Mathias Fraaß, Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin...

InhouseSmartGrid

M2M between HVAC appliances

ETSI M2M Workshop, Mandelieu/France, 2013/11/5-7

TOPICS:

ENERGETICAL ASPECTS OF HVAC

THERMAL HOUSEHOLD OF A BUILDING

INHOUSE SMART GRID AND M2M

Mathias Fraaß, Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin

Mathias Fraaß, Berlin ETSI M2M Workshop Mandelieu/France, 2013/11/5-7 2

InhouseSmartGrid

ΣQM

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μP Bus I/O ... μP Bus I/O ...PowerCircuits Controller Controller

Today`s Building Automation and Control (BAC)

ATTRIBUTES

▪ lifetime of plants and controllers up to 30 years

▪ steady processes under fixed control regime

STAKEHOLDERS

▪ BAC manufacturers, operators used to a certain BAC

▪ Building owners want interoperability → BACnet.

▪ Service providers (e.g. monitoring) need open data.

▪ Users want to access BAC with their smartphone.

▪ Manufacturers of advanced HVAC appliances needflexible communication beyond a fixed regime

MANAGEMENT

AUTOMATION

FIELD

M

MM

KL02

KL01

LÜ2

LÜ1FIL LH1 LK1 LH2 DB


InhouseSmartGrid

Why HVAC has to advanceDISTRIVUTION OF SITE ENERGY EU 2010 (BDH)

THERMAL ENERGY

▪ 35% of site energy in the EU

▪ HVAC is a key technology.

ROOM HEATING

▪ 30% of site energy in the EU

▪ mainly done by combustion

▪ crucial point: fuel consumption

Buildings41%

Industrial Sector28%

Transportations31%

Electrical 15%

Thermal85%

CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS

▪ high and increasing

DHW 15%

RoomHeating

85%

RoomHeating

30%


InhouseSmartGrid

Exploitation Rates of Fuels in Room Heating

BOILERS

CENTRAL POWER PLANTS

ELECTRICAL HEAT PUMPS

enhanced

THERMAL OUTCOME

▪ Combustion in domestic power stations, exploitation < 100%

▪ Central power plants/heat pumps/district heating, exploitation > 200%

DOMESTIC POWER STATIONS

33..50%Fuel

95%Fuel

Fuel 28..35%

Power Plant

83%

Heat Pump

250%33%

50% 200%400%


InhouseSmartGrid

Distribution of Energy Sources

SITE ENERGY (Germany 2011)

87,5%Fossil and Nuclear

Biomass8,5%

4%

SOLAR ENERGY

▪ neither by biomass nor by solar generated electric energy

▪ any kind of fuel to be substituted by solar energy

▪ heating and cooling aggregates only at peak load

▪ advanced methods of using the environment

2,0% Wind Energy

0,7% Water Energy0,8% Photovoltaics0,5% Solar- and Geothermics

SUSTAINABLE HEATING AND COOLINGSolar


InhouseSmartGrid

Advanced Methods - Buffering

▪ more important for heating

▪ suitable mainly in industrialized countries

▪ large extra storages needed

▪ not state of the art – technical challenge

16..26°C

SEASONAL DIURNAL

▪ more important for cooling

▪ suitable even in extreme climates (desert)

▪ concrete inside the building is sufficient

▪ feasable with today‘s appliances

Ou

tsid

e

Ou

tsid

e

Year Day


InhouseSmartGrid

Basic Principles of Buffering

STORAGES

STORED ENERGY (EXERGY)

20°C 50°C

Anergy Exergy

20°C 28°C

PRINCIPLES

1. Large capacities

2. Low energy demand

3. Low temperatures of heating systems

45°C 23°CHigh temperature Low exergy Low temperature High exergy


InhouseSmartGrid

Using 23°C

23°C

21,3°C20°C

3K 2K20°C

22°C20°C

23°C

22,9°C

22,8°C20°C

2,9K3K

THICK TUBES CAPILLARY TUBES

▪ conventional heating floor

▪ thick tubes deep in the plaster

▪ suitable for heat pumps

▪ advanced thermoactive slab

▪ capillary tubes (mats) below the finish

▪ suitable for advanced HVAC methods

13W/m²

28W/m²


InhouseSmartGrid

Advanced Methods / Harvesting

▪ today‘s coverage of consumption: 2..5%

▪ better coverage with 23°C being exploitable

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING WITH SHIFTING

▪ shortening of heating period (<10 months)

▪ feasable, if 23°C gains high heat flow

ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

23°C 23°C

Q

QQ

Q Q


InhouseSmartGrid

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.2 0.3 0.40.1

Combined Methods / Harvesting and Buffering

OUTSIDE CONDITIONS (GERMANY)

WET BULB:

17 °C

HYBRID COOLER

free and adiabaticcooling

HYBRID SLAB

24°C

16°C

24°C

21°C

Background matbuffering from free coolingduring the night

Foreground matdirect Cooling mainly fromadiabatic cooling


InhouseSmartGrid

Combined Methods / Harvesting and Shifting

VARIABLE INSULATION ACTIVE INSULATION

12°C 13°C

23°C 28°C26°C

-10°C

20°C5°C

-5°C

▪ good insulation is a winter coat in the summer

▪ buildings cannot chill out in the night

▪ room temperature increases daily

▪ variable insulation pulls off the coat

▪ suitable for monolithic walls

▪ low temperatures from solar collectors in winter

▪ raise of temperature profile in the wall

▪ lower transmission loss


InhouseSmartGrid

Temperature Household

LONG TIME BUFFERING

FREE AND ADIABATIC COOLING

SHORT TIME BUFFERING

VARIABLE INSULATION

ACTIVE INSULATION

SOIL COOLING

SOLAR HEATING

SPATIAL SHIFTING

▪ organs: decentral HVAC components working together

▪ bloodstream: heat transport by (capillary) tubing

▪ nerveous system: communication beyond conventional BAC


InhouseSmartGrid

Requirements for Inhouse Smart Grids

▪ No steady processes, building behaviour and weather conditions relevant.

▪ Components (collector, insulation, …) become players in an interaction.

▪ Collector offers an energy supply, insulation claims an energy demand.

▪ Solar collector could also deliver energy to room heating or buffers.

▪ Insulation could also get energy from soil collectors or buffers.

▪ Which is the best supply, which ist the most urgent demand on the market?

▪ Components must become smart appliances making their own decisons.

▪ Additional data, BIM support and advanced status information are needed.

E.G. ACTIVE INSULATION ALONG WITH SOLAR COLLECTOR

Insulation

Solar Collector

M2M App.

M2M App.

dIA

dIA


InhouseSmartGrid

Requirements for Semantics in M2M Ontology

PRINCIPLES

▪ multilayer: different layers, transition from machines (device A, input 1) to things (room D127)

▪ abstraction: semantics used to establish a common taxonomy (site, room, indoor temperature …)

▪ interactions: smart appliances work together based on common abstract termes (supply, demand …)

Anatomy

Availability

Operations

Presentation

Proceedings

Transactions

THINGS

MACHINES

plug (machines): who is?, connectivity, …

get status information: mode, charge control, …

play (machines): read inputs, write outputs, set values, …

plug (things): room, solar collector, location …

play (things): status informations, interactions of things

market: supplies, demands, contracts

REQUIREMENTS


InhouseSmartGrid

Conclusions

▪ HVAC is a key technology for thermal energy turnaround.

▪ Advanced HVAC uses solar energy to a maximum extend, aggregates run only at peak load.

ENERGETICAL ASPECTS OF HVAC

▪ Technical processes are replaced by balance processes, which relate to weather and building behaviour.

▪ Thermal household needs systems which transports heat even at low temperature differences.

THERMAL HOUSEHOLD

INHOUSE SMART GRID

▪ Fixed regime is replaced by a market with supplies and demands of the involved smart appliances.

▪ Communication requirements are beyond conventional BAC, M2M and semantics are needed.

Mathias Fraaß, Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin...

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