GCOS Upper Air Workshop, 22 May 2006 Holger Vömel Cooperative Institute for Research in...
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Transcript of GCOS Upper Air Workshop, 22 May 2006 Holger Vömel Cooperative Institute for Research in...
GCOS Upper Air Workshop, 22 May 2006GCOS Upper Air Workshop, 22 May 2006
Holger VömelHolger Vömel
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
University of ColoradoUniversity of Colorado
Water vapor observations in the upper Water vapor observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratospheretroposphere and lower stratosphere
OverviewOverview
• Frost pointFrost point
• Lyman-Lyman-αα
• TDLTDL
• Polymer (Vaisala RS92)Polymer (Vaisala RS92)
• SummarySummary
Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH)Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH)
• Microprocessor controlMicroprocessor control
• Vertical Range: surface to ~28 kmVertical Range: surface to ~28 km (surface to ~25 km on ascent) (surface to ~25 km on ascent)
• Uncertainty: troposphere: > 4% MRUncertainty: troposphere: > 4% MR stratosphere: ~ 9 % stratosphere: ~ 9 %
• Phase sensitive detector: Phase sensitive detector: electronic sunlight filter electronic sunlight filter
• No liquid/ice ambiguityNo liquid/ice ambiguity
• Weight: ~ 400 grWeight: ~ 400 gr
• Currently interfaced with ECC ozone Currently interfaced with ECC ozone
sonde and Vaisala RS80 sonde and Vaisala RS80
• Based on NOAA/CMDL frost pointBased on NOAA/CMDL frost point hygrometer hygrometer
• 162 soundings162 soundings
Detector
IR LED
μ Controllerμ Controller
Cryogen
Air flow
Lens
Mirror
Heater
Frost layer
Thermistor
Water vapor mixing ratioWater vapor mixing ratioTicosonde 2006, Jan 4 – Mar 4, 2006Ticosonde 2006, Jan 4 – Mar 4, 2006
Tropical tropopause dehydrationTropical tropopause dehydration
Ticosonde 2006Ticosonde 2006 Jan 4 - Mar 4, 2006Jan 4 - Mar 4, 2006
Ticosonde 2005Ticosonde 2005July 8-24, 2005July 8-24, 2005
CFH AdvantagesCFH Advantages
• Measurement based on simple physicsMeasurement based on simple physics• Measurement not calibrated for water Measurement not calibrated for water
vapor, but rather for temperaturevapor, but rather for temperature(assume vapor pressure equation is correct)(assume vapor pressure equation is correct)
• Extremely large dynamic rangeExtremely large dynamic range
• Long history for technologyLong history for technology
CFH LimitationsCFH Limitations
• Instrument may fail completely in “thick” liquid Instrument may fail completely in “thick” liquid clouds or highly ice-supersaturated airclouds or highly ice-supersaturated air
• High costHigh cost• Availability of cryogenAvailability of cryogen• Instrument needs minor preparationInstrument needs minor preparation• Data product needs understanding of instrumentData product needs understanding of instrument
Snow White frostpoint hygrometerSnow White frostpoint hygrometer
• Peltier coolingPeltier cooling
• Vertical Range: surface to < tropopauseVertical Range: surface to < tropopause
• Uncertainty: 0.1Uncertainty: 0.1°C DP/FP°C DP/FP realistic 0.5°C DP realistic 0.5°C DP
• Sunlight sensitive detector Sunlight sensitive detector
• Liquid/ice ambiguityLiquid/ice ambiguity
• Weight: ~ 400 grWeight: ~ 400 gr
• Currently interfaced with SRS34,Currently interfaced with SRS34, Sippican or Tmax/Vaisala RS80 Sippican or Tmax/Vaisala RS80
Snow White comparisonsSnow White comparisons
NOAA/CMDLNOAA/CMDLGalapagos/Huntsville/Boulder/WatuskosekGalapagos/Huntsville/Boulder/Watuskosek
CFHCFHAWEX OklahomaAWEX Oklahoma
Snow White AdvantagesSnow White Advantages
• Measurement based on simple physicsMeasurement based on simple physics
• Measurement not calibrated for water Measurement not calibrated for water vapor, but rather for temperaturevapor, but rather for temperature
• Large dynamic rangeLarge dynamic range
• Simple operationSimple operation
Snow White LimitationsSnow White Limitations
• Highly sensitive to cloud contaminationHighly sensitive to cloud contamination• Occasional unexplained failureOccasional unexplained failure• Moderate costModerate cost• Limited to below tropopauseLimited to below tropopause• Limited to RH Limited to RH ≥≥ 3-6% 3-6%• Data product needs understanding of instrumentData product needs understanding of instrument
FLASH - Lyman-FLASH - Lyman-αα
• Fluorescent Lyman Alpha Stratospheric Fluorescent Lyman Alpha Stratospheric Hygrometer (FLASH) Hygrometer (FLASH)
• Vertical Range: upper troposphere to Vertical Range: upper troposphere to stratosphere stratosphere (0.5 to 500 ppmv) (0.5 to 500 ppmv)
• Calibrated against reference frost point Calibrated against reference frost point
• Uncertainty: 9% MRUncertainty: 9% MR
• Night time (descent) onlyNight time (descent) only
• Weight: ~ 1 kgWeight: ~ 1 kg
• Currently interfaced Vaisala RS80Currently interfaced Vaisala RS80
• 45 soundings45 soundings
FLASH AdvantagesFLASH Advantages
• Calibrated against frost point standardCalibrated against frost point standard
• High measurement precisionHigh measurement precision
• Very fast sensorVery fast sensor
• Largely insensitive to cloudsLargely insensitive to clouds
• Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)
FLASH LimitationsFLASH Limitations
• Instrument measures properly on descentInstrument measures properly on descent• Can only measure during night timeCan only measure during night time• Full moon limits data rangeFull moon limits data range• High costHigh cost• Measurement range : 0.5 to 500 ppmvMeasurement range : 0.5 to 500 ppmv• Currently can’t check calibration in the fieldCurrently can’t check calibration in the field
MayComm TDLMayComm TDL
• Tunable Diode LaserTunable Diode Laser
• Vertical Range: mid troposphere to Vertical Range: mid troposphere to stratosphere stratosphere
• Calibrated against reference frost point Calibrated against reference frost point
• Uncertainty: 5% MRUncertainty: 5% MR or 0.5 ppmv or 0.5 ppmv
• Payload weight: ~ 1 kgPayload weight: ~ 1 kg
MayComm TDLMayComm TDLCosta RicaCosta RicaJanuary/February 2006January/February 2006
5 TDL soundings5 TDL soundings
MayComm TDL vs CFHMayComm TDL vs CFHCosta RicaCosta RicaJanuary/February 2006January/February 2006
13 CFH soundings13 CFH soundings
MayComm TDL AdvantagesMayComm TDL Advantages
• High measurement precisionHigh measurement precision
• Very fast sensorVery fast sensor
• Insensitive to cloudsInsensitive to clouds
• Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)Large dynamic range (low mixing ratios)
• Easy to useEasy to use
MayComm TDL LimitationsMayComm TDL Limitations
• Prototype onlyPrototype only• High costHigh cost• No lower troposphere No lower troposphere
(Can extend to surface with second path)(Can extend to surface with second path)• No stable interface/telemetry system yetNo stable interface/telemetry system yet
Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92)Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92)
• Capacitive polymer sensorCapacitive polymer sensor
• Vertical Range: lower to upper Vertical Range: lower to upper troposphere (?) troposphere (?)
• Uncertainty: 2-5% RHUncertainty: 2-5% RH
• Payload weight: ~ 250 gPayload weight: ~ 250 g
• Sensors go through undocumented Sensors go through undocumented changes changes
Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92)Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92)
AWEX, OklahomaAWEX, Oklahoma
Nov 2003Nov 2003
Lautlos, FinlandLautlos, Finland
Feb 2004Feb 2004
TCSP, Costa RicaTCSP, Costa Rica
Jul 2005Jul 2005
Night time comparisons RS92 vs CFHNight time comparisons RS92 vs CFH
Polymer sensor (Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92Vaisala RS92))
Day time comparison RS92 vs CFHDay time comparison RS92 vs CFH
TCSP, Costa RicaTCSP, Costa Rica
Jul 2005Jul 2005
Polymer sensor (Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92Vaisala RS92)) Advantages Advantages
• Very low costVery low cost
• Largely insensitive to cloudsLargely insensitive to clouds
• Easy to useEasy to use
• Vaisala RS92: One of the best of the Vaisala RS92: One of the best of the polymer sensorspolymer sensors
Polymer sensor (Polymer sensor (Vaisala RS92Vaisala RS92)) Limitations Limitations
• Very large solar radiation sensitivityVery large solar radiation sensitivity• Good measurements need third party correctionsGood measurements need third party corrections• Very hard to trace calibration changes Very hard to trace calibration changes • Very hard to trace sensor changesVery hard to trace sensor changes
Claimed Claimed accuracyaccuracy CalibrationCalibration LimitationsLimitations
Dynamic Dynamic rangerange HistoryHistory CostCost
Ease of Ease of useuse
EngineeringEngineeringstatusstatus
CFHCFH0.5°C DP/FP
4-9% ++ No "wet" clouds ++ + - (o) o
research /small series
Snow WhiteSnow White 0.1°C DP/FP +Some cloudsRH > 3-6%
No stratosphereo + o ++
productionsmall series
Lyman-alpha (FLASH)Lyman-alpha (FLASH)9%
(20% below 2 ppmv)
+Night time onlyDescent only
No lower troposphere + o -- +
research /small series
TDL (MayComm)TDL (MayComm)5%
0.5 ppmv o ? + - -- (++)
Proof of concept
Polymer (Vaisala RS92)Polymer (Vaisala RS92) 2-5% RH -
No stratosphereLarge radiation error
Chemical contaminationVery hard to trace
sensor/calibration changes
- + ++ + (++)Large scale production