Document No Rev. RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION · 2018-02-15 · Welds (T-222.2) - The weld ripples or...

Document No Rev. RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION ACCORDING TO ASME CODE BY MEANS

OF X RAYS AND γ RAYS OF STEEL WELDS AND PARTS

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NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST PLUS di 16 Confidential, Property of NDT PLUS

NDT PLUS Viale Lombardia, 60

20056 Trezzo sull’Adda (MI)

INDEX

1. SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY (T210) 2. DEFINITIONS 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (T220) 4. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS (T230) 5. CALIBRATION (T260) 6. EXAMINATION (T270) 7. EVALUATION (T280) 9. STORAGE

TABLES



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1. SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY (T-210)

1.1. This procedure describes the method used for X-ray or -Ray (Ir 192) examination of welds and other parts including castings.

1.2. This procedure is applicable to ferrous and non ferrous alloys for thicknesses up to 100 mm (4 in) equivalent in steel

1.3. This procedure is based on :

• ASME BPVC Sect. V - Edition 2017 : Article 2 Article 22 : SE-94 (ASTM E94-04)

1.4. For what not specified here, the requirements of ASME BPVC Sect. V Article 2 shall be considered as re-quirements that integrate the present procedure.

1.5. The need of the radiographic examination, when required by the design, shall be indicated in the draw-ing of vessel or other item to be tested. Shall also clearly indicated the required extension of examina-tion.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. Area of interest (for welds) : The width of the weld seam plus 6 mm (1/4 inch) for each side along the radiographed weld.

3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (T-220)

3.1. Personnel Requirements

3.1.1. Personnel performing radiographic examination shall be qualified to NDE level I minimum. Personnel performing evaluation of radiographs shall be qualified to NDE level II according to its Employer's Writ-ten Practice which fulfills the requirements of the ASNT document SNT-TC-1A, 2006 edition (If required the personnel will be certified, in addition, also according to EN 473).

3.2. Surface preparation (T-222)

3.2.1. Materials Including castings (T-222.1) - Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable mate-rials specification or referencing Code Section, with additional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph.

3.2.2. Welds (T-222.2) - The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside shall be removed, if necessary, to such a degree that the resulting radiographic image due to any irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity. The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be flush with the base material or may have reasona-bly uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that specified in the referencing Code Section.

3.3. Backscatter radiation (T-223)

3.3.1. A lead symbol “B” with minimum dimensions of 13 mm in height and 1.5 mm in thickness, shall be at-tached to the back of each film holder during each exposure to determine if backscatter radiation is ex-posing the film.

3.3.2. The lead symbol “B” shall be placed in a location so that it would appear within an area on the radio-graph that meets the requirements par. T-282, viii-288, or IX-288, as applicable

3.4. System of identification (T-224)

3.4.1. A system shall be used to produce permanent identification on the radiograph traceable to :

a) the contract (when required)

b) component

c) weld or weld seam, or part number, as appropriate

d) the Manufacturer’s symbol or name

e) the date of the radiograph



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f) identification of repair

This identification system does not necessarily require that the information appear as radiographic images. In any case, this infor-

mation shall not obscure the area of interest.

3.5. Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs (T-225)

3.5.1. A densitometer shall be used for judging film density. If necessary a step wedge comparison film may be used.

3.6. Extent of examination (T-226)

3.6.1. The extent of radiographic examination shall be as specified by the referencing Code Section or by the Client.

4. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS (T-230)

4.1. Film (T-231)

4.1.1. Selection (T-231.1) - The type of films shall be selected in order to guarantee the required minimum sensitivity. Recommended type of films are listed below for exposure of steels and nickel alloys :

4.1.2. Processing (T-231.2) – The radiographs may be developed by manual or automatic processing. In the case of manual processing the baths shall be maintained at a minimum temperature of 20°C. The developing time shall be the one recommended by the manufacturer of the chemicals. Drying is obtained by natural air circulation.

4.2. Intensifying Screens (T-232)

4.2.1. Lead intensifying screens shall be used in contact with the front and back face of the film. The minimum thickness of the screen shall be 0.027 mm.

4.2.2. In the case of expositions with double film technique each film shall have its own front and back screen and both films shall be loaded in the same paper or plastic envelope.

4.2.3. In special cases lead thicker intensifying screens (up to 0.25 mm) and/or additional external lead back screens (up to 5 mm) shall be used. In the case of exposures with Ir 192 front screens 0.15 mm are recommended by SE-94. This is to be used only as a guide; demonstration of density and penetrameter image requirements on radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with Article 2 of Section V.

4.3. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design (T-233)

4.3.1. Standard IQI Design (T-233.1) – IQI shall be either the hole type or, preferably the wire type. Hole-type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE-1025. Wire-type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements or al-ternates allowed in SE-747, except that the largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted. ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table 1 for hole-type and those in Table 2 for wire type. See Table 4 for the material of IQI.

PENETRATED

MATERIAL THICKNESS

TYPE OF FILM

(mm) X - Ray exposure Gamma-Ray (Ir 192) exposure

t < 7 AGFA STRUCTURIX D4 AGFA STRUCTURIX D2

7 < t 19 AGFA STRUCTURIX D5 AGFA STRUCTURIX D4 – D5

19 <t < 25 mm AGFA STRUCTURIX D5 AGFA STRUCTURIX D5

25 t 50 mm AGFA STRUCTURIX D5 AGFA STRUCTURIX D5

50 t < 90 mm / AGFA STRUCTURIX D5

In any case, the result of actual test showing the satisfaction of the Code shall be accepted.



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4.3.2. Alternative IQI Design (T-233.2) – IQIs designed and manufactured in accordance with other national or international standards may be used provided the requirements of either (a) or (b) below, and the material requirements of 6.6.1 are met.

a) Hole type IQIs – The calculated Equivalent IQI Sensitivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix X1, is equal to or better than the required standard hole type IQI.

b) Wire type IQIs – The alternative wire IQI essential wire diameter is equal to or less than the re-quired standard IQI essential wire.

4.4. Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs (T-234)

4.4.1. Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause reflec-tions, shadows, or glare on the radiographs for interpretation process. Equipment used to view radio-graphs for interpretation shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential IQI hole or des-ignated wire to be visible for the specified density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming through low-density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with interpretation.

5. CALIBRATION (T-260)

5.1. Source size

5.1.1. Verification of Source Size - The equipment Manufacturer’s or Supplier’s publications, such as technical manuals, decay curves, or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot, shall be acceptable as source size verification.

5.2. Densitometer and Step Wedge Comparison Film (T-262)

5.2.1. Densitometers (T-262.1) – Densitometers shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use as fol-lows :

a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0 shall be used.

b) The densitometer manufacturer’s step-by-step instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall be followed.

c) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedge cali-bration film shall be read.

d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than ± 0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film.

5.2.2. Step Wedge Comparison Films (T-262.2) – Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the manufacturer, as follows :

a) The density of the steps on a step wedge comparison film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer.

b) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than ± 0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge comparison film.

5.2.3. Periodic Verification (T-262.3)

a) Densitometers – Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in 5.2.1 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hours of continuous use or after change of apertures, whichever comes first.

b) Step wedge Comparison films - Verification checks shall be performed annually per 5.2.2

5.2.4. Documentation (T-262.4)

a) Densitometers – Densitometer calibrations required by 5.2.1 shall be documented, but the actual read-ings for each step do not have to be recorded. Periodic densitometer verification checks required by 5.2.3.(a) do not have to be documented.

b) Step Wedge Calibration films - Step wedge calibration film verifications required by 5.2.1.(a) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded.



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c) Step Wedge Comparison films - Step wedge comparison film verifications required by 5.2.2 and 5.2.3.(b)- shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded.

6. EXAMINATION (T270)

6.1. Radiographic Technique (-T271)

6.1.1. A single wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not prac-tical to use a single wall technique a double wall technique shall be used. An adequate number of expo-sures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained.

6.1.2. Single-Wall Technique (-T271.1) - In the single wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (or material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph.

6.1.3. Double wall technique (T-271.2) - When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, one of the fol-lowing double wall techniques shall be used

a) Single-Wall Viewing - Single wall viewing - For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes trough two walls and only the weld (or material) on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance. When complete coverage is required for circumferential welds (or materi-als), a minimum of three exposures taken 120° to each other shall be made.

b) Double wall viewing - For materials and for welds in components 88.9 (3 ½ ”) or less in outside diame-ter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld (or material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph. For double wall viewing, only a source side IQI shall be used. Care should be exercised to ensure that the required geometric unsharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric unsharpness requirement cannot be met, the single wall viewing shall be used

1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to separate the image of the source-side and film-side portions of the weld so that there is not over-lap of the areas to be interpreted. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of two expo-sure taken 90° to each other shall be made for each joint.

2) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam positioned so that im-age of both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of the three exposures taken at either 60° or 120° to each other shall be made for each joint.

3) Additional exposures shall be made if the required radiographic coverage cannot be obtained us-ing the minimum number of exposures indicated above.

6.2. Radiation Energy (T-272)

6.2.1. The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the density and IQI image requirements of this procedure.

6.3. Direction of Radiation (T-273)

6.3.1. The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of interest whenever prac-tical.

6.4. Geometric unsharpness (T-274)

6.4.1. Geometric Unsharpness Determination (T-274.1)

Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be determined in accordance with :

Ug = F*d/D

where :

Ug = geometric unsharpness

F = source size : the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source or effective focal spot in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed

D = distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed

d = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film

D and d shall be determined at the approximate center of the area of interest



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6.4.2. Geometric Unsharpness Limitations (T-274.2) – Recommended maximum values for geometric un-sharpness are as follows

MATERIAL THICKNESS mm (in.)

Ug MAXIMUM mm (in)

t < 50 (2) 0.51 (0.020)

50 (2) ≤ t 75 (3) 0.76 (0.030)

75 (3) < t 100 (4) 1.02 (0.040)

NOTE : Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.

According to ASME BPVC Sec. 8 Div. 1 UW 51 (3) this values are recommended values only. Demonstration of density and penetrameter image on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfac-tory evidence of compliance with Article 2 of Section V. 6.5. Location Markers (T-275)

6.5.1. Location markers (see figure 2), which are to appear as radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the part, not on the exposure holder/cassette. Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed when permitted, or on map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the required reten-tion period of the radiograph. Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required cov-erage of the region being examined has been obtained. Location markers shall be placed as follows.

6.5.1.1. Single-wall viewing (T-275.1)

a) Source-Side Markers - Location markers shall be placed on the source side when radiographing the following :

1) Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components

2) Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when the “source to material” distance is less than the inside radius of the component.

3) Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.

b) Film-Side Markers

1) Location markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographing either curved or spheri-cal components whose concave side is toward the source and when the “source-to-material” distance is greater than the inside radius.

2) As an alternative to source-side placement in 6.5.1.1(a)(1), location markers may be placed on the film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the location markers to the extent demonstrated by figure 2 sketch (e), and when this alternate is documented in accordance with 8.1.

c) Either Side Markers – Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side when radiographing either curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and the “source-to-material distance” equals the inside radius of the component.

6.5.1.2. Double-Wall Viewing (T-275.2) – For double wall viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed adjacent to the weld (or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph.

6.5.2. (T275-3) Mapping the Placement of Location Markers – When inaccessibility or other limitations pre-vent the placement of markers as stipulated in 6.5.1.1 and 6.5.1.2 a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall accompany the radiographs to show the full coverage has been obtained.



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6.6. IQI Selection (T-276)

6.6.1. Material (T276.1) – IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identi-fied in SE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation ab-sorption than the material being radiographed (see Table 4).

6.6.2. Size (T-276.2) – The designated hole IQI or essential wire shall be as specified in Tables 1 and 2. A thin-ner or thicker hole type IQI may be substituted for any section thickness listed in Tables 1 and 2 provid-ed an equivalent IQI sensitivity is maintained. See 7.3.2.

a) Welds with Reinforcements – The thickness on wich the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thick-ness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing Code Section. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness in IQI se-lection. The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required. Geometric unsharpness shall be based on this estimated thickness.

b) Welds without Reinforcement – The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness in IQI selection

6.6.3. Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials or Welds With Dissimilar Filler Metal (T-276.3) – When the weld metal is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation attenuation that differs from the base mate-rial, the IQI material selection shall be based on the weld metal and be in accordance with 6.6.1. When the density limits of 7.2.2 cannot be met with one IQI, and the exceptional density area(s) is at the inter-face of the weld metal and the base metal, the actual selection for the additional IQI shall be based on the base material and be in accordance with 6.6.1

6.7. Use of IQI to Monitor Radiographic Examination (T-277)

6.7.1. Placement of IQIs (T-277.1)

a) Source-Side IQIs – The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except for the condition described in 6.7.1(b). When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it is not practical to place the IQI(s) on the part of the weld, the IQI(s) may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks shall be made of the same or ra-diographically similar materials (as defined in SE-1025)and may be used to facilitate IQI positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block thickness, provided the IQI area of interest density tol-erance requirements of 7.2.2 are met.

1) The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the part being radiographed.

2) The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographed.

3) When hole-type IQIs are used, the block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.

b) Film-Side IQIs – Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s), but shall not mask the essential hole where hole IQIs are used.

c) IQI Placement for Welds – Hole IQIs. The IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identi-fication number(s) and, when used, the lead letter “F”, shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.

d) IQI Placement for Welds – Wire IQIs. The IQI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The IQI identification and, when used, the lead letter "F", shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.

e) IQI Placement for Materials Other Than Welds – The IQI(s) with the IQI identification and, when used, the lead letter "F", may be placed in the area of interest.

6.7.2. Number of IQIs (T-277.2) – When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below.



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a) Multiple IQIs - If the requirement of 7.2 are met by using more than one IQI, one shall be representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest ; the intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density.

b) Special cases

1) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a single ex-posure, at least three IQIs spaced approximately 120° apart, are required under the following condi-tions :

a) When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders, or :

b) When a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders. Additional film lo-cations may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.

2) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a single ex-posure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at each end of the span of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are required under the following conditions :

a) When a section of circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or :

b) When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the outer-most sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using more than one film holder.

3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitudinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are ra-diographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional IQI shall be placed on each longitudinal weld at the end of the section most remote from the junction with the circumferential weld being radiographed.

4) For spherical components, where the source is placed at the center of the component for a single ex-posure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120° apart., are required under the following condi-tions :

a) When a complete circumference is radiographed using one or more film holders, or :

b) When a section or sections of the circumference, where the length between the ends of the outer-most sections spans 240 or more deg., is radiographed using one or more film holders. Additional film locations may be required to obtain necessary IQI spacing.

5) For spherical components, where the source is placed at the center of the component for a single ex-posure, at least three IQIs, with one placed at each end of the radiographed span of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximed center of the span, are required under the following condi-tions :

a) When a section of a circumference the length of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than 240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;

b) When a section or sections of a circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed using more than one film holder.

6) In (4) and (5) above , where other welds are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, one additional IQI shall be placed on each other weld.

7) For segments of a flat or curved (i.e., ellipsoidal, torispherical, toriconical, elliptical, etc.) component where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three film holders, at least three IQIs, one placed at each of the radiographed span and one in the approximate center of the span, are required.

8) When an array of components in a circle is radiographed, at least one IQI shall show on each com-ponent image.

9) In order to mantain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs ex-hibiting IQIs that qualify the tecniques permitted in accordance with (1) to (7) above shall be re-tained.



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6.7.3. Shims under hole IQIs (T-277.3) – For welds, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if needed,so that the radiographic density throughout the area of interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the designed IQI adjacent to the essential hole. The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible in the radiograph.

7. EVALUATION (T-280)

7.1. Quality of Radiographs (T-281) All radiograps shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being ra-diographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to :

a) Fogging;

b) Processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains;

c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears;

d) False indications due to defective screens

7.2. Radiographic Density (T-282)

7.2.1. Density Limitations (T-282.1) - The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the designated hole-type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a wire-type IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source. For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall be 3,5 for either single or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer readings.

7.2.2. Density Variation (T-282.2)

a) The density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest shall not

1) Vary by more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the designated hole-type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a wire-type IQI, and

2) Exceed the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in 7.2.1 (T-282.1) When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in 7.2.2 (T-282.1)

b) When the requirements of (a) above are not met, then an additional IQI shall be used for each excep-tional area or areas and the radiograph retaken.

c) When shims are used with hole-type IQIs, the plus 30% density restriction of (a) above may be exceed-ed, and the minimum density requirements of 7.2.1 (T-282.1) do not apply for the IQI, provided the re-quired IQI sensitivity of 7.3.1 (T-283.1) is met.

7.3. IQI Sensitivity (T-283)

7.3.1. Required Sensitivity (T283.1) – Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitiv-ity to display the designated hole-type IQI image and the essential hole, or the essential wire of a wire-type IQI. The radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying numbers and letters. If the designated hole-type IQI image and essential hole, or essential wire of a wire type IQI, do not show on any film in a multiple film technique, but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film viewing.

7.3.2. Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity (T-283.2) – A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI than the designat-ed IQI may be sobstituted, provided an equivalent or better IQI sensitivity, as listed in Table 3 (T-283), is achieved and all other requirements for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI sensitivity is shown in any row of Table 3 wich contains the designated IQI and hole. Better IQI sensitivity is shown in any row of Table 3 (T-283) which is above the equivalent sensitivity row. If the designated IQI and hole are not rep-



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resented in the table, the next thinner IQI row from Table 3 may be used to establish equivalent IQI sen-sitivity.

7.4. Excessive Backscatter (T-284)

7.4.1. If a light image of the “B”, as described in 3.3 appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protec-tion from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background or no image of the “B” is not cause for rejection.

7.5. Evaluation by Manufacturer(T-285) The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the completed radiographs to assure compliance with the requirements of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section. As an aid to the review and evaluation, the radiographic technique documentation re-quired by 8.1 shall be completed prior to the evaluation. The radiograph review form required by 8.1 shall be completed during the evaluation. The radiographic technique details and the radiograph review form documentation shall accompany the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed prior to presenta-tion of the radiographs and accompanying documentation to the Inspector or Client.

8. DOCUMENTATION (T-290)

8.1. Radiographic Technique Documentation Details (T-291)

8.1.1. The designated Supplier (NDT plus) may prepare and document the radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the following information shall be provided :

a) identification as required by 3.4

b) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with 6.5.2

c) number of radiographs

d) X-ray voltage or isotope type used

e) Source size (F in 6.4.1)

f) Base material type and thickness

g) Weld thickness or weld reinforcement thickness as applicable

h) Source-to-object distance (D in 6.4.1)

i) Distance from source side of object to film (d in 6.4.1)

j) Film manufacturer and Manufacturer’s type/designation

k) Number of film in each film holder/cassette

l) Single or double wall exposure

m) Single or double wall viewing

8.2. Radiograph Review Form (T-292)

8.2.1. The designated Supplier (NDT plus) may prepare a radiograph review form. As a minimum, the follow-ing information shall be provided

a) A listing of each radiograph location

b) The information required in 8.1 by inclusion of the information on the review form or by reference to an attached radiographic technique details sheet

c) Evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or weld(s) examined

d) Identification (name) of the manufacturer’s or designated supplier’s representative who performed the fi-nal acceptance of the radiographs.

e) Date of Manufacturer’s or designated supplier’s evaluation

The final responsibly, for the above activity, remain with the vessel manufacturer by signature and date on the radiographic review form.



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9. STORAGE

24.1 Films together with examination report shall be retained in adequate storage area for a minimum period of five years.



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TABLES

TABLE 1

Hole IQI Selection

Nominal Single Wall Thickness Plus the Estimated Weld rein-

forcement Source Side Film Side

Thickness range mm

Thickness range in.

Hole type Designation

Essential Hole

Hole type Designation

Essential Hole

t 6.4 t 1/4 12 2T 10 2T

6.4 < t 9.5 1/4 < t 3/8 15 2T 12 2T

9.5 < t 12.7 3/8 < t 1/2 17 2T 15 2T

12.7 < t 19.1 1/2 < t 3/4 20 2T 17 2T

19.1 < t 25.4 3/4 < t 1 25 2T 20 2T

25.4 < t 38.1 1 < t 1 1/2 30 2T 25 2T

38.1 < t 50.8 1 ½ < t 2 35 2T 30 2T

50.8 < t 63.5 2 < t 2 1/2 40 2T 35 2T

63.5 < t 100.0 2 ½ < t 4 50 2T 40 2T

TABLE 2

Wire IQI Selection

Nominal Single Wall Thickness

Plus the Estimated Weld reinforcement

Source Side Film Side

Thickness Range Wire Diameter Wire

Identi-ty

Wire Posi-

tion (*) Wire Diameter

Wire Identi-

ty

Wire Posi-

tion (*)

mm in mm in mm in

t 6.4 t 1/4 0.203 0.008 5 2nd of A 0.1524 0,006 4 3rd of A

6.4 < t 9.5 1/4 < t 3/8 0.254 0,010 6 1st of A 6th of B

0.203 0.008 5 2nd of A

9.5 < t 12.7 3/8 < t 1/2 0.3302 0,013 7 5th of B 0.254 0,010 6 1st of A 6th of B

12.7 < t 19.1 1/2 < t 3/4 0.4064 0,016 8 4th of B 0.3302 0,013 7 5th of B

19.1 < t 25.4 3/4 < t 1 0.508 0.020 9 3rd of B 0.4064 0,016 8 4th of B

25.4 < t 38.1 1 < t 1 1/2 0.635 0.025 10 2nd of B 0.508 0.020 9 3rd of B

38.1 < t 50.8 1 1/2 < t 2 0.0818 0.032 11 1st of B 6th of C

0.635 0.025 10 2nd of B

50.8 < t 63.5 2 < t 2 1/2 1.016 0,040 12 5th of C 0.0818 0.032 11 1st of B 6th of C

63.5 < t 100.0

2 1/2 < t 4 1.27 0,050 13 4th of C 1.016 0,040 12 5th of C

(*) Starting from the wire with the larger diameter.



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TABLE 3 Equivalent Hole-Type IQI Sensitivity

Hole type Designation Equivalent Hole-Type Designations 2T Hole 1T Hole 4T Hole

10 15 5 12 17 7 15 20 10 17 25 12 20 30 15 25 35 17 30 40 20 35 50 25 40 60 30 50 70 35 60 80 40 80 120 60

100 140 70 120 160 80 160 240 120 200 280 140

TABLE 4

Material groups

IQI Material Use for

03 Magnesium or magnesium alloy Magnesium or magnesium alloy

02 Aluminum or Aluminum Alloy Aluminum or Aluminum Alloy

01 Titanium or titanium alloy Titanium or titanium alloy

1 Carbon steel or type 300 stainless steel All carbon steel, low alloy steels, stainless

steels and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Superston)

2 Aluminum bronze (ASTM B 150 No. 623, or No. 630

alloy or equivalent) All aluminum bronzes and all nickel aluminum

bronzes

3 Nickel-Chromium-iron alloy(UNS No. N06600) (In-

conel) Nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18% nickel-

maraging steel

4 70-30 Nickel-Copper (Monel) (ASTM B 164 Class A or B), or 70-30 Copper-Nickel (ASTM B 161 Alloy

G) o equivalent

Nickel, Copper, all Nickel-Copper or Copper-Nickel series of alloys and all brasses (Copper-

Zinc alloys)

5 Tin Bronze (ASTM B 139 Alloy D) Tin Bronzes including gun-metal and valve

bronze or leaded-tin bronze of higher lead con-tent than valve bronze



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X Thickness (mm)

Y Tube Voltage (kV)

1 Copper, Nickel and their alloys

2 Steel

3 Titanium and alloys

4 Aluminium and alloys

Figure 1: x-ray voltage.



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Figure 2: location markers

Document No Rev. RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION · 2018-02-15 · Welds (T-222.2) - The weld ripples or...

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