Intro. Relativistic Heavy Ion...
Transcript of Intro. Relativistic Heavy Ion...
Manuel Calderón de la Barca Sánchez
Intro. Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
pQCD : The Drell-Yan process at Leading Order Following slides from Fred Olness, SMU
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! History: ! Discovery of J/ψ, Upsilon, W/Z, and “New
Physics” ??? ! Calculation of q q →µ+µ- in the Parton Model
! Scaling form of the cross section ! Rapidity, longitudinal momentum, and xF
! Comparison with data: ! NLO QCD corrections essential (the K-factor)
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! Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
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! The Goal: p + N → W + X ! They found: p + N →µ+ µ− + X
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! The Process: p + Be → e+ e- X
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very narrow width ⇒ long lifetime
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Drell-Yan Brookhaven AGS
e+e- Production SLAC SPEAR
Frascati ADONE
related by crossing
! a
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! Calculation: ! First, we'll compute the partonic in the partonic
CMS ! Born Process
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σ
! Diagram:
! Gather factors and contract with metric tensor, we get:
! Squaring and averaging over spin and color:
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q+q→ e+ + e−
−iM = iQie2
q2v (p2 )γ
µu(p1){ } v(p4 )γµu (p3){ }
M
2=12!
"#$
%&2
3 13!
"#$
%&2
Qi2 e4
q4Tr p2 γ
µ p1γν)* +,Tr p3γµ p4 γν)* +,
! Define the Mandelstam Variables
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p1 =s21,0,0,+1( )
p2 =s21,0,0,−1( )
p3 =s21,+sinθ ,0,+cosθ( )
p4 =s21,−sinθ ,0,−cosθ( )
s = (p1 + p2 )2 = (p3 + p4 )
2
t = (p1 − p3)2 = (p2 − p4 )
2
u = (p1 − p4 )2 = (p2 − p3)
2
t = − s2(1− cosθ )
u = − s2(1+ cosθ )
! With Dirac algebra for the γ matrices and Traces:
! We used: , i.e. massless fermions.
! And . So we have:
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Tr[ p2 γµ p1γ
ν ]Tr[ p3γµ p4 γν ]
= 4 p1µ p2
ν + p2µ p1
ν − gµν (p1 ⋅ p2 )%& '(× 4 p3,µ p4,ν + p4,µ p3,ν − gµν (p3 ⋅ p4 )%& '(
= 25[(p1 ⋅ p3)(p2 ⋅ p4 )+ (p1 ⋅ p4 )(p2 ⋅ p3)]= 23[t 2 + u2 ]
s = 2(p1 ⋅ p2 )= 2(p3 ⋅ p4 )t = 2(p1 ⋅ p3)= 2(p2 ⋅ p4 )u = 2(p1 ⋅ p4 )= 2(p2 ⋅ p3)
q2 = s
M
2=Qi
2α 2 25π 2
3t 2 + u2
s2#
$%
&
'(
! In the partonic CMS: where
! Since , we have:
! The total cross section is :
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dσ =
12s
M2dΓ
dΓ = d 3p3(2π )32E3
d 3p4(2π )32E4
(2π )4δ(p1 + p2 − p3 − p4 )=d cosθ16π
t = − s2
(1− cosθ ) and u = − s2
(1+ cosθ )
dσd cosθ
=Qi2α 2 π
61s1+ cos2θ( )
σ =Qi2α 2 π
61s
dcosθ 1+ cos2θ( )−1
1
∫ =4πα 2
9sQi2 ≡ σ 0
! Characteristic of scattering of spin ½ constituents by a spin 1 vector boson.
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dσd cosθ
=Qi2α 2 π
61s1+ cos2θ( )
! Where:
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P1 =s
21, 0, 0,+1( ) P1
2 = 0
P1 =s
21, 0, 0,−1( ) P2
2 = 0
s = (P1 +P2 )2 =
sx1x2
=sτ τ = x1x2 =
ss≡M 2
s
Fraction of Energy2 present in partonic interaction out of the one present in the hadronic system.
dσdM 2 = dx1
0
1
∫ dx2 q(x1)q(x2 )+q(x2 )q(x1){ }σ 0δ(Q2 − s)
0
1
∫q,q∑
Hadronic Cross Section
Parton Distribution Function
Partonic Cross Section
! Using and ! We can write the cross section in the scaling form:
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σ 0 =4πα 2
9sQi2 δ(M 2 − s)= 1
sx1δ(x2 −
τx1)
M 3 dσdM
=8πα 2
9Qi2 dx1 q(x1)q(τ / x1)+q(x1)q(τ / x1){ }τ
1
∫q,q∑
Note that the RHS is a function of only t, not of M alone. Therefore, this quantity should lie on a universal scaling curve.
! Partonic CMS has longitudinal momentum in hadron frame
! We can use xF as a measure of the longitudinal momentum
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p12 = (p1 + p2 )= E12,0,0, pL( )
E12 =s2(x1 + x2 )
pL =s2(x1 − x2 )≡
s2xF
y = 12ln E12 + pL
E12 − pL
"
#$
%
&'=12ln x1
x2
"
#$
%
&'
dQ2dxF = dydτ s xF2 + 4τ
dσdM 2dxF
=4πα 2
9M 41
xF2 + 4τ
τ Qi2 q(x1)q(τ / x1)+q(x1)q(τ / x1){ }
q,q∑
x1,2 = τ e±1
dx1dx2 = dτdy
! Need QCD corrections: 4/11/12 Phy 224C 19
K =1+ 2παs
3(...)+
! 800 GeV proton beam, on fixed target Cu and d.
pp & pN processes sensitive to anti-quark distributions
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A. D. Martin, R. G. Roberts, W. J. Stirling and R. S. Thorne, Eur. Phys. J. C23, 73 (2002); Eur. Phys. J. C14, 133 (2000); Eur. Phys. J. C4, 463 (1998)