List of abbreviations

A – adenosineA – absorbance (1 cm)aa – amino acid(s)Ab – antibody(ies)Ad – adenovirusAdoMet (or SAM) – S-adenosylmethionineAMV – avian myeloblastosis virusAp – ampicillinβGal – β-galactosidasebp – base pair(s)BSA – bovine serum albuminC – cytidinecAMP – cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphateCAT – Cm acetyltransferasecat – gene encoding CATccc – covalently closed circularcDNA – DNA complementary to RNACHO – Chinese hamster ovaryCIAP – calf intestinal alkaline phosphataseCm – chloramphenicolcp – chloroplastcpm – counts per minuted – deoxyriboΔ – deletiondd – dideoxyriboDMSO – dimethylsulfoxideDNase – deoxyribonucleasedNTP – deoxyribonucleoside triphosphateds – double strand(ed)DTT – dithiothreitolEF – elongation factorELISA – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayENase (or R⋅) – restriction endonucleaseEr – erythromycinEtdBr – ethidium bromideG – guanosineGm – gentamicinG418 – GeneticinHIV – human immunodeficiency virusHPLC – high-performance liquid chromatographyHPRT – hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferaseHSV – Herpes simplex virusHy – hygromycinIF – initiation factorIFN – InterferonIg – immunoglobulin(s)IL – interleukinIPTG – isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranosideIS – insertion sequence(s)kb – kilobase(s) or 1000 bpkDa – kilodalton(s)Km – kanamycinlacZpo – lac promoter-operatorLB – Luria-Bertani (medium)LTR – long terminal repeat(s)m6A – N 6-methyladenosinemAb – monoclonal AbMCS – multiple cloning site(s)moi – multiplicity of infectionMr – relative molecular mass (dimensionless)mt – mitochondria(l)

MTase (or M ⋅ ) – DNA methyltransferaseMyr – million yearsN – any nucleosideNAD – nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotideNADH and its reduced formNm – neomycinnt – nucleotide(s)o, O – operatoroligo – oligodeoxyribonucleotideONPG – o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranosideORF – open reading frameori – origin(s) of DNA replicationp – plasmidp, P – promoterPA – polyacrylamidePAGE – PA-gel electrophoresisPEG – poly(ethylene glycol)pfu – plaque-forming unit(s)Pi – inorganic phosphatePipes – 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acidPMSF – phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoridePollk – Klenow (large) fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase IPPi – inorganic pyrophospatePPO – 2,5-diphenyloxazoleR – (superscript) resistance/resistantR – purine (or restriction)RBS – ribosome-binding site(s)rDNA – DNA coding for rRNAre- – recombinantRFLP – restriction-fragment length polymorphismRif – rifampicinRNase – ribonucleaserRNA – ribosomal RNAs – (superscript) sensitivity/sensitiveS – sedimentation constantSD – Shine-Dalgarno (sequence)SDS – sodium dodecyl sulfateSm – streptomycinss – single strand(ed)SSC – 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 M Na3⋅citrate pH 7.6T – thymidinet, T – terminator of transcriptionTc – tetracyclineTh – thiostreptonTK – thymidine kinaseTMV – tobacco mosaic virusTn – transposontsp – transcription start point(s)u – unit(s)U – uridineURF – unidentified open reading frameUTR – unstranslated region(s)UV – ultravioletwt – wild typeXgal – 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranosideY – pyrimidine[ ] – denotes plasmid-carrier state( ) – denotes prophage (lysogenic) state:: – novel junction (fusion or insertion)′ (prime) – denotes a truncated gene at the indicated side

Nucleotide symbol combinations:

Pairs: K = G/T; M = A/C; R = A/G; S = C/G; W = A/T; Y = C/T.Triples: B = C/G/T; D = A/G/T; H = A/C/T; V = A/C/G; N=A/C/G/T.

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