reached while still maintaining focus on pellet quality (which is also influenced by the retention time of the press meal in the die).

This, of course, combined with an inter-mediate drive allowing the possibility to change die speed relatively easily (changing a small pulley) without installing frequency controllers for the generally larger drives used on pellet mills. Furthermore, large roll-er diameters create a small angle between the die and the roller, which compacts the feed smoothly before forced it into the die.

Of course, variables differ when using the pellet mill for traditional, untraditional or aqua feed but the principles remain the same. As circumstances differ constantly, only general guidelines can be provided except for when detailed information is available and a custom-made solution given by those in the feed milling industry with both feed on the ground.

The global go-getters of Van Aarsen are always ready and willing to assist in optimis-ing a processes, resulting in higher returns and more ease in operation.

Time Conditioner, facilitating the control and the required height is easily a few less meters. All these features have

been integrated into one con-ventional conditioner, which is called the “Conditioner LTC”.

For a standard control a PLC is integrated into the pelleting line control system and for a more sophisticated control a PressM@

nager, the Van Aarsen pelleting line automation based on remote I/O

with intelligence (meaning the system is capable of achieving even higher goals

than a well-trained pellet mill operator).

PelletingAfter conditioning of the press meal

either the mash is cooled when heat-treated mash is required (for instance breeders) or, in most cases, the pelleting process starts.

The pelleting process also has an effect on the nutritional as well as the physical quality of the feed. Experience has shown that it is not only the capacity of the pellet mill but the formulation, die specifications as well as the required pellet quality are also aspects that should be taken into account.

Where a Van Aarsen C900 is producing 45tph in South America, the same machine is capable of reaching a capacity of 18tph in a Dutch environment. The big difference can be explained by formulation, die specifica-tions and the required pellet quality. Also a proper conditioning process influences the output of the pellet mill.

However, the figures above are based on the same conditioning process.

Of course, the pellet mill has a number of variables that can be used to optimise the process.

These variables vary from speed of the die to hydraulic roller adjustment and should only be used when the influence of these options are thoroughly understood by the operating personnel.

This practical know- how could also be delivered by an intelligent pelleting line automation system such as PressM@nager. This system is capable of combining the different variables in order to optimise the process.

However, before continuing the pelleting process, a small note needs to be made about the dies being used.

As dies of reputable suppliers are gen-erally all of the same material, which is completely hardened, difference is gener-ally found in the open area surface - OAS (that is, the number of holes), which, of

Therefore, the new generation of con-ventional conditioners (without using pressure) are focussing on the variables time, temperature and humidity where time is maximised to four minutes at temperatures of approximately 85 deg C and capacities of up to 20tph. These types of conditioners should guarantee a “first-in, first-out” while also guaranteeing retention time. The principle is rather simple as generally the feed is brought up to the required temperature by means of steam and subsequently transferred into a large screw conveyor in which the speed of the mash is determined by a frequency controller. The screw conveyor is steam or electrically heated and insulated.

So, by means of the filling degree and the frequency (at a certain pitch of the screw), retention time can be guaranteed.

For those involved with feed milling practises, it is well known that there are a few concerns. Firstly, the height of installa-tion for this new generation of conditioners is not often available. For this reason, Van Aarsen International BV in The Netherlands is able to position the conditioner beside the Long Time Conditioner (LTC).

The second concern is the control of the pelleting process because the long retention time leads to a delayed reaction of the pellet press on changed variables. This complicates the matter even further due to the fact that the pellet mill cannot be fed directly from the retention time screw.

Some suppliers therefore use small intermediate bins between the retention time screw and the pellet press with a feed-ing screw for the pellet press below the bin, leading possibly to contamination as well as loss of temperature. Once again more height is required and control becomes even more critical to maintain due to the use of buffer bins.

In order to avoid this, Van Aarsen has integrated a feeding device in the Long

More inforMation:Van Aarsen InternationalP.O Box 5010Heel, NL-6097 ZG THE NETHERLANDSWebsite: www.aarsen.com


F: Conditioning


beautifulGROWiNG iS

Our hydrolysates have a superior concentration of Natural Active NutrientsTM

Thanks to their biological action on fish and shrimp growth mechanisms, they boost your feed performance and help you substituting fish meal.

[email protected] - www.aquativ-diana.com

FRAN

CE /

00 3

3 2

97 4

0 42

09

The uncertainly concerning the availability of tradi-tional fishmeal and fish oil and rising prices have

required major industrial aquafeed manufactures to identify and evaluate alternate protein and oil sources. Considerable progress has been made in recent years on substitution of fish protein and oil with proteins and oils of plant origin.

Grain crop yields, as with other arable crops, when negatively affected by variable and adverse weather conditions, increase uncertainty about grain supplies and prices.

Therefore, the reliability of grain sup-plies for aquafeeds in the future will be influenced by short–term weather patterns and long–term predicted global warming directly through its impact on crop yields, crop pests and diseases and soil fertility and condition.

Supply will be also influenced by climate change indirectly through its impacts on economic growth, income distribution and agricultural demand (Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007).

During the past few years, unpredictable weather resulted in a critical shortfall of major grain and oilseed ingredients used for on–farm aquafeeds as well as for complete commercial diets.

Unfavourable weather reduced crop yield and production in some countries in 2006. The crop yields in the Russian Federation and Ukraine were markedly lower due to drought. Australia encoun-tered two years (2006 and 2007) of severe

drought and South Africa also experienced drought.

Consequently, the reduced world production and supply of grains and oilseeds contributed to a further decline in the global stock–to–use ratio for aggregate grains and oilseeds, and also to rising prices. In September 2006, maize prices began a significant rise to a new high.

Adverse weather patterns continued into 2007 negatively affecting yields and global grain supplies on most continents

and in a great number of key countries supplying global markets with aquafeed ingredients such as rapeseed, soybean and grains.

Northern Europe encountered a dry spring and floods during harvesting time, while southeast Europe suffered a drought.

The droughts of 2006 in Ukraine and the Russian Federation continued into 2007.

Turkey also experienced drought in 2007, which reduced yields in rain-fed production areas.

In the Americas, a late heavy freeze over several consecutive days destroyed large tracts of hard red winter wheat and in the United States of America reduced yields over large areas, while in Canada, a hot and dry summer growing season resulted in lower yields for wheat, barley and rapeseed.

In South America, a late freeze followed by a drought in Argentina reduced corn and barley yields (see Box 2). Droughts in northwest Africa and Australia in 2007 also affected major growing areas. The accumulative result of bad weather in 2007 resulted in the second consecutive drop in global average yields for grains and oilseeds, causing a further decline in the global stocks–to–use ratio and creating uncertainty among importers about the future availability of supplies. This placed an upward pressure on prices of plant proteins and oils used as aquafeed ingredients.

La Niña weatherIn 2009, a La Niña weather event

affected crop production in the Southern Hemisphere, bringing rains to the main arable areas of Australia, serious drought to Argentine wheat production areas, reducing production by 48 percent, and sufficient rain for cereal crops in South Africa. This weather event, which was characterised by low surface-water tem-peratures in the Equatorial Pacific, was

The third article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book

by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan

Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production:

The impact of climate change on the supply

of aquafeed ingredients

Climate change, which is being driven by global warming caused mainly by carbon emissions from industrialised countries, will continue to influence temperature and precipitation patterns around the world.


Feed Management


Protein Technology innovations 2011

28 & 29 September 2011, Amsterdam (The Netherlands)Trends & Developments for Food, Feed, Petfood Industries

Health & Texture Innovations | Sustainability & Bio-Refinery Challenges | Operational Excellence

New protein technology innovations with successful implementations for protein foods, ingredients and processing technologies.

2011Meet the future!Follow the latest development of aquaculture research, technology, feed, fish health, education, financing, environmental protection etc.Visitors from more than 50 nations will be present.

International conferences and seminars in connection with Aqua Nor will focus on research and challenges of the aquaculture industry.

Exhibitor, visitor or conference participant? For more information: www.nor-fishing.no

AQuA NOr – the most important international venue for theaquaculture industry.

AQuA NOrInternational exhibition16 - 19 August 2011 • Trondheim • Norway

Organiser: The Nor-Fishing FoundationKlostergata 90, NO-7030 Trondheim, Tel +47 73 56 86 40, Fax +47 73 56 86 41, [email protected]

[email protected] Woo / Esther See

AQ11/AquafeedMag

At the regional level, assuming carbon fertilisation occurs at the predicted rate, agricultural output in industrialised nations will rise by a predicted 7.7 percent, whereas that of developing countries will decline by nine percent.

Similarly, in sub–Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia and Latin America, the output is pre-dicted to fall by 17, 7 and 13 percent respectively. Thus, SSA and Latin America are the two developing regions most vul-nerable to global warming.

Countries such as Brazil and Argentina in Latin America, the United States of America and Canada, the Russian Federation, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia are major producers and global suppliers of key protein and oils used in aquafeeds.

These predicted changes, which show intra–regional variation, show production gains for high latitude countries and pro-duction losses for lower latitude countries, mainly developing nations.

To mitigate against such probable losses, countries can limit their losses due to climate change by switching to agricultural imports rather than growing the products imported (Cline, 2007).

developed to predict the degree of impact of such climate change on agricultural output.

All models use varying assumptions (for a comprehensive review see Cline, 2007).

The key assumption is that carbon con-centrations in the atmosphere will increase as a result of greenhouse gas emissions from the current (2007) 365ppm to above a threshold of around 585ppm, reach-ing 735ppm by 2080. This would foster increased production through increased photosynthetic activity, a phenomenon referred to as carbon fertilisation and hence increased yields (Cline, 2007).

This positive effect, however, is reduced and reversed when the atmospheric tem-perature rises above 12–14 deg C. By combining information on carbon fertilisa-tion with information on changes in average annual temperatures and precipitations, Cline (2007) predicted the potential impact of these changes on national agricultural output.

expected to continue well into March and April 2009.

The predictably of rainfall can also affect supplies of grains. In Australia, in 2009, inter-mittent rain during the growing season and heavy rains during harvesting time reduced crop yields and available supplies of wheat.

It is now widely acknowledged that global weather patterns are unstable and that the frequencies of adverse climatic conditions are likely to increase. Climate change, which is being driven by global warming caused mainly by carbon emissions from industrialised countries, will continue to influence temperature and precipitation patterns around the world. This, in turn, will place severe upward pressure on water supplies in water-stressed regions of the world and may result in shifts in geo–physical growing areas for the major protein crops and oil-plant crops yields of which are used in aquafeed production.

The effects of changing weather patterns are complex and several models have been

More information:Krishen J. Rana & Sunil SiriwardenaInstitute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom

Mohammad R. HasanAquaculture Management and Conservation Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Website: www.fao.org

Coming in the next issue of The International Aquafeed magazine (May/June issue) will be an excerpt of chapter two from Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production.The full publication can be found at:http://www.fao.org/ docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm

"It is now widely acknowledged that global weather patterns are unstable and that the frequencies of adverse climatic conditions are likely to increase"

In Australia, in 2009, intermittent rain during the growing season and heavy rains during harvesting time reduced crop yields and available supplies of wheat.


Feed Management

Also on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Aquaculturists

TheAquaculturistAregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

HimynameisMartinLittle.IamtheAquaculturists,withabackgroundinMarineZoologyandeightyearsworkinginthefieldasaconsultantfisheriesobserver in theNorthAtlantic, Iamnowpartof InternationalAquafeedmagazine,andaswellasmycolumn in thepagesof themagazineIwillberunninganaccompanyingblogthatcanbefoundathttp://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

Hi,welcometotheaquaculturists,duringMarchwecoveredawideselectionofnewsitemsfromaroundtheworld.OnMarch4,DrTonySmithaCSIROscientistwasawardeda topawardby the

MarineStewardshipCounciltheOrderofAustralia,forservicestomarinescienceanddevelopmentoftheecosystembasedfisheries.OnMarch10wecoveredastoryaboutGlobalGaplaunchinganewcycleofaquaculturecertification.Thisnewversionreflectsacompactandmorecomprehensivestandardforusers.OnMarch11,webloggedastoryaboutPlantproteininfeed,thatshowsplantproteinsareanalternativeproteinsourcetofishmealinfeedforfarmedfish.ThesenewsstoriesandmorefromMarchcanbefoundinourmonthlyroundupe-magazineandbygoingtotheaquac-ulturist'sblogathttp://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com.

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

75%

BOOKED

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IDL2011-Aquafeed.ai 12/20/2010 2:52:28 PM

Book reviewAquaculture in the Ecosystem

ISBN:13-978-1-4020-6809-6

Aquaculture is an ancient practice that has been carried out for more than 2000 years. But it is only

now in the 20th and 21st century that we see the environmental damage that aquaculture can cause. With the dete-rioration of the catch fishing industry, we now rely heavily on aquaculture to sustain our appetite for fish and

other sea foods. In 2008 Marianne Holmer along with Kenny Black, Carlos M. Duarte, Nuria Marbà and Ioannis Karakassis edited aquaculture in the ecosystem, a series of papers complied and presented in this book.

Thechaptersof thisbookarebasedon twodecadesof intensiveresearch intoaquaculturewithcontributions fromscientistworldwidewhohavestudiedtheeffectsontheecosystemandenvironment.Theaimofthisbook is togivethereaderanoverviewofthe issuesandproblemsthatexistwithindustrialaquaculture,suchascurrenttrendsinenvironmental,economicandsocialaspectsofthisgrowingindustry.Chapterone looks at fish farmwaste in the ecosystemcoveringsubjects likehumansandpollution, theecosystem inLochCreran,aquaculturalpressuresandpotentialimpactsonecosystems.DPSIRandEQS,ecohydrodynamicsandsensitivitytopressures,ecosystemhealth,sustainabilityandtheecosystemapproachtoaquaculture.Chapter twodealswithmonitoringof environmental impactsof

marineaquaculturelookingatregulationsandmonitoringtheresearchsupport formonitoringof theenvironmental impacts.Chapter twoalsousesmonitoring theenvironmental impactsof aquaculture inMalta,withconclusionsandrecommendations.Inthelaterchapterssubjectsareacoveredinclude:

•AquacultureandCoastalSpaceManagement•DetrimentalGeneticEffectsofInteractionsBetweenReared

Strains andWild Populations of Marine andAnadromousFishandInvertebrateSpecies

•Non-NativeAquacultureSpeciesReleases: Implications forAquaticEcosystems

•SafeandNutritiousAquacultureProduce:BenefitsandRisksofAlternativeSustainableAquafeeds

•NGOApproachestoMinimizingtheImpactsofAquaculture:AReview

•AquacultureintheCoastalZone:Pressures,InteractionsandExternalities

•FutureTrends inAquaculture: Productivity Growth andIncreasedProduction

•StatusandFuturePerspectivesofMarineAquacultureIt’snotoftenthatyoupickupabook,thatmakesyouthinkandactuallychallengeseveryideathatyouthoughtyouknewaboutaquaculture-wellthisonewill.It’sawellwrittenandpresentedbookthathighlightsthekeyissuesandproblemsthatmodern-dayindustrialaquaculturesuffersfrom. Inmyopinion, thisbookwouldbeavaluableresourceforaca-demicsandstudentsaswellasanyonewhohasaninterestinaquacultureorisinterestedintheenvironmentaleffectscausedbyfishfarming.

Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Volume 2

ISBN:0‐632‐06482‐X

The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2 (2002) is the second

volume in the series edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds.

Paul J.B. Har t is Professor in theDepartment of Biology, UniversityofLeicester,UK.Hehascoauthored

textbook Fisheries Ecology (1982) and he has co-editedThe Impact of Species Changes inAfrican Lakes (1995) andReinventingFisheriesManagement(1998).Heisco-editorofthereview journal, Fish and Fisheries (Blackwell Science) and he isapastPresidentoftheFisheriesSocietyoftheBritishIslesJohn D. Reynolds is Professor of Evolutionary Ecology at theUniversity of EastAnglia, UK. He has co-authored a textbook,MarineFisheriesEcology(2001),hasco-editedConservationofExploitedSpecies(2001)andisco-editorofthejournal,AnimalConservation.HewasawardedtheFSBIMedalof theFisheriesSocietyoftheBritishIslesin2000.Inthissecondvolume,webeginwithachapterthatconsidersthehumandimensionoffisheriesmanagement.

PartOne:Chaptertwodealswithfishcapturedevicesinindustrialandartisanalfisheriesandtheirinfluenceonthemanagement.Chapterthreelooksatmarketingandmarkets,determinationofvaluesandcreatingvaluesalongwithcommunicatingvalues,deliveringandfuturevalues.Chapters four and five charts the history of fisheries and theirscience and management along the nature of fishing and over-fishing,pluspost-secondworldwar. It alsocovers thegatheringofdataandresourcemonitoringandfisheriesmanagement.Part two provides fundamental methods of stock assessment,includingsurplusproductionmodels, virtualpopulationanalyses,methods for forecasting, length-based assessments, individualbasedmodelsandeconomics.Partthreecoversfisheries inawidercontext lookingatmarineprotectedareas,fishandfisheries,exploitationandotherthreatstofishingconservation.Italsolooksatecosystemeffectsoffishingandrecreationalfishing.Thissecondvolumeofthehandbookisawellwrittenandpre-sentedfollow-uptothe first. It isanexcellentstartingpoint foranyundergraduateandgraduatestudentwhoisinterestedinthehistoryoffishingandthemethodsemployedinfisheries.Aswellastheeconomicsof fisheries itsagoodhandbooktohaveasareference. I feel this isaworthwhile investmentandwillbeaninvaluable reference tool for students, researchers and anyoneworkinginthefieldsoffishbiologyandfisheries.


Book review

[REGISTER TODAY AT WWW.ALGAECONGRESS.COM]

MICROALGAE & AQUATIC BIOMASSInteractive Presentations on: Aquatic Biomass - BioFuels & By-products - Production Systems; Scale & Economics - BioRe� nery Concepts - Genetic Engineering vs. Strain Collection - Sustainable Aquatic Cycles - Innovative Applications of Advanced Biotechnological Solutions I Information Market - Posters

Algae5th International

congress

1 & 2 DECEMBER 2011 BERLIN, GERMANY

Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change

In 2010 the OECD Committee for Fisheries (COFI) chaired an inter-national workshop entitled

‘The Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change’ in Korea this workshop was to address the challenges and to provide an insight for future decisions on both catch fisher-ies and aquaculture.

This publication is the result of thatworkshop and its agenda, to build a comprehensive picture oftheeconomicsoffisheriesandaquacultureadaptationtoclimatechange.The information gained from this workshop will helpthosethatmakethepoliciesinthefuture.Chapteronelooksatfisheriesmanagementandgovernancechal-lenges inclimatechange.Howandwheredoesglobalwarmingpotentially impact on fisheries?With anoverviewof the globalwarmingrelevant to fisheries, thesocial,economicandenviron-mentalconsequencesoftheimpactofclimatechangeonthefish-eriessector.Howcanpolicymakersrespond?Chapter two deals with economic and policy issues related totheimpactofclimatechangeonfisheriesaswellasthephysicalchanges and biological effects in the marine environment.Theeconomic effects of climate change and governance effects of

climatechange.ThePolicyresponsestoclimatechangeandfinallyconclusions:Insightsonclimatechangeandcapturefisheries.Chapter three covers from an ecosystem approach to assessclimate change impacts on fisheries with an introduction.TheIFRAMEmodelasanEAFapproach:Elementsandstructure.Alsodemonstration of the IFRAME approach on the Korean largepurse seine fishery and implications for fisheries managementunderachangingclimate.Inlaterchapterthesubjectscoveredaredealingwithuncertainty,implications for fisheries adaptation. Fisheries management andgovernancechallenges inachangingclimate. Is thecurrent fish-eriesmanagementtoolboxsufficienttoaddressclimatechange?The economics of climate adaptation and marine capture fish-eries.The final two chapters look at Korea’s effective approach toadaptingclimatechange in the fisheries sectorand theChineseTaipei:The impact of climate change on coastal fisheries.Understanding the economics of fisheries and aquaculture andhow the climate will affect both is of key importance for thefutureofworldfoodstability.Thispublication is the resultofmany top levelexperts in theirfieldsrangingfrompolicymakerstofisheriesmanagers,biologistandeconomists.Awell-presentedandcomprehensivepublication.Thatinmyopinionwillguidefuturepolicymakersandscientistsalikeaswellasthosewhoaremakingpoliciestoday.Ibelievethiswouldbeofusetostudentsofeconomicsandfisheriesaswellasaquacultureandtoacademicsingeneral.


Are you a Perendale bookworm?Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of International Aquafeed, has set up an online Amazon-based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture. From early 2011 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from Amazon. Consult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at: www.perendale.co.uk

Classified Adverts


Additives•AdvancedBionutrition•AgresearchInc

•Kiotechagil•KrillCanadaCorp•InveAquaculture

Elevator buckets

Equipment for sale•AFoethBV•Condex(UK)Ltd

•FilterScreenSupplyLtd

Extruders

•CaliberControl•Coperion•ESEIntec•FudexGroupSpa•InstaProInternational

•Setrem•SuehiroEPM•TGCExtrusion•Wenger

Services (publications)

Are you a Perendale

bookworm?Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of International Aquafeed, has set up an online Amazon-based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture. From early 2011 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from Amazon.Consult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at: www.perendale.co.uk

Shrimp feed additive

Shrimp feed & larval diet

•ArtemiaInternationalLLC

Supply chain

“Your Reliable Supply Chain Manager”Products we produce and Export:• Banana Meal• Banana Powder• Crude Tuna Fish Oil• Crude Sardine Fish Oil• Tuna Fish Meal• Sardine Fish Meal • Tapioca Chips & Tapioca Powder

Email: [email protected]: www.palmviewtrade.com

PALM VIEW TRADE

Vacuum•A&JMixing•AndritzFeed&Biofuel

MORE EXPOSURE

FOR YOUR

ADVERTISING

SPEND

Classified advertisments, now also appear in "The Aquaculturists Review"

and new online publication from Perendale Publishers.

Please visit:http://theaquaculturists.

blogspot.com/

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

To place a classified advert in our next issue, and take

advantage of our great extra online exposure, please contact the Sales Team:

Caroline WearnTel:+44 1242 267706


Sabby MajorTel: +44 1242 267706


EVENTS

Is there an event that our readers need to know about!Eventslistingsarefreeofchargeandwillappearintheprintedmagazineandonline.Toaddyoureventtoourlisting,[email protected]

Events Key:

* = See our magazine at this show

• = More information available

EVENTS 2011

3rd - 5th May *VictamInternational,Cologne,GermanyContact: Patricia Heimgartner, Box 197, 3860 Ad Nijkerk, The Netherlands

Tel: + 31 33 2464404Fax: + 31 33 2464706Email: [email protected]: www.victam.com

4th May 11 *GLOBALG.A.PNewsConference,EuropeanSeafoodExposition,Room1122,Brussels,BelgiumContact: Claudia Meifert, GLOBALG.A.P Spichernstr.55 50672 Cologne Germany

Tel: +49 221 57993 25Fax: +49 221 57993 89Email: [email protected]: www.globalgap.org

12th May 11 *GLOBALG.A.PTour2011–CapeTown,Stellenbosch,SpierHotelCapeTown,SouthAfricaContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany

Tel: +49 221 57993693Fax: +49 221 5799389Email: [email protected]: www.tour2011.org

16th - 17th May 11 •*3rdAlgaeWorldEurope,MadridSpainContact: Lee Lin Tan, 80 Marine Parade Road, # 13-02 Parkway Parade 449269 Singapore

Tel: +65 63469146Fax: +65 63455928Email: [email protected]: www.cmtevents.com

22nd - 25th May 11 *TheAlltech27thInternationalAnimalHealthandNutritionSymposium,Lexington, Kentucky, USAContact: Roel Coenders, Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA

Tel: +1 859 8873244Fax: +1 859 8873256Email: [email protected]: www.alltech.com/

26th - 29th May *Aquarama2011,SingaporeContact: Doris Woo / Linda Tan, No.3 Pickering Street, 02-48, China Square Central, Singapore 048660

Tel: +65 65920889Fax: +65 64389060Email: [email protected]: www.aquarama.com.sg

6th - 10th June •*WorldAquaculture2011inclGiantPrawn2011,Natal,BrazilContact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium

Tel: +32 9 2334912Fax: +32 9 2334912Email: [email protected]: www.marevent.com

7th - 7th June 11 *GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–SaoPauloContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


15th - 17th June *IndoFisheries2011Expo&Forum,GrandCityExpoSurabaya,IndonesiaContact: Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, Indonesia

Tel: +62 21 8644756Fax: +62 21 8650963Email: [email protected]: www.indolivestock.com

15th - 17th June 11 *5thFoodProteinsCourse2011,NewOrleans,USAContact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC BilthovenThe Netherlands

Tel: +31 30 2252060Fax: [email protected]: www.bridge2food.com

12th - 12th July 11 *GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–Cairo(Egypt),InterContinentalSemiramis,EgyptContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


12th - 12th July 11 *UKfoodsecurityandinnovationinthefoodchain,CentralLondon,UnitedKingdomContact: Simon Regan, 4 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 7BW, UK

Tel: +44 1344 864796Fax: +44 1344 420121Email: [email protected]: www.westminsterfo-rumprojects.co.uk/forums/event.php?eid=222

17th - 18th August 11 *AquaNorForum2011,Trondheim,NorwayContact: Alistair Lane, European Aquaculture Society, Slijkensesteenweg, 4, 8400 Oostende, Belgium

Tel: +32 59 323859Fax: +32 59 321005Email: [email protected]: www.easonline.org

8th - 9th September 11 *BioMarineBusinessConvention,Nantes–FranceContact:PierreErwes,LaGraveduTour,40430Callen,France

Tel: +33 678 078 284Email: [email protected]: http://convention.biomarine.org

14th - 14th September 11 *UKfishingandthefutureoftheCommonFisheriesPolicy,CentralLondon,UnitedKingdomContact: Simon Regan, 4 Bracknell Beeches, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 7BW, UK

Tel: +44 1344 864796Fax: +44 1344 420121Email: [email protected]: www.westminsterfo-rumprojects.co.uk/forums/event.php?eid=284

Aquaculture for a Changing WorldWorldAquaculture2003inSalvadordeBahiawasoneofthemosthighlyattendedWASmeetingseverheld.OnJune7–10,2011,theWAS,inconjunctionwithFenacam,willonceagainholdaWorldAquaculturemeetinginBrazil;thistimeinthenortheastcityofNatalwithitsbeau-tifulbeaches,anddiversi-fiedaquaculturesectors.Forthismeeting,attendanceisexpectedinexcessof3,000participants,representingover50countries.The4-dayprogramwillhostinexcessof60sessionscom-plementinggeneralcate-goriessuchas:AquacultureandHumanHealth,CrustaceanCulture,FinfishCulture,MolluscCulture,AquacultureforaChangingWorld,ProductionSystems,andFeedstuffs-Feeds-andFeedAdditives;finishingupwithassortedSpecialTopicsincludinggenetics,educa-tion,engineering,economics,andmuchmore.Anexcitingandhighlyrep-resentedtradeshowandexhibitionwillalsobeheldinconjunctionwiththismeeting,withover95%ofbooths,representingover200companiesfrommorethan30differentcoun-tries,alreadysold.Formoreinformationonthecon-ferenceandtradeshowpleaseseewww.was.orgorcontactMario.stael@scarlet.be.Complementingthistre-mendousaquacultureeventisanarrayofexcitingfarmtourswhichareplannedbothbeforeandaftertheconference,withspecificdatesanddetailsavailableatwww.fenacam.com.br.


EVENTS

Sonora,MéxicoContact:ZoilaLópez,Lluvia225BisCol. Jardines del Pedregal, C.P., 01900, México, D. F.

Tel: +52 55 51356128 Ext. 113Fax: +52 55 51356128Email: [email protected]: www.aquamarinternacional.com

10th - 12th November 11 *ExpoPesca&AcuiPeru,JockeyConventionCenter,PeruContact: JKUMAR ( J K), 674/6 U.E, Karnal, India

Tel: +91 9812 390009Fax: +91 1844 030999Email: [email protected]: www.thaiscorp.com

23rd - 23rd November 11 *GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–BangkokContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Tel: +31 30 2252060Email: [email protected]: www.bridge2food.com

18th - 21st October *AquacultureEurope2011,Rhodos,GreeceContact: EAS, Slijkensesteenweg 4, B8400 Ostend, Belgium

Tel: +32 59 323859Fax: +32 59 321005Email: [email protected]: www.easonline.org

18th - 18th October 11 *GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–Atlanta,TheWestinPeachtreePlaza,Atlanta,USAContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


26th - 28th October 11 *FisheriesandAquacultureDevelopmentInnovationandTechnology,Expoforum,Hermosillo,

15th - 15th September 11 *GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–Warsaw(Poland),LeRoyalMéridienBristol,PolandContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


25th - 30th September 11 *AquacultureFeedExtrusion,NutritionandFeedManagementShortCourse,TexasA&MUniversityCollegeStation,Texas,USAContact: Dr. Mian N Riaz, Food Protein R&D Center, 2476 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2476, USA

Tel: +1 979 845 2774Fax: +1 979 845 2744Email: [email protected]: http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion/

28th - 29th September 11 *ProteinTechnologyinnovation2011Conference,Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsContact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van

GLOBALG.A.P - Aquaculture Standard New Developments

AquacultureStandardNewDevelopments,Version4:Scopeextendedforaqua-culturespeciesbelongingtofinfish,crustaceansandmolluscs-newspeciesimplementationandcerti-fication.Aquafeedsupply:Advancesinthefullchainsupplyrecognition.Postharvesthandling:Toolprovidedtocoverthefoodchaindemands.Jointtrainingandauditingoutcome:WWFInternationalStandardsforResponsibleTilapiaAquaculture.

Inanexclusive3rdAlgaeWorldEurope inter view, AugustoRodríguez-Villa, president of

AlgaEnergy says,“AlgaEnergywasfirstattractedtoventure intothealgae industrydue to the revolu-tionary manner of the business:beingabletoworkonthedevel-opment and fine tuning of CO2reduction technology, while atthe same time producing foodand clean and sustainable energy,ensuring environmental steward-ship.

“This is in line with one ofAlgaEnergy’s functions, which isto improve processes and makeprofitable products derived frommicroalgae thatwill contribute toimproving the welfare of societyworldwide.”

The company, which wasfoundedin2007byseveralentre-preneursandduetocontributeapaperasspeaker,oninnovationsinphotobioreactor,issupportingthe3rdAlgaeWorld Europe confer-enceasofficialCorporateSponsorandHost-of-sitevisit.

“Previous editions of AlgaeWor ld Europe have con-firmed the high scientific levelof the event and its profes-sional organization.The eventbrings together important per-sonalities and major players inthis field of biotechnology.Weare convinced that interactionbetween researchers and com-mercialcompanies,sharingexpe-riences and establishing partner-ships will result in speeding up

the process of obtaining returnon our investments,” Said MrRodríguez-Villa.

AlgaEnergy will be joined bymany more international algaeauthorities at the 3rd AlgaeWorldEuropeinMadridonMay16-17, 2011. Recognised as theleading annual platform to gainlatest updates on the technicalandcommercialdevelopmentsofalgae,theeventwillover1.5dayshighlight the potential of micro-algae, macroalgae and cyanobac-teria,aswellasanswervitalques-tions on algae production andoutlook.

Following the plenary sessionsontheafternoonofdaytwo, theconference will continue withan optional tour ofAlgaEnergy’s

PTEM(TechnologicalPlatformforExperimentationwithMicroalgae)plant. Incorporating four typesof photobioreactors (columns,tubular reactors, semi-open andraceways) andwith an initial cul-tivation area of 1,000 m2 andculture volume of up to 72,000l, the PTEM is currently underconstruction at the InternationalAirportofMadrid-Barajassiteandwill beoperational by the begin-ningofMay.Thistechnicalsitevisitis separately bookable and openonlytoregistereddelegates.

More inforMation:Ms Lee LinTel: +65 6346 9146Email: [email protected]: www.cmtevents.com

Insightsaheadofthe3rdAlgaeWorldEuropeAugusto Rodríguez-Villa, president of AlgaEnergy, the Corporate Sponsor and Host-of-site visit for the 3rd Algae World Europe, shares insights on the algae industry and recounts the company’s experiences from a new algae biotechnology start-up to what it has achieved to date.

May-June 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 55

In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue.

If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Team.

Tel +44 1242 267706

WEB LINKS

AlgaEnergy =www.algaenergy.es

Almex b.v. =www.almex.nl

Andritz Feed & Biofuel =www.andritz.com

BENEO-Animal Nutrition =www.BENEO-An.com

Biomin Holding GmbH =www.biomin.net

Biomin Holding GmbH =www.biomin.net

Buhler AG =www.buhlergroup.com

Chemoforma Ltd =www.chemoforma.com

Clextral =www.clextral.com

CPM Europe B V =www.cpmeurope.nl

Dinnissen BV =www.dinnissen.nl

Dishman Netherlands B.V =www.dishman-netherlands.com

Extru-Tech =www.extru-techinc.com

Geelen Counterflow =www.geelencounterflow.com

GePro =www.ge-pro.de

Hamlet Protein A/S =www.hamletprotein.com

Jaeckering Muehlen- und Naehrmittelwerke =www.jaeckering.de

Lallemand Animal Nutrition =www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

Marevent =www.marevent.com

Marine Conservation Society =

Muyang Group =www.muyang.com

NutraKol Pty Ltd =www.nutrakol.com

Nutri-Ad International nv =www.nutriad.net

Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. =www.ottevanger.com

Palm View Trade =www.palmviewtrade.com

Shanghai ZhengChang International Machinery and

Engineering Co., Ltd =www.zhengchang.com

SPF (activite Aquativ) =www.aquativ-diana.com

Stedman =www.stedman-machine.com

Tapco Inc =www.tapcoinc.com

The Nor-Fishing Foundation =www.nor-fishing.no

Van Aarsen International BV =www.aarsen.com

Wenger Manufacturing Inc. =www.wenger.com

Wynveen International B.V. =www.wynveen.com

Zhengchang Group (ZCME) =www.zhengchang.com

Innovations for a better world.

A hammer blow to your operating costs. The hammer mill Granulex™ is the new

dynamic grinding machine from Buhler. Designed for ultimate power, Granulex™

delivers high capacity grinding up to 75 t/h. Swiss-made reliability and supreme

ease of maintenance minimize downtime, so you can make maximum use of

this productivity. It’s an investment in quality that is sure to show a rapid return –

and deliver a hammer blow to your operating costs. For more information, visit

www.buhlergroup.com.

Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96

[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com

GranulexTM

High capacity hammer mill.

Powerful 400 kW motor for high

capacity grinding.

Largest screen area of any 400 kW

hammer mill reduces wear of

screens and hammers.

Screens and hammers designed for

replacement by a single person in

less than 30 minutes.

Smooth running sliding doors on

both sides for fast and easy

maintenance.

Closed machine housing

preventing dust settlements and

easy to clean, plain surfaces.

DFZP_210x297_Granulex.indd 1 03.02.2011 07:35:34

May - June 2011 | International Aquafeed

Documents

Transcript of May - June 2011 | International Aquafeed