Dharama Deepthy FinalZnhy-t_m-[\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kv tkm^nbm sk‚¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn tIm´bw...

$: Dharama Deepthy FinalZnhy-t_m-[\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kv tkm^nbm sk‚¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn tIm´bw -˛ 686 001 hne: 50.00 tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv [¿Ω-Zo]vXn$
[¿Ω-Zo]vXn(CXc aX-ßfpw, ss{IkvXh [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw ̨

Hcp eLp ]T\w)

Dharmadeepthi(Other Religions and Christian Ethics - A Study)

Dr. Geevarghese Mar Osthathios MetropolitanPublished by : Divyabodhanam Publications

Orthodox Seminary, P.B. 98, KottayamPh: 0481 - 2566 526, 2568 083

First Published : August 1987Revised Edition : July 2005Third Edition : June 2015Copyright reservedNumber of copies : 1000D.T.P. & Printing : Sophia Print House, KottayamPrice: Rs. 50/-

(Malayalam)

Znhy-t_m-[\w ]ªn-t°-j≥kvtkm^nbm sk‚¿

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv skan-\mcn

tIm´bw -˛ 686 001

hne: 50.00

tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿

HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv

[¿Ω-Zo]vXn(CXc aX-ßfpw, ss{IkvXh [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw ̨

Hcp eLp ]T\w)

Znhy-t_m-[\w {KŸm-hen ̨ 16

{]kvXm-h\

k`mw-K-ßƒ°p-th≠n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv sshZnI skan-\mcn Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hnizmk ]cn-io-e-\-]-≤-Xn-bmWv Znhyt_m[\w.

Ignhpw Xm¬]-cy-hp-ap≈ B¿°pw kv{Xo]pcpj t`Z-sat\y Cu

]≤-Xn-bn¬ tNcmw.

k`-bpsS hnizmkw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ASpØ

Xe-apdbv°p ]I¿∂psImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Npa-Xe sshZn-I¿°p

am{X-ap≈X√. k` apgphs‚bpw IqSn-bp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-Wn-Xv.

Afl-mb-°m-cmb kv{XoIƒ°pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw hfsc henb ]¶m-

Wp-≈Xv, Cu Npa-Xe Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿hln°p-∂-Xn¬.

bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpsS Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ kXy-hn-izmkw \ne-\n¿Ø-

W-sa-¶n¬, Bcm-[-\-bnepw kXy-Ønepw kvt\l-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-

X-amb Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-ksØ _p≤n-]-cambn°qsS kzmb-

Ø-am-t°-≠p-∂-bm-hiyw k`mw-K-ßƒs°-√m-h¿°p-ap-≠v.

{]tXy-In®pw kt≠-kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I¿, a¿Ø-a-dnbw kamP

{]h¿Ø-I¿, bph-P\ {]ÿm-\-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm-\-Ønepw

t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-h¿, apX-emb t\XrXz \nc-bn-ep≈ Aflm-b¿°v

hnizm-k-]-T\w {]tXy-I-ambn Bhiyam-Wv.

`‡n-tbmSpw hniz-mk-tØmSpwIqSn-bp≈ kXym-cm-[-\bpw {InkvXp-

hns‚ a\pjykvt\l-Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-hp-amWv k`-bpsS c≠p

{][m\ Npa-X-e-Iƒ. Ch c≠pw icn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa-¶n¬

k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse KmVamb D]-cn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ Xmgv∂ ]SnI-

fn-te-s°-¶nepw hnizm-kn-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-cmsX, hnizm-k-Im-cy-ßƒ

sshZn-I¿°p -am-{X-ambn hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]mc-

º-cy-Øn\p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. aqtdm\`n-tj-Iw-aqew ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-

hns\ {]m]n®n-´p≈ F√m kXyhnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw, Bcm-[-\-bnepw

a\pjytkh-\-Ønepw IqSn-bp≈ Xß-fpsS {InkvXob [¿a\n¿Δl-

W-Øn\v Cu ]≤Xn klm-b-I-ambnØoc-s´. ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-

≤m-flmhv \ΩpsS kvt\lw \nd™ P\ßsf Xs‚ {]tXyI

IcpW-bm¬ ISm-£n®v Ah¿°p Znhy-t_m-[\w \¬Im≥ Cu

]≤Xn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-am-dm-Is´.

tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Zob-kvt°mtdmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØm({]kn-U‚ v, Znhy-t_m-[\w)

kz¿§mtcmlW s]cp-∂mƒ 2015

]g-b-sk-an-\mcn

{]km-[-I-°p-dn∏v

aX-ßfpw [m¿ΩnI {]am-W-ßfpw A[n-I-cn-®v, Znhy-t_m-[\w ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ ]Xn-\mdma-Xmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® "[¿Ω-Zo]vXn' F∂]pkvXIw ]cn-jvI-cn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv.-

Ac \q‰m-≠n-e-[n-I-ambn k`-bnepw s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnepw [m¿ΩnI{]am-W-ßƒ Db¿Øn, kaql a\-x-km-£nsb DW¿Øp-Ibpw D]hn{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ "{`m¥-amb' {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-IbpwsNbvXncp∂ A`n. tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\kp sIm≠mWv Cu {KŸw cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Gsd\μn-bp-≠-Xn-\v. At±-l-Øns‚ \n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw {KŸ-]-cn-jvI-cWw\n¿h-ln-® At±-l-Øns‚ am\-k-]p-{X\pw skan-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏-ep-ambncp∂ _lp. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy-\®\pw \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Znhy-t_m-[\w {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn \n¿tem-]-amb A\p-{K-lm-in- p-Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ c£m-[n-Imcn-Iq-Sn-bmb ]. tamdm≥ am¿ _t -en-tbmkv am¿tXmam ]utemkvZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm Xncp-ta-\ntbm-Sp≈ hnt[-b-Xzhpw BZ-chpw hn\-b-]p-c- cw ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Cu {KŸ-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂Xv{]ÿm\w {]kn-U‚ v A`n. tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Zob-kvt°m-tdmkvsa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, skan-\mcn {]n≥kn-∏¬ dh. tUm. H. tXmakv,Ub-d-IvS¿ dh. ^m. ‰n. sP. tPmjzm, cPn-kv{Sm¿ dh. ^m. tUm.ss\\m≥ sI. tPm¿÷v, sk≥{S¬ Hm¿K-ss\-k¿ s{]m^. tUm.h¿§okv amXyp F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ Znhy-t_m[\w tI{μ-I-Ω-‰n-bmWv.

sshZnI skan-\m-cn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]T-\-\n-e-hm-c-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw skan-\mcn ^m-°¬‰n-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. {]mtZ-inIXe-Ønepw bqWn‰p Xe-ØnepwA≤ym-]-Icpw kwLm-S-Icpw Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬A£oWw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah¿s°√mw {]tXyIw \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ A®Sn `wKn-bmbn \n¿Δ-ln®tkm^nbm {]n‚ v lukn\pw \μn.

k¿tΔm-]cn kIe \∑-Iƒ°pw Imc-W-̀ q-X-\mb k¿Δ-i-‡-\mbssZh-Øn\p kvXpXn A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Cu {KŸw Znhy-t_m-[\w{KŸm-h-en-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Znhy-t_m-[\w tI{μ-I-Ω-‰n-°p- th≠n

^m.- tUm. ss\\m≥ sI. tPm¿÷v(cPn-kv{Sm¿)kz¿§mtcmlW s]cp-∂mƒ 2015

]g-b-sk-an-\mcn

hmMvapJw

{InkvtX-Xc aX-ß-tfm-Sv {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kao-]\w Ign™ Ime-

ßfn¬ Btcm-Ky-I-c-am-bn-cp∂pthm F∂v kwi-b-ap-≠v. "kI-ehpw Ah-

\n¬ \n∂pw Ah-\mepw, Ah-¶-te°pw' F∂ ssZh-h-N-\-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ F√m aX-Øn-sebpw \∑ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂m-I-bm¬,

tbip-{InkvXp ]q¿Æ a\p-jy\pw ]q¿Æ ssZhhpw F∂ \ne-bn¬,

tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ \n∂pw BIp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Hcp hnim-e-ho-£Ww

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-a-s{X. tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Ip∂ Af-hp-tIm¬ \mw

apdpsI-]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ as‰mcp aX-hn-izmkn Af-hp-tIm¬ as‰m-cmƒ

BIp-∂p-sh∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw At±-

l-Øn\p \¬I-Ww.

\mte-∏m-S≥ ]mSn-b-Xp- t]mse:

A\-¥-a-⁄m-X-a-h¿Æ-\o-b˛

aotem-I-tKmfw Xncn-bp∂ am¿§w

AXn-se-ßm-s≠m-cn-S-Øn-cp∂p

t\m°p∂ a¿Xy≥ IY-sb¥p I≠p.'

\ΩpsS Adn-hns‚ N{I-hmfw hnim-e-am-Im≥ a‰p aX-ß-fpw Ah-

cpsS \qX\ hmZ-ßfpw \mw ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. sslμh Nn¥-I-∑m¿

\qX-\-ambn hnizmkhymJym\w \S-Øp-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-amWv F≥.

hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿ ]mSp-∂-Xv:

"Iwks\ IrjvW≥ h[n® IY, Ihn

I≠- ]-I¬In\m-sh∂p am{Xw˛

IrjvWs\ Iwk≥ h[n-∏-sX∂pw \Ωƒ

ImWpw ItTm-camw kXy-as-{X.'

B[p-\nI aX-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ]Tn-®m¬ CXp-t]mse ]e \qX\ Bi-

b-ßƒ {Kln-∏m≥ km[n-°pw.

"[¿Ω-Zo]vXn' F∂ io¿jIw Cu {KŸ-Øn\v XnI®pw A\z¿∞-

am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv [¿Ω-imkv{Xhpw {InkvtX-Xc aX-[¿Ω-ßfpw CXn¬

Npcp-°-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. lnμp-a-X-Øn\v sslμh

[¿Ω-sa∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠t√m. {InkvtX-Xc aX-ßfpw {InkvXob [m¿-

ΩnI {]am-W-ß-fp-amWv CXnse {]Xn-]mZy hnj-b-ßƒ.

Znhy-t_m-[\w {KŸm-h-en-bn¬ Bdmw ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cp∂ "hnizm-

k-Zo]vXn' Ipsd-°qsS efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXm-Is´ Untπmam tImgvkn-

8 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

\mI-bm¬ Aev]w-IqsS {i≤m-]q¿Δw ]Tn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX

apX-em-fnØ [m¿Ωn-I-imkv{Xw am{Xw ]Tn®h¿°v CXnse ]e Bi-

b-ßfpw AtcmNIambntØm∂ntb°pw. F∂m¬ hntam-N\ ssZh-

im-kv{X-tam, k`m-]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS \oXnim-kv{Xtam ]Tn-®-h¿°v

CXnse ]mTßƒ Ahiyw BhiyamsW∂p tXm∂mXn-cn-°bn√.

Cu {KŸw FUn-‰p -sNbvXp klmbn® \ΩpsS {]nb-\mb tP°_v

Ipcy≥ A®-t\m-Spw, ss{IkvXh [m¿Ωn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mT-ßƒ

]cn-tim-[n® amXyqkv am¿ _¿∂-_mkv B_qt\mSpw, _lp: ‰n. sP.

tPmjzm A®-t\m-Spw, _lp. cPn-kv{Sm¿ kn. kn. sNdn-bm≥ A®-

t\mSpw, ssIsb-gpØp{]Xn hmbn®p XncpØn klm-bn® {io. Fw.

Ipcy-t\m-Spw, hninjym Znhy-t_m-[\w ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-htcm-Sp-ap≈ {]tXy-I \μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv

9[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

D≈-S°w

{]kvXm-h\ 5

{]km-[-I-°p-dn-∏v 6

hmMvapJw 7

bqWn‰v 1

lnμp-a-X-hpw \thm∞m-\hpw

1 lnμp-aXw Hcp hnlK ho£Ww 11

2 lnμp-aXw {][m\ ]Tn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ 13

3 lnμp-aXw [m¿Ωn-I {]ÿm-\-ßƒ 18

4 sslμh \thm-∞m\ inev]n-Iƒ (1) 24



bqWn‰v 2

CXc -aXßƒ

1 C…mw -aXw 42

2 C…mw -aXw (XpS¿®) 46

3 kn°p -aXw 50

4 _p≤ -a-Xw ̨ I¨^yq-j-kns‚ aXw 52

5 ]m¿kn, ssP\- a-X-ßƒ 56

6 a‰p aX-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 62

10 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

bqWn‰v 3

ss{IkvX-h -[m¿Ωn-IX

thZ shfn®Øn¬

1 {InkvXob [¿Ω-Øn-s\m-cm-ap-Jw 68

2 hnhn[ k∑m¿§ {]am-W-ßƒ 72

3 ]g-b-\n-ba [m¿Ωn-IX 75

4 k∑m¿§-\oXn: {]h-N-\, Imhy{KŸ-ß-fn¬ 79

5 ]pXnb-\n-ba [m¿Ωn-I-X ̨ kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ 82

6 ]pXnb-\n-ba [m¿Ωn-I-X ̨ teJ-\-ß-fn¬ 86

bqWn‰v 4

ss{IkvXh [m¿ΩnI ho£Wßƒ

1 {InkvXob [¿Ωimkv{Xw Ncn{X-Øn-eqsS 90

2 {InkvXob [¿Ω-imkv{Xw (Xp-S¿®) 94

3 Nne [m¿ΩnI {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc am¿§-ßfpw 98

4 Nne [m¿ΩnI {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc am¿§-ßfpw

(Xp-S¿®) 102

5 Nne [m¿ΩnI {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc am¿§-ßfpw

(Xp-S¿®) 106

6 cmjv{Sob k∑m¿§-imkv{Xw 109

11[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

bqWn‰v 1

lnμp aXhpw \thm∞m-\hpw

]mTw 1

lnμpaXw: Hcp hnl-K- ho£Ww

k\m-X\ [¿Ωw aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]Xn-\mep imkv{X-ßƒ {ipXn-Ifpw kvarXn-Ifpw {]ÿm-\-{Xbw

a. k\m-X\ [¿Ωw

Pohn°p∂ aXß-fn¬ G‰hpw hepXv {InkvXp-a-X-am-sW¶n¬

G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-am-bXv lnμp- a-X-am-Wv. lnμp- a-X-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb

Hcm-cw`w Ipdn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ k\m-X\ aXw F∂v hnti-jn-

∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kn‘p-\-Zn-bpsS Ing-°p-≈-hsc kn‘p-°ƒ F∂p hnfn-

°p∂Xn\p ]Icw "k' F∂ A£cw D®-cn-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂ t]¿jy-°m-¿ lnμp-°ƒ F∂p hnfn-®-Xn-\m-emWv Cu t]¿ D≠m-

b-sX∂v Hcp hymJym-\-ap-≠v. Bcy-∑m-cpsS {]th-i-\-Øn\p apºv ]©m-

_n¬ {Zmhn-U-aXw \ne-\n∂p F∂pw _n. kn. aq∂mw kl-{km-_vZ-

Øn¬ Ah¿ hnIkn∏n® kwkvIm-c-amWv taml≥P-Zm-tcm-hnepw, lmc-

∏m-bnepw Kth-jI-cm¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp∂

]fin-X-∑mcp≠v. _n. kn. 1500˛-\-SpØv Bcy-∑m-cpsS kwkvIr-X-`m-

jbpw, kwkvIm-chpw at≤y-jy-bn¬ \n∂v lnμpÿm\n¬ IS∂tXmSp

IqSn-bmWv {Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw sXt° C¥ybnte°v X≈-s∏´Xv.

Bcy∑m¿ cq]oIcn® NXp¿thZßfpw aXhpw C¥ybn¬ \ne\n∂

{ZmhnUaXtØmSp tN¿∂p≠mbXmWv `mcX lnμpaXw. AXn\m¬

lnμp-a-XsØ Hcp aX-sa∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ \√Xv _lp-ssZ-h-

hn-izm-kw, {Xnaq¿Øn hnizm-kw, AssZz-X-hn-izm-kw, ssZzX-hm-Zw, \nco-

iz-cXzw, {]Ir-Xn- B-cm-[\, _nw_m-cm-[-\ apX-emb At\I hnizm-k-

ß-fp-sSbpw BNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp kam-lmcw

F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

G‰hpw DZm-Ø-amb XXz-⁄m\w apX¬ km[m-cW {]IrXnBcm-

[-\- h-sc-bp≈ Hcp hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-amWv lnμp-aXw. {ih-Ww, {ipXn,

A\p-̀ -hw F∂ aq∂v D]m-[n-I-fnepw lnμp-aXw \ne-\n∂p hcp-∂p. {Ko°p-

X-Xz-⁄m-\-tØ-°mƒ ]pcm-X-\-amWv lnμp-aXw AYhm sslμ-h-

[¿Ωw. [¿Ω-sa∂ hm°v aXhpw \oXnbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv.

12 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

b. aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

sslμh aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ F∂p ]d™m¬ tIhew Bflob A\p-

jvTm\ {KŸ-ßƒ am{X-a-√. [¿Ω-Øns‚ F√m hi-ß-sfbpw {]Xn]m-

Zn-°p∂ {KŸ-ß-fm-W-h. s]mXpsh Ahsb aq∂v coXn-bn¬ ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Smdp≠v. Htc {KŸ kap-®-bsØØs∂-bmWv Cu aq∂p coXn-bn¬

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

1. thZ-ßfpw, thZmwK-ßfpw D]mw-K-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]Xn-\mev

"hnZy' hn`m-K-ßƒ.

2. {ipXn-Ifpw kvarXn-Ifpw F∂ t]cn-¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ _lp-

iX aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ.

3. {]ÿm-\-{Xbw F∂ t]cn¬ aq∂v aX-{KŸ hn`m-K-ßƒ.

1. ]Xn-\mep imkv{X-ßƒ

a. thZßƒ: EKv, bPp¿, kma, AY¿Δ F∂o thZ ka-\z-b-ßƒ

Hmtcm thZ-Øn\pw a{¥-kw-ln-X, {_m“-Ww, Ac-Wy-Iw, D]-\n-jØv

F∂o \mev D]-hn-̀ m-K-ßƒ D≠v. a{¥-kw-ln-X-bpsS hnI-knX cq]-ß-

fmWv a‰p aq∂pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v EKvthZ kwln-X-bpsS Xs∂ Zm¿i\n-

I-ambn hnI-kn® cq]-amWv sFX-tcb D]-\n-jØv. a{¥ kwln-XIsf

thZßƒ F∂p s]mXpsh hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. a{¥kwln-X-Iƒ°pw, {_m“-

W-ßƒ°pw I¿Ω-Imfisa∂pw, Ac-Wy-I-ßƒ°pw, D]-\n-j-Øp-

Iƒ°pw ⁄m\-Im-fi-sa∂pw t]cp ]d-bm-dp-≠v. -D-]\njØp-I-fn¬

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Adn-b-s∏Sp-∂Xv Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-hbm-Wv. Cuiw, tI\,

ITw, {]iv\w, apfiIw, amfiq-Iyw, ssXØn-cn-bw, sFX-tcbw,

OmtμmKyw, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw, tizXm-iz-X-cw, Iujo-XIn, ssa{Xn.

b. thZmw-K-ßƒ:

1. in£ (]m-Wn\n Fgp-Xnb D®m-cW imkv{Xw)

2. hymI-cWw (]m-Wn\n Fgp-Xnb hymI-c-Ww)

3. Xncp‡w (bkv° Fgp-Xnb ]Z-hn-i-I-e-\w)

4. Oμkv (]nw-Kf Fgp-Xnb Imhy-im-kv{Xw)

5. tPymXnjw (Km¿K Fgp-Xnb tPymXnj imkv{Xw)

6. Iev]w (bm-K-hn-[n-I-sf-°p-dn-®v)

c. D]mw-K-ßƒ

1. ]pcm-W-ßƒ (DZm: `mK-hXw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-

hX ]pcm-Ww, {_“-]pcmWw apX-em-b-h).

13[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

2. \ymb ̨ sshti-jnI imkv{Xw.

3. aoamwk (]q¿Δ, DØ-c) imkv{Xw

4. [¿Ω-im-kv{X-ßƒ (kw-Jy, tbmK, alm-̀ m-c-Xw, cmam-bW, kvarXn-

Iƒ)

2. {ipXn-Ifpw kvarXn-Ifpw

apI-fn¬ ]d-™-hsb c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. {ipXn

F∂p ]d-™m¬ tI´Xv F∂pw, kvarXn F∂p ]d-™m¬ Hm¿Ωn-

®Xpw F∂p-am-W¿∞w. thZ-k-ap-®-b-ß-fmWv {ipXn. _m°n-sb√mw

kvarXn-I-fpw. alm-`m-cX `mK-amb `K-h-XvKo-X-bpw, a\p-kvar-Xnbpw,

bm⁄-h¬Iy kvarXn-bp-sams° [¿Ωimkv{X hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´

kvarXn-I-fm-Wv.

3. {]ÿm-\-{Xbw

D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpw, ̀ K-h-XvKo-X-bpw, {_“-kq-{Xhpw thZm-¥n-Iƒ°v

G‰hpw {][m-\-am-b-Xn-\m¬ aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Ch aq∂pw {]ÿm-\-{Xbw

F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. F¥p-sIm≠v lnμp-[¿ΩsØ k\m-X-\-[¿Ω-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-

°p∂p?

2. sslμh aX-{K-Ÿ-ßsf Fß-s\-sbms° Xcw Xncn°mw?

]mTw 2

lnμpaXw

{][m\ ]Tn-∏n°-ep-Ifpw I¿Ωßfpw

]c-am-flmhpw Pohm-flmhpw H∂v amb-bmb temIw Imaw,

I¿Ωw, ]p\¿P∑wAh-Xm-c-ßƒ ssZhw Bcv? aX-]-c-amb

I¿Ω-ßƒ D]-\n-j-Zv \makqN-\-Iƒ

thZ-ß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX hniz-kn-°p∂ Ghcpw BkvXn-I-cpw,

hniz-kn-°m-Ø-h¿ \mkvXn-I-cp-am-Wv. _p≤-a-Xw, ssP\-a-Xw, Nm¿hm-

I-aXw F∂nh thZ-ßsf ASnÿm-\am°m-ØXn-\m¬ \mkvXn-IamWv.

14 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

C≥Uy≥ ^ntem-k^n lnμp-aX ssZh-im-kv{X-am-sW∂p ]dbmw.

]m›mXy ̂ ntemk^n ]m›mXy ssZhim-kv{X-a-√. thZßfpsS B[n-

Im-cn-I-X, ]m›mXy ^ntem-k^n kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-Xn-\m-emWv Cu

hyXym-kw. lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ s]mXp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnizm-

k-ßƒ t\m°mw.

1. ]c-am-flmhpw Pohm-flmhpw H∂v

F√m Bflm-°fpw \nXy-am-Wv. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw Pohm-flmhv

]c-am-flmhn¬ \n∂p h∂Xpw, Ahn-tS°p XncnsI tNcp-∂-Xp-am-Ip∂p.

kap-{ZØn¬ \n∂p-b-cp∂ \ocmhn ag-bmbn \Zn-bmbn kap-{Z-Øn¬ ebn-

°pwt]mse F√m Bflmhpw {_“-\n¬ ebn-°pw.

{InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ BZy¥ holo-\≥ {XotbI ssZhw am{Xw. B

ssZhw Zriyhpw AZr-iy-hp-amb kI-e-Øn-s‚bpw {kjvSm-hmWv. ssZh

IpSpw-_mw-K-am-I-b-√msX ssZh-Øn¬ ebn-°p-I-b√ Hmtcm hy‡n-bpw.

"Alw -{_-“mkvan' ("Rm≥ ssZh-am-Ip∂p') F∂p ]dbm-hp∂ GI

hy‡n a\pjymhXmcw sNbvX ssZhØns‚ \nXy]p{X-\mb {InkvXp

Xs∂. B {InkvXphn¬°qSn Gh¿°pw ssZha-°fmImw.

2. amb-bmb temIw

{ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cys‚ Nn¥-bn¬ Cu kwkm-c-temIw ambbpw "hyh-

lm-cnI' bmYm¿∞yw am{X-ap-≈-Xp-am-sW-¶n¬ cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cpsS ]Tn-

∏n-°-en¬ temIw {_“-s‚- icocamWv.

{InkvXp-aX {]Imcw temIsØ ssZhw krjvSn-®Xv am\-h-cm-in-

bpsS PohnXØn\pw hf¿®bv°pw AXy¥mt]£nXamb sXmń

t]mse-bmWv. hkvXp AXn¬Øs∂ Xn∑b√, AXn\m¬ a\pjymh-

Xmcw km≤yambn. icocØns‚ ]p\cp∞m\hpw km≤yamWv. "krjvSn

Xs∂ ssZh-]p-{X-∑m-cpsS shfn-]m-Sns\ ImØn-cn-°p-∂p' (tdma¿ 8:19).

3. Imaw, I¿Ωw, ]p\¿P∑w

Imaw sIm≠p I¿Ωhpw, I¿Ωw sIm≠p I¿Ω-̂ -ehpw I¿Ωêw

sIm≠v ]p\¿P∑hpw, ]p\¿P∑ßfn¬ IqSn tam£hpw e`n°p∂p

F∂v lnμp-aXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm Bflm-hn\pw kmtemIy, kmao]y,

kmcq-]y, kmbqPy ]Sn-Iƒ D≠v. Ah-\-hs‚ I¿Ωêw Ah-\-h≥

A\p-`-hnt® Xocq.

{InkvXob hnizm-k-Øn¬ Ir]bv°pw, kvt\l-Øn\pw tI{μ-ÿm\-

ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ kmaqlyXbpw ]ckv]c-Xbpap≠v. \∑bpw Xn∑bpw

15[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

hy‡n-KXw am{Xa√, kmaqlyw IqSnbmWv. amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IjvS-

∏mSns‚ ^ew Ip´nIƒ A\p`-hn°pwt]mse tbip{InkvXp am\-h-

cmin°pth≠n IjvS-s∏´p acn®p Dbn¿Øv c£m-am¿§w D≠m-°n-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. "Ahs‚ ASn-∏n-W-cp-I-fm¬ \ap°p kuJyw h∂n-cn-°p∂p'

(b-i. 53:5).

4. Ah-Xm-c-ßƒ

`K-h-XvKoX 4:6, 7 ]Zy-ßƒ Ah-Xm-c-ßsf hnh-cn-°p∂p:

"bZm bZmln [¿Ωky

•m\n¿ -̀hXn ̀ mcX

AZyp-∞m-\-a-[¿Ωky

XZm-flm\w krPm-aylw

]cn-{Xm-Wmb km[q\mw

hn\m-im-bN ZpjvIrXmw

[¿Ω kwÿm-]-\m¿∞mb

kw -̀hman bpsK bpsK'

""(A-√tbm A¿Pp-\m) Cu temI-Øn¬ Ft∏m-sg√mw [¿Ωw Ipd-

bp-Ibpw A[¿Ωw IqSp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-thm, At∏m-sgm-s°bpw \√-

hsc c£n-∏m\pw A[¿Ωn-Isf \in-∏n-°p-hm\pw C{]-Imcw kw -̀hn®p

(Rm≥ bpK-ßƒ tXmdpw Ah-X-cn-®p) sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.''

Cu -{]-amW{]Imcw \S-∂n-´p-≈-XmWv Zim-h-Xm-c-ßƒ: a-’yw,

Iq¿Ωw, hcm-lw, \c-knw-lw, hma-\≥, {iocm-a≥, _e-cm-a≥, IrjvW≥,

I¬°n, P\m¿±-\≥.

tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ hymJym-\-{]-Imcw ssZhw Ah-X-cn-°p-∂n√.

a\p-jy≥ Btcm-lWw sNøp-∂-XmWv Ah-Xm-c-ßƒ. AX-\p-k-cn®v

Gh¿°pw Ah-Xm-c-ßƒ D≠v.

Chn-sSbpw {InkvXob ssZh-imkv{Xw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. F√m ]m]-

ß-fp-sSbpw c£-bv°mbn ssZhw Hcn-°-embn Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-

®Xv {InkvXp-hn¬ am{X-am-Wv. a‰-h-Xm-c-ßƒ ]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑m-tcm, {]Xo-

I-ßtfm am{X-am-sW∂v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

5. ssZhw Bcv?

ssZhw \n¿§p-W-{_-“-sa∂p i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw k¬KpW {_“-sa∂v

cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy\pw ]Tn-∏n-®p. km[m-cW lnμp-a-XØn¬ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p

tImSn tZh-∑mcpw, {_“m-hv, hnjvWp, inh≥ F∂o {Xnaq¿Øn-I-fpap≠v.

16 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

XmXznI lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ ]c-{_“w kXv, NnXv, B\μw F∂o aq∂p

kz`m-h-ap≈ k®n-Zm-\-μ-\m-Wv. k¿Δw ssZhw F∂ ]m¥n-khpw (Pan-theism) lnμp-a-X-Øn-ep-≠v.

{InkvXob hnizm-k-Øn¬ ssZhw GI-Xzhpw {XnXzhpw Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ {XntbI ssZh-am-Wv. \nXy-kvt\-l-amb ssZhw ]nXm-hv, ]p{X≥,

]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂ GI \nXy-kvt\l IpSpw-_-am-sW∂p ]d-bmw.

ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip∂p F∂ XXz-amWv {XnXz-hn-izmkw.

aX-]-c-amb I¿Ω-ßƒ

lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ bmK-ßƒ°pw ]qP-Iƒ°pw I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-

ßƒ°pw tI{μ-ÿm-\-ap-≈-Xn-\m-emWv B aXw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS

lrZ-b-Øn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P\\w apX¬ ac-Ww- h-scbpw,

ac-Wm-\-¥-chpw \S-Øp∂ I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xv ̨

Bbp-ky-ta[m P\\w:˛P\-\m-¥c Zo¿Lm-bp- n\v.

PmX-I¿Ωw:˛ P\n-®m-ep-S≥ \S-Øp-∂p.

\ma-I¿Ωw: ̨ P\n®v ]Øp Znh-k-ßƒ Ign™v PmXn-

\maw Dƒs∏SpØn t]cp \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

A∂-{]-kmZw:˛ Bdp amk-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ip´n°v Blmcw sImSp-

°p-tºmƒ (hmKvssh -̀h-Øn\p amwk-hpw, al-

Xz-Øn\p shÆ-t®mdpw thK-Xbv°p a’y-hpw)

Nue-I¿Ωw:˛ apSn I{Xn-°p-∂-XmWv

({_m-“-W¿°v aq∂mw hb- n¬, £{Xn-b¿°v

A©mw hb- n¬, sshiy¿°v Ggmw hb-

n¬)

I¿Æ-thZw:˛ "\∑ am{Xw tIƒ°s´' F∂ a{¥-tØm-Sp-IqSn

sNhn Xpf-bv°p∂ I¿Ωw.

hnZymcw`w:˛ A£-cm-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bcw-`w.

D]\b\w:˛ Kpcp-Ipe hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bcw-`w.

(]qWq¬ CSp-∂p)

kw_‘w:˛ ]pSh sImSp-°p∂ hnhm-l-I¿Ωw.

At¥yjvTn:˛ ih-kw-kv°mc I¿Ωw

(Z-ln-∏n-°p-Itbm aÆn¬ adhp sNøp-Itbm

sNøp-∂p)

17[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

ac-Wm-\-¥c I¿Ωw:˛ {_m“-W¿°v Zm\w sImSpØp Ggp Znh-

ksØ I¿Ωm-Zn-Iƒ.

Cu I¿Ω-ß-fpsS ÿm\Øv {InkvXob k`-bnse hn. IqZm-i-Iƒ

ssZh-cm-Pym-\p-`-h-Øn\pw Bfl-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw Bbn \S-Ø-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

D]-\n-j-Zv \makqN-\-Iƒ

1. Cui: "Cui' F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ XpS-ßp∂ D]-\n-j-Øv.

Cui = Cuiz-c≥.

2. tI\: "tIt\-jnXw' ˛ F∂ tNmZy-Øn¬ XpS-ßp∂p

tI\- = "By Whom.'3. ITw: "IT≥' F∂p t]cmb al¿jn-bn¬ \n∂v e`yw.

4. {]iv\: "{]iv\-ßƒ' ssIImcyw sNøp∂ D]-\n-j-Øv.

5. apfiI: apfi-I-∑m¿°p-th≠n = apfi\w sNbvX Xe-

bp-≈-h¿ = k\ym-kn-am¿.

6. afiqIyw: afiq-I≥ F∂ sshZn-I-a-l¿jn-bpsS ]mc-ºcyw.

7. ssXØn-cnbw: XnØn-cn∏£nI-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ injy-∑m¿

bm⁄-h¬Iy-\n¬ \n∂v {Kln-®-Xv.

8. sFX-tc-bw: "aln-Zmkv sFX-tc-b≥' F∂ Kpcp-hn¬ \n∂v.

9. OmtμmKyw: "Otμm-K≥' -= kma-thZw ]Tn-®-h≥ = Oμkv

]mSp∂ Bƒ.

10. {_l-Zm-c-WyIw: Bi-b-Ønepw D≈-S-°-Ønepw {_l-Ømb

Ac-Wy-Iw.

11. sIuinXIn: sIuinXIn kqcys‚ Bcm-[-I-\mb Hcp cmPmhv.

D]-\n-jZv (II: 7:5)12. ivthX-iz-Xc: shfpØ Aizw-t]mse: D]-\n-j-Ønse Kpcp-

hns‚ t]cv (See. 6:21)13. ssa{Xn: ssa{Xm-bWn kwln-X-bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c-Ww.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. sslμ-h-cpsS {][m\ aX-hn-izm-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ss{IkvXh

ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

2. sslμh aX-I¿Ω-ß-fpw, ss{IkvXh IqZm-i-Ifpw XΩn¬ Xmc-

X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI?

18 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 3

[m¿ΩnI {]ÿm-\-ßƒ

`‡n-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ h¿Æm-{i-a-[¿Ωw Bdv XmXzn-I-kn-≤m-¥-

ßƒ tIh-em-ssZz-Xhpw hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw {ioi¶cmNmcycpw

tIhemssZzXhpw am[-hs‚ ssZzXhmZw

1. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ

sslμh [¿Ω-Ønse c≠p {][m\ `‡n {]ÿm-\-ß-fmWv

sshjvWh ssi-h-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ. hnjvWp-̀ -‡-∑m¿°v hnjvWphpw inh-

`-‡-∑m¿°v inh-\p-amWv G‰hpw henb tZh≥. sshjvWh ̀ ‡-∑m-

cn¬ c£m-kn-≤m¥w kw_-‘n-®p≈ c≠v Nn¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ -A-\p-k-cn®v

hS-°p-≈-h¿ (h-S-I-sse) a¿°S-\ym-bhpw sX°p-≈-h¿ (sX≥I-sse)

am¿÷m-c-\ym-bhpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. hS-I-sse-Iƒ°v: ]n≈-°p-cßv X≈-

°p-c-ßns‚ ]≈-bn¬ A≈n-∏n-Sn®p InS∂p c£-s]-Spw-t]mse ̀ ‡≥

ssZhsØ B{i-bn®v c£-s∏-S-Ww. sX≥I-sse-Iƒ°v: X≈-∏q® ]n≈-

∏q-®sb ISn®psIm≠p-t]mbn c£n°pw-t]mse ssZhw Xs‚ aIs\

\n›-b-ambpw c£n-°pw. a¿°-S-\ymbw a\p-jys‚ c£m-]-cn-{i-a-Ønepw,

am¿÷m-c-\ymbw ssZhØns‚ Ir]m-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Du-∂¬ \¬-

Ip∂p.

{InkvXob hnizm-k-Øn¬ Ch c≠pw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-fm-Wv.

sX≥I-sse-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse ssZhw ]q¿Æ-ambn c£n-°p-∂-h-

\m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ hS-I-sse-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse "`‡≥

I¿Øm-hns\ B{i-bn®v ̀ ‡n {]I-Sn-∏n-°pw.'

2. h¿Æm-{i-a -[¿Ωw

h¿Æ[¿Ωw kaqlØns‚ [m¿ΩnI hf¿®bv°p th≠n cq]w

{]m]n® DØchmZnØ hn`P\amWv. ]t£ DØa, A[a PmXnhyXym-

khpw, AbnØhpw AXn¬ ]nev°meØv h∂ptN¿∂ Zpjn-∏pIfmWv.

NXp¿h¿Æßƒ: {_m“W¿, £{Xnb¿, sshiy¿, iq{Z¿.

{_m“-W¿ {_“m-hns‚ Xe-bn¬ \n∂pw, £{Xn-b¿ `pP-Øn¬-

\n∂pw, sshiy¿ XpS-bn¬ \n∂pw, iq{Z¿ ]mZ-Øn¬ \n∂pamsW∂

EKvthZ-Ønse ]pcp-j-kq‡w D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v \mep PmXn-Isf t{KUv

sNøp-∂Xv icn-b-√. tπt‰m-bpsS dn∏ªn°ns‚ \memw ]pkvX-I-Ønepw

`c-W-I¿Øm-°fmb XXz-⁄m-\n-I-tfbpw, bp≤-ho-c-tc-bpw, km[m-cW

P\-ß-tfbpw aq∂mbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. alm-flm-Km-‘n h¿Æ-hy-Xymkw

19[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

\ne-\n-∂mepw hniz- km-tlm-Zcyw D≠m-°m-sa∂p hniz-kn-®p. Nmtfim-

IyD]-\n-j-Ønse kXy-Im-a-P_m-es\ kXyw ]d-™-Xn-\m¬ {_m“-

W-\mb Kpcp kzoI-cn-®p. PmXn-hy-Xym-k-Øn\v FXnsc lnμp-a-X-Øn¬

\n∂p-sIm≠v kacw sNbvX-h¿ [mcm-f-ap≠v.

hy‡nPo-hn-X-Øns‚ ka-{K-Xbv°pth≠n cq]w {]m]n-®-XmWv

B{ia-[¿Ωw. hnZym¿∞n-bmbncn-°p∂ {_“-N-cyhpw, IpSpw-_-\m-Ys‚

Krl-ÿm-{i-ahpw, htbm-P-\-ß-fpsS hm\-{]-ÿ-hpw, k¿Δ-hn-c-‡-\m-

bn-´p≈ k\ym-khpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ \mep L´-ßƒ am{X-am-I-bm¬

Hmtcm∂pw AXn¬ Xs∂ am\y-am-Wv.

{InkvXp-hns\ [cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ "blq-Z\pw, bh-\\pw F∂n-√.

Zmk\pw, kzX-{¥\pw F∂n-√, BWpw s]Æpw F∂n√. \nßƒ F√m-

hcpw {InkvXp-hn¬ H∂s{X' (K-em. 3:28).

3. Bdv XmXzn-I- kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ

Bdv Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ KuX-as‚ \ymb-Z¿i-\w, lnμp-a-X-tem-Pn-°¬

dnb-en-k-am-Ip∂ bp‡n-bn¬s∏´ {]Xy-£w, A\p-am-\w, D]-am-\w,

i_vZ{]amWw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®m-Wv. Ch-bpsS Ahm-¥-c -hn-̀ m-K-ßƒ

hf-sc-bp-≠v. IWm-Zs‚ sshti-jnI kq{XsØ (_n. kn. \memw

\q‰m≠v) Bkv]-Z-am-°nb XXz-⁄m\w Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw hnti-j-ßƒ

(Attributes) {]Xn-]m-Zn°p∂ At‰m-anÃn°v πqdenk-amWv. Ggp hnti-

j-ßƒ {Zhy, KpW, I¿Ω, kmam-\y (Generality), hntij (Particu-larity), ka-hmb (Inherence), A`mh (non-existence) Ch-bm-Wv. I]ne

al¿jn-bpsS kmwJy-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ]pcp-j\pw {]Ir-X-nbpw \nXy-am-I-

bm¬ ssZzX-hmZw ImWmw. Cu ssZzX-hm-Z-Øn¬ Xs∂ hkvXp-hn¬

AYhm {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ GI-Xzhpw Bflm-hn¬ (]p-cp-j) _lp-Xzhpw

ImWp-∂p. ]X-⁄-en-bpsS AjvSmw-K-tbmK Z¿i-\-Øn¬ (500 G. Un.)

ImWp∂ F´p-]-Sn-Iƒ (AwKßƒ) ba (Abstentions) \nba (Obser-vance) Bk\ (Posture) {]mWmbma (Control of breath) {]Xym-lmc

(Withdrawal of senses from their objects) [mcW (attention) [ym\

(meditation) kam[n (Concentration) Ch-bm-Wv. ssPan-\n-bpsS ]q¿Δ-

ao-amwk thZ-ßsf B{i-bn-®p≈ I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm\ imkv{X-amWv, _Z-

c-bm-W -a-l¿jn-bpsS DØ-c-ao-amw-ksØ thZm¥w F∂pw ]d-bpw.

4. tIh-em-ssZz-Xhpw hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw

]q¿Δ-ao-amwkw thZ-ß-fpsS I¿Ω-Im-fisØ B{i-bn-®m-sW-¶n¬

thZm¥w ⁄m\-Im-fisØ B{i-bn-®m-Wv. _Z-cm-bW-bpsS thZm¥

20 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

kq{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ i¶-c-`m-jy-Øn¬ {_“w KpW-ßƒ°v AXo-X-

\m-I-bm¬ \n¿Kp-W\pw cmam-\pP ̀ mjy-Øn¬ {_“w kKp-W-\p-amWv.

i¶-cm-Nmcy (788-̨ 820) s‚ thZm-¥-Øn\v tIh-em-ssZzXw F∂pw cmam-

\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xn\v (1017-̨ 1137) hnin-jvSm-ssZzXw F∂pw t]cp-Iƒ ]d-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{ioi¶cmNmcycpw tIhemssZzXhpw

AssZzXthZm¥-Øns‚ AXyp÷ze hymJymXmhmb {io i¶c≥

tIc-f-Øn¬ Ime-Sn-bn¬ P\n-®p. inh-̀ -‡n-bn¬ ap∂n-́ p-\n∂ Hcp {_m“-

WZ-ºXnI-fmb inh-Kp-cp-hns‚bpw Bcym-ºbp-sSbpw GI-]p-{X-\mb i¶-

c≥ hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ k\ym-kn-bm-Ip-hm≥ B{K-ln-®p. hn[-h-

bmbnØo¿∂ AΩsbs°m≠v kΩ-Xn-∏n-®v, k\ym-kn-bm-Ip-hm≥ hoSp

hn´n-d-ßn. Kpcp-tKm-hn-μ-]m-Z-cpsS injy-\m-bn, thZm¥ Nn¥bpw tbmKhpw

Hs° A`y-kn-®p. injys‚ Akm-[m-c-W-amb ssh -̀h-Øn¬ kw{]o-X-

\mb Kpcp, AssZzX-⁄m-\-Øns‚ h‡m-hmbn injys\ \ntbm-Kn-®p.

`mcXw apgp-h≥ k©-cn®v hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ZnKznPbw t\Snb i¶-c≥

At\Iw IrXn-Iƒ cNn®p; At\-Isc injy-cm-°n; \mep {][m\ aT-

ßƒ ÿm]n®p. i¶-cs‚ IrXn-Ifn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w, thZm¥kq{XØn-

s‚bpw D]\njØpIfp-sSbpw ̀ KhXvKoXbpsSbpw hymJym-\-ß-fm-Wv.

At±-l-Øns‚ injy-cn¬ {]ap-J¿ kptc-iz-c, lkvX-am-e-I, tXm -́I,

]Zva-]m-Z F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. {iot¶-cn-aTw, Zzmc-I-a-Tw, _Z-co-\mYv aTw,

]pcn-aTw F∂n-h-bmWv At±lw ÿm]n® aT-ßƒ. Imivao-cnse imcZ

t£{X-Ønse k¿Δ-⁄-]oTw Ib-dn-sb-∂p ]d-™m¬ i¶-c≥ ̀ mc-X-

Øns‚ B≤ym-flnI hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]c-tam-∂X ÿm\-sØ-Øn-sb-

∂¿∞w. B ÿm\-sØ-Ønb a‰m-sc-°p-dn®pw Ncn-{X-ß-fn¬ Fgp-X-

s∏-́ n-́ p-an-√. ap∏-Øn-c-≠m-asØ hb- n¬ kam-[n-b-S™ {io i¶-c≥

]fin-X-tem-I-Øn\v Hc-¤pX ]pcp-j-\mbn temI-saßpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

{io i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS thZm-¥-kq{X hymJym\w AYhm {_“-kq{X

hymJym\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ hymJym\ ]mXbv°v ]d-bp∂ t]cmWv

tIh-em-ssZz-Xw. AssZz-X-Nn-¥bv°p Xs∂ hnhn[ hymJym-\-ß-fp-≠m-

b-t∏mƒ, i¶-c-ho-£-WsØ Xncn®dnbphm\mWv thZm-¥]TnXm°ƒ

"tIhemssZzX'sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv. {_“\pw {]]-©hpw {]]-©-

Ønse Pohm-flm-°fpw hyXykvX bmYm¿∞y-ß-f√, tIh-em-h-ÿ-

bn¬ Ah H∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. tIh-em-h-ÿ-bnse B H∂v F∂-Xv,

ssZzX-̀ m-h-Øn-\-Xo-X-amb {_“≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu AssZz-

X-{_-“≥, amb F∂ i‡n-bn¬ kzbw {]Im-i\w sNøp-∂-XmWv {]]-

©hpw Pohm-flm-°fpw Hs°. {_“s‚ amb F∂ i‡n, Hcp Pme-

21[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

hnZy-°m-cs‚ Pme-hnZy t]msetb D≈p. AXp-sIm≠v Pohm-flm-°ƒ°v

D≠m-tI≠ ⁄m\w Xßƒ Xß-fn¬Xs∂ bYm¿∞y-a-s√∂pw BXy-

¥n-I-ambn {_“≥ Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw BWv. Cu ⁄m\w {]m]n-°m-

Ø-h¿ Ahn-Zy-bnemWv F∂v i¶-c≥ ]Tn-∏n-®p. Hcp Ib¿ I≠v

]mºmbn sX‰n≤-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv Cu AhnZy. AhnZy \¬Ip∂

ssZzX-̀ m-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw, A⁄m-\-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw, kwkm-c-hym-

]-mcØn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂v ⁄m\w {]m]n®v AssZz-X-`mhw km£m-

XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv tam£w F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

{iocm-am-\p-Pm-Nm-cy\pw hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw

AssZz-X-thZm-¥Øns‚ as‰mcp {][m\ hymJym-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p {io

cm-am-\p-Pm-Nm-cy≥. sshjvW-h-`‡n ]›m-Ø-e-amWv cmam-\p-P-t‚Xv.

Xangv sshjvWh ̀ ‡n-{]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ bap-\m-Nm-cys‚ {]ikvXn D®-

tIm-Sn-bn-se-Ønb Ah-k-c-Øn-emWv, {ios]cp-º-Øq-cn¬ Akpcn-tI-

ih s]cp-am-fn-t‚bpw ̀ qtZ-hn-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn cmam-\p-P≥ P\n-®-Xv.

sNdp∏w apXte B≤ym-fl -⁄m\-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-\mbn hf¿∂

cmam-\p-P≥ hnhm-ln-X≥ Bbn-sb-¶n-epw ]n∂oSv \S∂ kw`-h-ßƒ

At±-lsØ k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°v B\-bn-®p. bap-\m-Nm-cys‚ Ime-

tijw ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn, {iocw-K-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p. bap-\m-Nm-cys‚

A¥ym-`n-em-j-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp-∂, thZm-¥-kq{X hymJym\w cmam-

\p-P≥ \n¿Δ-ln-®p. Cu hymJym-\-Øn\v {io`mjyw F∂v t]cn-́ p. {ioc-

¶-Ønse sshjvW-h-t£-{X-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw At±lw \SØn.

A[x-Ir-X-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbpw, PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbpw

{]h¿Øn-®p. \q‰n-bn-cp-]-Xm-asØ hb- n¬ {iocw-K-Øph®v kam-[n-b-

S-™p.

cmam-\p-Ps‚ thZm-¥-kq{X hymJym\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ hymJym-\-

]m-Xbv°v hnin-jvSmssZzXw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. AssZ-zX-Nn-¥sb Hcp

{]tXy-I -ho-£-W-Øm¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xw.

{_“≥ k¿Δ-Kp-W-ß-fm¬ \nd™ Cuiz-c≥ BsW-∂pw, Cu {]]-

©hpw, Pohm-flm-°fpw B Cuiz-cs‚ Xs∂ bYm¿∞- i-co-c-am-

sW∂pw cmam-\p-P≥ ]Tn-∏n®p. a\p-jy-\n¬, ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Bflmhp

hkn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, {]]-©-Øns‚ Pohm-flm-°-fp-sSbpw A¥-cm-flm-

hmbn Cuiz-c≥ hkn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ Hc¿∞-Øn¬ {]]-

©hpw Pohm-flm-°fpw {_“≥ Xs∂-bmWv Xm\pw. AXp-sIm-≠v, Hcp

hiØv {]]-©-hpw, a\p-jycpw Hs° bYm¿∞-am-sW-¶nepw, adp-h-iØv

Ah {_“s‚ AssZ-zX-̀ m-hØns‚ ̀ mK-hp-am-Wv. k¿ΔKpW-ßfpw D≈

22 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

{_“s\, B¥-cn-I-kvt\l-aq¿Ønbmbn Bcm-[n-°p-Ibpw, B

kvt\tlm-]m-k-\-bn¬IqSn km£m-Xv°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ̀ ‡n-kao-

]\w BWv hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X-Øn-t‚-Xv.

tIh-em-ssZzXw hnin-jvSm-ssZzXw

"t\Xn t\Xn' F∂m¬ {_ ˛ "t\Xn, t\Xn' F∂m¬

“≥ KpW-ßƒ°v AXo-X≥ NoØ KpW-ßƒ C√

F∂mWv. F∂mWv. {_“\v F√m

k¬Kp-W-ßfpw D≠v.

{_“\v Bf-Xz-an√. ˛ Bf-Xz-ap-≠v.

Pohm-fl≥ Xs∂ ]c-am-fl≥. Pohm-flmhv ]c-am-flm-hn¬

ebn-°p-∂n-√.

{_“-t\mSp amb tN¿ØXv ˛ {_“\pw Cuiz-c\pw

Cuiz-c≥. H∂m-Wv.

{_“≥ am{Xw ]c-am¿∞nIw. ˛ {_“-\pw, Pohm-flm-hpw,

temIhpw ]c-am¿∞n-Iw.

temIw hyh-lm-cnIw am{Xw. ˛ temIw {_“s‚ icocw.

temIw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-a√ ˛ Pohm-flm-hpw, temIhpw

]mºns\ Ib-sd∂p tXm∂p {_“-\n¬ B{inXw.

∂ hnh¿Ø-hmZw

AhnZy B¥-cnI ambbpw ˛ amb AhnZy-b√

amb _mly Ahn-Zy-bpamWv ]cnh¿Ø\amWv.

⁄m\-am¿§w {_“\pw Po ˛ `‡n, I¿Ωw, ⁄m\w

hmflmhpw H∂m-sW∂ ]q¿Æ-k-a¿∏-W-amb {]hr-

AssZzX ⁄m\-amWv. Ønbn¬ FØn-°-Ww.

ap‡n \nhr-Øn-am¿§-Øn-eqsS ˛ {]hrØn am¿§-Ønse

ap‡n F∂Xv ambbn¬ \n∂pw kºq¿Æ ka¿∏-WØn¬

_lpXz Nn¥-I-fn¬ e`n°p∂ sshIp-fim-\p-

\n∂pw tamN-\-am-Wv. `hamWv ap‡n.

5. am[-hs‚ ssZzXhmZw

am[h ̀ mjy-{]-Imcw (1199-̨ 1278) cmam-\p-Ps‚ hmZw t]mse hnjvWp-

\m-cm-b-W≥ Xs∂ ssZhw. ssZhhpw _mly-tem-Ihpw \nXy-am-Wv.

ssZhhpw Bflm-hp-am-bpw, Bflmhpw a‰v Bflm-°-fp-ambpw, ssZhhpw

hkvXphpambpw, Bflmhpw hkvXp-hp-am-bpw, hkvXp-°ƒ XΩnepw

23[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

hyXym-k-ap-≠v. ssZhhpw Bflm-°fpw temIhpw \nXy-amWv. F∂m¬

ssZhw am{Xw kzX-{¥\pw, k¿tΔm-Ø-a-\pw, KpW-]q¿Æ\pw BWv.

ssZhw Ah-Xm-c-ßƒ FSp-°p-∂p. `‡n-am¿§-amWv ap‡n-°m-h-iyw.

{]IrXn \nXy-a-√. kXzw, cP-kv, Xakv Ch tN¿∂p-≠m-b-XmWv temIw.

{_“s‚ krjvSn-b-s√-¶nepw {_“-\n¬ B{in-X-amWv {]Ir-Xn-bpw,

temI-hpw, Bflm-°-fpw.

Cu XXz-Nn-¥-I-fn-sem∂pw Xs∂ {InkvXob hnizm-k-amb krjvSn-

bpsS ]Tn-∏n-°-¬ C√m-Øn-S-tØmfw H∂p-In¬ temIw amb-bm-

sWt∂m, As√-¶n¬ temIw {_“s‚ ico-c-am-sWt∂m ]d-tb-≠-

Xmbn hcpw. {InkvXob- hn-izm-k-{]-Imcw temIw ssZh-kr-jvSn-bm-I-

bm¬ AXp ssZh-tØmSv IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw, F∂m¬ ssZh-a-√m-

ØXpw BIp-∂p. temIw amb-bm-sW-t∂m, ssZh-am-sWt∂m {InkvXp-

aXw ]Tn∏n°mØ-Xv krjvSn-bm-sW∂ Imc-W-Øm-em-Wv. Dd-h-bmb

ssZhØnte°p≈ Zml-amWv a\p-jy-\n-ep≈ ssZh-km-Zr-iyw. krjvSn-

°-s∏´ ssZh-km-Zriyw krjvSn-bnse a\p-jysc {kjvSm-hn-t\mSpw

temI-tØmSpw _‘hpw IS-∏mSpw D≈-Xm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {kjvSmhn-

t\bpw krjvSn-tbbpw XΩn¬ _‘n°p∂ DØpw-K-L-S-I-amWv a\p-

jy≥. Cßs\ ssZhw, a\p-jy¿, krjvSn°s∏´ temIw Ch aq∂pw

XΩn¬ hyXymkhpw _‘hpw kmay-hp-ap-≠v. sslμh ktlm-Z-c-∑m-

cp-ambn Ub-temKp \S-tØ≠ {][m\ hnj-b-amWv krjvSn.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. h¿Æm-{i-a-[¿ΩsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

2. tIh-em-ssZz-X-hpw, hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn \ncq-

]W hnj-b-am-°p-I.

3. sslμ-h-[m¿Ωn-I-X-bn¬ krjvSn-bpsS bmYm¿∞yw IW-°n-se-

Sp-°p-∂n-√ F∂v {InkvXob ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂Xnt\mSv

tbmPn-°mtam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

24 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 4

sslμh \thm-∞m\ inev]n-Iƒ

cmPmdmw taml≥tdmbnbpw {_“-k-am-Phpw Zt_-{μ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm¿

(1817-˛1905) tIj-_vN-{μ-sk≥ (1838-˛84) Zbm-\μ kc-kzXn (1824-

˛83) {iocm-a-Ir-jvW≥ (1834˛86) hnth-Im-\-μ≥ (1862˛1902)

G. Un. 1830 P\p-hcn 1˛mw XobXn hneyw-tIdn skdm-ºq-cn¬ Imep-

Ip-Øn. AXv Hcp ]pXnb bpKm-cw-̀ -ambn ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ Z¿in°mw. anj-\-

dn-am-cpsS BK-a\w lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ Imcy-amb am‰w hcpØn. {_n´ojv

Kh¨sa‚pw anj-W-dn-amcpw sIm≠p-h∂ Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkhpw,

]m›mXy kwkvIm-c-hpw, \qX\ Bi-b-ßfpw F√mw Xs∂ Dd-ßn-°n-

S∂ lnμ-pa-X-Øn\v Hcp DW¿®bp-≠m-°n. CuÃv C¥ym-°-º\n

{InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-am¿°v FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂Xv I®-hS hnP-b-Øn\v sslμ-

hsc {]oWn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. 1857˛¬ ]´mfhnπhØn\p

tijw CuÃv C¥ym Iº\n C¥-ybpsS `c-Wm[nImcw {_n´ojv

Kh¨sa‚n\p hn´psImSpØtXmSp IqSn anj-Wdnam¿°v A\pIqe

]cnXxÿnXnbp≠mbn. kXn, inip-hn-hm-lw, ssiih hnhm-lw, PmXn-

hy-Xym-kw, tZhZmkn k{ºZmbw, hn{Klm-cm-[\ apX-em-b-h-bpsS sX‰p-

Iƒ sslμh _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ°p t_m[w hcp-Øp-hm≥ ]m›mXy anj-

W-dn-am¿ {ian-®p. CXns‚ ̂ e-ambn Dev]-Xn-jvWp-°ƒ lnμp-aX ]cn-

jv°m-c-hpw, bYm-ÿn-I¿ lnμp-aX ]cn-c-£-Whpw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Nne

{][m\ sslμh aX-]-cn-jv°¿Øm-°-sf-°p-dn®v Npcp-°-Øn¬ {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°mw.

1. cmPmdmw taml≥tdmbnbpw {_“-k-am-Phpw

cmPmdmw taml≥tdmbn (1772-˛1833) sb "B[p-\nI ̀ mc-X-]n-Xmhv'

F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. Hcp {_m“W IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ssNX-\ym-\p-

bm-bn-bmb ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂pw i‡n-tZ-hnsb Bcm-[n® amXm-hn¬

\n∂pw e`n® aX-Nn¥ At±-lsØ {_“-k-amP ÿm]-I-\m-°phm≥

Hcp-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. 16-̨ masØ hb- n¬ hn{K-lmcm-[-\sb

tNmZyw sNbvXv Fgp-Xnb D]-\ym-k-Øm¬ FXn¿∏v h¿≤n-°p-I-bpw,

hoSp- hn v́ k©m-cn-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]¿jy≥, kwkvIr-Xw, Cw•ojv

`mj-Iƒ ]Tn®v CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\nbn¬ tPmen t\m°n. 1815˛¬ Iev°-

´m-bn¬ Bflo-b-k` ÿm]n-®p. kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-]Xv\n kXn A\pjvTn-

®-Xp- I≠v a\kp XI¿∂v kXns°-Xn-cmbn {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn.

AXns‚ ̂ e-ambn 1920-̨ ¬ tem¿Uv hneyw s_‚nIv kXn \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-

25[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

am-°n. B h¿j-amWv "{InkvXp-hns‚ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ kam-[m-\-Øn\pw

kt¥m-j-Øn-\p-ap≈ am¿§w' (The Precepts of Jesus, Guide to peaceand Happiness) F∂ {KŸw cNn-®-Xv.- A-∂sØ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS kao-

]\w lnμp-a-X-Ønse \∑-Iƒ ImWp-∂-X-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬

dmwtam-l≥ tdmbn skdm-ºq¿ anjW-dn-amsc FXn¿Øn-́ p-≠v. {XntXzm-

]-tZ-i-tØbpw At±lw FXn¿Øp. At±lw Bcw-`n® GI-ssZ-h-

hnizmk kwLw ]n∂oSv {_“-k-̀ -bmbpw ANn-tcW {_“-k-am-P-ambpw

Xo¿∂p. aX-k-ln-jvWp-X, GIssZh -hn-izm-kw, GI-ambpw kaq-l-am-

bp-ap≈ Bcm-[-\, hn{K-l-cm-ln-Xyw, PmXn-hy-Xym-k-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v,

ss{IkvXh bqWn-t‰-dn-b≥ coXn-bn-ep≈ Rmb-dmgvN Bcm-[-\bpw

{]kw-K-hpw, ]p\¿P∑ hnizm-k-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v, kmaq-lnI ]cn-

jv°-c-Ww, kv{Xo ̨ hnZym-`ym-k-w apX-em-bh {_“-k-amPw ]Tn-∏n-®p.

1830-̨ ¬ kXn \n¿Ø-em-°m≥ tIma¨kv k -̀tbmSv At]-£n-°m\pw

a‰pw Cw•-≠n¬ t]mb cmPmdmw taml≥tdmbn aq∂v h¿j-ßƒ°p-

tijw {_n´-\n¬ h®v \ncym-X-\m-bn.

2. Zt_-{μ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿ (1817-˛1905)

dmwtaml≥tdmbn-bpsS D‰ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ Zzmc-I-\mY SmtKm-

dns‚ ]p{X-\pw, t\m_¬ kΩm\w (Ko-Xm-RvP-en) t\Snb cho-{μ-\mY

SmtKm-dn-s‚- ]nXmhpam-bn-cp∂p Zt_-{μ\mY-Sm-tKm¿. dmw taml≥

ÿm]n® Hcp hnZymebØnembncp∂p At±lw ]Tn®Xv. Hcp [\nI

IpSpw_Øn¬ P\n® Zt_-{μ≥ {_“-k-am-P-Øns‚ BI¿jI he-

bØnembn. ]Xn-s\´mw hb- n¬ heyΩ acn-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn [\-tØmSp

hnc-‡n-bpw GIm¥ [ym\-Øn\p {]Xn-]-Øn-bp-ap-≠m-bn. {_“-k-amP

]Tn-∏n-°-emb GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw, _nw_m-cm-[-\-tbm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v

apX-em-bh At±-l-Øn\p {]nb-¶-c-am-bn. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ Iqe-¶-j-ambn

]Tn-°p-Ibpw "XXz-c-RvP\n' k` XpS-ßp-Ibpw 1842˛¬ Xs‚ 21-̨ masØ

hb- n¬ ]sØm≥]Xp kvt\lnXtcmSp IqSn {_“kamPØn¬ tNcp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. {_“-k-am-PØn\v ASp°pw Nn´bpap≠m°m≥ "{_t“m-

]m-k\' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ip{iq-j{I-a-Øn\v cq]w \evIn. XXzt_m[\n

{]kn≤oI-cn-®p. XXz-t_m--[n\n ]mT-ime XpS-ßn. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿

U^ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf FXn¿Øp.

lnμp-th-Z-ß-fpsS A{]-am-ZnXzw hniz-kn-®n-√. kzoIm-cy-amb ̀ mK-ßƒ

sXc-s™-SpØv "{_“-[¿Ωw' A®-Sn-®p. HSp-hn¬ knwe-bn-te°p

Xmakw am‰n-b-t∏mƒ tIj-_vN-{μ-sk≥ t\Xm-hm-bn.

26 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

3. tIj-_vN-{μ-sk≥ (1838-˛84)

19-˛mw hb- n¬ sk≥ {_“-k-am-P-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. 22-˛mw hb- n¬

Zt_-{μ\m-Ynt\mSp tN¿∂v kl-Im-cy-Z¿in-bm-bn. B h¿jw Xs∂

kntem¨ kμ¿in®v aS-ßn-h∂v kam-P-{]-Nm-cm¿∞w eLp-te-J-Iƒ

Cd-°n. ASpØ h¿jw "kwK-Xvk`' Bcw-`n-®p. SmtKmdns‚ `h-\-

Ønse Zp¿§-bpsS {]Xna am‰n B apdn IpSpw-_-{]m¿∞-\-bv°mbn D]-

tbm-Kn-®p. kamPw kmaq-ly-tk-h\w XpS-ßn. kv{XoI-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-

\mbn "hma-t_m-[n\n' {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. an{i-hn-hm-lsØ t{]m’m-ln-

∏n-®p. "C¥y≥ and¿' F∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-Whpw Bcw-`n-®p. 24-˛mw hb-

n¬ {_“-k-am-Pm-Nm-cy-\m-bn. ASpØ \mep h¿jw sIm≠v _wKm-

fn¬ A©pw hS°p Ing-°≥ t{]mhn≥kp-I-fn¬ c≠pw a{Zm-knepw

t_mws_-bnepw Hmtcm∂pw imJ-Iƒ XpSßn. ]e kvIqfp-I-tfm-Spw-

IqSn kamPw Hcp AJn-te¥ym {]ÿm-\-ambn. IqSp-X¬ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-

I-\mbn Zt_-{μ-\mY SmtKm-dpw, IqSp-X¬ Dev]-Xn-jvWp-hmbn sk∂pw

Xo¿∂-Xn-\m¬ {_“-k-amPw c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. SmtKm-dns‚ ho´n¬

]qWq¬ [cn® ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ \SØn-bXv BZn-{_-“-k-am-Phpw

FXn¿Ø-h-cp-tSXv ̀ mc-Xob {_“-k-am-P-hp-ambn. Zt_-{μ≥ "al¿jn'

F∂p hnfn-°-s∏´p. At±lw im¥n-\n-tI-X\v ASn-ÿm-\-an-´Xv aI≥

cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿ ]q¿Øo-I-cn®p. tIi-_vN-{μsk≥ {InkvXp-hn-t\mSv

IqSp-X¬ ASp-Øp. "tbip-{InkvXp ˛ bqtdm∏v ˛ Gjy' F∂ hnj-b-

sØ-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb {]kwK]cy-S-\w hgn tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s‚

[m¿ΩnI D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-∏m≥ bqtdm-]y-tcmSpw \m´p-Im-tcmSpw

Blzm\w sNbvXp. ssNX\y ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ KoX-ßƒ ]mSnbpw k¿Δ-

aX {KŸ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ tN¿Øpw "t«mI-kw-{Klw' {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

`mc-Xob {_“-k-am-Phpw {]m¿∞\m kam-Phpw i‡o-I-cn-®p. {InkvXp-

hn-s\-°p-dn®pw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ̀ ‡n A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-am-

bn-cp-∂p. "tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Ip∂ "a∂h≥' hcp-∂p, C≥Uy X’-a-bØv

At±-lsØ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Hcp-ß-s´' F∂s{X sk≥ sslμh sNdp-

∏-°m-tcmSp {]kw-Kn-®-Xv. At±lw ÿm]n® \h-hn-[m≥ F∂ “TheChurch of the New Dispensation'' ]e {InkvXo-b Bi-b-ßfpw Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hn. {XnXzhpw k®n-Zm-\-μhpw X\n°v H∂m-Ip-∂p.

"{InkvXym-\n-bm-ImØ {InkvXym\n' F∂v At±-lsØ hnfn-°p-∂-h-

cp≠v.

4. Zbm-\μ kc-kzXn (1824-˛83) ˛ Bcy-k-amPw

[\m-Vy\pw inhm-cm-[-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ ]nXmhv Aw_-i-¶¿ Zbm-\μ

27[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

kc-kz-Xn°v C´n-cp∂ t]cv "aqe-i-¶¿' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 21˛mw hb- n¬

hnhm-lm-tem-N\ \S-∂-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂p c£-s]-Sm≥ hoSp- hn´p

t]mbn. Iq -́pIm-cmb k\ym-knam-cn¬ Hcp Iq -́cmb kc-kzXn kwLØ-

Øn¬ tN¿∂v "Zbm-\-μ≥' F∂ t]cp kºm-Zn®p. thZm-¥-Øns‚

XXzw Xr]vXn- \-evIm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ PKXv anYyb-s√∂pw, Bflmhpw

ssZhhpw c≠m-sW∂pw hniz-kn®p. 44˛m asØ hb p apX¬ Zbm-

\μ kc-kz-Xn -Xs‚ ]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°phm≥ {ian-®p. 51˛mw

hb- n¬ Bcy-k-amPw ÿm]n®p (1875). hSt° C≥Uybn¬ ]cy-S\w

\SØn lnμp-a-XsØbpw C…mwaX-sØbpw FXn¿Øp. 1882˛¬ tKmc-

£-W-k-anXn Bcw-̀ n-®p.

apºp]d™ ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ {InkvXp-a-XsØ Dƒs°-m≈m≥

{ian-®-t∏mƒ Bcy-k-amP-ÿm-]I≥ AXns\ FXn¿°pI-bmWp-≠m-

b-Xv. At±lw \mep thZß-fnse thZ-kw-lnXm-`mKw am{Xta thZ-

ßfmbn kzoIcn®p≈p. GI-\mb ssZhhpw hnhn[ Bflm°fpw {]Ir-

Xnbpw \nXyamWv. {]IrXnbn¬ \n∂p ssZhw tem-IsØ krjvSn®p.

]p\¿P∑-Øm¬ tamN\w {]m]n-®mepw ]c-{_-“-Øn¬ ebn°p-∂n-√.

_nw_m-cm[\, arK-_-en, {im≤w, Xo¿∞m-S\w F√mw \njv{]-tbm-P\w.

\oXn]q¿Δw kºm-Zn-°p∂ [\w am{Xw [\w.

Zbm-\-μs‚ ]Tn-∏n-°epw kam-P-Øns‚ ]Øp Iev]-\-Ifpw kzoI-

cn-°p∂ 18 hb- p-≈-h¿°v kam-Pm-wK-ß-fmImw. Ccp-]Xv AwK-ßƒ°v

Hcmƒ hoXw sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ {]mtZ-in-I- kan-Xn-bp-≠v.

Bcm-[\ {InkvXnb tamUen¬ Bbn-cp∂p. ]m´pw thZ-]mcm-

bWhpw {]kw-Khpw hnizmk{]am-Whpw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-ap≈XmWv

Bcy-k-amP Bcm-[-\.

lnμp-aXw hn´p-t]m-b-hsc "ip≤n'-I¿Ω-Øm¬ Xncn-s®-Sp°p∂p. ]´m-

f-°m-c≥ i{Xp-ssk-\ysØ ho£n°pwt]mse a‰-p a-X-ßsf FXn¿-

°p-∂p.

Bcy-k-amPw c≠mbn ]ncn-™-t∏mƒ amwk-̀ p-°p-I-fmb ]ptcm-K-a-

\-hn-̀ m-Kw emtlmdn¬ Zbm-\μ tImfPp I£n-bmbpw, kky-̀ p-°p-Iƒ

lcn-Zzmdnse Kpcp-Ip-e-°m-cmb almfl I£n-bmbpw amdn. Ct∏mƒ

U¬ln-bm-Wp tI{μw. B¿. Fkv. Fkv., P\-kwLw XpS-ßnb {]ÿm-

\-ßƒ°v Bcy-k-am-P-tØmSp IS-∏m-Sp-≠v.

5. {iocm-a-Ir-jvW≥ (1834˛86)

cma-IrjvW ]c-a-lw-k-s‚ _mey-Ønse t]cv KZ-[m¿ F∂m-bn-

28 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

cp∂p. P∑-\m -Xs∂ ̀ ‡n-Po-hn-X-amWv G‰hpw CjvS-s∏-́ n-cp-∂-Xv. hnZym-

e-btam temI-tam-l-ßtfm Xs∂ BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂n-√. aX-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

hmbn-°p-I, Aº-e-Ønse ]qP-Iƒ \S-Øp-I, Imfn-tbbpw {InkvXp-hn-

s\bpw \n_n-tbbpw [ym\-Øm¬ Dƒs°m≠v l¿tjm-∑m-Z-a-\p-`-hn-

°pI, Xo¿∞m-S-Isc ip{iq-jn-°pI apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\

XmXv]-cy-ßƒ. 1885˛¬ Iev°-́ m-bnse Hcp [\n-I≥ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw \mep-

ssa¬ hS-°p≈ Z£n-tW-iz-cØp \n¿Ωn® Imfo-t£-{X-Ønse ]qPm-

cn-bmb tij-amWv ImfoZ¿i-\hpw A\p-̀ q-Xnbpw a‰pw KZ-[m-dn-\p-≠m-

b-Xv. Imfnsb AΩ-bmbn kvt\ln®pw [ym\n®pw Ign™ KZ-[m¿ 25˛mw

hb- n¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°∑mcpsS \n¿∫‘-Øn\p hgßn A©p hb p

am{Xw {]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ imc-Zsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. F∂m¬ At±lw

Imfn-b-º-eØn-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. l\p-ams\ A\p-I-cn®v koXm-

Z¿i\hpw {]m]n®v l¿tjm-∑-mZ-\mbn. Hcp Xm{¥n-Ik-\ym-kn-bn¬

\n∂pw Xm{¥n-I-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw km-[-\bpw A`y-kn-®p. _e-cm-a-Z¿i-\hpw

]n∂oSv Ir-jvW-Z¿i-\hpw e`n-®p. HSp-hn¬ AssZz-X-hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-≈

[ym\w, ]pcn {ioi-¶-cm-{ia k\ym-kn-bn¬ \n∂p ]Tn®p. Cu Ah-k-c-

Øn¬ cma-Ir-jvW≥ F∂ t]cpw kzoI-cn-®p. A\¥cw 1886˛¬ Hcp

ap…ow-̀ -‡-\p- injys∏ v́ ap…ow BIp-Ibpw aq∂v Znh-k-Øn-\Iw \_n-

Z¿i\w e`n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1874˛¬ Hcp {InkvXym-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw

thZ-]p-kvXIw ]Tn-°-p-Ibpw adn-bm-ans‚ aSn-bn-¬ Ccp∂ tbip-hns‚

Nn{Xw I≠tijw `‡n-]-c-h-i-\mbn tbiphns‚ Z¿i\w {]m]n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns‚ F√mw ̂ e-am-Wv- F-√m -a-X-ßfpw H∂msW∂v

cmaIr-j-vW≥ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv.

6. hnth-Im-\-μ≥ (1862˛1902)

hnth-Im-\-μ-\m-bn-cp∂p {iocmaIrjvWs‚ G‰hpw henb injy≥.

Iev°-´m-bnse Hcp Ipeo\ IpSpw_Øn¬ P\n® \tc-{μ-\mYv Iev°-

´bnse anj≥ tImfPn¬ \n∂v [\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Un{Kn-sb-Sp-Øp.

1881˛¬ tlÃn F∂ Cw-•ojv A≤y-m]-I≥, temI-Øn¬ At±-l-a-dn-

bp∂ GI- an-ÃnIv {iocm-a-Ir-jv-W-\m-sW∂p ]d-™Xp tI´v Z£n-

tW-iz-cw kμ¿in-®Xv hnth-Im-\-μ-s‚bpw lnμp-a-X-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp

]pXnb A\p-`-h-am-bn-Øo-¿∂p. \nb-a-]-T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°msX {_“-

k-am-Pm-wKam-Ip-Ibpw bmZr-›n-I-ambn {iocm-a-Ir-jvWs\ t]mbn°m-

WpIbpw anÃn°v A\p-̀ hw D≠mbn At±-l-Øns‚ BPo-h-\mμ injy-

\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. \√ Kmb-I\pw {]kw-K-I\pw ]fin-X\pw kpμ-c-

\m-bn-cp∂ hnth-Im-\μ≥ ̀ mcXw apgp-h≥ Np‰n k©cn-®-tijw 1893˛¬

Nn°m-tKm-bnse temI-a-X-k-tΩ-f\-Øn¬ Hcp D÷z-e- {]-̀ m-jWw \S-

29[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Øp-Ibpw, XpS¿∂v aq∂p h¿jw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sk‚ v eqbn, Uns{Sm-

bn‰v, t_mÃ¨, hmjnw-KvS¨, \yqtbm¿°v apX-emb {][m\ tI{μ-ß-

fn¬ {]kw-Kn®v injysc kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw ]Ww ]ncn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂ {iocm-a-Ir-jvW- ]-c-a-lw-k-cpsS \ma-Øn¬ {iocm-a-

IrjvW-an-j≥ ÿm]n®p. 1895˛¬ Cw•-≠n¬ NnIn-’bv°p t]msb-

¶nepw Ahn-sSbpw {]kw-K-t[m-c-Wn-bm¬ ]e-tc-bpw BI¿jn-®p. aSßn

Ata-cn-°-bn-seØn. 1896˛¬ \yqtbm¿°n¬ Hcp tI{μ-ÿm-\hpw

ÿm]n®p. c≠v Ata-cn-°≥ in-jy∑m¿°v ]pXnb t]cp-Iƒ sImSpØp.

tI{μ-Np-a-X-e-Ifpw Ahsc Gev]n-®p. e≠-\n¬ h®v ]cn-N-b-s∏´ ankv

am¿K-c‰v knÃ¿ \nth-Zn-X-bmbn cma-Ir-jvW-an-j-\n¬ tN¿∂p. kzn‰v-

k¿e-≠p, P¿Ω\n, tlmf-≠v F∂o ÿe-ßfpw kμ¿in®p {]`m-j-

W-ßƒ \S-Øn. Nne bqtdm-]y≥ injy-tcm-Sp-IqSn C≥Uy-bn-tebv°p

aSßn. aS-°-bm-{X-bn¬ sImfw-t_mbpw kμ¿in-®p. ̀ mc-Xw, aS-ßn-sb-

Ønb hnth-Im\-μ\v cmtPm-Nn-X-amb kzoI-cWw \¬In. ]m›mXy

kplr-Øp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n® ]Ww sIm≠v Iev°-´m-bnse t_eq-

cn¬ At±lw ÿm]n® k\ym-km-{iaw C∂v Hcp hntizm-Øc tI{μ-

ambpw cma-Ir-jvW-an-js‚ Xe-ÿm-\ambpw tim`n-°p∂p. c≠mw anj-

\dn bm{Xbn¬ Imen-t^m¿Wnbm-bn¬ anj≥ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw ]mco-

kn¬ h®p \S∂ temI-aXktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw, a≤y-

bqtdm∏pw CuPn]v‰pw kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw; aS-°-bm-{Xbv°p tijw

B mw bm{X Ign™v 39˛masØ hb- n¬ t_eq¿ B{i-a-Øn¬ h®v

A¥-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cma-Ir-jvW-an-js‚ D]-tZiw: hnth-Im-\-μs‚ kºq¿Æ- Ir-Xn-I-

fnepw ""The Gospel of Sree Ramakrishna” ˛ bnepw a‰pw cma-Ir-jv-W-

anjs‚ D]-tZiw ImWmw. ssZzXhm-Z-Øn¬ \n∂m-cw-̀ n®v (Po-hm-flmhpw

]c-am-flmhpw c≠v) hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X-hmZw hgn bm{X sNbvXv (c-s≠-

¶nepw H∂v) tIh-em-ssZz-X-Øn¬ (Po-hm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw H-∂v)

FØp-∂XmWv aXw ImWn-°p∂ Bfl-km-£m-XvImcw. temIw, ÿe-

Im-e-\n-an-Ø-ß-ƒ am‰n-bm¬ amb-bm-Wv. a\- n-\mWv P\-\-a-c-W-ßƒ.

Bflmhv \nXy-\m-Wv. Cuizc≥ \nXy-\√. {_“≥ am{X-amWv \nXy≥.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 {_“-k-am-Phpw Bcy-k-amPhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

2 hnth-Im-\-μ\pw {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-an-j\pw lnμp\thm∞m\-Øn\p

\¬Inb k`m-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

30 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]T-\-Øn\v

1. dh. ]n. ‰n. tXmakv, "`mc-X-Ønse B[p-\nI aX-Nn-¥-Iƒ', kn.

Fkv. Fkv., Xncp-h√.

2. The Acknowledged Christ of the Indian Renaissance (by M. M. Tho-mas, CLS, Madras, 1970).

]mTw 5

sslμh \thm-∞m-\-

inev]n-Iƒ (Xp-S¿®)

Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv (1872˛1950) alm-flm-Km‘n (1869˛1948)BNmcy

hnt\m-_-`msh (1895˛1981) ca-W- a-l¿jn (1870˛1950) tUm. Fkv.

cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ (1888˛1975)

7. Ac-hn-μ-tLmjv (1872˛1950)

ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn]m-Zn-°-s∏-́ -h-cn¬ IXy-hm-dn¬ P\n® Zbm-

\-μ- k-c-kzXn Hgn-®p≈ Ghcpw P\n® _wKmfnemWv Ac-hn-μ-tLmjpw

P\n-®Xv. ]nXm-hmb IrjvW[m¿tLmjv [\m-Vy\pw ]m›m-Xy-

kwkvIm-chpw ̀ mjbpw ]uc-kvXy-tØ-°mƒ t{ijvT-ambn Nn¥n-®-h-

\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. a°sf ]Tn-∏n®Xv Um¿Pn-enw-Kn-ep-≈ bqtdm-]y≥ hnZym-

e-b-Ønepw Cw•-≠n-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ggp hb p apX¬ Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂p

hb p hsc Xs‚ c≠p Ip´n-Isfbpw IrjvW-[m¿tLmjv Cw•-≠n¬

]Tn-∏n-®p. Ac-hnμ≥ sF. kn. Fkv. ]co-£bv°p tNcp-Ibpw

sXcs™Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvsX-¶nepw IpXn-c-k-hmcn ]Tn-°m≥ Xøm-

dm-Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ HSp-hn¬ X≈-s∏-´p.

]nXm-hn\v C√m-Xn-cp∂ `mc-X-{]-Xn-]Øn aI-\p-≠m-bn. 15˛mw hb-

n¬ tIw{_n-UvPnse hnZym¿∞n kwL-S-\-bmb "C¥y≥ aPnenkn'

s‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmIpIbpw, {_n´ojv "Cºo-cn-b-enk'sØ \nin-X-ambn

hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1893˛¬ C¥ybn-¬ FØnbtijw ]Xn-aq∂v

h¿jw _tdmUm kwÿm-\Øn¬ tPmen t\m°n. A°m-eØv ̀ mcX

kzmX-{¥yhpw Bfl-km-£m-XvIm-chpw At±-l-Øns‚ c≠p {][m\

Xmev]-cy-ß-fm-bn.

31[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ Ac-hn-μ≥ Xo{h-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ At±-

l-Øns‚ t\Xm-°ƒ _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I\pw _n]n≥ N{μ-]mepw

a‰pambn-cp-∂p. 1906˛¬ _tdmUm tImf-Pn¬ sshkv {]n≥kn-∏mƒ F∂

\ne-bn¬ e`n-®psIm≠n-cp∂ 750 cq]m iºfw XyPn®v _wKmƒ \mj-

W¬ tImf-Pn¬ 150 cq]m iº-f-Øn¬ Cw•ojv s{]m -̂k-dmbn tPmen

kzoI-cn®v Iev°-́ m-bn-tebv°p Xmakw am‰n. "htμ-am-Xcw' ]{X-Zzmcm

Xo{hhmZ cmjv{So-bmibw {]N-cn-∏n-®p. HSp-hn¬ tImf-Pnse tPmen cmPn-

h®v cmjv{Sobw kzoI-cn-®p. 1908˛¬ AdÃphcn®v Aen-∏q¿ Pbn-en¬

Hcp h¿jw Ign™p.

29˛mw hb- n¬ arWm-fn\ntZhnsb hnhmlw Ign-s®¶nepw Npcp-°-

ambn am{Xta Ah-scm-cp-an®p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p-≈p. `mcX cmjv{So-b-

Ønse Nne kw`h hnIm-k-ßƒ At±-lsØ t]m≠n-t®-cn-bn-te°v

\bn-®p. ]n∂oSv At±lw Hcp Bflo-b- Xo¿∞m-S-I\pw tbmKn-bp-am-bn-

am-dn.

t]m≠n-t®-cn-bn¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]pXnb Hc-≤ymbw Xpd-∂p. C∂v

temI-{]-kn≤-am-bn-cn-°p∂ t]m≠n-t®-cn-bnse Ac-hn-μm-{iaw ]Sp-Øp-

b¿Øp-hm≥, ]n∂oSv amXm-hv (AΩ) F∂-dn-b-s∏´ aocm-dn-®m¿Upw

`¿Ømhpw a‰-t\I hntZi in£y-hr-μhpw klm-bn-®p. Ac-hn-μ-tLm-

jns‚ {KŸ-ßfpw hne-s∏-́ h Xs∂-bm-Wv. ""The Life Divine'' At±-l-

Øns‚ XXz-kw-lnX ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\osj-bpsS kq∏¿am≥ Bi-b-hpw XømZ jm¿Zs‚ ]cn-Wm-a-hm-

Zhpw tLmjns‚ "ka-{K-tbmK'Øn¬ ImWmw. kzm\p-̀ -hhpw thZ-ßfpw

]m›mXy ]T-\-hpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Ah-tcm-l-Whpw (involution) Btcm-

l-Whpw ( evolution) At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p. k®n-Zm\-μs‚ Btcm-l-W-

Øn¬ kXv, NnXv, B\μw F∂- aq∂p≠v. NnXv t_m[w am{X-a√, t_m[-

i-‡n- Iq-sS-bm-Wv. k®n-Zm-\-μ≥ t_m[-i-‡n-bm¬ D∂-X-a-\ v (Sup-per mind) Df-hm-°p-∂p. tIh-em-h-ÿ-bpw Cuiz-cm-h-ÿbpw k®n-Zm\-

μs‚ c≠v Ah-ÿ-Ifm-Wv. D∂Xa-\- ns‚ Ah-tcm-lWw (involu-tion) BWv D]-cn-a-\ v (over mind). Ahtcm-l-W-Øn¬ AXn\p Xmsg-

bp-≈ am\-k-a-fi-ehpw (mind) AXn\p Xmsgbp≈ Poh\pw (life)G‰hpw Xmsg-bp-≈ hkvXphpw (matter) Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. hkvXp-hn¬ Ah-

tcm-lWw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Btcm-lWw Hcp D¬{K-Y-\-am-Wv (in-tegration). hkvXp amb-bm-sW∂ AssZz-X-Nn¥ tLmjv kzoI-cn-°p-

∂n√. Btcm-l-W-Øn\pw Ah-tcm-l-W-Øn\pw D≈ am[y-a-am-Wv -D-∂-

X-a-\- v (super mind). ka-{K-tbmKw hy‡n-Isf am{X-a√ temI-sØ-

apgp-h≥ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Wv.

32 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

8. alm-flm-Km‘n (1869˛1948)

`mcXw cmjv{S-]n-Xmhv F∂v AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn°p∂ ̀ mc-X-kzm-X-{¥y-

Øns‚ hn[mXmhv Xs‚ kØ-bn¬ Hcp lnμp-aX `‡\pw tbip-

{InkvXp-hns‚ XymK-Po-hn-X-Øm¬ BIrjvS\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

IXyhmdn¬ P\n® taml≥Zm-kns‚ ]nXmhv Icw-N-μvKm-‘n-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. amXm-hmb ̂ p´ven-`mbn ]qP- Iq-SmsX ̀ £Ww Ign-°p-I-bn-√m-

bn-cp-∂p. taml≥Zmkv 13-˛mw hb- n¬ IkvXq¿_m-bnsb hnhmlw

Ign®p. 19-̨ mw hb- n¬ \nbaw ]Tn°m≥ Cw•-≠n¬ t]mbn. aZyw, amwkw

Ch sXmSp-I-bns√∂v AΩ-tbmSv {]Xn⁄ sNbvXn-́ mWv t]mbXv. \nba

]T\w Ign™v C≥Uy-bn¬ FØn-bn v́ Hcp ap…ow hyh-km-bn-°p -th≠n

hmZn-°m≥ sXt° B{^n-°-bn¬ t]mbn Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂p h¿jw

AhnsS Pohn-®-t∏mƒ hfsc ]oU-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn®p F¶nepw C≥Uym-

°msc kwL-Sn-∏n®pw tSmƒtÃmbn ̂ mw \S-Ønbpw kXy-{K-lm-bp[w

\n¿Ωn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tPm¨ d-kvIns‚ ""Unto This Last'' k¿tΔm-

Zbmibw \¬InbXpw Ahn-sS-h-®m-Wv. 46-̨ mw hb- n¬ C¥y-bn¬ aS-

ßn-sbØnb -tijw tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW -tKm-J-se-bpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw

`mc-X-ho-£Ww \S-Ønb tij-amWv kzmX-{¥y-k-acw Bcw-`n-®Xpw

ap∏-Øn-aq∂p h¿j-ßƒ°p- tijw kzX-{¥ -C≥Uy-bn¬ h®v lnwkn-

°-s∏-́ -Xpw.

Km‘nPnbpsS t\m´-Øn¬ \njvIm-aI¿Ωw IS-abpw kXyw

ssZhhpw, {_“-N-cyhpw Alnw-kbpw apJm-¥-c-ß-fp-amWv. kXym-{Klw,

hntcm-[n-tbmSv FXn¿∏n-√mØ ka-c-ap-d-b-m-Wv. F√m sXmgnepw am\y-

am-I-bm¬ tXm´nbpw A≤ym-]-Icpw am\y-cm-Wv. tUmIvSdpw AΩbpw

AtaZyw sXmSp-∂-t√m. tPmen PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ F∂p-≈Xv

Km‘n BZyw ]Tn-∏n-s®-¶nepw HSp-hn¬ ssIhn´p. AbnØw amd-W-sa-

¶n¬ PmXn-hy-Xymkhpw amd-W-sa∂v HSp-hn¬ t_m≤y-s∏-´p. hnZym-

`ymkw amXr-̀ m-j-bnepw sXmgn-e-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ambncn-°-Ww. kztZ-in-

{]-ÿm\w kzoI-cn®v {Kma-hy-h-km-b-ßƒ A`n-hr-Øns∏-SpØn-bm¬ aXn

F∂mbncp∂p Km‘n-Pn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. `qan-bpsS s]mXp- D-S-aÿ-

Xbpw {SÃojn∏pw At±lw FSpØp-]-d™p.

almflm Km‘n-bpsS G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\ cmjv{So-btam aX-]-

ctam F∂v Hcp hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \S-Øn-bm¬ c≠n\pw Pb-km-≤y-X-bp≠v.

sslμ-ha-X-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v At±lw {In-kvXp-hns\ ]n≥]‰n F∂p-

]-dbmw. {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS amXr-I-bn-√m-Ø- PohnXhpw, anj-\-dn-am-cpsS

lnμp-a-Xm-{I-W a\x-ÿn-Xnbpw {]Xn-]-£ _lp-am\an-√m-bvabpw, kuØv

33[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

B{^n-°-bn¬ h®v {InkvXob tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p At±-lsØ PmXn-

bpsS t]cn¬ Cd-°n-hn-́ Xpw F√mw At±-l-sØ {InkvXp-k-̀ -bpsS hna¿-

i-I-\m°n. F∂m¬ kn. -F-̂ v. B≥{Uq-kn-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ At\Iw

kvt\ln-Xsc At±lw BPo-h-\m¥w _lp-am-\n-°pIbpw kvt\ln-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

9. BNmcy hnt\m-_-`msh (1895˛1981)

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse sImem_m Unkv{Sn-IvSnse KtKm-kv {Km-a-Øn¬

P\n® hn\m-b-Iv\-c-]pcn, amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kXy-k-‘-Xbpw aX-

`‡nbpw sNdp-∏-Ønse kzmb-Ø-am°n. _meyImew ]nXm-a-l-\mb

jm_p-dm-hp-`m-sh-bp-sS- IqsS Ign-®p-Iq-´n. amXm-hns‚ c≠p KpW-tZm-

j-ßƒ At±lw A\p-k-cn®p Pohn-®p. (1) ""hnZy sImSp-°p∂ Bƒ''

tZh-\m-Wv, X\n-bv°m-bn- kq-£n-®p-h-bv°p∂ Bƒ cm£k\pw. (2) ""Hcp

amXrIm IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw ]nXm-hns‚ ISwsImSpØp ho´p-sa-¶n¬, Hcp

amXrIm {_“-Ncyw \mev]Xp Xe-ap-d-Isf c£-bn-te°p \bn-°pw.''

AΩ acn-®-tijsa-¶nepw, AΩ Xmev]-cy-s∏-́ n-cp-∂X\pk-cn®v aI≥

`K-h-XvKoX admØn ̀ mj-bn-te°p 1830˛¬ X¿÷na sNbvXp. 1916˛¬

c≠-c-amkw Imin-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. AtX-h-¿jw Km‘n-PnbpsS B{i-a-

Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Hcp h¿jw Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Ah[n

FSp-sØ-¶nepw aSßn k_¿a-Xn-bn¬ h∂p. "hnt\m_' F∂ t]cv

Km‘n-bmWp \¬In-b-Xv. 1921˛¬ h¿≤mbn¬ ÿm]n® B{i-a-Øn-te°p

am‰-s∏-´p. 42-˛mw hb- nemWv \mK-∏q-cn¬ \S∂ ]XmI kXym-{K-l-

Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Pbn-en¬ AS-bv°-s∏-́ Xv. ssh°w kXy-{K-

l-Øn-\p t\XrXzw sImSpØv t£{Xw lcn-P-\-ßƒ°mbn Xpd-∏n-®p-

sIm-Sp-Øp. [qenb Pbn¬hmk ka-b-ØmWv "KoXm-{]-h-N\w' Fgp-Xn-

b-Xv.

1948˛¬ Km‘nPn°p tijw t\Xr-Xz-ÿm-\-ta‰v "k¿tΔm-Z-b-k-amPw'

cq]o-I-cn-®p. B{‘m-bnse sXep-¶m-\-bn¬ ]cy-S\w \S-Øth ̀ qZm\

Bibw D≈n¬ DZn-®p. lcn-P-\-ßƒ°v Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-c≥ \qtd-°¿

hmKvZØw sNbvXXv 1951 G{]n¬ 18˛\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1954 am¿®v 25 Bb-

t∏mƒ 27,53,465 G°¿ ̀ qZm-\-ambn In´n-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ ̀ qZm\w {Kma-

Zm-\-ambpw, Xmeq-°p Zm-\-ambpw, Pn√m Zm\-ambpw kwÿm\ Zm\-ambpw

hf¿∂n-cp-∂p.

im¥n-tk-\m-ibw 1938˛¬ Km‘nPn sImSp-ØXp hnt\m-_`m-shbpw

Pb-{]-Imiv \mc-mb-W-\pw k¿tΔm-Zbw hgn ]co-£n-®p.

34 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

tKmh-[-\n-tcm-[-\-Øn-\p- th≠nbp≈ ka-c-Øn\v At±lw Xs‚

A¥y-Im-eØv t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp. AXns\ tNmZyw sNøm-sa-¶nepw

At±-l-Øns‚ Bflm¿∞X «mL-\obw Xs∂. {_“Nm-cn, Km‘n-

b≥, ̀ qZm\ {]ÿm\ hn[m-Xmhv, XymKn, cmjv{So-bm-Nm-cy≥, KoXm-{]-

hm-N-I≥, im¥n tk\m-[n-]≥ F∂o- hn-hn[ \ne-I-fn¬ BNmcy hnt\m-

_-`msh tim`n-®p.

10. ca-W -a-l¿jn (1870˛1950)

a[p-c-bn¬ \n∂p ap∏Xp ssa¬ AI-se-bp≈ Xncp-®p-≈n {Kma-Øn¬

kpμc Aø-cpsSbpw AK-f-Ωm-fp-hns‚bpw ]p{X-\mbn P\n®p.- t]cv sh¶n-

-́cm-a≥ F∂-mbn-cp-∂p. 16-̨ mw hb- n¬ "Acp-Wm-New' F∂ t]cv bmZr-

›n-I-ambn tI´p. 17-̨ mw hb- n¬ k¿Δ-kwK ]cn-Xym-Kn-bmbn hoSp -hn´

Ct±-l-amWv Xncp-hÆmae-bn-ep≈ Acp-Wm-N-e-sØØn ca-W- a-l¿jn

F∂ hniz-hn-JymXn t\Snb k\ymkn BbXv.

kz -̀h\w hnSpwapºv ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-cs‚ hoń¬ Xma-kn-°th ac-W-

`bw Xs∂ De-®-t∏mƒ Iøpw Imepw \oń-h®v acn-®-hs\t∏mse InS∂p.

"Ipsd Ign-bp-tºmƒ Cu icocw Zln-∏n°pw. Rm≥ Zln-∏n-°-s∏-Sptam?

C√. Rm≥ ac-W-an-√mØ Bflm-hm-Wv.' Cu t_mt[m-Zbw \o≠ km[\-

sIm≠p e`nt°≠ Bflo-Im-\p-̀ -hambn. kvs]j¬ ¢m n\p t]mIp∂p

F∂ hymtP\ hoSp -hn´p. ktlm-Z-c≥ sImSpØ A©p- cq-]m-bn¬ aq∂p-

cq]m am{Xw FSpØv c≠p cq]mbpw Hcp IØpw ktlm-Z-c≥ ImWm-hp-

∂n-SØv h®n v́ Xncp-hÆm-a-ebv°p t]mbn. sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb B bm{X

s{Sbn≥ hgnbpw Im¬\-S-bm-bpw, Aº-e-ßƒ hgnbpw XpS¿∂p. ta¬-

hnemkw Dt]-£n®p. Ccp-]Xp cq]-bpsS Hcp IΩ¬ \mep cq]bv°p

]Wbw h®p. Xncp-h-Æm-a-e-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ IpSpΩ hSn®pIf-™p.

_m°n- cq]m ]qWqtem-sSm∏w Aºe°pfØn¬ Fdn-™p. AhnsS h®v

sh¶n -́cm-a≥ ca-W-\mbn Adn-b-s∏-́ p. Bbncw XqWp-I-fp≈ afi-]-

Øn¬ X]- n-cp∂ ca-Ws\ Ae-™p-Xn-cn-™ Ipń-I-ƒ Is√-dn-™p.

]mXm-f-enwKw Kpl-bn¬ amdn-bn´pw D]-{Zhw. AhnsS\n∂pw k\ym-kn-

Iƒ ca-Ws\ ASp-Øp≈ kp{_-“-Wyt£{X-Øn-te°p am‰n. Hcp h¿jw

Ign™v Hcp amt¥m -́Øn-te°v Xmakw am‰n. ho´p-Im¿ hnhcw Adn™p

h∂p £Wn-®n´pw t]mbn√. Acp-WmNew Ip∂ns‚ Ncp-hn-ep≈ Kpl-

bn¬ Ibdn X] p XpS¿∂p. Cuizcm-t\z-jn-Iƒ At±-lsØ IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ kao-]n-®p. Ahn-sS-h®v i¶m-cm-Nm-cys‚ "hnthI NqUm-aWn'

Xan-gn-te°p X¿÷na sNbvXp. 1903 apX¬ 1907 hsc Xs∂ kμ¿in®

kwkvIrX ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂ KW-]Xn imkv{Xn°v X]- ns‚ A¿∞w

Cßs\ ]d™p sImSpØp: "Alw F∂ Bibw FhnsS\n∂p hcp-

35[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

∂pthm AXn¬ [ym\-\n-c-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ahs‚ a\ v AXn¬

ebn-°p-∂p. AXmWv X]- v.' KW-]Xn imkv{Xn°v CXv shfn-∏m-Sm-Ip-

Ibpw ca-Ws\ al¿jn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hmc-Wm-kn,

Xncp-∏Xn apXemb ÿe-ßƒ kμ¿in-®tijw aIs‚ ASp-sØ-Ønb

amXmhv c≠mw-{]m-hiyw kμ¿in-®-t∏mƒ Imhn kzoI-cn®v Nn∂ kzman-

bmbn. AΩ-bpsS acWw 1922˛¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. AΩsb kwkvI-cn-®n-SØv

Aº-ehpw ca-Wm-{i-ahpw ÿm]n-®p. ca-Wm-{iaw hf¿∂v temI-{]-kn-≤-

ambn. kztZ-in-Ifpw hntZ-inIfpw injy-cm-bn. thZ-]-T-\- hn-Zym-e-bhpw

Imen-Iƒ°v sI -́nShpw ]Wn-Xp. Hcp {]kpw Bcw-̀ n-®p. 71˛mw hb- p-

hsc Xncp-h-Æm-a-e-bn¬Øs∂ Pohn®p kam-[n-b-S-™p.

AssZzX thZm-¥-amWv At±lw cNn® "D]-tZ-i-kw-{Klw.' ⁄m\m-

·n-bn¬ AlsØ tlmaw sNøp-∂-XmWv XymKw. icocw shdpw IqSmWv.

k®n-Zm\-μm\p`h-amWv bYm¿∞ tam£w.

11. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ (1888˛1975)

C≥Uy-bpsS {]kn-U‚m-bn-Øo¿∂ tUm. cm[m-IrjvW≥ Adnb-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv sslμh XXz-im-kv{X-⁄-\m-bn-´m-Wv. 1917 hsc a{Zm-kn¬

{]kn-U≥kn tImf-Pn¬ s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂ At±-lØns‚ D∂X

hnZym-̀ ymkw Xmw_cw {InkvXy≥ tImf-Pn-em-bn-cp-∂p. I≠-Øn¬ sI.

kn. amΩ≥am-∏nfbpsS ktlm-Z-c\mb Bep-hm-bnse sI.- kn. Nmt°m-

km-dns‚ kXo¿∞y-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne C≥Uy≥ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-fnepw

HmIvkvt^m¿Unepw hnkn-‰nwKv s{]m -̂k-dm-bn-cp-∂p. 1975˛se sSºnƒ-

´¨ Ahm¿Umb Hcp e£w tUmf-dn\v A¿l-\mbn. aXm-\p-̀ -h-Øn¬

ka-{K-amb Hcp kl-Pm-h-t_m[w (integral intuition) Ds≠∂v At±lw

]Tn-∏n-®p. AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-amWv ]Tn-∏n-®Xv. hninjvS {KŸ-ßƒ,

hninjy C≥Uy≥ ^ntem-k^n kw_-‘n® {KŸ-ßfpw lnμp-a-X-

Øns‚ alna ]m›m-Xysc t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øn. Eastern Religions andWestern Thought, An Idealist view of Life, Hindu view of Life apX-emb

At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-ßƒ Nn¥-Iƒ shfn-hm-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. C≥Uy≥

{]kn-U‚m-bn-Øo¿∂ At±lw lnμpaX ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°-fn¬ G‰w

{]kn-≤-\mb Hcmƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥-Iƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≠p-

sIm-≠mWv At±lw "C≥Uy≥ ̂ ntem-k^n' cNn-®-Xv. ]m›m-Xy¿°v

lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ alna At±lw hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. Ac-hn-μ-tLm-jn-s‚bpw alm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sSbpw kw`m-h-\-Isf

Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

36 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

2. sslμh \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ BNmcy hnt\m-_m-̀ msh-bpsS kw`m-

h-\-Ifn¬ DZm-Ø-am-bh Fßs\ XpScmw?

3. ca-W- a-l¿jn-bn¬ \n∂v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ]Tn-°m-hp∂ ]mT-

ßƒ I≠p]nSn-°p-I.

4. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xhpw k\y-mk-Po-hn-Xhpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

]mTw 6

sslμh \thm-∞m-\-

in¬]n-Iƒ (Xp-S¿®)

]n. kn. akqw-Zm¿Fw. Pn. dmWsU cmwZmkv a-tljv

tbmKn cm[m ktbman k-Xvkßv kXy-km-bn- _m_ {io\m-

cm-b-W-Kpcp

12. ]n. kn. akqw-Zm¿

1764 ˛¬ sk≥ t_mws_-bn¬ Bcw-`n® {]m¿∞\m kamPw 1872

˛¬ akqw-Zm¿ i‡n-s∏-SpØn. tIj_v Nμ¿ sk∂ns‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-

I-\mbn New Dispensation {]-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn® {]Xm]v Nμ¿

akqw-Zm¿ Ata-cn° BZyw kμ¿in-®-t∏mƒ 1883˛¬ The Oriental Christ(]u-c-kvXy-{In-kvXp) F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp {KŸw {]Imin∏n-®p. ]m›m-

Xy¿ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Adn-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv hnI-e-am-bn-´m-sW∂pw

ssZhn-Ia-\p-jy-Xz-ambn ]uc-kvXy¿°p am{Xta {InkvXp-hns\ {Kln-

°m≥ km[n°q F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jbw. hn. {XnXz-sØbpw

{InkvXp-hn-t\bpw Bflm-hn-t\bpw sslμh Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-bn¬ IqSn

hymJym-\n-°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv. {InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jyXzw

Aam-\p-jn-I-amb ssZh-a-\p-jyXz-am-bn-cp∂p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ AZzn-

XobX ]q¿Æ AhXm-c-sa∂ \ne-bnepw Ft∂-°p-ap≈ amXrI F∂

\ne-bnepw AwKo-I-cn-®p. tIj_v Nμ¿sk∂n-s\-t∏mse akqw-Zm¿

"{InkvXym-\n-bm-ImØ {InkvXym\n'bmbn-cp-∂p.

13. Fw. Pn. dmWsU

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw `mKØp Pohn® dmWsU

t_mws_ sslt°mS-Xn-bnse {]K-¤-\mb Hcp PUvPn,- Hcp Nn{XIm--

37[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

c≥, hnZym-̀ ym-k {]h-¿Ø-I≥, kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄≥, C≥Uy≥

\mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚ Hcp ÿm]-I-t\-Xmhv, Akm-am\y_p≤n-

am≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-¬ tim`n-®p. t_mws_-bnse {]m¿∞\mkamPw

hgnbpw a‰pw lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ \h-ssN-X\yw \evInb Hcp Cuiz-c-̀ -‡-

\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. apKƒ B{I-a-W-Øm¬ lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ A®-S-

°hpw, {InkvXob anj-\n¬ imkv{X-K-th-jW- a\x-ÿn-Xnbpw e`n-®p-

sh∂v At±lw hniz-kn®ncp-∂p. Cu in£Ww ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ

`mcXw hmKvZm\ \mSmIp-sa∂v At±lw {]Xo-£n-®ncp∂p. kv{Xo hntam-

N-\-Øn\v ]finX cam-_m-bnbpw, dm-W-sUbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. s]¨Ip-

´n-I-fpsS hnhm-l-{]mbw 12 Bbn Db¿Øp-∂Xn\v ]cn-{ian®p. X¬ -̂e-

ambn 1891˛¬ Cºo-cn-b¬ ePn-t…-‰ohv Iu¨kn¬ Hcp \n›bw AXn-

\mbn ]m m-°n.

14. cmwZmkv (1884˛1973)

ca-W-a-l¿jn Ig-n-™m¬ sXt° C≥Uy-bn¬ G‰w {]kn-≤-\mb

k\ymkn cmwZmkv Bbn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Npa-X-e-bn-ep≠mbn-cp∂ ssIØdn

hyh-kmbime hn´v hnØ-dmhp F∂ t]cn\p ]Icw cmwZmkv F∂

t]cv kzoI-cn®v k¿hkwK ]cn-Xym-Kn-bmbn ̀ mcXw ap-gp-h≥ Np‰n\S∂

Hcp Cuiz-c`-‡-\m-bn-cp∂p cmwZmkv. `K-h-XvKo-X, ]pXn-b-\n-baw,

{io_p≤-s‚ D]-tZißf-S-ßnb "sse‰v Hm^v Gjym' F∂o aq∂p

]pkvX-I-ßƒ At±l-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬In. sXt° I¿Æm-S-I-

Ønse Im©≥Im-́ n¬ cmwZmkv ÿm]n® B\-μm-{iaw At\-I- ̀ -‡-

∑msc ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂p -t]mepw BI¿jn-®p. ]nXmhp ]Tn-

∏n® alm-a-{¥-amb "Hmw dmw, Pbv dmw, Pbv Pbv dmw' D-cp-hn-´m¬ aXn,

hni-Zo-I-cn-t°≠m. apl-Ω-Zp-\_n ]Tn-∏n® ka¿∏-Whpw, {InkvXp ]Tn-

∏n® kvt\lhpw AXy-¥m-t]-£nXw, Cuiz-c-s\-b-√msX as‰m∂pw ]c-

am-\-¥-am-°-cp-Xv. DZmØ kvt\lw Bf-Ø-c-ln-X-amb Bflm-hn-t\mSv

_‘-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv. hnime ho£-W-ap≈ aX-am-bn-cp∂p dmwZm-kn-t‚-Xv.

15-. a-tljv tbmKn

atljvtbmKn-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-amWv AXo-{μnb [ym\w (Tran-scendental Meditation- T. M.). At±-l-Øn\v Ata-cn-°-bn-epw bqtdm-∏n-

ep-ambn 5 e£-Øn-e-[nIw injy-∑mcpw, H∂n-e-[nIw henb k¿Δ-I-em-

im-eIfpw, At\Iw [ym\]-cn-io-e\ tI{μ-ßfpap≠v. 1958˛¬ ]m›mXy

cmPy {]bm-W-am-cw-`n-°p-Ibpw "_o‰n¬' t]m]v ayqkn-°p-Im¿ Ct±-l-

Øn-s‚ D]-tZiw kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXtXm-Sp-IqSn a{Zm-kn¬ \n∂pw

tI{μw ]m›mXy cmPyßfn-te°p am‰n. AXo-{μnb [ym\Øm¬ Hmtcm

38 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

hy‡n-bn-ep-ap≈ ]ncn-ap-dp-°¬ sh-ń-am-‰m-sa∂pw temI-k-am-[m\w

ssIh-cp-Ømsa∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. kzman {_“m-\-μ -k-c-kzXn tIZm-

c-\m-Ynse tPymXn¿aT-Øn¬ 13 h¿jw At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-hmbn ]Tn-

∏n® ]mTw temIsØ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ ]m›mXyam[y-a-ß-fmb ‰n. hn.,

tdUn-tbm, hnam\w, s‰en-t^m-t´m-{Km^n, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, k¿Δ-I-em-im-

eIƒ, {]kw-K-ßƒ, C‚¿hyq apX-em-b-h D]-tbm-Kn®v tImSn-°-W-°n\p

cq]m kºm-Zn®v ‰n. Fw. {]Ncn-∏n-®p. Hcp a{¥w Kpcp-hn¬ \n∂p ]Tn®v

cl-ky-ambn kq£n®v Dcp-hn v́ At_m-[-a-\- nepw kØ-bnepw ISØn

cN-\m-flI _p≤n (Creative Intelligence) Df-hm°n kt¥mjw \¬Ip-

I-bmWv Dt±iyw. ‰n.- Fw. Znhkw 1 aWn-°q¿ hoXw Hcm-gvN-sIm≠v

Kpcp-hn¬ \n∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. CsXmcp imkv{XamsW∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂Xp-

t]mse CXn-\m¬ temIw kz¿§-am-Iptam F∂p kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. XymKw At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. Ata-cn-°-bnepw a‰pw ‰n. Fw.

]Tn-® ]ecpw \ncm-i-cmbn ]n≥hmßn At±-lsØ \ncq-]Ww sNøp-

∂p-≠v.

16. cm[m ktbman k-Xvkßv

(cm[-bpsS kzman-bmb {ioIr-jvWs‚ \√ kwLw)

ÿm]-I-\mb inh-Z-bm¬ kmln_v Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv cm[m-tkm-

tbman-Z-bm¬, tkm-tbm-anPn alm-cmPv F∂o c≠p t]cp-I-fn-emWv. At±-

l-Øns‚ c≠p- {KŸßfpsS t]cv "km¿_-®≥' (Essential Utterance)F∂mWv. At±-lhpw ̀ mcybpw {io-Ir-jvW-s‚bpw cm[-bp-sSbpw thj-

ßƒ AWn™ kzNn{Xw ̀ ‡¿°p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. hnjvWp-̀ ‡ IpSpw-

_Øn¬ P\n®v, hnjvWp-hn¬ \n∂p≈ hnZym-`ym-kamWv ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv.

c≠mw Kpcp ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂ kmen-{Kmw kmln_v Bbn-cp-∂p. 1878˛¬

Kpcp kam[n AS-™-t∏mƒ dmbn _l-Zq¿ aq∂mw Kpcp-hm-bn. 1898˛¬

acn°pw apºv "aT-{]-Imiv' F∂ {KŸw Cw•ojn¬ FgpXn. {]ÿm-\-

Øns‚ \memw Kpcp _wKmfn {_m“-W-\mb {_“i¶c≥ an{i Fw.

F. Bbn-cp-∂p. At±lw C-Xn\v Hcp `c-W-L-S-\ D≠m°n. CXns‚

]Tn-∏n-°-ep-I-fn¬ sshjvWh kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ \n∂pw kn°p-a-X-Øn¬

\n∂pap≈ Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m≈p-∂p. cm[m-k-tbm-an-bmWv BXy-

¥nI bmYm¿∞y-ap≈ km¥-k-XvKp-cp. B{K-mbn-emWv tI{μw. kuc-

bqY-Ønse \√ {]hmlw sNSn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jy\pw amem-J-bp-

ambn Db-cp-∂p. NoØ {]hmlw ̀ uXn-I-i-‡n°p hnt[-b-ambn Xmtg°p

t]mIp-∂p. BfloI afiew G‰w DZm-Øw. BfloI ̨ ̀ uXn-I-a-fiew

Bflo-I-i-‡n°p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ ̀ uXn-I-a-fi-ew. ̀ uXn-I ̨ BfloI

afiew ùXo-I-i-‡n°p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ BfloI afi-ew. Cu

39[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

{]ÿm\w sNdp-sX-¶n-epw At\Isc C∂pw BI¿jn-°p-∂p.

17. kXy-km-bn-_m_

`mc-X-Øn¬ C∂p Pohn-°p∂ k\ym-kn-am-cn¬ ]e-hn-[-Ønepw

G‰hpw A[nIw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp k\ym-kn-bmWv kXy-km-bn-_m-_.

At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m-cn¬ {][m-\n-I-fmb Nne¿ a{¥n-amcpw Kh¿Æ-

d∑mcpw PUvPn-amcpw a‰p-amb _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ BWv. injy¿ ÿm-]n®

kmbn-_m_ {SÃv, tImf-Pp-Ifpw Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw kvIqfp-Ifpw _me-̀ -

h-\-ßfpw a‰pw \S-Øp-∂p. Bbn-c-°-W°n\v Bfp-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\p

ZnhyXzw I¬]n®v Bcm-[n-°p-∂p. X\n°v ap∏Xp sIm√w apºv A¥-

cn® kn¿±n-bnse kmbn-_m-_-mbmWv Xms\∂pw, ASpØ Ah-Xmcw

ssakq-dn-em-bn-cn°pw F∂pw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. At±lw P\n-®-t∏mƒ

A¤p-X-ßƒ \S∂p F∂pw, BIm-i-Øn¬ \n∂pw hn`q-Xnbpw hmfpw

a‰pw krjvSn®v Bcm-[-I¿°p sImSp-°p∂p F∂pw, tcmKn-I-fpsS tcmKw

kzi-co-c-Øn¬ hln®v kpJw \¬Ip∂p F∂pw a‰p-amWv A\p-bm-bn-

Iƒ hniz-kn°p-∂Xv. hn\bw, kvt\lw, IcpW, A{I-a-cm-lnXyw,

I¿Ωw, `‡n, ⁄m\w (Work, Worship, Wisdom) apX-em-bh At±-l-

Øns‚ BZ¿i-ß-fm-Wv. Ct±lw kzbw ssZhXzw sXfnbn-°m≥ A¤p-

X-ßƒ sNøp∂p F¶nepw tbip-{InkvXp B ]co-£bv°p hnt[-b-\m-

ImsX IcpW ImWn-°p∂ AX-ni-b-ß-fmWp sNbvXXv.

18. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp (1857˛1928)

{io i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cmWv tIcfw P\n-∏n® G‰hpw henb sslμ-h-aX

]cn-jvI¿Øm-hpw XXz-Nn-¥-I\pw. F¶n-epw B[p-\n-I ImeØv tIcfw

I≠ henb sslμhaX \ho-I-cW I¿Ømhv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn\p

Ing-°p≈ sNº-g¥n {Kma-Øn¬ amS≥ Bim-s‚bpw, AΩm-fphns‚bpw

aI-\mbn P\n®v 71-̨ mw hb- n¬ h¿°e inh-Kn-cn-bn¬ k-am-[n-b-S™

{io\m-cm-bWKpcp BWv. aebm-fhpw, Xangpw, kwkvIr-Xhpw, FgpXm\pw

hmbn-°m\pw ]Tn-®p. "Xncp-°p-dƒ' ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXp. 22-˛mw hb- p -hsc Icp-\m-K-∏-≈n-°-SpØv ]pXp-∏-≈n-bnse

kwkvIr-X- hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂v, \mep h¿jw sIm≠p hymI-cWw,

X¿°-im-kv{Xw, thZm-¥-Z-¿i\w apX-em-bh ]Tn-® tijw kz{Km-a-Øn¬

t]mbn Bim≥ ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. Bim≥ D]-hm-k-Ønepw,

aX-I¿Ω-Ønepw \njvT-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. amXm-]n-Xm-°-sf {]oXn-s∏-

Sp-Øp-hm≥ hnhmlw Igns®-¶nepw IpSpw_Po-hn-Xw At±-l-Øn-\n-jvS-

am-bn-√. "temI-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Hmtcm Imcyw km[n-°p-hm-\p≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v \nß-fpsS Imcyw \nßƒ t\m°p-I, Rm≥ Fs‚ Imcyhpw

40 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

t\m°s´' F∂p ]d™p hoSphn´p t]m-∂p. ]ns∂ A-hn-tS°p t]mbn-

´n√. 29˛mw hb- n¬ k\ymkw kzoI-cn-®p. ̀ n£m-S\w sIm≠p PohnXw

\bn-®p. Aømhp imkv{Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw tbmKm`y-mkw ]cn-io-en-®p. A\-

¥cw acp-Xzm-a-e-bn¬ t]mbn tbmKm-k\w ]cn-io-en-®p. AhnsS Xm≥

Poh≥ ap‡-\mbn F∂v injy¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏Sp∂p. tIc-fhpw Xan-

gv\mSpw Xm≥ Np‰n-\-S∂p aSßn Acp-hn-∏pdØv Xma-k-am-°n. At\I

kμ¿i-I¿ AhnsS FØn. Nne¿ injy-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Acp-hn-∏p-d-hpw,

h¿°-ebpw tI{μ-am°n tIcfw, Xan-gv\mSv, kntem¨ bm{X-Iƒ

XpS¿∂p. Cug-h-\mbn P\n® Ct±-l-Øns‚ {][m-\- ]-Tn-∏n°¬ PmXn-

hy-Xym-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 1912 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw inh-Kn-cn-bn¬ imc-

Zm-a-μn-chpw, inh-t£-{Xhpw, Cw•ojv kvIqfpw Xm≥ ÿm]n-®p.

inh-Kncn Xo¿∞m-S-I-tcmSv D]tZin® F v́ Imcyßƒ hnZym-̀ ymkw,

ipNnXzw, Cuiz-c-`-‡n, kwL-S-\, Irjn, I®-hSw, ssIsØm-gn¬,

kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. P\p-hcn 1-˛\v Cu

Xo¿∞mS\w \SØp∂ a-™- h-kv{X[mcnIƒ C∂pw IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-

°p-∂p. Bephm aW¬∏p-dØv Hcp AssZzXm-{iahpw A-t±lw

ÿm]n®p. cho-{μ-\mY SmtKmdns‚ A`n-{]mbw CXm-bn-cp-∂p: "ae-bm-f-

Ønse kzman \mcmbWKpcp-hnt\-°mƒ B≤ym-fln-I-ambn Db¿∂

as‰m-cmsf F\n°p ImWm≥ Ign™n-́ n√.' At±l-Øns‚ ]Tn-∏n-°¬

Cßs\ Npcp-°n-∏-dbmw. "Hcp PmXn, Hcp aXw, Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v.'

AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-amWv At±lw ]Tn∏n-®Xv. "{_“w, kXyw, PKw

anYym, FI-tahw, AZzn-Xobw', "PmXn tNmZn-°-cpXv, ]d-b-cpXv, AXn-

s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°-cp-Xv.' "kXym-t\zjnIƒ°v aXw Nq≠p-]-e-I-bm-Wv,

km£m-XvIm-cw {]m]n-®-h¿°v aXw Bh-iy-an-√.'

aZy-]m-\sØ At±lw Bthmfw FXn¿Øp. sXßv sNØp sXmgn-

embn kzoI-cn-®-hsc AXn¬ \n∂p ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-®p. {io\m-

cm-bW [¿Ω ]cn-]m-e-\-tbmKw (S.N.D.P). At±lw Bcw-̀ n®v Cugh

kap-Zm-b-Øn\v sI´p-d-∏pw, ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw, cmjv{Sob-i-‡nbpw, hnZym-

`ymkhpw \¬In. Xmen-sI-´n\pw a‰pw sNe-hm-°n-bn-cp∂ A\m-h-iy-

sN-ehpIƒ Hgn-hm-°n®p.

S.N.D.P -aX-{]-[m-\-a√msX sk°p-e¿ Bb-Xn-\m¬ At±lw

k\ymk-in-jy¿°-\p-cq-]-ambn ac-W-]-{Xn-I-bn¬ Cßs\sbgp-Xn: Xs‚

A\-¥-c-mhIm-in-bmb "t_m[m-\-μs‚ PohnX tijw Cu ÿm]-\ß-

fpsSbpw hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw ]n≥Xp-S¿®m-h-Imiw \ΩpsS injy-]-cº-

c-bmb k\ym-kn-am-cpsS ̀ qcn-]-£m-̀ n-{]mb {]Imcw Ah-cn¬ \n∂p sXc-

s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp k\ym-kn-°m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw B Ah-Imiw injy-]-

41[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

c-º-c-bn¬ \ne\n¬°p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p.' Cu k\ym-k-kw-L-Øns‚

t]cmWv {io\m-cm-bW [¿Ω kwLw.

]n.- F-®v. -Un. kºm-Zn® \S-cm-P-Kpcp (tUm. ]ev]p-hns‚ ]p{X≥)

ÿm]n® Kpcp-Ipew hntZi injy-∑m-tcbpw h¿°-e-bn-te-bv°m-I¿-

jn®p. ]e XhW hntZi]cy-S\w \S-Ønb tijw At±lw kam-[n-

bS-™p. \nXyssNX\ybXn Ct∏mƒ B the XpScp∂p. Xmgv∂ PmXn-

°m¿°pw Aºew XpS-ßm-sa∂pw, ]qP-Iƒ \S-Øm-sa∂pw {io\m-cm-b-

W-Kpcp sXfn-bn-®-Xn-\m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ t£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw Xzcn-

X-s∏-́ p.

{InkvXpaX-Øn-te°v CughcpsS Hgp°p XS-bp-hm\pw {io\m-cm-bW

Kpcp-hn\p km[n-®p. F∂m¬ tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ At±lw Bcm-[y-

\mbn kzoI-cn-®ncp-∂p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 Cu ]mT-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ \thm-∞m-\ -t\-Xm-°sf Xmc-X-ay-s∏-

SpØn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I.

2. {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ, a∂-Øp- ]-fl-\m-`≥ F∂n-

h-sc-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-hp-∂-sX-gp-Xp-I.

3. tIc-f-Ønse lnμp \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Nne {]tXyI DZm-l-c-

W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v (t£-{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_-cw, Ah¿W¿°pw ]qPm-

cn-I-fm-Im-\p≈ Ah-Imiw apX-em-b-h) ]Tn®v D]-\y-kn-°p-I.

4. kao-]-Ime Kpcp-]-c-º-c-bn¬ {it≤-b-cmb kzman Nn∑-bm-\-μ,

kzman \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn, amXm Aar-Xm-\-μ-abn apX-em-b-h-sc-

°p-dn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

Nne klm-bI {KŸ-ßƒ

1. Fr: Zacharias: Hinduism, Alwaye Pontifical Seminary.

2. T. M. P. Madhavan: Outline of Hinduism.

3. dh. ]n.- F-kv. Zm\n-tb¬: `mc-X-Ønse aX-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ

T. L. C./C. L. S., Xncp-h-√.

4. dh. ]n. ‰n. tXmakv: ̀ mc-X-Ønse B[p-\nI aX-Nn-¥-Iƒ, C. L. S.,Xncp-h-√.

5. Christ of the Indian Renaissance: M. M. Thomas, C. L. S., Madras.

42 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

bqWn‰v 2

CX-c- aXßƒ

]mTw 1

C…mw aXw

apl-Ω-Zn\p apºv apl-ΩZp \_n (570˛692) \mev ASn-ÿm-\-

ßƒA©p [m¿ΩnI kvXq]-ßƒ

{InkvXp-aXw Ign-™m¬ temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw A\p-bm-bn-

I-fp-≈Xv C…m-wa-X-Øn-\m-Wv. C…mw -F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w A\p-

k-cWw, ka¿∏Ww F∂m-Wv.

1. apl-Ω-Zn\p apºv

G. -Un. Bdmw \q‰m-≠p- hsc D≠m-bn-cp∂ Atd_y kmwkvImcn-I-

ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw kmºØn-I-ambpw A‘-Im-cm-hr-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kv{XoIƒ°v A∂p ]pcp-j-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w ka-Xz-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v

P\kwJy Ipd-bv°phm≥ s]¨Ip´nIsf Poht\msS Ipgn-®nSpambn-

cp∂p. _lp `¿ØrXzhpw _lp `mcym-Xzhpw \ne-\n∂ncp-∂p. ap´m

hnhml{]Imcw ̀ mcy, kz-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw ̀ ¿Ømhv I®-h-

S-Øn\pw a‰pw hcp-tºmƒ am{Xw `mcybmbn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p. \n°mlv hnhml{]Imcw bp≤Øntem, sIm-≈-bn-tem,

hne sImSptØm `mcyamsc hkq-em-°p-am-bncp-∂p. Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-

Øn¬ thWw ÿnc-ambn kwc-£n°p-hm≥ am¿§-ap-≈h¿°v \mep ̀ mcy-

amsc A\p-h-Zn® apl-Ω-Zns‚ ]cn-jvImcw ImWp-hm≥. \mep t]scbpw

Hcpt]mse ]cn-K-Wn-°-W-sa∂ Iev]-\-bpsS A¿∞w, Hcp ̀ mcy am{Xta

km[n°q F∂msW∂p hymJym-\n-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. At\I hn{K-l-ßsf

Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv sa°-bnse IdpØ I√mb Im_-bn¬

am{Xta Xo¿∞m-S\w BImhp F∂ \n¿t±iw \¬In-b-Xv. ]nimNp-°-

fnepw Zpcm-flm-°-fn-ep-ap≈ hnizmkw, arK_en, hn{K-lm-cm-[-\, _lp-

ssZ-hhnizmkw apX-em-bh \ne-\n∂ Atd-_y-bn-emWv apl-ΩZv P\n-

®Xv. B ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ At±lsØ ImWp-I.

2. apl-ΩZp \_n (570˛692)

sa°-bnse I®-h-S-°m-c-\mb A_vZp-≈-bpsSbpw Aao-\m-bp-sSbpw

a-I-\mbn saZo-\-bn¬ P\n-®p. Ip™p- ]nd-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmbn ]nXmhp

43[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

acn-®p. BZyw hen-b-∏≥ A_vZpƒ apØm-en-_pw, ]n∂oSv _‘phpw

[\-hm\pamb A_p-Xm-en_pw apl-ΩZns\ hf¿Øn. 25 hb- m-b-t∏mƒ

40 hb- p-≈ [\n-I-°-®-h-S-°m-cnbmb JZo-P-bpsS ̀ ¿Ømhmbn. I®-

h-Sm¿∞w ]e-kvXo-\n¬ ]e bm{X-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ {InkvXym-\n-

Isf ]cn-N-bs∏s -́¶nepw, hnip≤ {XnXzØns‚ Bg-amb A¿∞w Ah¿

apl-Ω-Zns\ ]Tn-∏n®n√. 40-˛mw hb- n¬ dwkm≥ amkw lodm- Kp-l-

bn¬ D]-hm-k-Øn¬ Ign™t∏mƒ ssZhen-JnXamb hn. Jpdm≥ K{_n-

tb¬ hiw kn¬°p-Xp-Wn-bn¬ apl-Ω-Zn\p sImSp-Ø-b®p F∂mWp

sFXnlyw. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw K{_n-tb¬ ]Tn-∏n®p. Z¿i\w e`n®

Imcyw JZo-Pmsb Adn-bn-®p. "F\n°v H∂p-In¬ Indp°v, As√-¶n¬

Z¿i\w e`n-®p.' AXp Z¿i\w Xs∂-bm-sW∂p JZoPm Xd-∏n®p

]d™p.

\mev]Xm-asØ hb- p- hsc sa°-bnse I®-h-S-°m-c-\mb apl-Ω-

Zn\v JZo-Pm-bn¬ P\n® c≠v B¨a-°fpw acn-s®-¶nepw \mep s]¨-

a°ƒ sNdp-∏Øn¬ acn-®n-√. BZysØ aq∂p h¿jw sIm≠v IpSpw-

_mwK-ßsf C…mw -a-X-Øn¬ tN¿Øp. A∂p tN¿Ø DØvam≥ ]n∂oSv

aq∂m-asØ Jmeo^v Bbn.

ASpØ ]Øp h¿jw a{¥-hm-Zn-Ifpw a‰pw apl-Ω-Zns\bpw A\p-bm-

bn-I-sfbpw D]-{Z-hn-°m≥ F√m AS-hp-Ifpw ]b‰n. i{Xp-°-fpsS D]-

{Zhw \nanØw G. Un 622˛¬ 52˛m asØ hb- n¬ saZo-\bnte°p

Poh-c-£m¿∞w Hcp klm-bn-bp-ambn apl-ΩZv HmSn-b-t∏mƒ apX-emWv

lnPvdm F∂ apl-Ω-Zob h¿jw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv At±lw

ssk\nI-i-‡n-tbmsS Xncn-s®Øn. sa°-bp-sSbpw saZo-\bp-sSbpw

A[n]-\mbn ̀ cn®v C…mw-aX hncp≤-cmb Gh-tcbpw Xd ]‰n-®p. At±lw

Akm-[m-cW Ign-hp≈ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lsØ A¥y-{]-hm-N-I≥

Bb dkq¬ A≈ Bbpw, A≈m-bpsS {]tXyI ktμ-i-hm-l-I-\mbpw

ap…oßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. Ign-hp≈ ]n≥Km-an-I-sf At±lw Npa-X-e G¬-

∏n®p.

3. \mev ASn-ÿm-\-ßƒ

hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-hpw ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw ASßnb GI ASn-ÿm-\-

amWv {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-s\-¶n¬ Jpdm≥, kp∂ (]m-c-º-cyw), CPva, Iznbm

F∂o \mev ASnÿm\ßƒ C…m-an-\p-≠v. G‰hpw {][m\w hn. Jpdm≥

BWv. B hm°ns‚ A¿∞w Dcp-hn-SpI (Recitation) F∂m-Wv. ]g-b-

\n-b-a-Øn-tebpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-tebpw At∏m-{In-^-bn-tebpw

`mKßfpw IqSmsX a‰v ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ, sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ, t]¿jy≥ aXm-

44 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Nm-c-ßƒ, tPymXn-imkv{Xw, amPn°v apX-em-b-h-bpsS kam-lm-c-am-sW-

¶nepw ssZh-Øns‚ t\cn-´p≈ shfn-∏mSmbpw sX‰n-√mØ thZ-am-bp-

amWv C…mw-aXw Cu {KŸsØ AwKo-Icn°p∂Xv. 114 A≤ym-b-ßƒ

Bbn 286 hmIyap≈ hepXp apX¬ 3 hmIy-ap≈ sNdpXp hsc {Iao-I-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ GIXzw, \oXn, k¿Δ-i-‡n, k¿Δ-⁄Xzw,

k¿Δm-[n-]Xyw F∂nh hn. Jpdm≥ Dd-∏n®p ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. kz¿§w, \cIw,

\ymb-hn[n apX-em-b-hsb Cu temI-Po-hn-X-Øn\v kam-\-amb hn[Øn-

emWv hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \mep `mcy-am¿ hscbp≈ C…m-an-I-

km∑m¿§nI-X-bpsS Af-hp-tIm-em-Wv hn. Jpdm≥. G.- Un. 656˛¬ acn®

DØvam≥ Jmen^v Iq´n-t®¿Ø- ̀ mKw hsc AXn¬ ImWmw. At±lw

\n¿t±-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®p a‰p tIm∏n-Iƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-́ p. AXn-\m¬ hyXy-

kvX-ß-fmb ssIsb-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-I-ƒ C√. anin-lm-sb-°p-dn®v F´p

ÿm\Øpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-°p-dn®p Ccp-]-Øn-b©v ÿm\Øpw

]d-™n-́ p-≠v. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ I\y-Im-P-\-\hpw c≠m-asØ hchpw

AwKoI-cn°ps∂-¶nepw ac-Whpw Dbn¿∏pw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√.

H≥]Xmw A≤ymbw HgnsI F√mw XpS-ßp-∂Xv "a\- -enhpw Icp-W-

bp-ap≈ A≈m-lp-hns‚ \maØn¬' F∂mWv. Ad-_n`m-j-bn-ep≈ an°-

hmdpw F√m- {K-Ÿ-ßfpw hn. Jpdms\°pdn®p ]d-bp-∂p.

kp∂ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ G‰hpw A[nIw AwK-ß-

fp≈ kp∂n hn`m-K-Øn\v hn. Jpdm\p Xpeyw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-XmWv. hn.

Jpdm-\n¬ ]d-b-s∏-SmØ apl-Ω-Zns‚bpw BZy-Im-e- t\-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw

hmN-IßfpsS kamlmc-amWv kp∂m. apl-Ω-Zns‚ acWm-\¥cw

Ccp∂qdp h¿jßƒ°Iw Ah kam-lcn-°-s∏SpIbpw, lm\n-ss -̂‰v,

amen-ss°-‰v, jmss -̂‰v, lm≥_n sse‰v F∂o \mep kv°qfpIƒ D≠m-

Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mep Cam-ap-I-fpsS t]cp-I-tfmSp tN¿Øm-Wo- t]-cp-

Iƒ.

CPvam F∂ aq∂mw ASn-ÿm\w ap…ow aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS (apPv-

ddm-ln-Un≥) GIm-̀ n-{]m-b-am-Wv. hn. Jpdm-\n-setbm kp∂-mbn-setbm

GsX-¶nepw Hcp ̀ mK-sØ°p-dn®p hymJym\hy-Xymkap≠mbm¬ C…m-

anIv ssZh-im-kv{X⁄∑mcpsSbpw Cam-apIfp-sSbpw GIm`n-{]mbw

tXSWw. CPvam F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w "tiJ-cn-°pI' F∂mWv. A_q-

t_-°-dns\ Jmen^v B°n-bXv CPvam {]Im-camWv. bmYm-ÿn-XnI

ap…owho£-W-{]-Imcw \mev Camw Ign™v C{]-Imcw GIm-̀ n-{]mbw

]d-bmhp∂ apPvddm-ln-Un≥ C√.

Izn-bmkv F∂Xns‚ A¿∞w Dulw, \nK-a\w Fs∂m-s°bmWv.

{]tXy-I -kw-i-b-\n-hm-c-W-Øn\v ap≥]-d™ aq∂-Snÿm-\ß-fpsS shfn-

45[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

®Øn¬ FSp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-amWv Iznbmkv.

4. A©p [m¿ΩnI kvXq]-ßƒ ([m¿Ωn-Im-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ)

Hmtcm ap…ow hnizm-knbpw sNtø-≠Xmbn apl-ΩZp ]Tn-∏n® A©p-

Im-cy-ß-fmWv A©p XqWp-Iƒ:˛

1) hnizm-k-{]-amWw: A-≈mlp A√msX ssZh-an-√. aplΩZv ssZh-

Øns‚ At∏m-kvtXm-e-\m-Wv F∂p -Rm≥ G‰p]d-bp-∂p (fm C fm

lm C√ A-≈mlp apl-ΩZv dkqƒ Dƒ A≈m). Cu G‰p]d-®n¬ C…m-

anI hnizm-k-{]am-W-am-Wv. Cu temI-Øn¬ P\n-°p∂ Ip´n-bpsS

sNhnbn¬ BZyw tIƒt°≠ hmNIw CXmWv. CXp tI´psIm≠p-

thWw acn°p-hm\pw. A©p-t\cw {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmgpw CXv Dcp-hn-SWw.

Hcp-hs\ aX-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂Xv CXv G‰p]d-bn®p -thWw. hnip≤

Jpdm-\n¬ Hcn-S-Ømbn CXp ImWp∂n-√. F∂m¬ c≠mbn ]ebn-S-

Øpap≠v (47:21; 46:29), Hcp-h≥ Jp-dm≥ ]Tn-®n-s√-¶nepw ta¬]-d™

hnizmkw G‰p]d-™m¬ aXn ap…ow BIp-hm≥. ap…oamb B¿°pw

G‰p-]dbn°mw.

2) A©pt\csØ {]m¿∞-\ (kemØv) \S-tØ≠Xv F√m ap…o-

ans‚bpw ISabmWv. A©p -t\cw tamkvIn¬ hm¶p hnfn°ptºmƒ

AhnsS {]thint®m AXmXp ÿm\Øv Ipºnt´m \a-kv°cn-°-Ww

(AXn-cm-hnse, D®bv°v, aq∂p aWn°v, kqcymkvXa\-tijw, Dd-°-

Øn\p apºv) aq∂p {]mhiyw apJhpw, ssIap´p hscbpw a‰pw ip≤o-I-

cn°p∂ 14 \nbaßfp≠v. sa°bpsS t\sc Xncn-™m-Wv {]m¿∞nt°-

≠Xv (C-t∏mƒ sa°m ImWn-°p∂ {]tXy-I -hm-®pIƒ D≠v).

3) k°mØv: hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 2.5 iX-am\w (1/40) \n¿∫-‘-Zm-\-

ambn \¬I-Ww. Jpdm≥ 9:60˛¬ ]d-bp∂ F´p hn`m-K-Øn\v (Zcn-{Z¿,

Bh-iy-°m¿, k°mØp ]ncn°p-∂-h¿, C…mw-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂-h¿,

ASnaI-fpsS hntam-N-\-Øn\v, IS-°m¿°v, ssZh-Im-cy-Øn\v, bm{Xbv°v)

k°mØp sImSp-°-Ww. tamkv°v ]Wn-bp-hmt\m, ihw Ipgn®nSp-

hmt\m, acn-®-h-cpsS ISw hoSm-t\m, ASn-a-sb hnebv°p hmßmt\m

k°mØv D]tbmKn°cpXv. ISap≈h¿ k°mØp sImSp-t°≠.

4) tdmk: Ie-≠dnse 6˛mw amk-amb dwkm≥ amksØ D]-hmkw

\memw XqWm-Wv. ]I-¬ am{Xw D]-h-kn-®m¬ aXn. Ip´n-Ifpw tcmKn-

Ifpw D]-h-knt°-≠m. tcmKw amdn-bn´p ]I-cw (tIm-Zm) D]-hmkw

\SØWw. XpS-ßptºmgpw Ahkm\n°p-tºmgpw {]tXyI {]m¿∞\

sNm√-Ww. N{μ°e ImWp∂ Znhkw XpSßWw. K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ {]k-

46 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

hm-\¥cw tImZ-mbmbn D]-h-kn-°-Ww. D]-hmk-em`w k°m-Ømbn Zcn-

{Z¿°pw a‰pw sImSp-°-Ww (2.180). D]-hmkkabw hn. Jpdm≥ hmbn-

°m\pw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. {InkvXym-\n-I-tf-°mƒ Imcy-ambn D]-h-

kn-°p-∂Xv ap…ow aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW-∂p-≈Xv kzbw Xncp-Ø-en\v

{InkvXym-\n-Isf t{]cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

5) l÷v: Bbp- n¬ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw sa°-mbn-te°p≈ Xo¿∞m-S-

\-amb l÷v AXn\p kuI-cy-ap-≈ F√m ap…o-ap-Ifpw \S-tØ-≠-XmWv

(3:9). t\cn´p t]mIm≥ høm-Ø-h¿ ]I-cw (Proxy) Hcmsf hnS-Ww.

l÷p \S-Øn-bh≥ lmPn-bm-Ip-∂p. l÷p ka-bØv Hcpt]mep≈

{]tXyI hkv{Xw Ghcpw [cn®v kmtlm-Zcyw ImWn-°Ww. sa°m-

bnse IdpØ I√mb Im_-mbpsS Np‰pw Ggp heØv shbv°-Ww.

km^m-Ip-∂n¬ \n∂v am¿hm Ip∂n-te-°v HmSWw. _e-lo-\¿ Igp-

X∏pd-Øpw a‰pw t]mbm¬ aXn (2:153). 12-̨ mw amk-amWv l÷p \StØ-

≠-Xv. l÷v -k-a-bØv sa°m-bn¬ aX-{]-kw-K-ap-≠v.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 apl-Ω-Zp-\-_n-bpsS ]cn-jvIm-c-ßsf apl-Ω-Zn\p apºp≈ Ad_n

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

2 [m¿Ωn-Im-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmSp≈ C…mw at\m-`mhhpw ss{IkvXh

at\m-̀ m-hhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

]mTw 2

C…mw aXw (XpS¿®)

C…manI ssZh-imkv{Xw A-hm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

1. C…manI ssZh-imkv{Xw

C…manI ssZhimkv{Xw lnμp ^ntemk^n t]msetbm,

{InkvXob ssZh-imkv{Xw t]msetbm Bghpw ]c-∏p-ap≈X√ F∂p

kΩ-Xn-°-Ww. AXns‚ ImcWw a‰p aX-ßfpw {KŸ-ßfpw ]Tn-°p-∂-

Xnep≈ hnap-J-Xbpw hnip-≤- Jp-dms\ am{Xw B[n-Im-cn-I-am-°n-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xp-amWv. GXm≠v Bdv aX kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ C…m-anIv ]Tn∏n°¬

kw{Kln°mw.

47[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

(1) A≈m-lp-hnep≈ hnizmkw

Atd-_y-bnse _lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-tØm-Sp-≈ FXn¿∏n-\m-em-bn-

cn°mw A≈m-lp-hns‚ G-IXzw IW-°n-e-[nIw Du∂n- ]-Tn-∏n°p-∂-Xv.

"A≈mlp hen-b-h-\m-Ip-∂p. A≈mlp A√msX ssZh-an-√. {]m¿∞n-

∏m≥ hcp-hn≥' F∂XmWv hm¶p-hnfn. {InkvXob GI ssZh-hn-izmkw

hn. {XnXzw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw (Inclusive) C…manIv GI ssZh-

hnizmkw {XnXz-sØtbm, ssZhXzØnse kvt\lIq´mbvatbm Dƒ-

s°m≈mØ (Exclusive) hnizm-k-am-Wv.

(2) amem-Jamcpw ]nimNp-°fpw (Angelology & Demonology)

amem-Jamcpw ]nim-Np-°fpw C…mw aX-hn-izm-k-Øn-ep-≠v. ssZh-knw-

lm-k\w Im°p-hm\pw, \c-Im·n sISmsX kq£n-∏m\pw, hnizm-kn-

Isf Biz-kn-∏n∏m\pw, acn°p∂hsc kzoIcn∏m\pw, \ymb-hn-[n-bn¬

Imlfw [z\n-∏n°phm\pw a‰pw {]tXyI amem-Jamcp≠v. aplΩ-Zns‚

Bflm-hns\ kzoIcn∏m≥ temIØn¬ h∂tijw K{_n-tb-¬ temIw

kμ¿in-®n´n-√. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw heØv \∑ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Ipdn-

∏m\pw, CSØp Xn∑ {]hrØnIƒ Ipdn-∏m\pw Hmtcm amemJam-cp-≠v.

C_veo-kv, Po≥ apXemb ]nimNp°ƒ°v amemJamcpsS cq]-Øn¬

h-cp-hm≥ A[n-Imcan√. ]nim-Nns‚ ssk\y-ß-fmWv hnizm-knIƒ°v

tZmjhpw, \m-ihpw hcp-Øp-∂-Xv.

(3) thZ-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

104 {KŸ-ßƒ kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂b®-h-bn¬ BZm-an\p ]Øpw,

tiØn\v 50˛Dw, Cut\m-°n\v (lm-t\m-°v) 30-̨ -Dw, A{_-lm-an\v 10˛Dw

t\c-sØ- \¬Inbncp∂p. ]n∂oSp≈ \mev thZßƒ tami-bpsS tXmdm-

bpw, Zmho-Zns‚ km_pdpw, tbip-hns‚ C≥Pnepw (G-h≥tK-en-tbm≥)

apl-Ω-Zns‚ Jpdm\pw BWv. G‰hpw {][m-\-amb Jpdm≥ 23 h¿jw

sIm≠v apl-Ω-Zn\p ̀ mKw ̀ mK-ambn sImSp-Ø-Xm-Wv. 100 BZy{KŸß-

tf°mƒ \mep thZ-ßƒ°pw \men¬ A[nIambn \mem-a-tØXn\pw

{]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. Jpdm-\n¬ bmsXmcp sX‰n-√m-sXbpw ssZhhN-\-ambpw

ssZh-lnXw AS-ßn-bn-́ p-≠v.

(4) {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑m-cpw

124000 {]h-mN-I-∑m-cn¬ 6 t]¿ G‰hpw hen-b-h¿: BZmw, t\ml,-

A-{_-lmw, tami, tbip, apl-ΩZvv. Ch-cn¬ am\-h-cm-in°p apgp-h-\mbn

h∂Xv apl-Ω-Zm-Wv.

48 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

(5) \ymb-hn-[nbpw Dbn¿∏pw

\ymb-hn-[nbpw Dbn¿∏pw \S-°p∂ henb Znhkw a\p-jym-ÿn-Iƒ

F√mw 40 Znh-ksØ ag-bm¬ Pohn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Dbn¿°p-Ibpw

Ghcpw \ymbw hn[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. F√m ap…o-ap-Ifpw kz¿Æ-

JNnXamb ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬ {]thin°pw. AhnsS F√m kpJt`mPy-ßfpw

a‰p `uXnI kp-J-ßfpw e`n-°pw. Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒ (Infidels) ]nim-Nn-

t\m-Sp-IqSn \c-I-Øn¬ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.

(6) ap≥\n¿Æbw

Nne¿ kz¿§-Øn\pth≠nbpw, Nn-e¿ \c-I-Øn\p th≠nbpw A≈m-

lp-hn-\m¬ ap≥ \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-́ n-cn-°p∂p F∂v C…mw hniz-kn-°p∂p.

\∑bpw, Xn∑bpw F√mw A≈m-lp-hns‚ ap≥ \n¿ÆbamWv. "\c-Ihpw

kz¿§hpw CjvS-am-Ip∂p F∂√, ap≥ \n¿Æb-am-Ip∂p' F∂mWv A¬-

_¿°mhn F∂ ap…ow ]fin-X≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. ssZhw F¥p-sIm≠v

Xn∑ ap≥\n¿Æ-bn®p F∂ tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcw ssZh-Øn\p am{Xta

Adn-bmhq.

2. A-hm-¥-c- hn-`m-K-ßƒ

C…m-an¬ Ahm-¥-c -hn`mK-ßƒ D≠m-bXv {][m-\-ambpw apl-Ω-

Zn\p tij-ap≈ ]n≥XpS¿®-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Ielw aqe-am-Wv. At\I

hn`m-K-ßƒ Ds≠-¶nepw G‰hpw henb c≠p- hn-̀ m-K-ßƒ kp∂n-Ifpw

jnbm-Ifpw At{X. Ch-bn¬ FÆw- Iq-Sp-Xepw, hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬

IqSp-X¬ {]N-cn®ncn-°p-∂Xpw ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ kp∂n-I-

fm-Ip∂p. apºp ]d™ \mev Cam-ap-Ifpw kp∂n-I-f-t{X. A©p XqWp-

Iƒ IqSmsX ]pWy-Øn-\p -th≠n IqSp-X¬ sa°m Xo¿∞m-S\w, AXn\p

tij-ap≈ Zm\-ßƒ, {]tXy-I- {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ, IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ XΩn-

ep≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ F√mw kp∂n-Iƒ sNøp-∂p. A≈mlp \¬Inb

Jpdm\p Xpey-amWv apl-ΩZv ]Tn-∏n® kp∂m-Ifpw, Ch-cn¬ Hcp Ahm-

¥c hn`m-K-amWv hlzm_n-Iƒ.

jn-bm-Iƒ A[n-Ihpw t]¿jy-bn-em-Wv. DØ-tc-¥y-bnepw ]m°n-

ÿm-\nepw Ah-cp-≠v. Ah¿ apl-Ω-Zns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb Benbv°v,

apl-ΩZn-t‚-Xmb ÿm\w Xs∂ sImSp-Øp. apl-Ω-Zns\ hf¿Ønb

A_p -Xmen_ns‚ aI\pw apl-Ω-Zns‚ acp-a-I\pw, apl-Ω-Zns\ Hcp

A{Ian-bn¬ \n∂p c£n-®-h-\p-amb Ben°v apl-ΩZnt\°mƒ Db¿∂

ÿm\w sImSp-°p∂p F∂pw ]dbmw. \mem-asØ Jmen^v ÿm\w

F¶nepw H∂mw ÿm\-amWv jnbm-Iƒ Aen°p \¬Ip-∂Xv. AXn\p

49[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

apºp `cn® aq∂v Cam-apI-fmb A_q-t_-°¿, DΩ¿, DØp-a≥ F∂n-

hsc Ah¿ kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿ apl-Ω-Zns‚ IpSpw-_mwKßtfm,

hwitam A√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ggmw Cam-tam-Sp -IqSn (770˛¬) Cam-w ]c-ºc

Xo¿∂p F∂v Ch-cn¬ Hcp- Iq´cpw ]{¥≠mw Cam-tam-Sp -IqSn (870)

am{Xta \n∂p≈p F∂v a‰-hcpw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. t]¿jy-bnse "jm'

am¿ AZriy Cam-ap-Iƒ BIp-∂p. C¥y-bnse Al-Ω-Zo-bcpw jnbm-I-

fpsS Hcp hn`m-Kam-Wt{X. kp∂n-Ifpw jnbm-Ifpw Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw

{][m-\-s∏´ Hcp hn`mKw ap´m knsse-‰p-Iƒ BWv. Ah¿ hy‡n

kzmX{¥y-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. P\m-[n-]Xy hmZn-I-sf¶nepw Ch-cpsS

FÆw Ipd-hm-Wv.

kq^n-Iƒ BWv C…m-anse k\ym-kn-{]-ÿm-\-°mcpw, anÃn-°p-

Ifpw. F. Un. 750˛¬ kndn-bm-bn¬ Bcw-̀ n® kq^n-I-fpsS {][m\ Fgp-

Øp-Im¿ A¬K- m-en -B-bn-cp-∂p. Jpdms‚ 94˛mw kqdm A\p-k-cn®v

apl-ΩZp Xs∂ Hcp anÃn-°m-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p aX anÃn-knkw t]mse

CXpw kzbw]cnXymK-Øn\pw, ssZh-[ym-\-Øn\pw, Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\pw ssZh-

Øn¬ ebn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-∂p. IqSmsX Xn∑ \∑--

bpsS \ntj[w am{X-am-sW∂pw, ssZhw am{Xw k¿Δhpw F∂p Ah¿

]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 C…m-anIv ssZh-k-¶-ev]-hpw, ss{IkvXh ssZh-k-¶ev]hpw XΩn¬

Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

2 c£-sb-°p-dn®p≈ ]Tn-∏n-°¬ C…m-an¬ Fß-s\-bmWv?

Nne ]pkvX-I-ßƒ (c≠p ]mT-ßƒ°pw)

1 Gibb HAR, Mohammedanism, Oxford, 1950.2 Gragg K. The call of the Mineret, Oxford 1056.3 Jones L. Bevan, The People of the Mosque, YMCA, Calcutta, 1932.4 Houlsme, M.T., The Encyclopedia of Islam, (4 Vols.)5 Samartha S. J., Christian Muslim Dialogue: (Broumana Papers WCC,

1973).

50 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 3

kn°p-aXw

ÿm]I-\mb Kpcp-\m-\m°v ]Øp Kpcp-°ƒ {]tXy-IX

FÆ-Øn¬ C≥Uy≥ {In-kvXy-m\n-Itf-°mƒ Ipd-hmWv kn°p-a-Xm-

\p-bm-bn-Iƒ. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Kpcp-\m-\m-°n\m¬ (1469˛1538)

ÿm]n-X-amb kn°p-aXw C∂v `mcX-Øn¬ Hcp i‡n-bm-Wv. ]©m-

_n¬ am{X-am-bn-cp∂ kn°p-Im¿ C∂v C≥Uy-bpsS F√m ]´-W-ß-

fnepw temI-Øp ]e-bn-SØpw NnX-ds∏´p InS-°p∂p.

ÿm]I-\mb Kpcp-\m-\m°v

emtlm-dn\p sX°p-]-Sn-™mdv X¬h-≠n-bn¬ sslμh Jm{Xn PmXn-

bn¬ (C-t∏mƒ \m\m-°p-I-c) P\n-®p. a≤y{]mb-Øn¬ ̀ mcy-tbbpw c≠v

B¨a°-sfbpw ho´n¬ Dt]-£n-®n´v aX-{]-kw-K-I-\mbn kntemWpw

sa°mbpw hsc Xo¿∞m-S\w \S-Øn. Hcp ap…ow the°m-cs\ Kmb-I-

\mbn IqsS -sIm-≠p-t]m-bncp∂p. GI-ssZ-h- hn-izmkw, PmXn-hy-Xymk

cmlnXyw, hn{K-lm-cm-[\ C√mbva, C…mw-a-Xhpw lnμp-a-Xhpw H∂m-

sW-∂ ]Tn-∏n-°¬ apX-em-b-h-bmWv Kpcp-\m-\m°v apdp-sI- ]n-Sn-®Xpw

{]N-cn-∏n-®Xpw. Kpcp- Xs∂ Cu aXßsfbpw X∂n¬ H∂m-°n.

]Øp Kpcp-°-fn¬ BZysØ \mep- t]¿ kam[m\-{]n-b-∑m-cm-bn-

cp∂p. A©m-asØ Kpcp-hmb A¿P≥knwKv KpcpapJn- ̀ m-jbn¬ "BZn-

{KŸv' F∂ kn°p-aX thZ-{KŸw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. \m\m-°ns‚ KoX-

ß-fpw ]Tn-∏n-°epw IqSmsX a‰p- Kp-cp-°-fpsSbpw I_o-dn-s‚bpw kq^n-

I-fp-sSbpw Km\-ßƒ Dƒs∏sS 37 t]cp-sS IrXn-Iƒ AXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. ]Øm-asØ Kpcp-hmb Kpcp tKmhn-μvknwKv kn°p-a-XsØ

Hcp ssk\nI aX-am-°n-Øo¿Øp.

]Øp Kpcp-°ƒ

1. Kpcp-\m-\m°v (d1538): ÿm]-I≥

2. Kpcp A≥KmZv (1552): Kpcp-apJn A£-c-am-e- D≠m°n.

3. Kpcp Aa¿Zmkv (1574): Aar-Xv-km¿ ]Wn- Xp-Sßn.

4. Kpcp dmwZmkv (1581): kph¿Æ tZhm-ebw ]Wn -Xp-Sßn.

5. Kpcp A¿P≥ (1608): kph¿Æ-tZ-hm-ebw ]Wn-]q¿Øn-

bm°n.

6. Kpcp l¿tKm-hn-μv (1638): kzbc-£bv°v Bbp[w A\p-h-Zn®p.

51[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

12 h¿jw apKƒ P-bn-en¬.

7. Kpcp l¿ dmbn (1660): 6˛mw Kpcp-hns‚ sIm®p-a-I≥.

8 Kpcp l¿ Injm≥ (1664): 5˛mw hb- n¬ Kpcp-hmbn.

9 Kpcp sddKv_-l-Zq¿ (1675): Hudw-K-ko-_n-\m¬ Pbn-en¬ AS-

bv°-s∏-́ p.

10 Kpcp tKmhnμv knwKv (1708): taem¬ a\p-jy-Kpcp th≠ -F∂p

\n›-bn-®p.

CXn\p-tijw {KŸ-km-ln∫v \nXy-Kp-cp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

lnμ-pa-Xhpw C…mw-aXhpw tN¿∂-XmWv kn°p-a-Xw. lnμp-a-X-Øn¬

\n∂p I¿Ωhpw ]p\¿P-∑hpw a{¥ßfpw FSp-sØ-¶n¬ C…m-an¬ \n∂p

GIssZh- hn-izm-khpw sa°m- t]mse Aar-X-vkm-dnse kp-h¿Æ-tZ-hm-

e-bhpw Jpdms‚ ÿm\Øp {KŸ-vkm-ln_pw ap-l-Ω-Zns‚ ÿm\Øp

Kpcp-\m-\m°pw bp≤-Xm-ev]-cyhpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-tbmSv FXn¿∏pw FSp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

{]tXy-IX

{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ap…ow B{I-a-WsØ sNdp-Øp-\n-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ

[oc-ambn kn°p-Im¿ sNdp-Øp-\n-∂p. apKƒ B{I-aWw \S∂ ImeØv

]Øm-asØ Kpcp-hmWv kn°p-Imsc ̀ b-c-ln-X-cm-b bp≤-hoc∑m-cm-°n-

b-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠p-a-°ƒ C…m-an¬ tNcm≥ aSn-®-Xn-\m¬ c‡-

km£n acWw kzoI-cn-®p. At±lw Xs∂ Hcp ap…nan\m¬ lnwkn-°-

s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. kzc-£-bv°mbn F√m kn°p-Imc\pw Hmtcm

hmƒ [cn-°p-hm≥ Kpcp tKmhnμv knwKv \n¿∫‘n-®p.

A©p {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ: tIiw (\o≠-apSn), IwKw (No∏v), IZm (-h-f),

In¿]m≥ (-\o-fw-Ip-d-™- hmƒ), I©w (-\n-°¿), Hmtcm ]q¿Æ kn°p-

Im-c\pw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. knwKv F∂-Xn\v "injy≥' F∂pw kn°v F∂-

Xn\v "knwlw' F-∂p-amWv A¿∞w. {KŸ-km-ln_v F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w

"I¿Øm-hmb ]pkvXIw' F∂t{X. Kpcp-hns‚bpw ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw

ÿm\-amWv {KŸ-km-ln-_n-\p-≈-Xv. {KŸ-km-ln-_v Hcp apdn-bn¬

G‰hpw A[nIw Ae-¶m-c-k-taXw GXms≠mcp- _nw-_w -t]mse {]Xn-

jvTn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

\ma-[mcn kn°p-hn-̀ mKw ]Xns\m∂m-asØ Kpcp-hmbn _me-IvknwKn-

s\bpw ]{¥-≠m-a-sØ -Kp-cp-hmbn Ah-cpsS ÿm]-I-\mb (1857˛¬)

kZvKpcp dmwknw-Kn-s\bpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Chsc hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xn-

52 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

I-fmbmWv a‰p kn°p-Im¿ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿ Zi-e-£-ap-≠v.

AarXvkdn¬ A\-μ-]q¿ kmln_v, cXv\-km-ln_v, lpkq¿km-ln_v

knwlm-k-\-ßfpw (X-°m-Øv) Kpcp tKmhnμv knwKn\v A`bw sImSp-

Ø Kpcp-Zzm-cbn¬ ZmwZ-an-km-ln_v X°mØpw D≠v.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 kn-°p-a-X-Øns‚ Kpcp-°-∑m-sc-°p-dn®pw Ah-cpsS ]Tn-∏n-°-ep-I-

sf-°p-dn®pw Fgp-Xp-I.

2. GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Ønepw, a\p-jy-km-tlm-Z-cy-Ønepw Du∂nb

Hcp s]mXp-aX {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ km≤y-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms°?

]mTw 4

]m¿kn, ssP\- aXßƒ

skmtdm-hm-kv{Sn-b≥ (]m¿kn) -aXw ssP\-aXw

1. skmtdm-hm-kv{Sn-b≥ (]m¿kn) -aXw

_n.- kn. 660˛538 hsc Pohn® skdm-ØpjvSm F∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-

Sp∂ Cdm≥Im-c-\mb skmtdm-hm-Ã¿ _n. kn. 6000˛Øn¬ Pohn®p

F∂p hsc Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ D≠v. t]¿jy≥ a{¥-hm-

Zn-I-fpsS ]oUIƒ At±lw kln-t°-≠n-h-∂p. ]Øp h¿jw {]kw-Kn-

®n-́ m-Wv BZy in-jys\ e`n-®Xv. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv hnÃ∏m F∂ cmPm-

hpƒs∏sS 93 t]¿ Ct±-l-Øns‚ aX-Øn¬ tN¿∂-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv

Ct±-l-Øns‚ aX-Øn\v {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-b-Xv. At±lØn\v aq∂v `mcy-

amcp≠mbn-cp-∂p. aq∂v B¨a-°fpw aq∂v s]¨a-°fpw skmtdm-hm-

Ã¿°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnÃ-∏m- cm-Pm-hns‚, Hcp aIs‚ ssk\ym-[n-]-\mbn

CXn¬ Hcp aI\mb Ip¿skUv Nolm¿ Db¿∂p. HSp-hn-esØ Ccp-

]Xp h¿jw hnÃ-∏m-bpsS ssk\yw i{Xp-°-fpambn \S-Ønb bp≤-

Øn¬ skmtdm-hm-Ãdpw A\p-Iq-en-bm-bn. 77˛masØ hb- n¬ Xpdm-\n-

b-°m-cpsS B{I-aW-Øn¬ At±lw sIm√-s∏´p. A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ

At±lsØ Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb Bfmbn _lp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

Alqc-akvUm F∂ t]¿jy≥ \√ ssZh-tØmSp tN¿Øv At±-l-

tØbpw Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

53[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

AshkvXm (hn-⁄m-\w) F∂ {KŸ-am-Wv Ah-cpsS th-Zw.

kwkvIrXw t]mse-bp≈ "Ah-kvXm≥' F∂ ̀ mj-bnemWv CXv Fgp-

Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. bmKw F∂¿∞-ap≈ bkv\m F∂ `mKØn¬ ]Xn-

t\gv KmYIƒ (k-¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ) D≠v. Ch skmtdm-hm-Ã-dpsS IrXn-

bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. "hnkv]-cmZv' -F∂ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ F√m

I¿Øm-°-∑m-tcm-Sp-ambn Ash-kvXm-bn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v, ]nim-Np-

°ƒs°-Xn-cmb \nb-a-ßƒ F∂¿∞-ap≈ "sh≥Zn-ZmZv' BWv aq∂m-

asØ ̀ mKw. a‰p- sN-dn-b- ̀ m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v.

Alqcm-akvZm (H¿am-kvUv) F∂ GI ssZh-Øn¬ am{Xta hniz-

kn-°mhq F∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-s∂-¶nepw Xn∑-bv°p- Im-c-W-°m-c\mbn, A≥-

{K-a-bn-\yp (A-lvdn-am≥) F∂ Hcp FXn¿ ]nim-Npap-s≠∂p Ah¿ ]Tn-

∏n°p∂p. kIe \∑-bv°pw ImcWw A≥{Ka-bn\yp-hp-am-Ip-∂p. amkvUm-

{k-jvSmhpw k¿Δ-i-‡\pw k¿Δhpw ImWp-∂-h\pw kvt\ln-X\pw

\oXn-am\pw \√-h\pw, thmlpam\m F∂ \√ a\- ns‚ ]nXmhpw Zbm-

ep-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Alvdn-am≥ F∂ ]nimNv kq{X-°m-c\pw, hymP-Øns‚

]nXmhpat{X. amkvUm krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ A≥{Ka-bn\yq \in-∏n-°p-∂p.

amkvU BtcmKyw \¬Ip-tºmƒ Alvdn-am≥ tcmKw hcp-Øp-∂p.

amkvUm-bm-Ip∂ ssZhhpw A≥{Ka-bn\yqhmIp∂ ]nimNpw krjvSn-

b√. temIm-h-km\w hsc c≠pw XΩn¬ \nXy-k-acw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-

cn°pw. \∑-bmb a\ pw \oXnbpw i‡nbpw kvt\lhpw \nXy-Po-h-\p-

sa√mw Aa¿Øy am-em-J-am-cm-Wv. Xn∑-bmb hni∏v, Zmlw, tIm-]w,

{Zhy-m{Klw, DjvWw, ssiXyw, thiy, PohnXw apX-em-bh-sb-√mw ]nim-

Np-°-fm-Wv. A≥{Ka-bn\yphn¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏Sp-hm≥ A·n-bm-cm-[\,

{]m¿∞\ apX-em-bh thWw.

k∑m¿§-{]-am-Ww: ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-teXp t]mse \√-h¿°p \∑bpw

NoØ-bm-fp-Iƒ°p Xn∑-bp-amWv \¬tI-≠-Xv. i{Xp-°sf bp≤-Øn¬

tXmev]n-°-Ww. hnip≤n AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. \√ Nn¥bpw \√

hN-\hpw \√ {]-hr-Ønbpw thWw amkvUm-bpsS ]£-°m¿°v.

ih-kw-kvIm-c-coXn: ]m¿kn-I-fpsS ih-kw-kvIm-c-coXn {]tXy-I-X-

bp-≈-Xm-Wv. arX-i-cocw IgpI∑m¿°v ̀ £-W-am-bn´v "\n»-_vZ-XbpsS

tKm]pcßfn¬' h®n-´p-t]mcp∂p. t_mws_bn¬ CXn\mbn aXn¬

sI´nb ÿeap≠v.

ac-Wm\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. \√-h¿°pw ZpjvS-

∑m¿°pw \ymb-hn-[n-°p -tijw kz¿§hpw \c-Ihpw bYm-{Iaw D≠m-bn-

cn-°pw. Xobn¬ ip≤o-I-cn® henb teml-]m{Xw hgn \oXn-am-∑m¿

IS°pw.

54 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

C∂v t_mws_bnse ]m¿kn-Iƒ Cu aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-Wv. Sm‰msb-

t∏m-ep≈ aX-̀ -‡-∑m¿ Nne Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv amkvUm-bpsS

{]oXn-°p -th-≠n-bm-Wv.

II ssP\-aXw

lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hm-bn-cp∂ h¿≤-am\ alm-ho-

cs\ (B.C. 599-527) tI{μo-I-cn-®mWv ssP\-aXw Adn-b-s∏Sp-∂-Xv. DØ-

tc-¥y-bnse aØqdm-bnse Pbn≥ kvXq]w C¥y-bnse G‰hpw ]g-°-

ap≈ \n¿Ωm-W-am-Wv. CXv {InkvXzm-_-vZØns‚ BZn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂v

AXnse FgpØp Xs∂ sXfn-bn°p-∂p. sImØp-]-Wn-bpsS sshZKv≤yw

ImcWw Al-ΩZp-_mZv, Ft√mdm, BPvao¿, au≠v A_p, sX∂n-¥y-

bnse Ien-K-ae F∂o Pbn≥ Aº-e-ßƒ C∂pw hntZ-in-Isf BI¿-

jn®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

h¿≤-am\ alm-ho-cs‚ henb Poh-Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xn-bXp Xs∂

Bbncw h¿j-ßƒ°p tij-am-I-bm¬ ]e AXn-i-tbm-‡n-Ifpw AS-

ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn IYm-\m-b-I≥ P\n°pw aptº amXm-hn-

\p-≠mb ]Xn-∂mep kz]v\-ß-fn¬ C{]-Imcw Hcp henb Bƒ P\n-°p-

sa-∂p≈ {]h-N\w amXm-hmb {Xnim-e-bv°p-≠m-sb∂pw P\-\tØm-Sp-

IqSn IpSpw-_w sFizcy]q¿Æ-am-sb∂pw ImWp-∂p. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬

aK-Zm-bnse shkmen ]´-W-Øn¬ At±lw P\n-®p. ]nXmhv kn≤m¿-

∞≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. cmtPm-NnX kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-tfmSpIqSn hf¿Ø-s∏´p.

as‰mcp cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw hnhmlw \S-Øn. Hcp aI≥ P\n-®p.

ap∏Xp hb p hsc kpJ-tem-ep-]-Xz-Øn¬ Ign-™p.

ap∏-Xm-asØ hb n¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ac-Wm\¥cw cmP-

hkv{Xw am‰n k\ym-k-h-kv{Xw [c-n®p. apSn A©p ]nSnbm¬ ]dn®p

If-™p. Blmcw t]mepw XyPn®v k\ym-kn-bmbn Ae-™p. H∂c

h¿jw Ign™v hkv{Xw t]mepw XyPn-®p. a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw ar-Kß-fp-

sSbpw D]{Zhßƒ kln®v ]{¥≠p h¿jw [ym\-Øn¬ Ign™p.

]Xn-aq-∂mw h¿j-Øn¬ Pn\≥ Bbn, AtXm-Sp-IqSn k\ym-knXzw ]Tn∏n-

°p∂ k\ym-km-[n-]-\m-bn. I¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®v A≥]-Øn-b©p {]kw-

K-ßƒ ]d-™-tijw thZ\ Adn-bmsX acn-®p.

aX-{K-ŸØns‚ t]cv BK-a-ßƒ AYhm kn≤m-¥-ßƒ F∂mWv.

]{¥≠v AwK-ßƒ D≠v. F¶nepw ]{¥-≠m-atØXp \jvS-s∏-́ p. alm-

ho-cs‚ acWw Ign™v Ccp-∂qdp h¿j-ßƒ°p tij-am-Wv Ch Fgp-

X-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap∏-ØnG-gm-asØ ]pkvXIw Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂Xv 980

55[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

h¿jw apºv alm-ho-c≥ acn®p F∂m-Wv. kvXm\-I-hmkn skIvSv AwKo-

I-cn-°p∂ Imt\m\nI {KŸ-ßƒ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p am{Xw. tkzXw_c-

∑m¿°v \mev]-Øn-b©v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Imt\m-\n-I-am-Wv. BZy-{KŸ-

ßƒ {]mIrX-`m-j-bn-se-¶nepw ]n∂oSv kwkvIr-X-Øn-se-gp-Xn. \mep

]pkvX-I-ßƒ am{Xw ""Sacred Books of the East'' ̨ ¬ X¿÷na sNbvXn-

´p-≠v. Pbn≥ hnizm-kn-Iƒ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS t]cv Dcp-hn-Sp-∂-X-√msX

thZ-ßƒ hmbn-°m-dn-√.

{Xnc-Xv\-ßƒ (aq∂p c-Xv\-ßƒ, 3 Jewels) F∂ t]tcm-Sp-IqSn ]Tn-

∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂h icn-bmb hn⁄m\w, icnbmb hnizmkw, icnbmb s]cp-

am‰w F∂n-hbmWv. Cu aq∂p cXv\-ßƒ hgn-bmWv ssIh-eyw t\tS-

≠Xv. I¿Ωhpw ]p\¿P-∑hpw Ch-cpsS hnizmk kwK-Xn-I-fn¬ s]Sp∂p.

Ch-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw ssZhw C√. lnμp-a-X-Øns‚ _lp-ssZh-

hn-izm-khpw alm-hoc≥ \ntj-[n-®p. Pbn≥ k\ym-kn-am¿ ssZhw ag-

s]-øn®p F∂p ]d-bmsX taLw ag-bmbn F∂p ]d-bWw. a\pjy\v

kvt\ln-X≥ a\p-jy≥ am{Xw, ssZh-a-√. F∂m¬ a\p-jy\p ssZhw

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-I-bm¬ km[m-cW ssP\-a-X-°m¿ alm-hocs\

ssZhXpeyambn Bcm-[n-°p-∂p.

ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-Xm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿm\w alm-ho-c≥ \evIn-

bXv Ccp-]-Øn-\mev Xo¿∞¶-c-∑m¿°v (I-SØph≈w Du∂p-∂-h¿)

BWv. AXn¬ Ah-km-\sØ Xo¿∞¶-c≥ alm-ho-c≥ Xs∂. Chsc

BZ-cn®p ]qP-Iƒ \S-Ømw. Ch-cpsS \ma-Øn¬ Aº-e-ßƒ ]Wnbmw.

Ah-\-hs‚ I¿Ω-^ew Ah-\-h≥ A\p-`-hn-°-Ww. Poh≥hkvXp

(]pSvKm-e) hn¬ \n∂pw I¿Ω-Øn¬ \n∂pw hnSp-X¬ Xcp-∂Xv ]c-a-

[¿Ωw AYhm Alnw-k.

Alnw-k-bmWv ssP\-a-X-Øns‚ AXyp∂X k∑m¿K-{]-am-Ww.

bmsXmcp Pohnbpw NmIm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ \new Dgp-∂-Xp-t]mepw hne-°n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ ssP\-a-X-°m-cmb am¿Δm-Un-Iƒ I®-h-S-

Øn\pw, sXmgn-en-\p-amWv {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. _p≤-a-X-Ønse

Alnw-k-tb-°mƒ I¿°i-amWv ssP\-a-X-Øn-te-Xv. sh≈w IpSn-°p-

tºmƒ {]m-Wn-Iƒ hmbn¬ t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ XpWn-bn¬ Acn®p IpSn-

°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. \S-°p-tºmƒ {]mWn-Isf Nhn-́ m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Nqep sIm≠v

\S-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. amwk-̀ -£-Ww Pbn≥ Ign-°pI-bn√.

k\ym-kn-bpsS A©p- I-ev]-\-Iƒ Hcp D`bkΩ-Xw -t]mse F√m

ssP\-k-\ym-knbpw {hX-am-sb-Sp-°-Ww. "Rm≥ lnwkn-°pIbn√, I≈w

]d-bp-I-bn-√, tamjvSn-°p-I-bn-√, ssewKnI kpJ-Øn\p t]mIp-I-bn-√,

56 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

F√m-‰n-t\mSpw \nkw-KXzw ]men°pw.' Ch-bn-te-‰hpw hen-bXv H∂m-a-

tØ-Xm-Wv. k\ymkn AXn-cm-hnse Fgp-t∂‰v Kpcphnt\mSv ]m]w G‰p-

]-d-b-Ww. hkv{X-Øn¬ h√ Pohn-bp-apt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww.

A\-¥cw Aº-e-Øn¬ t]mIWw. ]Øp aWn apX¬ `n£- bmNn-

°Ww. ho´p-Im-cpsS Bhiyw Ign™p≈Xv am{Xw hmßn ̀ £n-°Ww.

D®bv°p tijw thZ-ßƒ ]Tn-°Ww. sshIn´p `£-W-ap-s≠-¶n¬

k‘ybv°p apºp ̀ £n-°-Ww.

c≠p hn`m-K-°m¿ ssP\-a-XØn-ep-≠v. tkzXw-_-c¿°p sh≈-

hkv{Xw [cn°mw. ZnKw-_-c¿ BIm-i-[m-cn-I-fm-I-bm¬ hkv{Xw [cn-°-

cp-Xv. F∂m¬ {ItaW ZnKw-_ccpw hkv{Xw [cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. 17˛mw

\q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb kvXm\-I-hm-kn-Iƒ tkzXw-_-c-cpsS Hcp hn`m-K-amWv.

Ah¿ hn{Klmcm-[\ shdp-°p∂p. PmXnhyXymkw sXs‰∂p ]Tn-∏n-

°p∂p F¶nepw PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ap-≠v.

C∂v c≠p Zi-e£w Pbn-\-∑m-cp-≠v. Ah¿ A[n-I-hpw am¿hm-Sn-I-

fmb [\m-Vy-cm-Wv.

tNmZyßƒ

1 ]m¿kn-aX k¶¬]-ßsfbpw blq-Z-a-X-sØbpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-

ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

2 ssP\-a-X-Ønse "Alnwkm' {]m[m-\ysØ ss{IkvXh ImgvN

∏m-Sn¬ hn-ebn-cp-Øp-I.

]mTw 5

_p-≤-a-Xhpw I¨^yq-j-ykns‚ aXhpw

_p≤-aXw KuX-a-_p-≤≥ (im-Iy-ap-\n) _p≤-a-X-]-Tn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ-

thZ-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ alm-bm\˛lo\-bm\m I¨^yq-jy-kns‚ aXw-

k∑m¿§- ]mT-ßƒ ssZho-I-Xbpw Bcm-[-\bpw

1. _p≤-aXw

ssP\-a-X-tØ-°mƒ BtKm-f-{]-Nmcw e`n-®-Xv _p≤-a-X-Øn-\mWv.

C¥y-bn-ep-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ At\Iw Cc´n _p≤-a-X-°m¿ hntZ-i cmPy-

ß-fn-ep-≠v. Sn_-‰nepw, aym≥am-dnepw, {ioe-¶-bnepw, Xmbvem‚nepw a‰pw

Cu aX-Øn\v IqSpX¬ {]Nm-c-ap-≠v.

57[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

A. KuX-a-_p-≤≥ (im-Iy-ap-\n) B. C. 560 - 480

P\n-®Xv £{Xn-b-cmb imIy-hw-i-Øn¬ sXt°- t\-∏m-fn-ep≈ I]ne

hkvXp F∂ ]´-W-Øn-em-Wv. cmP-Iob {]Xm-]-Øn-emWv KuXa≥

hf¿Ø-s∏-́ -Xv. GI-Pm-X-\mb aI-\p- th≠n 16˛mw hb- nte°v aI≥

IS-°p-tºmt-g°v aq∂p sIm´m-c-ßƒ ]nXmhv ]Wn-bn-®ncp-∂p. 19˛mw

hb- n¬ hnhm-ln-X-\m-sb-¶nepw ]Øp h¿j-tØbv°p k¥m-\-ap-≠m-

bn-√. 29˛mw hb- n¬ Hcp aI-\p-≠m-sb-¶nepw Dd-ßp∂ `mcy-tbbpw

aI-t\bpw Dt]-£n®v sIm´mcw hn´v h\-hm-k-Øn\p t]mbn. CXn\p

ImcWw, Xm≥ I≠ \mep Im-gvN-I-fm-Wv. Hcp hr≤ -`n£p, Hcp Zcn{Z-

tbmKn, Hcp ihw, Hcp k\ymkn. ASpØ Bdp h¿jw ITn\ X] p

\SØn. 35˛mw hb- n¬ t_m[n-hr-£-Ø-W-en¬ X]- n-cn-°p-tºmƒ

t_mt[m-Zb-ap-≠m-bn. \mep \nXy-k-Xy-ßƒ Is≠Øn.

1) PohnXw apgp-h≥ IjvS-∏m-Sm-Wv (Zpx-Jw).

2) IjvS-Xbv°p ImcWw Ima-am-Wv.

3) Imaw AS-°n-bm¬ IjvS-X- Xocpw.

4) AjvS-am¿§-ßƒ hgn Ima-a-S°n \n¿ΔmWw {]m]n-°mw.

B F´p hgn-Iƒ:˛ icn-bmb Z¿i-\w, Dt±-iyw, kwkm-cw, {]hrØn,

Pohn-X-am¿§w, ]cn-{i-aw, a\- v, [ym\w Ch-bm-Wv.

t_mt[m-Zbw (Enlightenment) e`n-®-tijw 35˛mw hb p apX¬ 80

hb- p-hsc At±lw aX-{]-N-cWw \S-Øn. BZyw _\m-do-kn-\SpØv

kmc-\m-Yn¬ t]mbn \S-Ønb {]`m-j-W-ß-fm¬ t\csØ At±lsØ

hn´p-t]mb A©p injy-∑msc XncnsI e`n-®p. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚

D]-a-I-fmb hnX-bv°p-∂-hs‚ D]a, apSn-b≥ ]p{X≥, ISp-Ip-aWn apX-

embh hyXykvX A¿∞-Øn¬ _p≤-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p. acn°p-tºmƒ

500 injy¿ ASp-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "ktlmZcßsf, F√mw \iz-c-amWv,

Xmev]cy-tØmsS \nßfpsS c£-bv°mbn {]h¿Øn∏n≥' F∂m-bncp∂p

A¥y-h-N-\w.

B. _p≤-a-X -]-Tn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑msc aq∂p ic-W-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p.

1. _p≤w icWw K›man: _p≤s\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xv _p≤≥ hne-

°n-sb-¶nepw "Rm≥ _p≤-\n¬ ic-W-s∏-Sp-∂p' F∂v Ah¿ G‰p]d-

bp∂p. apºpw _p-≤-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C\nbpw D≠mIpw F∂v _p≤≥

]Tn-∏n-®p. A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v _p≤≥ kwkm-c-km-K-c-Øn¬ \n∂p Ic-

I-b-‰p∂ c£-I-\m-Wv.

58 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

2. [¿Ωw icWw K›man: apºp ]d™ \mep kXy-ß-fm-Ip∂

[¿Ω-Øn¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ A`bw tXSp-∂p. Alnwk kp{]-[m-\-amWv.

hmg-t∏m-f-Iƒ t]msebp≈ ]©-kvIm-fi-ßƒ A√msX Bflm-hn-√.

Cu kvImfi-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hntam-N-\-amWv \n¿Δm-Ww. kwkm-c-

km-K-c-Øn¬ \n∂v hntam-N\w t\Snb t_m[nk-Xz∑m¿ \n¿Δm-WØn¬

{]th-in-°msX a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IjvS-X-Iƒ Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ ̀ qan-bn¬ {ian-

°p-∂p.

3. kwLw icWw K›man: imIy-ap\n Xs∂ ÿm]n® injy-hr-μ-

Øn¬ (kw-Lw) ic-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv "kwLw icWw K›man.' _p≤-

aX k\ym-kn-am¿°v Xe apfi\w sNtø-≠Xpw, a™ hkv{Xw [cn-

t°-≠Xpw, ̀ n£m-]m{Xw D≠m-bn-cnt°-≠Xpw At{X. 20 hb- mb tcmK-

c-lnX kzX-{¥- ]p-cp-j∑msc-bmWv kwL-Øn¬ tN¿°p-∂Xv. Nne

h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw kv{XoIƒ°pw kwL-ap-≠m-°n.

I¿Ω-Ønepw ]p\¿P-∑-Ønepw _p≤-aXw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ah-\-

h≥ sNøp-∂Xv Ah-\-h≥ A\p-̀ -hn-°-W-sa∂pw, Imaw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xp

hsc hy‡nXzw (Bflmhv A√) ]p\¿P-\\w {]m]n-®psIm-≠n-cn°pw

F∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\n¿Δm-Whpw \ntj-[m-fl-I-am-Im-\mWv km≤y-X-sb-¶nepw kwkm-

c-km-K-c-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hnSp-X¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ kt¥m-jm-\p-`-h-

ambmWv KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Bflm-hn-√msX \n¿ΔmWw B¿°v F∂-

Xn\p adp-]Snbn√. hnf°v DuXns°-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp -t]m-se-bmWv \n¿ΔmWw.

C. thZ-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ

lnμp-aX {KŸ-ß-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX a-lm-ho-c\pw KuX-a-_p-≤\pw

\ntj-[n-®p. {Xn]nXmIbmWv {][m\ thZw. CXv ]men A£-c-am-e-bn¬

FgpXn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tXc-hm-Z (-lo-\-bm-\) °mcpsS Imt\m-\nI {KŸ-

an-XmWv. {Xn]n-Xm-Ibv°p {][m-\-ambn aq∂p ̀ mK-ß-fp-≠v. 1. kpØ. 2.

hn\-b. 3. A`n-[¿Ω.

D. alm-bm\ ̨ lo\-bm\m

alm-bm\ ̨ lo\-bm\m F∂ c≠v imJ-I-fmbn ]ncn-™n-cn-°p∂

_p≤-a-X-°msc tdma≥ ItØm-en°m s{]m´-Ã‚p hn`m-K-ß-tfmSv

Xpe\w sNømw. ssN\-bnepw P∏m-\n-ep-ap-≈Xv alm-bm-\-°m-cm-Wv

(Greater Vehicle). _p≤s\ ssZh-ambn Db¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. _p≤s‚

icocw ssZho-I-cn-°s∏´ [¿Ω-Im-b-am-Wv. lo\-bm\ (tX-c-hm-Zw)

sXt° cmPy-ß-fnse _p≤-a-X-am-Wv, AXn¬ _p≤≥ ssZh-a-√. Xmbv-

59[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

em≥Un-epw, kntem-Wn-epw, aym≥amdnepw tXchmZ _p≤n-k-amWv. alm-

bm-\-hp-ambn {]mtZ-in-IXzw tN¿-∂-XmWv Sn_-‰nse emam am¿§w.

2. I¨^yq-jy-kns‚ aXw

ssN\-bn¬ G‰hpw BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ G‰w ]pcm-X\ hy‡n- I¨-

^yq-j-km-Wv. ssP\-s‚bpw imIy- ap-\n-bp-sSbpw ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂

I¨^yq-jkpw Bf-Xz-ap≈ ssZh-hn-izm-ksØ FXn¿°p-I-bmWv

sNøp-∂-Xv. 1905 hsc knhn¬ k¿Δo-kn-te°p≈ ]co-£- t]mepw I -̈

^yq-j-kns‚ Fgp-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. I¨^yq-j-kns‚ Ncn{X

]pkvXI{]Imcw ssN\-bpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw`n-°p∂ _n. kn. 2556 ̨ ¬

t]mepw kmaq-ly-\o-Xnbpw, s]mXp \∑bpw, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ Kh -̈

sa‚pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aXm-cm-[-\bpw `c-W-N-{Ihpw ssItbmSp ssI-

tIm¿Øp t]mbn-cp-∂p. _n.- kn. 500 \SpØv I¨^yq-jy-kmWv ssN\-

bv°v Hcp s]mXp aX-ap-≠-m°n-b-Xv.

I¨^yq-jykv (_n. -kn. 551˛479) P\n-®Xpw acn-®-Xp-amb ÿew

ssN\°m¿ hnip-≤- ̀ q-an-bmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. jm≥dpwKv s{]mhn≥kn-em-

bn-cp-∂p Cu ÿe-ßƒ. 3˛mw hb- n¬ ]nXmhv acn-®-Xn-\m¬ sNdp∏w

apX¬ ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNbvXv ]{¥≠v AwKß-fp≈ IpSpw-_sØ

hf¿Øn. 15˛masØ hb- n¬ ]T\w Bcw-̀ n-®p. 19˛mw hb- n¬ hnhm-

ln-X-\m-bn. amXmhp acn-®-t∏mƒ Ic™ aIs\ imkn-®-Xmb-√msX

amXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v A[nIw Adn-hn-√. 21˛mw hb- p- ap-X¬ 51˛mw hb- p-

hsc Hcp t]sc-SpØ A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p I¨^yq-j-kv. At±lw

XpS-ßnb hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ 3000 hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hsc D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Zcn{Z

hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Hcp-h-s\-t∏mepw ̂ okn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]Tn-∏n-°m-Xn-

cp-∂n-́ n-√. F∂m¬ \∂mbn ]Tn-°p-hm≥ \n¿_-‘n-®p. Ncn{Xw, ]Zyw,

kmln-Xyw, s]cp-am-‰w, ̀ c-Ww, {]Ir-Xn-imkv{Xw, kwKoXw apX-em-bh

]Tn-∏n-®p. \√ Pohn-Xhpw kmln-Xy- ̨ -{]-̀ m-jW ̨ ̀ cW kma¿∞y-hp-

ap-≈-hsc At±lw IqSp-X¬ A`n-\-μn-®ncp∂p. 51˛55 hb p hsc

\mSns‚ ̀ c-W-km-cYyw hln-®p. Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ Gh-

scbpw PmK-cq-I-cm-°n. Ab¬ cmPy-Øns‚ t{]c-W-bm¬ FXn¿∏v h∂-

t∏mƒ cmPn-h-®p. 55˛68 hb- p-hsc tkm{I-́ o-kn-s\t∏mse k©-cn®v

a‰p-≈-hsc ]Tn-∏n®v a\p-jy kz`mh-sØ- \∂m-°m-sa∂v ImWn-®p. \ncm-

i-cm-Ip-am-bn-cp∂ injysc {]Xym-ibp-≈-h-cm-°n. Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bmWv

Xs∂ A]-I-Sßfn¬ \n∂p hnSp-hn-®-sX∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®p. {]Xn-

k-‘n-I-fnepw injy¿ At±-lsØ ssIhn-́ n-√. 68˛72 hb- n-\n-Sbv°v

cNn® IrXn-IfmWv I¨^yq-jy≥ ¢m n-Ivkv. NneXp kam-lm-c-ß-

60 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

fmWv. ""Spring and Autumn'' kz¥ IrXn-bm-Wv. \ncm-i-\mbn acn-s®-

¶nepw injy¿ aq∂p- h¿jw ZpxJm-N-cWw \S-Øn. Hcp injy≥ Bdp-

h¿jw I¨^yqj-kns\ AS-°n-bn-SØp ZpxJn®p Xma-kn-®p. ssN\okv

`c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ hsc At±-lsØ Bcm-[n-®pt]m∂p. ssN\-b-psS

Xe-h≥, N{I-h¿Øn, ssN\okv dn∏-ªn-°≥ {]kn-U‚ v F∂n-ßs\

]e t]cp-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\p \¬In. "a‰p-≈-h¿ ]Tn-∏n-®Xp Rm≥ Xcp-

∂-X-√msX Rm≥ \nb-a-⁄-\√' F∂nXymZn Xmgva- h-N\ßƒ At±lw

]d-™n-cp-∂p.

hnip≤ thZ-ßƒ: an° aX-ÿm-]-I∑mcpw A[nIw {KŸ-ßƒ cNn-

®n-́ n√. F∂m¬ I¨^yqjykv Iq´n-t®¿ØXpw cNn-®-Xp-amb ]e {KŸ-

ß-fp-≠v.

BZy-tØXv; At©m Btdm Imt\m-\nI ¢m n-°p-I-fmWv. Ncn{Xw,

]Zyw, a{¥-ßƒ, s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ, {]mtZ-inI Ncn-{Xw, ]pWy-ßƒ.

c≠m-a-tØXv; \mep ]pkvX-I-ßƒ. henb ]pWy-ßƒ, a≤y-am¿§w,

I¨^yq-jykns‚ a≤y-am¿§w, I¨^yq-jykns‚ hmN-I-ßƒ,

hymJym-\-ßƒ.

Cu H≥]tXm, ]tØm {KŸ-ß-ƒ ssZh \nizm-ky-am-sW∂p ]Tn-

∏n-°-en-√. F∂m¬ ssN\okv kz`m-h- cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Ahsb-t∏mse

klm-bn® {KŸ-ßƒ thsd- C-√.

k∑m¿§- ]mT-ßƒ

"a‰p-≈-h¿ \nßƒ°p sNøcpXv F∂p \nßƒ hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv Ah-

tcmSpw sNø-cpXv' F∂ {]am-W-amWv H‰ hmN-I-Øn¬ At±lw ]Tn-

∏n® k∑m¿§-]m-Tw. Cu cP-X-tcJ Bdp {]mhiyw ssN\okv thZ-ß-

fn-ep≠v (a-Øm. 7:12 t\m°p-I). Cu {]amWw A©p _‘-ß-fn¬ ]men-

°-Ww.

`c-W-I¿Ømhv ˛ `c-Wo-b¿

]nXmhv ˛ ]p{X≥

`¿Ømhv ˛ `mcy

aqØ ktlm-Z-c≥ ˛ Cfb ktlmZc≥

kvt\ln-X≥ ˛ kvt\ln-X≥

Cu A©p _‘-ß-fn¬ ̀ c-W-I¿Ømhpw ̀ c-Wo-bcpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv I¨^yq-j-ykv IqSp-X¬ ]d-™Xv. D∂X a\p-

jy≥ Fßs\ thW-sa∂v \q‰n-b©p {]mhiyap≠v. icn-bmb s]cp-

61[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

am‰w, Bflm¿∞X, hniz-kvX-X, ]T-\-io-ew, \oXn, HuZm-cyw, _lp-

am\w, ka-Nn-ØX, im¥-X, kXy-Xm-ev]cyw apX-emb KpW-ß-fp≠m-

bn-cn-°-Ww. kv{Xosb-°p-dn®v Hcn-°¬ am{Xw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv _lp-

am-\-tØm-sS-b√. aX-Im-cy-ß-tf°mƒ ̀ c-W-Im-cy-ß-fmWv ]Tn-∏n-®-sX-

¶n-epw Hcp D∂X i‡n-bmWv k∑m¿§n-I-X-bpsS ]nd-In¬ F∂p ]Tn-

∏n-®p.

ssZho-I-Xbpw Bcm-[-\bpw

a\p-jy-kz-̀ m-hsØ \√-Xm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp ssZh-am-Wv. a\p-jy≥

\√-Xm-bmWp P\n-°p-∂-Xv. ssZh-sØ- h-enb ̀ c-W-I¿Ømhpw, kz¿-

§w, hn[n F∂o aq∂p t]cp-I-fm¬ ho£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At\I tZh-

∑msc I¨^yq-jy≥ aX-°m¿ Bcm-[n-°p-∂p-≠v. kz¿§w, ̀ qan, kqcy≥,

N{μ≥, IzmwKp‰n F∂ No\- N-{I-h¿Øn, kz¿§w apX-em-bhsb Bcm-

[n-°p∂ Aº-e-ßƒ ssN\-bn-ep-≠v.

{]tXyI ]utcm-lnXy h¿§-an-s√-¶n-epw Kh¨sa‚ptZymK-ÿ∑m¿

]ptcmlnX tPmen- sNøp-∂p. acn®pt]mb ]q¿Δn-Isc Bcm-[n-°p-

∂p≠v. amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑msc _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv CXv.

ac-Wm-\¥cw kz¿§tam \c-Itam Ds≠∂p ]Tn-∏n°p-∂n-√.

I¨^yq-j-y\nkw Hcp aX-amtWm \oXn-km-c-amtWm F∂p X¿°-

ap-≠v. aX-Øns‚ ]e e£-W-ßfpw AXn-\n√. aX -Xm-ev]cyw ssN\m-

°m¿°p-≠p- Xm-\pw. Ct∏mƒ {In-kvXp-a-X-Øns‚ hf¿® ssN\-bn¬

Bcw-̀ n-®n-́ p-≠v.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 "tam£'-k-¶-ev]hpw "\n¿ΔmW k¶-ev]hpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-

Sp-ØpI?

2 _p≤-aX ]Tn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\v ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p

sh∂v Bsc-¶nepw ]d-™m¬ AXn-t\mSv \nßƒ Fßs\ {]Xn-I-

cn-°pw.

3 ssP\-a-Xhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

4. I¨^yq-jykns‚ Pohn-Xhpw ]Tn∏n-°epw hnh-cn-°p-I.

5. I¨^yq-jykns‚ aXsØ {InkvXob XXzm-\p-kcWw hne-bn-

cp-Øp-I.

62 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]pkvX-I-ßƒ (I-gn™ aq∂p ]mT-ß-fn-te°v)

1. Hume, R. E., The World of Living Religions:, NY., 1959.

2. Jai Singh Herbert, My Neighbours, CIRS, 1969.

3. Dalu K. S., The Message of Zarathushtra, New Book Co. Bombay,1959.

5. Humphreys Christmas, Budhism, Penguin, London, 1955.

]mTw 6

a‰p aX-ßsf°pdn®v Hcp hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

kºq¿Æ {InkvXp-aXw sshcp-≤ym-[n-jvTn-X-amWv {InkvXp-aXw

kvt\lm-[n-jvTn-X-amWv {InkvXob ssZh-imkv{Xw {InkvXpaXw

anj-\-dn- a-X-amWvGI-Xz-a-√, ka-Xz-amWv ]q¿Æ-kXyw F√m aX-

ßfpw kXy-t\z-jW-amI-bm¬ BZ-c-Wobw]m]sØ bYm¿∞-ambn

ImWWw kz¿§w Gh¿°pw th≠n

temI-a-X-ßƒ c≠p Xc-ap-≠v. Ah a\p-jys‚ c≠m-h-iy-ßsf ap≥-

\n¿Øn GsX-¶nepsam∂n\p ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.

(1) ssZ-hoIcW aX-ßƒ 2. am\p-joIcW aX-ßƒ

DZm: lnμp-aXw DZm: C…mw, _p≤-aXw etc.ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw H∂v. ssZhw a\p-jy-\√.

anÃn°v {]m[m\yw. {]h-N\ {]m[m\yw.

{_“w kXyw, PK-Xv anYym. PKXv kXyw.

F√m aX-ß-fnepw ssZh- sk°p-e¿ aXn-bmIp∂p.

Nn-¥ A¥n-a-ambn {_“w am{Xw. ]c-kv]-cX C∂pw F∂pw thWw.

A. kºq¿Æ {InkvXp-aXw

{InkvXpaXw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-Xbn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ am\p-jo-I-cWw

aq-e-ap≈ a\p-jys‚ am\p-jo-I-c-Whpw, ssZho-I-c-WhpamIp-∂p. tbip-

{InkvXp ]q¿Æ ssZhhpw ]q¿Æ a\p-jy\pamb GI Bf-Xz-amsW-∂-

Xns‚ A¿∞w am\p-joIcWhpw, ssZho-I-c-Whpw c≠√, H∂m-sW-

∂-t{X. {Xntb-IssZhw Htc ka-bØv H∂pw aq∂pamsW∂ BXy-¥nI

63[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

kXy-Øns‚ A¿∞w am\-h-cm-in°pw kvt\lm-[n-jvTnX kaq-l-am-bm¬

t]mcm ]ns∂tbm IpSpw_Øn-\-Xo-X-amb ssZh-Ip-Spw-_-amb {XnXz-

sØ-t∏msebmImw F∂-Xm-Wv. A¥naem°v AssZz-X-Øn¬ ebn-°-

b√ ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-X-bn-se-Øp-I-bmWv {InkvXpaXw e£y-

am-°p-∂-Xv.

B. sshcp-≤ym-[n-jvTn-X-amWv {InkvXp-aXw

XmXznI lnμp-a-X-Øns\Xncmb t]m∏pe¿ lnμp-a-Xhpw, tIh-em-

ssZz-X-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb hnin-jvTm-ssZz-Xhpw Hcp-an®p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-

XmWv sshcp-≤ym-[n-jvTn-X-amb kºq¿Æ {InkvXp-a-Xw. XXz-⁄m-\-

Øns‚ bp‡nbpw aX-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-⁄m-\hpw {InkvXob ssZh-

imkv{Xw Dƒs°m-≈p-s∂-¶nepw bp‡n-bn¬ ssZhsØ HXp-°m-sa∂p

]Tn∏n°p-∂n√. P\-\-an-√m-Ø-h≥ P\n-®p, ac-W-an-√m-Ø-h≥ acn-®p,

ssZhw a\p-jy-\mbn Fs∂√mw {InkvXpaXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv a\p-jym-h-

Xm-c-c-lkyw sshcp-≤ym-[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂p kΩ-Xn®psIm≠m-sW-

¶nepw AXn-\m¬ _e-lo-\-am-sW∂ £am-]-W-tØm-sS-b-√. bp‡n

ssZhtØ°mƒ hepXmsW-¶n¬ bp‡n-bmWv ssZhw. AXn-\m¬

{XntbIssZham-Ip∂ ]c-akXyw cl-kym-fl-I-ambncn°-Ww,

sshcp≤yw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. bp‡n Xs∂ Bh-iy-s∏-

Sp∂ bp‡n-°-Xo-X-amb ssZho-I-kXy-at{X AXv.

C. kvt\lm-[n-jvTn-X-amWv {InkvXob ssZh-imkv{Xw

a) F¥p-sIm≠v ssZhw temIsØ krjvSn-®p?

kvt\lamb ssZh-Øns‚ [\y-X-bpsS Ihn-s™m-gp-°n-\m¬.

b) F¥p-sIm≠v a\p-jym-h-Xmcw FSpØp?

\nXy\pw kvt\l-hm-\p-amb ssZh-Øn\v Xs‚ kmZr-iy-Øn¬

krjvSn-°-s∏-́ a°ƒ \in-°p-∂-Xn-jvS-an-√m-bvI-bm¬ Ah¿°p

th≠n kzb-XymKw sNbvXv c£m-am¿§w sh´n-Øp-d-°p-hm≥.

c) F¥psIm≠v ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ Ab-bv°p-Ibpw k`-sb

ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp?

]cn-ip-≤m-fl-^e-amb kvt\lw, k`m-Po-hnXw aptJ\ temI-

Øn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n®v temIsØ c£n-∏m≥.

d) F¥p-sIm≠p acn-®-h¿°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p∂p?

acn-®mepw kvt\lw DXn¿∂pt]mIm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ A\-¥-kvt\-

64 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

l-h-e-b-Øn¬ kIe acn-®-h-scbpw BI¿jn®v Ahsc A\p-

Xm-]Øn¬ \S-Øp-hm≥.

e) F¥p-sIm≠v ssZhw {XnXz-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p?

shdpw GI-Xz-Øn¬ kvt\lw Akm-≤y-amWv. {XnXz-Øn¬

km≤y-sa-¶nepw A]q¿Æ-amWv. {XnXz-Øn¬ km≤yhpw

]q¿Æhpam-I-bm¬, Cu {XnXzsØ, Bflm-hnepw, kXy-Ønepw

Bcm-[n-®m¬ Bcm-[-Icpw kvt\l-kz-cq-]n-Ifmbn-Øo-cpw.

D. {InkvXpaXw anj-\-dn- a-X-amWv

BZyw Nq≠n-°m-Wn® anÃn°v aX-ßƒ AXns‚ kØ-bn¬ anj-

\dn aX-ß-f-√m-ØXv F√m aX-ßfpw ssZho-I-cW ]mX-IfmsW∂pw

Hmtc-mcp-Øcpw X\nsb ssZho-I-c-n°-s∏-S-W-sa-∂pap≈ Ac-kXyw

am{Xw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xn\m-emWv. anÃn-kn-khpw, {]hm-N-I-Xzhpw Hcp-

an®p- sIm≠pt]mIp∂ {InkvXp-aXØn\v hy‡n-I-fpsS kzb-amb ssZho-

I-c-W-Øn¬ Xr]vXn-bm-Im≥ km[y-a-√. "ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ktlm-Z-cs\

kvt\ln-°m-Ø-h\v ImW-s∏-Sm-hX√mØ ssZhsØ kvt\ln-∏m≥

Fßs\ Ignbpw.' AXn-\m¬ kz¿§-Øn¬ GI-\m-bn v́ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw

IS-°-b-√. "\ns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ \nt∂m-Sp-Iq-sSbns√¶n¬ \o Fs‚ apJw

ImWp-I-bn√' F∂v butk v̂ cqt_≥ {]`r-Xn-I-tfmSp ]d™-Xpt]mse

ssZhw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-t\mSpw ]dbpw. "\ns∂t∏mse \ns‚ Ab¬°m-c-

s\bpw kvt\ln-°Ww' F∂ c≠mw Iev]\ "ssZhsØ ]q¿Æ-ambn

kvt\ln°Ww' F∂ H∂mw Iev]-\bv°p kaam-sW∂p {InkvXp Iev]n-

®Xns‚ kmcw AKm-[-am-Wv. kvt\l-Øn\p kzm¿∞-X-bn-√, kvt\lw

]¶n-Sp-∂-Xn¬ B\μw Is≠Ømhp∂-Xm-Wv. amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿

a°ƒ°p kzØp ]¶nSpwt]mse Hcp kXy-̀ -‡≥ kphn-tijw ]¶nSpw.

anj≥ F∂m¬ kvt\l-Øns‚ ]pd-∏mSv F∂m-W¿∞w. Fs‚ ktlm-

Z-cs\ ssZho-I-cn°msX F\n°v ssZhoI-cWan√m-Ø-Xn\memWv anj≥

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {XnXz-kvt\lw a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ambn

]pd-s∏ v́ temI-Ønepw ]mXmf-Ønepw FØn. a\p-jym-h-Xmc kvt\lw

k -̀bmbn ]pd-s∏ v́ temI-sam-s°bnepw FØp-∂-XmWp anj≥. AXp-

Iq-SmsX k`bv°v Poh-t\m, hf¿®tbm ssNX-\ytam C√.

E. GI-Xz-a-√, ka-Xz-amWv ]q¿Æ -kXyw

]c-{_-“-\n¬ F√mw ebn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ GI-Xz-ta-bp≈p,

kvt\lhpw ka-Xzhpw C√. {InkvXob hn-izm-k-{]-Imcw A¥n-a-em°v

hnhn-[-Xz-Øn¬ G-I-Xz-hpw, GI-Xz-Øn¬ hnhn-[-Xzhpw, c≠nepw ka-

65[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Xz-hp-amWv. Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]nXmhpw amXmhpw Ip´nbpw aq∂m-sW-

¶nepw kpJhpw ZpxJhpw ka-ambn ]¶n-Sp-∂p. ChnsS BcmWv hen-b-

h≥ F∂ tNmZy-ap-Zn-°p-∂n-√. aq∂pw Hcp t]mse henbh-cmWv, Hgn-®p-

Iq-SmØ-h-cm-Wv. kvt\l-h-e-b-Øn¬ H∂mWv. bYm¿∞ k¿tΔm-Zbw

Bi-b-]-c-amsb¶nepw {InkvXp-aXw {XnXzm-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ ]Tn∏n-°p-∂p.

CXp k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬°qSn sIm≠p-h-cm-sa-¶n¬ k` AXn-te°v

temIsØ \njv{]-bmkw BI¿jn-°pw. C∂p k -̀bn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p∂

PmXn-hy-Xymkw, D®-\o-N-Xzw, kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw, cmjv{Sob

NqjWw, apX-em-fn- ̨ -sXmgn-emfn kwL-́ \-ßƒ, h¿§o-b-X, kzm¿∞X

apX-em-bh {InkvXob ssZh-im-kv{X-Øn\p LS-I-hncp-≤hpw e÷m-I-

chpw BWv. ]cn-lmc-am¿§w hn. {XnXz-am-Xr-I-bm-Wv.

F. F√m aX-ßfpw kXym-t\z-j-W-am-I-bm¬ BZ-c-Wobw

19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse {InkvXob anj-\-dn-am¿ a‰p aX-ßsf A‘-Im-c-

ambpw, {InkvXp-a-XsØ am{Xw shfn-®-ambpw I≠Xv icn-b-√. "Ah≥

temI-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, temItam Ahs\ Adn-™n-√' F∂v hN-\-

amb ssZh-sØ-°pdn®p ]d™Xv A¿∞-K¿ -̀am-Wv. F√m aX-Ønepw,

aX-cm-ln-Xy-Ønepw \∑-bp-≠v, B \∑ hN-\-am-Ip∂ ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p

Xs∂. B hN-\-amWv a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX {InkvXp. AXn-\m¬

"Ak-tXm- am -k-XvK-abx

Xatkm am tPymXn¿K-abx

artXym am Aar-Xw-K-a-bx.'

({_n-lZ: D]: 13.28) F∂ aXm-t\z-jWw hgnbpw kXyhpw Poh-\p-

amb tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\p th≠n-bm-sW∂v khn-\bw ImWn-t°-≠-Xn\p

]Icw At\z-j-Iscbpw, Ah-cpsS aX-ß-sfbpw Ip‰w ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp

hn[-Ønepw \oXo-I-cn-°m-hp∂X√. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ {InkvXym-\n-

I-fpsS IpØ-I-bm-°msX temI-c-£n-Xm-hmbn Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°-Ww.

G. ]m]sØ bYm¿∞-ambn ImWWw

a\p-jy≥ P\n-°p-∂Xv ]mh-°p-́ n-bmbm-sW∂ AK-kvXot\m-kns‚

]Tn-∏n-°epw ]m]w B¥-cnI Ahn-Zybpw _mly- am-bbpw am{Xw

BsW∂ tIh-em-ssZzX ]Tn-∏n-°epw Xncp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. ]m]w

amb-b-√, bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ]m]n-bnepw ssZh-km-Zriyw hnI-

e-am-sb-¶nepw D≠v. ssZhw ]m]sØ shdp-°p-s∂-¶nepw ]m]nsb

kvt\ln°p∂p. ]m]-Øn\p hy‡n-]-c-amb I¿Ω-IncWw am{X-w A√

kmaq-lyamb Hcp hi-hp-ap≠v. CXv {_“-k-amP ÿm]-I∑m¿ kΩ-Xn-

66 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

®n-́ p-ap-≠v. Hcp a\p-jy≥ hnX-bv°p-∂Xv as‰m-cp-h≥ sImøp-∂p. Fs‚

]m]-in£ Rm≥ am{X-a√ a‰p-≈-hcpw A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ amXm-]n-

Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ISw Rm≥ ho´p∂p. Hcp-hs‚ c‡-Zm-\-Øm¬ thsdm-cp-

h≥ Pohn-°p-∂p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns‚ {Iqip-a-c-Whpw Dbn¿∏pw (Vi-carious death and resurrection) am\-h-cm-in°p apgp-h≥ c£m-km-≤yX

Df-hm-°m≥ X° Ir]m kar-≤n-bmWv. Ahs‚ ASn-∏n-W-cp-I-fm¬ \mw

kuJyw {]m]n-°p-∂p. ]m]w \n m-c-a√. ssZhw Xs∂ ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-

t°≠ henb Ipcp-°-m-Wv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬ Gh¿°pw c£-bp≠v.

Ah-\-h-\n-k-ambn Ima-tØbpw, I¿Ω-tØ-bpw, I¿Ω-^-e-tØ-bpw,

]p\¿P-∑-tØbpw, ImWp∂ {]h-W-Xbv°v tbip-{In-kvXp- ]-cn-lm-c-ap-

≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

H. kz¿§w Gh¿°pw th≠n

\nXy \c-I-Øns‚ D]-tZiw Nne thZ-`m-K-ßƒ h®p sXfn-bn-°m-

sa-¶nepw {InkvXob {]Xymi "kz¿t√m-I-cp-sSbpw, `qtem-I-cp-sS-bpw,

At[m-tem-I-cp-sS-bpw, apg¶m¬ Hs°bpw {InkvXp-hn\v hWß-W-sa-

∂mWv (^nen. 2:10). "Bcpw \in®pt]mImsX F√m-hcpw \nXy-Po-h≥

{]m]n-°Ww' F∂m-{K-ln-®mWv I¿Ømhv ]mXm-f-Øn¬ t]mbn A\p-

k-cWw sI´-h-cmbn XS-hn-ep≈ Bflm-°-tfmSpw kphn-tijw {]kw-

Kn-®Xv (1 ]t{Xmkv 3:19; 4:6). {InkvtX-X-c¿ F√mw \c-I-Øn¬ t]mIp-

sa∂v {InkvXp-aXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. C∂p hniz-kn-°m-Ø-h¿°v ac-Wm-

\¥cw hnizm-k-km-≤y-X-bp-≠v. k` kphn-ti-j-a-dn-bn-°m-Ø-Xns‚

in£ k`-bv°m-Wv, temI-Øn-\-√ (bvl-kvt°y¬ 3:18). ]e hgn-I-

fn¬°qSn hcp-∂-h¿ A¥n-a-amb GI hgn-bm-Ip∂ tbip-{In-kvXp-hn¬

IqSn kz¿§Øn¬ {]th-in-°pw. AXn-\m¬ ka-b-Øn\p apºv Btcbpw

hn[n-°-cpXv. hn[n F√mw ]p{Xs\ ̀ c-taev]n®ncn°p-∂p. "Ah≥ F√mw

\∂mbn sNbvXp' (a¿t°m. 7:37). "Bflmhpw, aW-hm-́ nbpw ]d-bp∂p,

hcn-I. CXv tIƒ°p-∂-h\pw ]d-b-s´, hcnI' (shfn. 22:17).

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 a‰v aX-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv F¥n\v? hnh-cn-°pI.

2 "GXp aX-Øn-en-cp-∂mepw a\p-jy-PmXn \∂m-tIWw Ft∂-bp≈p'

({io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp). F√m aX-ßfpw Hcpt]mse a\p-jy-Pm-Xnsb

\∂m-°ptam?

3 a‰p aX-ß-tf°mƒ {InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v ta∑-bpt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬

Gh? Ipd-hp-Iƒ FhnsS?

67[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]T\-Øn\v

1) R. Panicker, The Unknown Christ of Hinduism, London, 1964,

2) Jones Stanly E., Chirst of the Indian Road, London, 1925.

68 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

bqWn‰v 3

ss{IkvXh [m¿ΩnIX

thZ- sh-fn-®-Øn¬

]mTw 1

{InkvXob [¿Ω-im-kv{X-Øn\v HcmapJw

[¿Ω-im-kv{Xw, \oXn-im-kv{Xw, kZm-Nm-c-kw-ln-X, km∑m¿§nI

kn≤m¥w, Moral Theology, Christian Ethics F∂o ]e t]cpIfm¬

Cu hnjbw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. lnμp-a-X-Øn\v lnμp-[¿Ωw F∂ t]cp

Xs∂ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. AXp-t]mse Hmtcm aX-Øns‚ ssZh-im-kv{Xhpw

[¿Ωim-kv{Xhpw At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. hn. ]utemkv

«olm-bpsS an° teJ-\-ß-fp-sSbpw BZy`mKw ssZh-imkv{Xhpw,

c≠mw ̀ mKw AXn¬ \n∂p-Zn-°p∂ k∑m¿§-im-kv{Xhpw BWv.

tkm{I-́ okmWv BZy-ambn XmXznI [¿Ω-im-kv{Xw ]Tn-∏n® {][m\

hy‡n. At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\mb Acn-tÃm-ń¬ (_n. kn. 384˛322)

Fgp-XnbXpw aI≥ \nsIm-am°kv ]pd-Ønd-°n-b-Xpam-Wv, “Nicomach-ean Ethics.” CX\pkcn®v Gh¿°pw kt¥mjw \¬Ip∂Xv \√Xpw,

thZ\ \¬Ip-∂Xv NoØ-bp-am-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ t\m´-Øn¬ Xo{h-

hm-Zn-IfmImsX a≤y-ÿn-X-amb (Ethics of the mean or middle posi-tion) Hcp \ne-]mSmWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. tπt‰m-bpsS (_n. kn. 427˛343)

dn∏-ªn-°v A-\p-k-cn®v XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿°v am{X-ta \∑Xn∑sb hnth-

Nn-∏m\pw \oXn-tbm-Sp- IqSn icn°p ̀ cn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. Acn-

tÃm-ń-ens‚ XXz-kw-lnX D]-tbm-Kn®v tXmakv AIzn-\mkv ]Tn-∏n®

\oXn-im-kv{X-amWv AIzn-\m-kns‚ [¿Ω-im-kv{Xw (Secunda Secundae)AXv At±-l-Øns‚ ""Summa Theologica'' F∂ -IrXnbpsS c≠mw hmey-

Øn¬ c≠mw `mKØp ImWmw. AXp-t]mse ssZh-h-N-\sØ ASn-

ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-XmWv Imƒ_m¿Øns‚ [¿Ω-im-kv{Xw. AXv At±-

l-Øns‚ N¿®v tUmKvam-‰n-Ivkns‚ c≠mw hmeyw c≠mw `mK-Øp-

Im-Wmw.

FØnIvkv F∂ hm°v {Ko°p`mjbn¬ Ta ethica F∂ aqe-Øn¬

\n∂p-≈-XmWv. Ethos F∂ hm°n\v kz`mhw, ]cn-Nbw, s]cpam‰coXn

apX-emb A¿∞-ß-fmWp-≈-Xv. Ah-c-h-cpsS a\ pw, Xocp-am-\-tØmSpw,

Adn-thm-Spw sN-øp∂ Imcy-ßƒ FØn-Ivkn¬ hnj-bo-̀ -hn-°p-Ibn√.

69[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

DZm-l-cW-ambn Hcp hy‡n Xs‚ \c® apSn Idp-∏n°p∂Xv icntbm

sXt‰m F∂ tNmZy-Øn¬ hcp-sa-¶nepw hm¿≤-Iy-Ønse \c-®-apSn

BcpsSbpw Ip‰ambn FSp-°m-hp-∂X√. Cu Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ C∂ ÿe-

Øpt≠m Fs∂m-cmƒ t^m¨ hnfn®p tNmZn-®m¬ Ds≠-∂-dn-™n-́ pw

C√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰m-Wv. F∂m¬ Rm≥ h∂ Imcyw Adn-bmsX

]c-am¿∞ -lr-Z-b-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v CXp-hsc h∂n-√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv

sX‰m-I-bn-√. kwi-b-ap-s≠¶n¬ "Rm≥ H∂p Xnc-°s´ Zb-hmbn t^m¨

Xmsg-h-bv°m-sX-bn-cn°q' F∂p adp-]Sn sImSp-°pIbpw Xnc-°nbtijw

hmkvXhw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv FØn-Ivkn\v tN¿∂-Xm-Wv.

FØnIvkpw tamd¬ Xntbm-f-Pnbpw Htc A¿∞-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p∂p F¶nepw Aev] hyXym-k-ap-≠v. kmaqly Xn∑-I-sf-°pdn®p≈

]T\w IqSp-X-embn FØn-Ivkn¬ D≈-t∏mƒ hy‡nPohn-X-Øns‚ ]hn-

{Xo-I-c-W- am¿§-ß-fmWv tamd¬ Xntbm-f-Pn-bnep≈-Xv. tkm-jy¬

FØnIvkv F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpt]mse tkmjy¬ tamd¬ Xntbm-fPn

F∂p ]d-bm-dn-√. t{]m´-Ã‚ v skan-\m-cn-Iƒ {InkvXy≥ FØnIvkv

F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS skan-\m-cn-Iƒ tamd¬

Xntbm-fPn F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ kmaqly-

{]iv\-ßƒ F√m skan-\m-cn-I-fnepw ssIImcyw sNtø-≠-Xv AXy-mh-

iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ FØnIvkv ]T\w IqtS-≠n-bn-cn-

°p∂p.

[m¿Ωn-I-NypXn kw -̀hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ B[p-\nI ImeØv hf-

b-an-√msX NmSp-hm-\mWv ]e-cp-sSbpw Xmev]cyw. Permissive Society(kI-ehpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-sa∂ Nn¥m-KXn `cn-°p∂ kaqlw) F∂p

hnfn°s∏Sp∂ ]cn-jvIrX kaqlw Aßs\ A[x-]-Xn°p-hm≥ ImcWw

aX-cm-ln-Xy-am-Wv. bqtdm-∏n-epw, Ata-cn-°-bn-epw Post Christian Era({InkvXo-bm\¥c -bp-Kw) F∂p t]mepw C°m-esØ hnfn-°p-∂p. AIDSXpS-ßnb tcmK-ßƒ k∑m¿§m-[x-]X\Øns‚ in£-bmbn hnNm-cn-°m-

hp-∂-XmWv. hy`n-Nm-chpw kzh¿§-t`m-Khpw sX‰√ F∂p ]d-bp-hm≥

X°-hÆw ]m›mXy temI-Ønse k∑m¿§ \ne-hmcw \in-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jyXzw arK-Xz-ambn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. AXn-

\m¬ ̀ h-\-ß-fnepw hnZym-̀ ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw aX-]-T\hpw k∑m¿-

§nI imkv{X]T-\hpw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ t_m[w h¿≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]e-

t∏mgpw Cfb Xe-ap-dsb ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂pw, aX-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI‰n

Ak-∑m¿§n-I-fm-°p-∂Xns‚ Hcp {][m\ ImcWw apXn¿∂ Xeap-dbpsS

{]kw-Khpw {]hr-Ønbpw XΩn-ep≈ henb A¥-c-amWv. "sIm-º≥

t]mIp-∂Xp tamgbv°p hgn' F∂m-Wt√m ]g-s©m√v.

70 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

1938˛¬ HmIvkvt^m¿Uv k¿Δ-I-em-imebn¬ {^m¶v F≥. Un. _p°v

am≥ Bcw-`n® k∑m¿§]-c-amb [m¿ΩnI ]p\-cp-∞m\ {]ÿm\w

(Moral Rearmament) t]mse Hcp hn]p-e-amb {]ÿm\w BtKm-f-ambn

XpS-tß-≠- Imew sshIn-bncn°p-I-bm-Wv. ]q¿Æamb kXy-k-‘X,

hnip-≤n, \nkzm¿∞-X, kvt\lw F∂o \mep Imcy-ß-ƒ C∂p Ipd-

™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m. Nqj-Ww, A\o-Xn, kzP\]£-hmZw,

aZy-]m-\w, ssI°q-en, Agn-a-Xn, kpJ-tem-ep-]Xzw apX-em-bh h¿≤n-®p-

h-cp-∂p. [\-hm-∑m¿ IqSp-X¬ [\-hm-∑mcpw, Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cp-am-

Ip∂ C°m-eØv k∑m¿§-sØ-°pdn-®p≈ ]T\w am{X-a√ k∑m¿§n-I-

cpsS DØ-a-amb Pohn-X-am-Xr-Ibpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-b-ncn-°p-∂p.

saUn-kn≥ \√-hÆw ]Tn®v Pbn-®m¬ \√ tUmIvS-dm-Imw, AXp-

t]mse F≥Pn-\o-b-dnw-Knepw. \√ tUmIvS-dpsS kzImcyPohnXw XI¿-

∂Xpw, k∑m¿§ hncp-≤-hp-am-Imw. C°mcyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp

{]kn≤ t\mh-emWv B¿. F¬. Ãoh≥k¨ FgpXnb "tUmIvS¿

P°nƒ B≥Uv anÃ¿ sslUv' (Dr. Jeckyl and Mr. Hide). ]-I¬ ka-

bØv k¬Kp-W-ßfpsS hnf-\ne-amb tUmIvS¿ P°nƒ cm{Xn ka-bØv

A[m¿Ωn-IX \nd™ hy‡n-bmbn amdp∂p. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ A\-h[n

hy‡n-Isf C∂p kaq-l-Øn¬ Im◊m≥ Ign-s™∂p hcmw.

FØnIvkv Hcp imkv{X-sa-¶nepw ̀ uXnIimkv{Xw t]mse H∂√.

]c-aamb \∑-sb-°p-dn®p≈ imkv{X-amWv FØnIvkv F∂p ]dbmw.

tUmIvS¿ hmSvkymb¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]co-£bv°v

B≠p apgp-h≥ ]Tn® Hcp hnZym¿∞n amXm-hns‚ tcmK-°n-S-°-bnse

AXym-k∂\ne-bn¬ ip{iq-jn-°p-hm-\mbn ]co£ Fgp-XmXn-cn-°p-∂-

Xmbncn°pw bYm¿∞Øn¬ icn-bm-bn-́ p-≈-Xv. ]c-a-amb \∑ AXn-emWv

ÿnXn -sN-ø-p∂Xv (Ethics made Easy, p. 1).

tUmIvS¿ as°≥kn-bpsS \n¿ΔN-\-{]-Imcw kz`m-h-Øn¬ icn-bm-

bXpw \∑-bm-bXpw GsX∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv FØn-Ivkv. ChnsS

icn-bm-bXp Xs∂-bmtWm \∑-bm-bXv F∂v Fßs\ Adnbmw F∂

tNmZy-ap-Zn-°p-∂p. BXy-¥n-I-ambn icn-bm-bXp am{X-amWp \∑-bm-bXv.

{InkvXob ho£-W-Øn¬ ssZh-lnXw am{X-amWv \∑. ssZh-ln-X-sa-

s¥∂p-≈Xpw Hcm-fpsS a\- m-£nsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. bp≤-

Øn¬ tNcp-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂p hniz-kn®v ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ Paci-fists Pbn¬hm-k-a-\p-̀ hn-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS a\-x m-£n A\p-k-cn-®mWv.

a\x- m£nsb Kh¨sa‚ v BZ-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

CΩm-\p-th¬ Im‚ns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ I¿Øhyw I¿Ø-hy-Øn\v

71[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

th≠n-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww (Duty for duty’s sake) ^e-Øn\p th≠n-bm-bn-cn-

°-cp-Xv. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv ̀ K-h-XvKo-X-bnse \njvIm-a-I¿Ωw F∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xpw. \√ Dt±iyw AXn¬Xs∂ \√-Xm-sW∂v Im‚p ]Tn-∏n®p.

"Rm≥ sNøp∂Xp-t]mse F√m-hcpw sNøm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xp -

am{Xta Im‚ns‚ t\m´-Øn¬ icn-bm-I-bp-≈p. To quote kant “There isnothing in the world, or even out of it that can be called good withoutqualification except a good will” (tem-I-Øntem AXn\p ]pdtØm

Ahn-X¿°n-X-ambn ]d-bm-hp∂ \∑ \√ a\-x m£n am{X-amWv). a\x-

m-£n-bpsS {]amWw ssZhZØam-sW∂p Im‚ v ]Tn-∏n-®p. ssZh-

aps≠∂pw, Bflm-hp-s≠∂pw \nXy-Po-h≥ Ds≠∂pw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv

a\x- m-£n-bm-sW∂pw Im‚ v sXfn-bn-®p. \£-{X-Pm-eßƒ At±-lsØ

A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-t]mse D≈nse a\-x m-£nbpw (Stary sky aboveand Moral law within) At±-lsØ A¤p-X-hm-\m-°n.

a\x-km-£n-bpsS \n¿_‘w (The categorical imperative) kmaq-ly-

k-Ω¿±-Øm¬ DS-se-Sp-Ø-X-√. ]ns∂-tbm- \√h\mb ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p

krjvSn-bn¬ e`n® \∑-Xn-∑-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hm-sW∂p At±lw

]Tn-∏n-®p (Critique of Practical Reason). {Xnhn[ \∑Ifmb kXyw, \∑,

kuμcyw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°v X¿°-imkv{Xw (tem-

Pn°v), [¿Ω-im-kv{Xw (FØn-°vkv), kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw (F-bvkvsØ-

‰nIv) F∂o t]cp-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw \¬I-s∏-Sp∂p.

imkv{Xw hkvXp-°-fpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT ]T-\-sa-∂-√msX k∑m¿§-

\n-b-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-a-√. Hcp hkvXp F¥m-sW∂ ]T\w

imkv{Xhpw AXv F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ ]T\w FØnIvkpw BIp∂p.

FØnIvkv Hcp Ie-bm-sW∂pw ]d-bm-h-X√. _mly-km-[-\-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®v Iem-krjvSn \S-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ B¥-cnI Nn¥-Isf

\∑-bn-te°p Xncn-°p∂ ]T-\-amWv FØnIvkv. [m¿Ωn-I-amb \oXo-I-

c-W-an-√mØ Iem-kr-jvSnsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xp sX‰m-Wv. kzmX-

{¥yhpw, kzX-{¥-amb sXc-s™-Sp∏pw, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hpw, k∑m¿§-

imkv{X-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-am-Wv. ASn-a-Øhpw ane-n -́dn ̀ c-Whpw kzmX-

{¥ysØ l\n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]ucs‚ \√ a\x- m-£n-bpsS Xocp-am\w

{]hr-Øn-bn¬ hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. P\m-b-Ø-`-cWw a\p-jy-

kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v {]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXp Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv. kzmX{¥yw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Ip-∂p. ]c-kzm-X-{¥yw l\n-°p-

∂tXm {]Xn-]£ _lp-am-\-an-√m-ØtXm kmaq-ly-\o-Xnsb l\n-°p-

∂tXm kzmX-{¥-yØn\p tNcp-∂-X-√.

72 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 {InkvXob k∑m¿§-\o-Xnsb \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-I.

2 Moral Re-armament s\°p-dn®v \ncq-]-W-ZrjvSym hne-bn-cp-ØpI.

3 ""a\x- m£n {]amWw'' N¿® sNøp-I.

]mTw 2

hnhn[ k∑m¿§ {]am-W-ßƒ

bp‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm\ {]m[m-\y-ap≈ kpIr-

Xßƒ (Cardinal Virtues) [¿Ω-im-kv{X-Øns‚ XmXznI am\-Z-fi-ß-

fm-Wv. ⁄m\w, ss[cyw, C{μn-bP-bw, \oXn F∂o \mep auenI [¿Ω-

ßƒ tπt‰m ]Tn-∏n-®p. hnizm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw F∂o aq∂p ssZh-

imkv{X kpIr-X-ßƒ hn. ]utemkv ]Tn-∏n-®p. AK-kvXo-t\mkv, Im¿Un-

\¬ k¬Kp-W-ßtf-°mƒ F√m-‰n\pw aosX hnizm-khpw {]Xym-ibpw

F√m-‰n\pw D]-cn-bmbn kvt\lhpw Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-®p. BZyw ]d™

aq∂p (⁄m\w, ss[cyw, C{μn-b-P-bw) Im¿Un\¬ k¬Kp-W-ßƒ

hy‡n-]-chpw \mem-asØ \oXn kmaq-ly-hp-am-Ip-∂p. kvt\lw BIs´,

hy‡n-sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw ka-ambn tbmPn-∏n-°p-∂p.

FØnIvkv ]e kvIqfp-I-fnepw, ]e aX-ß-fnepw Ds≠-¶nepw Ah

F√mw Xs∂ \∑-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-am-Wv.

1) ]q¿Æ hnImkw {]m]n-°mØ [¿Ωimkv{Xw (Rudimentaryethics) ]cn-jvIr-X-a-X-ßƒ°v apºp Xs∂-bp≈ {]mIr-X-a-\p-jy≥ \∑-

Xn-∑sb Fßs\ Xncn-®-dn™p F∂ ]T-\-am-Wv.

2) lnμp-aX k∑m¿§-\oXn: Alw {_“mkvan F∂v Xncn-®-dn™v

amb-bp-tSbpw AhnZy-bpsSbpw A⁄-X-bn¬ \n∂p hnap‡n t\Sn I¿Ω-

-̨ ]p-\¿P∑ am¿t§W ebn®p Poh≥ ap‡-\m-Ip-∂-XmWv CsX∂p Npcp-

°-Øn¬ ]d-bmw.

3) {InkvXob k∑m¿§-\oXn: tbip-{InkvXp shfns∏-Sp-Ønb ssZh-

kvt\l-Øm¬ t{]cn-X-cmbn ]cn-ip-≤mfl i‡n-bm¬ {InkvXp-hn-s\-

t∏mse Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. hnip≤ {XnXzØnse kvt\l

]mc-ay-Øn¬ ssZh-cmPy ÿm]\sØ em°m°n Kncn{]`m-jW amXr-

73[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

I-bn¬ ssZh-sØ-t∏mse k¬KpW ]q¿Æ-\m-Ip-hm≥ {InkvXob

k∑m¿§-coXn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p ({Inkv-Xym\n = {InkvXphns\ A\p-I-

cn-°p-∂-h≥).

4) blq-Za-Xhpw C…mwaXhpw: GIssZh -hn-izm-k-Øn¬ a\p-jysc

Dd-∏n®v, aX-\n-b-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v kzP\ kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn\v Du∂¬

sImSp-°p-hm≥ D]-tZ-in-°p-∂p. Cßs\ btlm-h-bpsS (A≈m-bp-sS)

CjvS-Øn\p Iogvs∏´p Pohn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu aX-ßƒ k∑m¿§-\oXn

ImWp-∂p.

5) ]m¿kn-I-fpsS skmsdm-B-kv{Xn-b≥ aX-{]Imcw \∑-bpsS Ddh

Alqc-am-kvUmbpw, Xn∑-bpsS Ddh Aw{K-a\yp-hp-am-Wv. AXn\m¬ Alq-

c-am-kvUm-tbmSp tN¿∂v \∑bv°pw Btcm-Ky-Øn\pw tNcp∂Xv {]h¿-

Øn-°-Ww.

k∑m¿§ {]am-W-ßsf s]mXp-hmbn \membn Xncn-°mw:

1) eoK-enkw: AYhm \nb-am-\p-krX k∑m¿§ {]am-W-ßƒ ]Øp

I¬]-\-Ifpw ]g-b\n-basØ Bkv]Z-am°nbp≈ 613 \nb-a-ßfpw A\p-

k-cn®p≈ Pohn-X-N-cy-Ifpw CXn¬s]Spw. hn. Jpdm≥ A\p-k-cn®p≈

Pohn-X-N-cy-Iƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏Spw. \nb-a-ßƒ A£cw{]Xn A\p-k-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-emWv Ch¿ \∑ ImWp-∂Xv.

2) Antinomianism: (\nba-hn-tc-m[-\n-e) taev]-d™Xn\v LS-I-hn-

cp-≤-amWv CXv. Ah-\-hs‚ a\x-km£n {]am-W-a-√msX _mly-\n-b-a-

ßƒ th≠ F∂ kn≤m-¥amWv C°q-´sc ̀ cn-°p-∂-Xv.

3) Contextual Ethics (kmμ¿`nI [¿Ω-im-kv{Xw): Situation EthicsF∂ {KŸw Fgp-Xnb Dr. Joseph Fletcher (The Westminister Press,Philadelphia, 14th edn., 1974) CXns‚ Hcp {][m\ h‡m-hmWv. kvt\l-

sa∂ BXy-¥nI ]›m-Øew A\p-k-cn®v \∑-Xn-∑-Isf hnth-Nn®v

Adn-b-W-sa-∂mWv \n¿t±-iw. kμ¿t`m-NnX k∑m¿§ \oXn F∂ Cu

{]amWw HSp-hn¬ hf-sc-t∏sc hgn-sX-‰n-®n´p≠v. a‰p Nnesc CXv kzmX-

{¥y-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØzw t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v F∂p ]dbmw.

ssZh-lnX k∑m¿§-\o-Xn°p ]Icw kμ¿`m-\p-k-cW [¿Ω-\o-Xn

]Tn∏n-°p-∂Xv B]¬°-c-am-Wv.

4) ssZh-ln-Xm-\p-krX k∑m¿§ \oXn {]amWw:

CXmWv apºp ]d™ aq∂nepw DZm-Ø-am-b-sX-∂mWv Cu teJ-

Is‚ A`n-{]m-bw. ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv kIe kXy-Ønepw hgn \SØpw

74 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

F∂ hnizm-k-amWv CXns‚ \nZm-\w. \nb-a-ßfpw, a\x-km-£nbpw

kμ¿`hpw F√mw ssZh-lnXw Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ klm-bn-t°-≠-XmWv.

kμ¿`-a-\p-kcn®v Nne-t∏mƒ Xocp-am-\n-t°≠n hcp-sa-¶nepw CØ-cp-

W-Øm¬ ssZh-lnXw F¥v F∂ tNmZy-am-bn-cn-°-Ww \sΩ apJy-

ambn \bn-t°-≠-Xv. {]m¿∞-\, [ym\w, thZ-]-T-\w, k`m-Po-hn-Xw,

{InkvXob Iq´mbva apX-em-bh apJm-¥cw ssZho-I-cn-°-s∏´ hy‡n°p-

am-{Xta icn-bmb Xocp-am\w FSp-°m≥ km[n-°q. \√Xpw icnbpw (goodand right) Xncn-®-dn™p sNøp-hm≥ ssZhm-flmhp \bn-°-Ww.

hnhn[ k∑m¿§-\o-Xnsb°pdn®p≈ Hcp apJ-hpc am{X-amWv Cu

]mT-Øn¬ ]Tn-®Xv. Fgp-X-s∏´ hN-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ am{Xw Xocp-

am-\n-°m≥ km[n-°mØ kμ¿`-Øn¬ GXmWv icn F∂ tNmZyw

kp{][m\am-Wv. sIme- sN-ø-cpXv F∂ Iev]\ A£cw{]Xn A\p-k-

cn-®m¬ bp≤-Øn¬ tNcm≥ km≤y-a-√. kzcm-Py-kvt\-l-Øm¬ ]´m-f-

Øn¬ tNcp-∂-h¿ F√mw sX‰mWp sNøp-∂-Xv F∂v Pacifists (bp≤-

hntcm-[n-I-fmb kam-[m\{]nb¿) hn[n-°p-∂p. t\sc-a-dn®v ]´m-f-Øn¬

tNcp-∂-h¿ Pacifists ]d-bp-∂Xv sX‰m-sW∂p hn[n-°pIbpacpXv.

_{Sm≠v d -ens‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ssI°qen hmßp∂ cmjv{So-b-

°m-c≥ hy`n-Nm-cnWn-tb-°mƒ Bbncw aSßv tZmj-amWv kaq-l-Øn¬

sNøp-∂Xv (Why l am not a Christian, p. 33). F∂m¬ Cu ]Zw h®p-

sIm≠v hy`n-Nmcw \oXn-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xp icn-b-√.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. eoK-en-k-Øns‚ icnbpw sX‰pw Fs¥√mw?

2. kml-N-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v \∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂Xp icntbm?

3. hy‡n-tbbpw, kaq-l-tØbpw l\n-°p∂ Xn∑Isf th¿Xn-cn-

°mtam?

4. ssZh-ln-X-a-dn™p \∑ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ Fßs\ km[n°pw.

5. ssZh-im-kv{Xhpw k∑m¿§-im-kv{Xhpw Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-

°p∂p?

75[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 3

]g-b-\n-ba [m¿Ωn-IX

BZn-bn¬ ssZhw Rm≥ hnip-≤-\m-I-bm¬ \nßfpw hnip-≤-cm-bn-

cn-∏o≥ ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ: Hcp k∑m¿§n-I- am-XrI BZysØ 4

Iev]-\-Iƒ c≠m-asØ 5 I¬∏-\-Iƒ

1. BZn-bn¬ ssZhw

"BZn-bn¬ ssZhw' F∂ ssZh-Øns‚ kzbw shfn-∏m-tSm-SpIq-Sn-

bmWv ]g-b-\n-baw Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂-Xv. C∂-bn∂ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ssZhw

D≠v F∂v hn. Jpdm≥ ]d-bp-∂p. XXz-⁄m-\n-Ifpw ssZhsØ sXfnbn-

°m≥ ]e hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p. thZ-]p-kvXIw BZn-bn¬

ImWp-∂Xv Imc-W-ß-f-√. Imc-W-ßƒ°pw apºp≈ ssZh-sØ-bm-Wv.

a‰m-cm¬ F¶nepw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ssZhw sXfn-bn-°-p∂ Bfn-t\-

°mƒ sNdpXpw ]nºp-≈-h-\p-am-W-t√m. BZn-bn¬ ssZhw D≠v F∂√,

BZn-bn¬ ssZhw krjvSn®p F∂mWv Dev]Øn H∂mw hmIyw. ssZhw

Dt≠m C√tbm F∂ hmZw DZn-°p-∂-tX-bn-√, CXp c≠pw bp‡n°p

sXfn-bn-°m-hp-∂-X√. Ds≠∂v ssZh-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw, Cs√∂v \nco-iz-

ccpw sXfn-bn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ bp‡n ssZhw krjvSn-®-Xm-Wv.

ssZh-sØ -Bcpw D≠m-°n-b-X-√, bp‡n-bpsS krjvSn-bp-a-√. ssZhw

\nXy\pw kzbw-̀ qhpw F√m -Im-c-W-ßƒ°pw apºp≈ BZy-Im-c-Whpw

F√mw Xs∂ Ah-km-\n-®mepw \ne-\n-ev°p∂ GI kXy-hp-am-Wv.

ssZhw Bcw-̀ hpw Ah-km-\-hp-ap≈ a\p-jy-s\-t∏mse ]cnanX-\√. \nco-

iz-c-∑m¿°v Ah¿ X-s∂-bmWv Ah-cpsS ssZhw. \nco-izc bp‡n-hm-Zn-

Iƒ°v bp‡n-bmWv ssZhw. F∂m¬ kzbw krjvSn-°p-hm≥ t]mepw

Ign-bmØ a\p-jy≥ Fßs\ ssZh-amIpw? ssZh-am-Ip∂ \nXy-Im-cyhpw

Imc-W-hp-an-√msX BIm-i-tam, ̀ qantbm, a\pjyt\m C√. AXn-\m¬

sXfn-bn-°-s∏-tS-≠-h-\-√msX sXfn°p∂h\mWv ssZhw. \ΩpsS bp‡n-

b-√, bp‡n-°-XoX-\mb \nXy- bm-Ym¿∞y-amWv ssZhw. B ssZhw

]nim-Nns\ krjvSn-®-Xmtbm, Xn∑sb krjvSn-®-Xmtbm Dev]-Øn-bnse

krjvSn-bpsS hnh-c-W-Øn-en√. ssZhw krjvSn-®-sX√mw "F{X-bpw- \√Xv

F∂p I≠p' (-Dev]. 1:31). ]nimNv hog-s∏´ amem-J-bmsW∂v k` ]Tn-

∏n-°p∂p. amem-Jsb hogvØnb ]co-£ Fhn-sS \n∂p h∂p F∂

tNmZyw ]ns∂bpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-Xbv°p

hogm-\p≈ km≤yX Ahiyw Bh-iy-am-Wt√m. ssZhw shfn-®-hpw,

shfn-®-ß-fpsS ]nXm-hp-am-Wv. ]nimNv Xn∑-bpw, Xn∑-bp-sS- ]nXmhpamWv.

76 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

BZn-bn¬ ssZhw F∂-Xp-t]mse Ah-km-\hpw ssZhw {kjvSm-hp -

Xs∂. ]pXnb BIm-ihpw, ]pXnb ̀ qanbpw krjvSn-°p∂ ssZh-amWv

shfn]mSp ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ HSp-hn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv, ]nimNns‚

Ccpƒ ssZh-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øns‚ A`m-h-am-Ip-∂p. biøm 45:7˛¬

""Rm≥ {]Im-isØ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p, A‘Imc-sØbpw krjvSn-°p-∂p,

Rm≥ \∑sb D≠m-°p-∂p, Xn∑-tbbpw krjvSn-°p-∂p. btlm-h-bmb

Rm≥ CsXm-s°bpw sNøp-∂p'' F∂ hmIy-Øn¬ {]Im-ihpw \∑bpw

D≠m-Ip∂p F∂pw, A‘-Im-chpw Xn∑bpw krjvSn-°p∂p F∂pw, c≠p

{Inbm]Z-ßƒ A\z¿∞-am-Ip∂ ]c-a-amb (Ultimate) \∑-bpw,

(Penultimate) Bbn, Ah-km-\-Øn\p apºp-hsc Xn∑bpw \mw ImWWw.

BXy-¥n-I-am-bn-́ p≈Xp ssZhw am{X-am-Wv. Xn∑ BZyw C√m-bn-cp-∂p

HSp-hnepw C√m-XmIpw. GZ-\n¬ ]co-£n-∏m≥ h∂ ]nimNv AXp-hsc

{]Xy-£s∏-Sm-ØXv \in-∏n-°m-\√msX krjvSn-∏m≥ {]m]vX-\-√m-ØXn-

\m-em-bn-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ kmØms\ _‘n-°p-sa∂v (shfn. 20:2) ImWp-

∂Xpw ssZh-Øns‚ am{Xw \nXy{]h¿Ø\w ImWn-°m-\m-Wv. "\∑sb

tXmev]n-°m≥ Xn∑bv°p Ign-bp-I-bn√' (tbml. 1:5).

2. ""Rm≥ hnip-≤-\m-I-bm¬ \nßfpw hnip-≤-cm-bn-cn-∏o≥''

(tehy 19:2)

ssZhw t\ml-bp-ambpw, A{_-lm-ap-ambpw, bmt°m-_p-ambpw sNbvX

D`-b-k-ΩXw, \nb-aw, DS-ºSn (Covenant) C{kmtb¬ PmXnsb ssZh-

Øn-\mbn th¿Xn-cn-®-Xns‚ ASnÿm-\-ØnemWv, Ah¿ {]tXyIw hnip-

≤-cm-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv. Cu DS-ºSn \nXy-am-Wv (D-ev]: 9:16; 17:13, 19; tehy

24:8, 2 iap. 23:5, bi. 24:5, bnc-ay 32:40, sbsl: 37:26, F{_m. 13:20).

ssZh-P\w F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w ssZh-Øn-\mbn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-´-h¿

F∂m-Wv. ]pXnb\nb-a-Øn¬ tehy tKm{X-Øns‚ ÿm\w amtam-Zokm

apßnb Gh¿°pw \evI-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂p (1 ]t{Xm. 2:9). k∑m¿§{]-am-W-

ßƒ kml-N-cy-a\p-k-cn®v am‰m-sa∂v kmμ¿`nI k∑m¿§{]am-W-°m¿

]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]gb\nb-a-Øn¬ ssZh-am-bp≈ \nXy DS-º-Sn-bpsS

ASnÿm-\Øn¬ k∑m¿§{]am-W-ßƒ \nXy-am-Wv. Np‰p-]m-Sp-ItfmS√,

ssZh-tØm-SmWv \ap°v H∂m-a-Xmbn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈-Xv. am‰-an-√m-

Ø-h-\mb ssZhw, am‰-ß-fpsS a≤y-Ønepw, am‰-an-√mØ Nne k∑m¿§-

\n-ba-ßƒ a\p-jy¿°v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øn¬ [m¿-

Ωn-I-m[x-]-X-\-Øns‚ {][m\ ImcWw ssZhw Ab-Ym¿∞-am-b-Xm-Wv,

Bcm-[-\bpw, ssZh-imkv-{Xhpw, aX-]-T-\hpw IqSmsX GXp Xe-apd

hf¿∂mepw k∑m¿§n-Im-[x-]-X\w D≠mIpw. kZm-Nmc {]am-W-ß-fn-

te°p aSßnhcm≥ B[p-\nI Xe-ap-dsb £Wn°pwaptº ssZh-Øn-

77[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

te°p aS-ßm-\mWv hnfn-t°-≠-Xv. k`-bm-Ip∂ kam-Ka\ IqSm-chpw

ssZh-̀ -‡-\m-Ip∂ tZhm-e-bhpw \n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ "]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ h®p

ImWn-®p-X∂ amXr-I-{]-Imcw Ahsb D≠m-°p-hm≥ kq£n®p

sImt≈Ww' (]pd. 25:40, 26:30, 27:8, F{_m: 8:5).

3. ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ: Hcp k∑m¿§n-I- am-XrI

]pd-∏mSv 20˛epw Bh¿Ø\w 5˛epw ImWp∂ ]Øp Iev]-\Iƒ ]g-

b-\n-ba k∑m¿§-\oXn ]ment°-≠-h¿ hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww. BZysØ

\mep Iev]-\-Iƒ ssZh-hp-am-bp≈ D -̀b-k-ΩXw XpS-cp-hm\pw ]n∂sØ

Bdp Iev]-\-I-ƒ a\p-jy-cp-am-bp≈ I¿Øhy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm\pw

\n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. BZy Iev]-eI-bn¬ BZysØ \mepw c≠m-a-tØ-

Xn¬ ]n∂sØ Bdpw ssZhw FgpXn F∂-Xn-¬ ssZhw \evIn

F∂mWp [cn-t°-≠-Xv. temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ s]mXp-hmbpw blq-Z -˛ -

{InkvXob k∑m¿§-\o-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {]tXy-I-ambpw henb

kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-b-hbpw C∂pw sNep-Øp-∂-h-bp-amWv Cu ]Øp

Iev]\-Iƒ. Ah XncnsI Gev]n-°m≥ B[p-\nI kaqlw {ian®mepw

km≤y-am-Im-Ø-hÆw a\p-jy-a-\x-km-£nbn¬ Ah ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-́ p≠v.

BZysØ 4 Iev]-\-Iƒ

(1) "Rm\-√msX A\y-ssZ-h-ßƒ \n\-°p-≠m-I-cpXv.' God’s sover-eignty. ]e ssZh-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ H∂pw ssZh-a-√.

(2) "Hcp hn{K-lhpw D≠m-°-cp-Xv, hμn-°-cpXv.' God alone isuncreated: a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb bmsXm-∂p-am-Is´ ssZh-\n¿Ωn-

X-am-Is´ ssZh-a-√. ssZhw am{Xw Bcm≤y≥.

(3) btlm-h-bpsS \maw hrYm FSp-°-cp-Xv, `‡n-tbmSpw hnd-b-

temSpw BZc-thmSpw A√msX ssZh-\maw D®-cn-°-t]mepw

sNø-cpXv. ssZhw ]nXm-sh-¶n¬ Ahs\ Ifn-tØm-g\m-°-cpXv.

(4) "im_-Xns\ ip≤o-I-cn-∏m≥ Hm¿°.' Cu Iev]\ Bh¿Ø\w

5˛¬ IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. ant{k-an¬ \n∂p≈ hntam-N-

\-tØmSp AXns\ _‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Øn\v ]g-b-\n-baw

Ggmw Znhkw am{Xhpw, ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-w, H∂mw Znh-khpw th¿Xn-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv F√m Znh-khpw ssZh-Øn-\m-°m\mWv. IjvS-

s∏-Sp∂ sXmgn-emfn h¿§-Øn\v Bizmkw \evIp-∂-Xn\v ssZhw

Iev]n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ant{kanse ASn-a-XzØn¬ \n∂p hnSp-X¬

e`n-®-Xns‚ \μn-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\mbn sXmgnemfn°v hn{iaw \¬

Ip∂p.

78 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

c≠m-asØ 5 Iev]-\-Iƒ

(5) "\ns‚ A∏-t\bpw AΩ-tbbpw _lp-am-\n°.' CXns‚ ̂ e-

ambn Zo¿Lm-bp v (]p-d. 20:12) AtXm-Sp-IqSn \n\°p \∂m-bn-

cn-∏m\pw F∂p-IqSn Bh¿Ø\w 5:16˛¬ hmKvZØw sNbvXn-cn-

°p-∂p. c≠mw ̀ mK-tØ°p amdp-tºmƒ BZy-Iev]\ CXm-bn-

cn-°p-∂Xv ssZh]n-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ IÆn amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cm-I-bm-

em-Wv. ssZhw Bcm-≤y-\m-Ip-hm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°p

_lp-am-\y-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

(6) "sIme sNø-cpXv.' CXv Kncn-{]-`m-j-W-Øn¬ tIm]n-°-cpXv

(aØm. 5:22) F∂m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv sIme-bpsS ImcWw tIm]-

am-I-bm-em-Wv.

(7) "hy`n-Nmcw sNø-cpXv.' kv{Xosb tamln-t°-≠-Xn\v Ahsf

t\m°p-∂-h≥ F√mw lrZbw sIm≠p Ah-tfmSp hy`-nNmcw

sNbvXp-t]mbn F∂ I¿Ør Iev]-\bn¬ ]m]-Øns‚ BZy-

]-Sn-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp∂p. Nn¥-bn¬ XpS-ßp-∂-XmWp ]m]w.

(8) "tamjvSn-°-cpXv.' Cu Iev]-\-sb-°pdn®p Kncn-{]-̀ mjWw H∂pw

]d-bmsX "I≈-kXyw sNø-cpXv' F∂ ASpØ Iev]-\-bn-

te°p IS-∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv hymP-Nn-¥bpw hm°pw amdn-bm¬

tamjWw \S-°p-I-bn√ F∂ Imc-W-Øm-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.

(10) "Iq´p-Im-cs‚ ̀ h-\sØ tamln-°-cpXv' F∂Xpw \ΩpsS I¿

Ømhv \ntj-[m-fl-I-Xbn¬ \n∂v k¿§m-fl-I-am-°n, Iq´p-Im-

cs\ kvt\ln° F∂m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. \mw kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cp-

tSXp tamjvSn-°msX \mw Ah-cp-ambn ]¶n-Sp-a-t√m.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 C…mw-a-X-{K-Ÿ-amb hn. Jpdm\pw, ]g-b-\n-b-ahpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-

ay-s∏-SpØn k∑m¿§-{]-am-W-ß-fn-ep≈ kmay-ßfpw hyXym-k-

ßfpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-I.

2 GI-ssZ-h-hn-izmkw Xs∂ {]mtZ-in-I-X-bn¬ \n∂v BtKm-f-X-e-

Øn-te°p hf¿∂-Xp-t]mse [m¿ΩnI {]am-W-ß-fpsS hf¿®

]g-b-\n-ba, ]pXn-b-\n-ba {KŸ-ßsf Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn I≠p-]n-

Sn-°pI.

3 ]Øp Iev]-\-Ifpw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Kncn-{]`m-j-Whpw

(aØm. 5˛7) Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

79[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 4

k∑m¿§-\oXn:

{]h-N-\, Imhy- {K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬

{]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \oXn{]am-W-ßƒ k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \oXn

{]am-Ww kZr-iy-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬

]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ IqSmsX A\p-jvTn-t°≠ a‰p ]e \nb-a-ßfp-

ap≠v (]p-d. 20:23˛23:19). Cu \nb-a-ßƒ Irjn-°m¿ ]men-t°-≠-h-bm-bn-

´mWp ImWp-∂-Xv. _n. kn. 1200˛¬ tami Ch Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\p apºv

lΩ-pd_n _m_ntem-Wn-¬ CXn-t\mSp kmZriy-ap≈ Iev]-\-Iƒ

\¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]pcm-X\ inem-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {Kln°mw.

tami-bpsS \ymb-{]-amWw (Torah) A\p-k-cn-®m¬ Poh\pw k¥m\-

h¿≤\hpw, sFiz-cyhpw e`n-°p-sa∂pw, AXp ewLn-®m¬ \mihpw

]m]hpw hcp-sa∂pw ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In-bn-́ p-≠v (Bh¿Ø\w 30:15˛19).

tamibv°p tijw h∂ ]ptcm-lnX \nb-a-ß-fn¬ (Priestly Code) ]eXpw

aX-]-c-amb BNm-cm\p-jvTm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hnip-≤n, Aip≤n F∂n-hsb

ASnÿm-\-am-°n-bpamWv (tehy ]pkvXIw). IÆn\p ]Icw IÆv (]pd.

21:23˛25) F∂ {]amWw \ΩpsS I¿Ømhp am‰n, (a-Ømbn 5:38f) hesØ

sNIn-́ Øv ASn-°p-∂-h\v CS-tØXpw Xncn®pImWn° F∂m-°n.

{]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \oXn{]am-W-ßƒ

_n. kn. F´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn® Btam-kv, tlmi-bm, sbiømhv,

aoJm F∂o {]hm-N-I-∑m-tcm-Sp -IqSn Hcp ]pXnb bpKw Xs∂ Bcw-

`n®p F∂p ]dbmw. Cu \mep {]hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬ Btam-kn-s\-t∏mse

A\o-Xn°v FXn-cmbn K¿÷n-°p-Ibpw \oXn°p \ne-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX as‰mcp {]hm-N-Is\ ImWm≥ {]bm-k-am-Wv. B[p-\nI ssZh-

im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ [\-hm-∑m¿°v FXn-cmbn D≤-cn-°p∂ Btam-kns‚

{][m\ hnj-b-ßƒ {]tXyIw ]Tn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

DZm:˛ Zcn-{Z-s\-Xn-cmb NqjWw 2:6, 7; 4:1; 5:11 f. ̀ ¿Ømhpw AΩm-hn-

b-∏\pw Hcp bph-Xnsb kao-]n-°p∂p (2:7, 8), "\oXn-bn-√m-Ø-hs‚ Bcm-

[\ h¿÷yw' (5:21˛27). kpJ-tem-ep-]Xzw in£m¿lw (3:14, 4:1, 6:4˛11).

"aZy-]m\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww' (4:1 ̨ 6:6). I≈-Øp-emkpw im_-Xm-N-

c-Whpw (8:4˛7). aoJm {]h-N-\-Ønse X¶hmIyw 6:8 BWv. ""a\pjym

\√Xv Fs¥∂p Ah≥ \n\°p ImWn-®p-X-∂n-cn-°p-∂p, \ymbw {]h¿-

Øn-∏m\pw \ns‚ ssZh-Øns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ Xmgva-tbmsS \S-∏m\pw

80 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

A√msX F¥mIp∂p btlmh \nt∂mSp tNmZn-°p-∂Xv?'' ain-lm-bpsS

BK-a-\-Øn¬ "bp≤w A`y-kn-°p-I-bn√-', "Ah¿ Xß-fpsS hmfp-Isf

sImgp-°fmbpw hm°-Øn-I-fmbpw ASn®p Xo¿°pw, PmXn PmXn-°p

t\sc hmƒ Hmßp-I-bn-√' (aoJm 4:3). CXn-t\mSv tN¿∂v sbiøm 11:1˛10

hmbn-°p-I. Hcp h¿jw bp≤-Øn\v 700 _ney≥ tUmf¿ sNe-h-gn-°p∂

B[p-\nI ImeØv aoJbpw, sbi-ømhpw Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-‰n-cp-s∂-¶n¬

F{X \∂v. A∂sØ {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ C∂-tØ-°mƒ [oc-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p.

Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ bnc-aym-hns\ A∂sØ ]ptcm-ln-X-

\mb ]ivlq¿ ASn-°p-Ibpw Ba-Øn-en-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp (bn-caym 20:12).

F∂n´pw bnc-aymhp Xs‚ D{K i_vZw tIƒ∏n-®p. ]m]n-°p -Xs∂ in£

hcp-sa∂pw ASpØ Xe-ap-dbnte°v AXp am‰m-hp-∂-X-√ F∂pw bnc-

aymhp {]h-Nn®p (bn-c-ay 31:29-̨ 31).

Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ {]h-Nn® sbsl-kvtI-epw, ZpjvS≥ acn-°p-sa∂pw

ZpjvSs\ Hm¿∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂h\v in£ hcp-sa∂pw {]h-Nn-®p (Ezekiel31:8˛19, 33:5˛20). ]m]n°v am{X-a√ in£. ]m]-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m≤yw

hcp-tØ-≠-h¿°pw AXp sNøm™m¬ in£ e`n-°pw.

c≠mw sbi-øm-hn-te°p hcp-tºmƒ IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Zmk-s\-°p-

dn®p≈ ̀ mK-ßƒ (42:1˛4, 49:1-̨ 6; 50:4˛9, 52:13, 53:12) ain-lm-bn¬ \nd-th-

dn-b-Xmbn \ap-°p- ImWmw. ]m]n-°p-th-≠n ]m]w C√m-Ø-h≥ IjvS-

s∏-S-W-sa∂ {]am-W-a-\p-k-cn®v ainlm acn-®Xpt]mse \mapw IjvS-

s∏´p acn-°Ww. tbm\-bpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ he-¶øpw CS-¶øpw XΩn¬

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcpe£Øn Ccp-]-Xn\m-bn-c-Øn¬∏cw \ns\-

th-°m-sc-°p-dn®v Atøm-̀ mhw tXm∂p∂ ssZh-lr-Z-b-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-

bp-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ \oXn-sb-°p-dn®pw Icp-W-sb-°p-dn®pw Pohs\

]Wbw sh®pw F°m-eØpw {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ hnfn-®dnbn®n´p≠v. Aßs\

sNbvXXn\m¬ em‰n≥ Ata-cn°bn¬ B¿®p_ntjm∏v sdmtatdm

1980˛¬ sIm√-s∏-́ p.

k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \oXn{]am-Ww

Zmho-Zns‚ k¶o¿Ø-\ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ F{_m-b-∏m´p

]pkvXIw Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂-Xp- Xs∂ ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS Btem-N-\-{]-Imcw \S-

°msX, btlm-h-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-WsØ [ym\n-°p-∂-hs‚ ̀ mKyw ]d-

™p-sIm-≠m-Wv. 15˛mw k¶o¿Ø-\-Øn¬ btlm-h-bpsS IqSm-c-Øn¬

]m¿°-W-sa-¶n¬ Bh-iy-amb \oXn{]hr-Øn-Isf hnh-cn-°p∂p. "Xs‚

{Zhyw ]en-i°p sImSp-°-cp-sX∂' {]amWw ad∂v A\ymb ]en-ibv°p

]Ww ISw sImSp-°p-∂-hcpsS in£ -I¨ap-ºn¬ C∂p \mw ImWp-

81[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

∂p≠v. sªbnUp Iº-\n-Iƒ \S-Øp∂hsc Ip‰w ]d-bp-Ibpw, Ah-

bn¬ ]Ww CSp-∂-hsc \oXo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂-X-√. ZpjvSs‚

in£bpw \oXn-ams‚ {]Xn-^e-hpw F{X at\m-l-c-am-Wv F∂v 37˛mw

k¶o¿Ø\w hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Ffn-b-hs\ BZ-cn-°p-∂-hs‚ ̀ mKyw 41˛mw

k¶o¿Ø\w Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-∂p. 119˛mw k¶o¿Ø-\-Øn¬ 176

{]mhiyw \ymb-{]-am-W-Øns‚ ]cym-b-]Zßfpw Ah A\p-k-cn-°p∂h-

cpsS kt¥m-jhpw {]Xn-^-e-hpw ImWmw. 139˛mw k¶o¿Ø-\-Øn¬

ssZh-Øns‚ k¿Δ hym]n-Xzhpw i‡nbpw hnh-cn® tijw hyk-\-

Øn-\p≈ am¿§-Øn¬ \n∂v imizX am¿§-Øn-te°p \bn-∏m\pw D≈

{]m¿∞\ ImWmw.

kZr-iy-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬

CXn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-⁄m-\w,- \o-Xn, \ymbw, t\cv F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v

At\Iw hne-tb-dnb apØp-Iƒ s]dp-°n-sb-Sp-°mw. HuNnXy [¿Ωw

(Prudential ethics) F∂ Xe-s°-́ n¬ hcp-∂h-bmWv Ah-bn¬ ]e-Xpw.

]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Ønse DZm-Ø-amb kvt\l-{]-amWw ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Ipd-

hm-sW-¶nepw \oXn-am-\mb ssZh-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ ]mTßƒ Ah-bn-ep-

≈h X≈m-hp-∂-h-b-√. "\ΩpsS ssZhw Zln-∏n-°p∂ A·n-bt√m'

(F{_m-b¿ 12:29).

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. Btam-kns‚ {]h-N-\-ßfn¬ kmaqly\oXn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]h-

N-\-ßƒ hntam-N\ ssZh--im-kv{XØnt‚Xpambn Xpe\w sNøpI.

2. `‡n-Km-\-ß-fmb k¶o¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ {]Xn-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw Icp-

W-bp-sSbpw ssZhsØ Fßs\ F√mw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

3. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønse k∑m¿§-{]-am-W-ßƒ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-

h-bm-sW∂pw {InkvXp-hn-\m¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw

{]tXyIw I≠p-]n-Sn®p hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

82 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 5

]pXnb\nb-a [m¿Ωn-I-X:-

kp-hnti-jßfn¬

tbml-∂m≥ amw_vZm-\bpw bmt°m-_v «o-lmbpw tbip-{In-

kvXphpw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXn-bpw Kncn{]`m-jWw Kncn-{]-̀ m-

jWØns‚ \mep Xe-ßƒ

]pXnb\nb-a-Ønse I¿Øm-hns‚ ]Tn-∏n-°¬ ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚

k∑m¿§ {]am-Wsa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu temI Pohn-X-Øn¬ A{]m-tbm-

Kn-I-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sdbvt\mƒUv \o_¿

AXns\ Akm-≤y-amb kpkm-≤y-X-bmbn Nn{Xo-Icn®ncn-°p∂p. "MoralMan in an Immoral Society' (k∑m¿§nbmb a\p-jy≥ k∑m¿§ t_m[-

an-√mØ kaq-l-Øn¬) F∂ ]pkvXIw hmbn-°pI. kwLS-\-Ifpw

hy‡n-Ifpw ]m]-Øns‚ \ocmfn]nSp-Ø-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-X-bp-ambn hnZqc

_‘-Øn¬ InS-°p-I-b-√msX B¿°pw ]q¿ÆX km≤y-a√. Nne

hy‡n-Iƒ°p km[n®mepw LS\ ]m]]¶n-e-am-bncn°pw. t\sc adn®v

tSmƒtÃm-bn-bpw, alm-flm-Km-‘nbpw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Kncn{]`m-

j-WsØ Cu temI-Po-hn-X-Øn-\p≈ amXrIbmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p.

hn≥k‚ v sSbve-dpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ Kncn-{]-`m-jW-Øns‚ apºn¬

B¿°pw kzPo-hnXsØ ]cntim-[n-®m¬ A\p-Xm]ap-≠m-Ipw. A{Xbv°v

DZm-Ø-amWv I¿Øm-hns‚ ]Tn-∏n-°¬. B¬_¿´v sjzubnÃ¿ Kncn-

{]`m-jWsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xp bpKm¥yw ASpØp F∂ \ne-bn-

ep≈ ]Tn-∏n-°-em-bn-́ mWv. GXmbmepw a‰p bmsXmcp aX-ÿm-]-It\m

Kpcpthm ]Tn-∏n-®n-́ p≈ k∑m¿§\oXnbpw C{X D∂-X-amb Hcp ]q¿Æ-

X-bpsS am\Zfiw hc®pIm´p-∂n√. PohnX Xmgvhc-bn¬ \n∂p Db-c-

Øn-se-Øn-b-h¿°p am{Xta Kncn-{]-`m-jWw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m≥

km[n°q. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-s\-t∏mse A¥¿t\{Xw Xpd∂p a‰m-sc-

¶nepw Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-́ pt≠m? "ssZh-Øns‚ CjvSw sNøp-∂-h-cmWv Fs‚

ktl-mZ-cnbpw ktl-mZ-c\pw amXmhpw' (a¿t°m. 3:35) F∂p ]d™

a‰m-cp-≠v.- Hcp temI- Ip-Spw-_sØ I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ ]Tn-∏n-°-emWv

tbip-an-in-lm-bp-tSXv.

1. tbml-∂m≥ amw_vZm-\bpw bmt°m-_v «o-lmbpw

F√mw ]¶n-Sp∂ Ip{am≥ kaq-l-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww Ch¿ Ccp-

hcpw. Ah-cpsS ]Tn-∏n°¬ hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ apX-em-fnØ

hyh-ÿn-Xn°p \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-sW∂p ImWmw. Hcp tkmjy-enÃp kaq-

83[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

l-Øns‚ [m¿ΩnI {]am-W-a-h¿ ImWn®p. tbml-∂ms‚ k∑m¿§-

{]am-W-ßƒ NneXp t\m°p-I. ]pcp-jm-c-tØmSv "c≠p hkv{X-ap≈h≥

C√m-Ø-h\p sImSp-°Ww. `£W km[-\-ßƒ D≈-h\pw Aßs\

Xs∂' (eqt°m. 3:11) F∂p ]d™p.' Np¶-°m-tcmSv: "\nß-tfmSv Iev]n-

®-Xn¬ A[n-I-sam∂pw ]ncn-°-cp-Xv' (eqt°m. 3:13) F∂p ]d-™p.

]S-÷-\-tØmSv: "Bscbpw _em¬°mcw sNøm-sXbpw NXn-hmbn

H∂pw hmßm-sXbpw \nß-fpsS iºfw aXn-sb∂p sh∏o≥' (eqt°m.

3:14) F∂p ]d-™p. sbiøm 40:3˛5 hsc-bp-≈-Xv D≤-cn®psIm≠v

At±lw {]kw-Kn®Xv F√m Xmgvhcbpw (Z-cn{Z-cpw) \nI∂p hcp-sa∂pw

F√m -Ip∂pw (]-W-°mcpw) Xmgp-sa∂pw F√m hf-™Xpw (A-\o-Xnbpw)

\nc∂ hgn-bmbn Xocp-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p.

sltcm-Zm-hn-t\mSv: "ktlm-Z-cs‚ ̀ mcysb ]cn-{K-ln-°p-∂Xv \n\°v

hnln-X-a√' (a¿t°m. 6:18) F∂p ]d-™p. Cuhn[ {]kw-K-Øns‚ ̂ e-

ambn Pbn¬hmkhpw inc-tO-Zhpw e`n-®p. F¶nepw "tbml-∂m≥'

\oXnbpw hnip-≤n-bp-ap≈ ]pcp-j≥ F∂v Adn™ sltcmZmhv Ahs\

`b-s∏-´p (a¿t°m. 6:20).

2. tbip-{In-kvXphpw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXn-bpw

\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ D]-a-I-fn¬ an°Xpw ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚

k∑m¿§-{]-am-W-ßƒ ]eXpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \√ ia-cym-°m-cs‚ D]a

(eqt°m. 10:25˛37) PmXn-bp-tSbpw h¿§-Ønt‚bpw AXn-cp-Iƒ XI¿°p-

hm\mbn ]Tn-∏n-®-Xm-Wv. [\-hm-s‚bpw em-kdn-s‚bpw D]a (eqt°m.

16:19˛31) lrZ-b-an-√mØ [\-hm\p hcm≥ t]mIp∂ in£ ImWn-®p.

kzbw \oXn-°m-c-\mb ]co-i≥ ]pdØpw A\p-X-]n-°p∂ Np¶-°m-c≥

HSp-hn¬ AIØpw Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂p ]Tn-∏n®p. A¥y-\ym-b-hn-[n-sb-°p-

dn-®p≈ hnh-cWw (a-Ømbn 25:31˛46) Poh-Im-cpWy {]h¿Ø-\-amWv

\ymb-hn[n ka-bsØ {][m\ ]cn-K-W\ F∂p ImWn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS

I¿Ømhv tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-I-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ "kz¿§-cm-Pyw kao-

]n-®n-cn-°-bm¬ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-hn≥' F∂p {]k-w-Kn-®Xv a\w am‰w

IqSmsX ssZh-cm-Py-{]-P-bm-bn-cn-∏m≥ km≤y-a√ F∂p ImWn-°p-∂p.

H∂p-In¬ {]Xm]hpw ]Whpw ÿm\-am\- Xm-ev]-cyhpw Cu temIhpw

As√-¶n¬ Xmgvabpw kphn-tij Zmcn-{Zyhpw, kzbw ]cn-Xym-Khpw ssZh-

cm-Pyhpw. ka-ho-£W kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ kz¿§-cm-Py-sa∂pw ssZh-

cmPy-sa∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-XmWv tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Ønse

\nXy-Po-h≥. Ncn{Xw am{X-amWv {][m-\-sa∂ B[p\nI Nn¥bpw,

I¿Øm-hns‚ ]p\-cm-K-a-\m-\¥cw am{Xsa c£-bp≈p F∂ FXn¿

84 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw ]pXnb\nb-a-Øn-e-n-√. ""ssZh-cmPyw \nß-fpsS CS-bn¬

D≠v. F∂m¬ \ns‚ cmPyw htc-Wta' F∂p bpKm¥yw hsc {]m¿∞n-

°-pIbpw thWw. \nXyPoh≥ Ct∏mƒ XpS-ßp-∂Xpw Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-ambn

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-XpamWv. ssZh-cm-Py-Øns‚ \oXn ssZh-lnXw kz¿§-

Øn-se-t∏mse ̀ qan-bnepw hcnI F∂XmWv. D®-\o-N-Xz-ßƒt°m, i{Xp-

Xbvt°m, bp≤-Øn-t\m, Nqj-W-Ønt\m ÿm\-an-√m-ØXpw F√mw

\ymb-ambn ]¶n-Sp-∂-Xp-amb hyh-ÿn-Xn-bmWp ssZh-cm-Pyw. hnip≤

]utem-kns‚ ̀ mj-bn¬ AXv \oXnbpw, kam-[m-\hpw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-

hn-ep≈ kt¥m-j-hp-amWv (tdm-a. 14˛17).

3. Kncn{]`m-jWw

hnip≤ aØmbn 5, 6, 7 A≤ym-b-ß-fn-embn kam-l-cn-°-s∏´p InS-

°p∂ Kncn{]`m-jWw a¿t°m-knepw eqt°m-knepw ]e-bn-S-Ømbn InS-

°p-∂h HØp-hm-Iy-ap≈ thZ-]p-kvXIw t\m°n Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

aØmbn H≥]Xp "`mKy-hm-∑m¿']-d-bp-tºmƒ eqt°mkv (6:20˛23) \mep

am{Xta ]d-bp-∂p-≈p. ""Bflm-hn¬ Zcn-{Zcmbh¿ `mKy-hm-∑m¿''

F∂mtWm I¿Ømhp ]Tn-∏n-®Xv AtXm ""Zcn-{Z-∑m-cmb \nßƒ ̀ mKy-

hm-∑m¿'' F∂mtWm F∂ X¿°w Xo¿∂n-´n-√. hn. aØmbn kam-l-

cn®t∏mƒ Nne am‰w hcpØn F∂q-ln-°mw. c≠m-bmepw ]cn-ip-≤mfl

\nizm-ky-am-I-bm¬ c≠pw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. imco-cnI Zmcn{Zyhpw,

Bflob Zmcn-{Zyhpw c≠pw Ipd-hm-sW∂ t_m[-am-Wv. F√mw D≈h≥

Zcn-{Z-\√. F√m-‰n-\pw ̀ n£-sb-Sp-t°-≠-bm-hiyw h∂-h-\mWv Zcn-{Z≥.

`‡-∑m¿°v B-flobw \nd™pIhnbp∂p F∂pw a‰p-≈-h¿°p tXm∂n-

bmepw e`n-®-X-√msX H-∂p-an-s√∂pw F√m-Øn-s‚bpw DS-a-ÿ≥ ssZh-

am-sW-∂pap-≈ t_m[-ap≈hcmWv Ah¿. AXmWv bYm¿∞ ̀ mKyhpw

kt¥m-jhpw. Bflm-hn-ep≈ Zmcn{Zyw ̀ ‡-e£Wam-Wv.

Kncn-{]-`m-jWØns‚ \mep Xe-ßƒ

1) 5:3˛16 Bflo-b-Im-cy-ßƒ°p≈ ]c°w ]m®n¬, a‰p-≈-h-sc-°p-

dn®pw Xß-sf-°p-dn-®pap≈ ZpxJw. Ft∏m-gp-ap≈ kuay-̀ mhw, \oXn-°m-

bp≈ hni-∏v, Icp-W- Im-Wn-°p∂ kz`m-hw, lrZ-b-ip≤n, kam-[m-\-ap-

≠m-°¬, \oXn sNbvXn´pw A\o-Xn-°m-c-s\-t∏mse D]-{Z-hn-°s∏Sp-

Itbm tXtPm-h[w s]ø-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp-tºmgpw kt¥m-jn-°p-I

F∂o F´p e£W-ß-fmWv ssZh-cmPy {]P-I-fpsS kt¥m-jhpw, {]Xn-

^e-hpw, `mKyhpw. Ah¿ `qan-bpsS D∏p- t]mse Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf cpNn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂p am{Xa√ aeta¬

ÿm]n°s∏´ ]´Ww t]msebpw hnf°p t]msebpw temI-Øn\p

{]Imiw \¬IpIbpw sNøpw.

85[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

2) 5:17˛46 \ymb-{]-am-W-Ønse ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ I¿Øm-hns‚

ho£W-Øn¬ Fßs\ ]q¿ØoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂p ImWn-°p∂p.

Hmtcm∂pw Bg-Øn-te°pw Nn¥-bn-te-°pw Cd°n DZm-Ø-am-°p-I-bmWv

I¿Ømhp sNøp-∂Xv. \ntj-[m-fl-I-ambhsb k¿§m-fl-I-am-°p-∂p.

{]hr-Øn-Isf DtZy-i-yip-≤n-bn-te°p IS-Øp-∂p. Kncn{]-̀ m-j-W-a\p-k-

cn®p lrZbw ip≤-am-bm¬ ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ ewLn-°p-I-bn-s√∂p

am{Xa√ A-h-bpsS A\p-k-cWw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn (Second nature) Bbn-

Øo-cp-Ibpw sN-øpw.

3) 6:1˛18 Fßs\ \∑ sNø-Ww, {]m¿∞n-°Ww, D]-h-kn-°-Ww?

Ch aq∂pw cl-ky-Øn¬ sNøWw. \∑ sNøp-tºmƒ hess¶ sNøp-

∂Xp CSss¶ Adn-b-cp-Xv. {]m¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ apdn-bn¬ IS∂v hmXn¬

AS®v cl-ky-Øn¬ {]m¿∞n° (kz¿§-ÿ-\mb ]nXmth F∂ {]m¿-

∞-\bpsS hymJym\w hmbn®p ]Tn-°p-I). D]-h-kn-°p-tºmƒ Xe-bn¬

FÆ tX®p apJw IgpIn ssZhw am{Xw Adn-bphm≥ D]-h-kn-°p-I. Cu

Ahÿ \Ωn¬ \ns∂{X hnZq-cw.

4) 6:19-̨ 7:27 Kncn-{]-̀ m-j-W-Ønse ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ.

1 `qan-bn¬ A√ kz¿§-Øn¬ \nt£]w kzcq]n°p-I. CXp \∑

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ Pohn-X-Ømem-bn-cn-°pw.

2 \n∂n-ep≈ shfn®w Ccp-fmImsXbn-cn-°s´. A¥y-tØmfw kln-

®p-\n∂p Poh-In-coSw {]m]n-°-Ww.

3 c≠p bP-am\-∑msc tkhn-°-cp-Xv- ̨ -ssZhw aXn F∂p hbv°q.

4 F¥p Xn∂pw, F¥p IpSn-°pw, F¥p DSp°pw F∂n-ßs\

hnNm-c-s∏-S-cp-Xv. \ncmi \nco-iz-c-X-bm-Wv.

5 hn[n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xn\p hn[n-°-cp-Xv.

6 hnip-≤-am-bXp \mbv°p-´-n°p sImSp-°-cp-Xv. Do not mix the sub-lime with rediculous.

7 bmNn-∏n≥, At\z-jn-∏n≥, ap´p-hn≥.

8 CSp°phmXn-eqsS IS-∏n≥. hnimehgn ]m]-Øn-t‚-Xv.

9 I≈{]-hm-N-I-∑msc kq£n-®p-sImƒhn≥.

10 Fs∂ I¿Ømth, I¿Ømth F∂p hnfn-®m¬ t]mcm kz¿§-

ÿ-]n-Xm-hns‚ CjvSw sNøp-I.

11 D]-kw-lm-c-ambn Xs‚ Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂h¿ am{Xta

Im‰pw tImfpw h-cp-tºmƒ \ne-\n¬°p-I-bp≈p F∂v ap∂-dnhv

\¬Ip∂p.

86 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 tbml-∂m≥ kv\m]-Is‚ {]kw-Khpw bmt°m_v «olmbpsS

teJ-\hpw XmcXay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

2 "\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Kncn-{]-`m-j-WØns‚ {]k‡n apX-em-

fnØ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]bmkw.' N¿®- sN-øp-I.

3 tkmjy-enÃp hyh-ÿn-Xn h∂mepw kzm¿∞Xbp≈ a\p-jy-kz-

`mhw AXp ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°m-s\-¥p- sN-øWw?

]mTw 6

]pXn-b-\n-ba [m¿Ωn-IX:

teJ\ßfn¬

hn. ]utem-kns‚ k∑m¿§-\oXn hn. tbml-∂ms‚ [m¿ΩnI

ho£Ww bmt°m_p «olm-bpsS kao-]\w Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T\w

1. hn. ]utem-kns‚ k∑m¿§-\oXn

hnip≤ amtam-Zo-km-bm¬ ]gb a\p-jys\ I_-d-S°n ]pXp-a-\p-jy-

\m°n Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂‰v Pohs‚ ]pXp-°-Øn¬ \S-t°Ww (tdm-a. 6:1˛4,

12:19, sImtem. 2:12). F√m-hcpw ]m]n-IfmsW∂ XXzw hn. ]utemkv

tdma¿°v Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-Ønse BZysØ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ Xd-∏n®p

]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep≈ c£ Gh¿°pw Hgn®pIqSm-Ø

Bh-iy-am-sW∂v ImWn-∏m-\mWv (tdm-a. 3:23, 5:15, 11:32) \ΩpsS I¿-

Ømhv A∂sØ Xe-apd tZmj-ap-≈Xm-bn-cp-∂p F∂p hy‡-ambn

]Tn∏n-®Xv t\m°p-I (a¿t°m. 8:38, eqt°m. 9:41, 13:1˛5, aØm. 17:11).

\ΩpsS c£-I-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ hn. ]utemkpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

Db¿Øn-°m-́ n-bXv kvt\l-am-Wv (1 sImcn. 13). {InkvXp-hn-ep≈ ssZh-

kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂p \sΩ th¿Xn-cn-∏m≥ bmsXmcp i‡n°pw Ign-bp-

I-bn-√ (tdma. 8:37˛39). tdma¿ 8 -̨¬ PUØns‚ Nn¥ ac-Whpw Bflm-

hns‚ Nn¥ Poh\pw kam-[m-\hpw F∂p≈ ]e Imcy-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-

∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hm-Wv. ""krjvSn {Zh-Xz-Øns‚ Zmky-Øn¬ \n∂p

hnSp-Xepw ssZh-a-°-fpsS tXP- m-Ip∂ kzmX-{¥yhpw {]m]n-°pw''

F∂p ]d-bp∂p.

87[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

k∑m¿§-{]-am-W-ßƒ At\Iw Hcp-an®p ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ tdma¿ 12, Kem-

Xy- 5, 6, Ft -̂. 5, 6 apX-emb A≤ym-b-ßƒ thZ-]p-kvXI ̀ mjy-Øns‚

klmb-tØmsS ]Tn-°-Ww. Kem. 5:22˛¬ ]d-bp∂ ]cn-ip-≤mfl ̂ e-

sØ-°p-dn®pw ]Tn-°-Ww.

{InkvXp-hn¬ F∂ hm°v 164 {]mhiyw hn. ]utemkv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xmbn sUbvkvam≥ ]d-bp-∂p. ""Hcp-h≥ {InkvXp-hn-em-bm¬ ]pXnb

krjvSn-bm-Ip-∂p'' (2 sImcn. 5:17) F∂ XXza\p-k-cn®p {InkvXp-hn-ep-

≈-h-cpsS PohnXw {InkvXp-hn-t‚Xp t]mse Bbn-cn-°Ww (Kem. 2:20).

Ahs‚ apºn¬ hnip-≤cpw \njvI-f-¶cpw Ip‰-an-√m-Ø-h-cp-ambn \ndp-

tØ-≠-Xn∂v (sIm-te. 1:22) \mw hnfn-°-s∏-́ n-cn-°p∂p.

\ymb-{]-amWw ]m]-̀ mcw h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ ac-W-Øn-∂-[o-

\-amb ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂v I¿Øm-hmb tbip-{InkvXp apJm-¥cw hntam-

N-\-w D-≠v (tdm-a. 7:21˛25).

tdma¿ 13:1-̨ 7 hsc hfsc hnhmZw Db¿Øn-bn-́ p≈ ̀ mK-amWv. ssZh-

Øn¬ \n∂-√mØ A[n-Im-c-an-√-t√m. shfn. 13-̨ se A¥n-{In-kvXp-hns‚

A[n-Imcw ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂-√ F∂-dn™ BZn-a-k` arKsØ \a-

kvI-cn-®n-√. cmjv{Sob [m¿Ωn-I-Xbv°v Cu ̀ mKw am{Xw B[m-c-am-°p-

hm≥ ]mSn-√. ssIk¿°p-≈Xp ssIk¿°p sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv

ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ ssZh-km-Zr-iy-am-Ip∂ a\x-km£n ssZh-Øn\p

sImSp-°-Ww. B a\x-km£n A\p-k-cn®v Icw sImSp-°p-Itbm sImSp-

°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNømw (a-Øm. 22:17-̨ 22 hsc ]Tn-°p-I).

1 sImcn-. 13-̨ ¬ ImWp∂ kvt\lsØ Ipdn-®p≈ G‰w DZm-Ø-amb

KoXw Hcp temI- ¢m- nIv BWv. {InkvXob Iq´m-bva-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-

Øn-emWv hn. ]utemkv Cu KoXw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv (tdm-a. 12:9-̨ 13, 15-̨ 16, 14:

1˛15. 1 sX . 4:9-̨ 12, 5:12˛14 Kem. 6:1˛5). BZn-a-k-̀ -bnse ]¶n-Sp∂ Iq´mbva

(sIm-bvt\m-Wn-b) bpsS {]Z¿i-\-amWv {InkvXob kvt\l-Øns‚ aln-

a-Iƒ.

{InkvXob kvt\lw {InkvtX-Xccnte°p Hgp-tI-≠-Xm-sW∂v hn.

]utemkv ]Tn-∏n-®p (1 sImcn. 5-:10, 10:32, tdma. 12:17, 1 sX . 5:12,

sImtem-ky¿ 4:5). Nne k∑m¿§{]am-W-ßƒ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw,

{InkvtX-X-c¿°pw Hcp-an-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv. tdmam 2:14˛15 se XXzw PmXn-

aX Nn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-am-Wv. i{Xp-hn\p hni-°p∂p F¶n¬ `£n-∏m≥

sImSp-∏o≥ (tdm-am. 12:20) F∂v \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns\t∏mse ]utemkpw

]Tn-∏n®p. {InkvXobkvt\lw ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ koam-

Xo-X-am-Wv. ""ssZhw kvt\-lam-Ip∂p'' F∂ shfn-]mSv {io i¶-cm-Nm-

cy¿ ]Tn-∏n°pwt]mse ssZhsØ ]cn-anXn hbv°-e√.

88 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

2. hn. tbml-∂ms‚ [m¿ΩnI ho£Ww

kvt\l-Øns‚ At∏m-kvtXm-e-\mb tbml-∂m-\n¬ ImWp-∂-

sX√mw kvt\lØns‚ tI{μ-ÿm-\-am-Wv. ""Ah≥ BZyw \sΩ

kvt\ln-®-XpsIm≠p \mapw kvt\ln-°Ww'' (1 tbml. 4:19). \mw XΩn¬

XΩn¬ kvt\ln°W-sa∂ Iev]\ kphn-ti-j-ß-fnepw teJ-\-Ønepw

Bh¿Øn-®n-cn-°p∂p (tbml. 13:14, 15:12˛14, 17, 1 tbml. 1:7, 2:9˛11, 3:11 -̨

14, 4:7-˛8, 11, 12, 10:21; 2 tbml. 5). ssZhw temIsØ kvt\-ln-®n-´mWp

]p{Xs\ X∂-Xv (hn. tbml. 3:16, 1 tbml. 3:16) Ah≥ \ap°pth≠n

{]mW-s\-s°m-SpØv kvt\lw shfns∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-t]mse \mapw ktlm-

Z-c-∑m¿°p th≠n {]mWs\ sh®p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠-XmIp∂p F∂p Iev]n-

®n-cn-°p∂p. XpS¿∂p≈ hmIy-Øn¬ hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ ktlm-Z-cs‚ ap´p-

Xo¿°p-hm≥ \evI-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-

ti-j-Ønepw im_-Xn¬ Xm≥ kuJy-am-°n-b-Xns\ \oXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p

(7:22˛23). injy-∑m-cpsS ]mZw Igp-Inb hnh-c-Whpw \memw kphn-ti-j-

Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v (13). AXpw kvt\l-Øns‚ {]Z¿i-\-am-Wv.

3. hn. bmt°m_p «olm-bpsS kao-]\w

B[p-\nIImeØp {]tXyIw ]Tn-t°≠ k∑m¿§\oXn-bpsS {]am-

W-amWv hn. bmt°m_v «olm-bptSXv. ]≈nbn¬ hcp∂ [\-h-m∑msc

BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw Zcn-{Z-∑msc Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ib-pw sNbv-X-Xns\ imkn-

°p∂p (2:1˛8). ""apJ-]£w ImWn-®mtem ]m]w sNøp-∂p'' (2:9). ""ssZhw

Ds≠∂v hniz-kn-®m¬ t]mcm, ]nim-Np-°fpw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw hnd-

bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p'' (2:19). ""hy¿∞a\pjym, {]hr-Øn-bn-√mØ

hnizmkw \n-jv^ew'' (2:20). ""hy`n-Nm-cn-WnIsf, temIkvt\lw

ssZhtØmSp i{XpXzw'' (4:6). [\-hm-∑msc \nß-fpsS ta¬ h-cp∂

Zpcn-X-ßƒ \nanØw Ic-™p- ap-d-bn-Sp-hn≥. sImbvX-h-cpsS Iqen- ]nSn®p

(5:1˛6). ssZhw \nK-fn-I-tfmSv FXn¿Øp \n¬°p-∂p (4:6). Iq´p-Im-cs\

kvt\ln° F∂Xp cmP-Io-b-amb \ymb-amWv (28). ip≤hpw \n¿Ω-e-

hp-amb ̀ ‡n A\m-Ysc sN∂p ImWp-∂Xpw temI-Øm-ep≈ If¶w

]‰msX Xs∂-Øm≥ ImØp-sIm-≈p-∂Xpw BIp-∂p (1:27).

Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T\w

c≠pw aq∂pw ]mT-ß-fn¬ ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønepw ]pXn-b-\n-baØnepw

I≠ Imcy-ßƒ H∂p Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn°pw. Nne \nco-

£-W-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-ambn \evIp-∂p.

89[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]g-b-\n-baw ]pXn-b-\n-baw

`mKw ̀ mK-am-bn v́ ]q¿Æam-bn v́

{]hm-N-I-∑m¿ apJm-¥cw ]p{X≥ apJm-¥cw

\ymb {]amWw kphn-tijw

]e- I-ev]\-Iƒ kvt\ln°pI F∂ Hcp Iev]\

{]h¿Øn®p c£-{]m-]n-°pI hniz-kn®p {]h¿Øn-°

At\I hne-°p-Iƒ Nn-¥sbbpw Dt±-iy-sØbpw \n¿-Ω-

eo-I-cn°

`mc-apff NpaSv arZp-hmb \pIw

ko\mbn¬ tamibv°v Kncn{]`m-j-W-Øn¬ {InkvXp

Xs‚ injy-∑m¿°v

\n-b-a-Øn-e-hew_w ]cn-ip-≤mfl t{]cn-X-amb k¿§-

i‡nbne-h-ew_w

A-Sn-a-I-sf-t∏mse a°-fpsS kzmX{¥yw

temI-Øn\p ]‰nb Iev]-\-I-ƒ ssZh-cm-Py- {]-P-Iƒ°p am¿§-tcJ

Imen-I-amb \nb-a-ßfpw \nXy-kvt\-l-{]-amWw

\n-Xy-\n-b-a-ßfpw ImenIam°m≥ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-

hns‚ klmbw.

ssZh-Øn\v 7˛mw Znhkw H∂mw Znhkw apX¬ ssZh-Øn\v

aX-Øn\p N-́ -°qSv "Im‰v CjvS-ap-≈-SØv DuXp-∂p'

(N-́ -°q-́ n∂∏pd-tØ-°p≈ {]hmlw)

tNmZy-ßƒ

1 Agape F∂ {InkvXob kvt\l-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Gh?

2 ]utem-kn-s‚-bpw tbml-∂m≥ «olm-bp-sSbpw bmt°m_v «olm-

bp-sSbpw k∑m¿§]mT-ßƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

3 ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw ]pXnb\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw k∑m¿§n-IX Xmc-

X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI?

90 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

bqWn‰v 4

ss{IkvXh [m¿ΩnI

ho£Wßƒ

]mTw 1

{InkvXob [¿Ωimkv{Xw Ncn{XØneqsS

k\ymknam¿ AKkvXot\mkv tXmakv AIzn\mkv

1. k\ymknam¿

\mgnIaWnbpsS \m°pt]mse k`mNcn{XØnepw k∑m¿§{]am-

WØns‚ CStØ°pw hetØ°pap≈ \o°w ImWmw. bYmÿnXnI-

ØzØn¬ am{Xtam Dev]XnjvWXzØn¬ am{Xtam Ncn{Xw F∂pw

\ne\nev°p∂n√. ]q¿ÆXbv°pth≠nbp≈ hnfn F∂pw k`bn¬

Ds≠¶nepw AXns‚ hne sImSpØp a»nlmsb ]n≥]‰m≥ Npcp°w

t]¿ am{Xta ImWq. hn. eqt°m. 9:57˛63 hsc ImWp∂ aq∂p t]cpw

kºq¿Æ injyXzØn\v Bhiyamb hne sImSp°msX aSßnt∏mbn.

tbiphns\ "\√ Kptcm' F∂p hnfn®p \nXyPoh\v hgntXSnb {]am-

WntbmSv ""C\n Hcp Ipdhv \n\°p≠v, \n\°p≈Xv F√mw hn‰v Zcn{Z¿°v

sImSp°pI, F∂m¬ kz¿§Øn¬ \n\°p {]Xn^ew D≠mIpw'' F∂v

tbip ]d™t∏mƒ ""Ah≥ F{Xbpw [\hm\mbXpsIm≠v CXp tI v́

AXnZpxJnX\mbnØo¿∂p'' (hn. eqt°m. 18:18˛30). F∂m¬ ]t°man-

tbmkpw, At¥mWntbmkpw k`bpsS ]ptcmKXn°v \mgnI°√pIƒ

Bbncp∂p. \memw \q‰m≠n¬ tIm¨Ã‚o≥ N{Ih¿Øn k`sb

euIoIXbnte°v \bn®t∏mƒ {]Xntj[n®p amdn h\hmkw kzoIcn®

k\ymknam¿ hn]coXamb Hcp ]Ÿmhnte°v k`sb \bn°pI Bbn-

cp∂p. Ah¿°v AØm\mtkymkpw, _tkentbmkpw _ew \evIp-

Ibpw \nbaßƒ D≠m°n Ahsc kwLSn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXXv

k∑m¿§ \nehmcØns‚ thentb‰w krjvSn®p. Zmcn{Zyw, ]mXn{hXyw,

A\pkcWw F∂o {hX{Xbßƒ A∂p apX¬ C∂phsc k\ymk

kaqlßƒ apdpsI]nSn°p∂p. ]m›mXyk`bn¬ {^m≥knkv°≥

k\ymknam¿, sUman\n°≥ k\ymknam¿ apXembh¿ Zmcn{Zyw hcn®v

{InkvXphns\ A\pKan®p. au≠v BtYmkn¬ Ing°≥k`bpsS k\ym-

k{]ÿm\w C∂pw kPohamWv. temIalXzØm¬ ]e kaqlßfpw

C∂p kº∂ambXn\m¬ C\nsbmcp Xncn®Sn hcm≥ CSbp≠v. djy-

91[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

bn¬ k\ymkkaqlßfpsS \nehpw ]pcbnSßfpw k`bptSXpt]mse

tZioIcn®Xv k` hetØbv°p IqSpX¬ amdnbXns‚ Xncn®Sn Bbn

ImWWw. Zcn{ZcpsS k`bv°pth≠n hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X°m¿

\nehnfn°p∂Xpw, k`sb AXns‚ bmYmÿnXnIXzØn¬ \n∂pw

Xncn°m\msW¶nepw k` kza\ m¬ B Blzm\w tIƒ°ptam

F∂p kwibn°Ø°hÆamWp k`mNcn{XØns‚ CXphscbp≈

KXn. bYm¿∞Øn¬ temIabXzhpw, kzØpw, ÿm]\ßfpw k`bv°v

t\´tam, tIm´tam F∂p≈ Hcp imkv{Xob]T\w Xs∂ k`bpsS

kØbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ \StØ≠ Imew sshInbncn°p∂p.

Zcn{Zk`bmtWm kº∂k`bmtWm tbiphns\ A\pKan°p∂Xv

F∂ tNmZyw {]k‡amWv. B[p\nI ssN\bnse Zcn{Zyk` kº∂

cmPyßfnse k`Iƒ°v Hcp sh√phnfnbmWv.

2. AKkvXot\mkv

]m›mXyk`bpsS ssZhimkv{X⁄s\¶nepw {InkvXob [¿Ω-

imkv{Xw ]pXnb Hcp Hu∂Xyw {]m]n®Xv AKkvXot\mknt\mSp IqsS

Bbncp∂p. "Morals of the Catholic Church' F∂ {KŸØns‚ 15˛mw

A≤ymbØn¬ \mep auenIkpIrXßsf kvt\lØns‚ Zmk∑m-

cm°nbmWv At±lw hnhcn°p∂Xv. "C{μnbPbw F∂m¬ kvt\lw

Xs∂Øs∂ ssZhØn\pth≠n apgph\mbpw aen\X IqSmsXbpw

kq£n°p∂XmIp∂p.' ss[cyw (fortitude) ssZhØn\pth≠n

kvt\lw F√mw kkt¥mjw kln°p∂Xs{X. \oXn ssZhsØ

am{Xw tkhn°p∂Xpw X≥\nanØw _m°nsb√mw a\pjy\p hnt[-

bs∏SpØn \∂mbn `cn°p∂Xpw BWv. _p≤n (prudence) BIs´

ssZhØnte°p t]mIphm≥ klmbn°p∂Xpw XS ap≠m°p∂Xpw

XΩn¬ Xncn®dnbp∂XmIp∂p. AtX {KŸØns‚ Ggmw A≤ymb-

Øn¬ Xs‚ tπt‰mWn°v ]›mØeØn¬ kXyhpw, kuμcyhpw,

\∑bpw ssZhØn¬ \n∂mIbm¬ Ah Ab¬°mcnepw D±o]n∏n-

°p∂XmWv {InkvXob kvt\lw. lnμpaX Nn¥bnepw, Nne {InkvXob

ho£WØnepw ssZhtØmSp am{XamWv a\pjy\p IS∏mSp≈Xv.

F∂m¬ I¿Ømhp \¬Inb c≠p Iev]\Ifn¬ ssZhsØ kvt\ln-

°p∂Xn\p XpeyamWv Ab¬°mcs\ kvt\ln°p∂Xv F∂p ImWmw.

\ΩpsS I¿Ømhns‚ k¥penXamb Cu ]Tn∏n°¬ BXy¥nIambpw

apdpsI ]nSn°Ww. F∂m¬ Chbn¬ H∂matØXp ssZhkvt\lam-

sW∂p kΩXn°Ww.

AKkvXot\mkns‚ ]Tn∏n°en¬ `mcym`¿Øm°∑mcpsS

ssewKnI thgvN t]mepw ]m]ambn ]Tn∏n®Xv kzoImcya√. "hnhmlw

92 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

am\yhpw, InS° \n¿Ωehpw As{X.' "P∑]m]Øns‚ ImcWw, AIr-

XyØn¬ Fs‚ amXmhv Fs∂ K¿`w [cn®p' F∂X√, ]ns∂tbm

]m]temIØntebv°v P\n®v ]m]tØmSv Nmbvhv D≠mbnt∏mIp∂p

F∂XmWv. "P∑]m]w' F∂ kw⁄ Xs∂ thZ]pkvXIØntem,

BZna ]nXm°∑mcntem ImWp∂n√. ̀ mcym`¿Øm°∑mcpsS ssewKn-

I_‘Øn¬ ssZhkrjvSnbn¬ Ah¿ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p. CXpw DØ-

chmZnXzap≈ ]ZhnbmWv. hnhmlw IqSmXp≈ _‘w AX√. AKkvXo-

t\mkns‚ "G‰p]d®n¬' (Confessions) F∂ {KŸØn¬ ssZhw

krjvSn®Xnep≈ \∑ kΩXn°p∂p≠v. \∑bn√mØXp \ne\nev°-

bn√. ‘Whatever in any degree is, is good.' ]nimNp Xn∑bmbXv B°s∏-

´Xn\memsW∂pw ‘City of God’ F∂ kp{]kn≤ {KŸØn¬ At±lw

]dbp∂p (XIX, 13).

tXmakv AIzn\mkv

a≤y\q‰m≠pIfn¬ AIzn\mkv AcntÃm´nens\ kzoIcn®v Fgp-

Xnb Natural Ethics k`mNcn{XØn¬ hcpØnb hnShv C∂pw \ne-

\nev°p∂p. ap≥]p ]d™ \mev auenI kpIrXßƒ (⁄m-\w,

ss[cyw, C{μn-b-P-bw, \oXn) ASnÿm\am°n AXn\p aosX hnizmkw,

{]Xymi, kvt\lw F∂o ssZhimkv{X kpIrXßƒ tN¿°pIbmWv

At±lw sNbvXXv. Cßs\ Natural Supernatural F∂ c≠p afie-

ßƒ At±lw krjvSn®p. ssZhoIw ̀ uXoIØns‚ aosX hbv°p∂

Nn¥ Xs∂ a\pjymhXmcØm¬ ̀ uXnIsØ ssZhoIhpam°n F∂

kXyw hnkvacn°p∂p. Bcm[\ ssZhnIhpw, Irjn, I®hSw, hyh-

kmbw apXembh ̀ uXnIhpw F∂ \n¿`mKyIcamb th¿Xncnhp C∂pw

]nSn®ph®p ]pe¿Øp∂Xns‚ {][m\ ImcW°mc≥ tXmakv AIzo-

\mkv BsW∂p ]d™m¬ sX‰n√. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Hcp {InkvXym\n-

bpsS apgptPmenbpw, kabhpw I¿Ømhn\p ka¿∏nXamIbm¬ hnip≤-

amWv' (tdma. 14:7, 8, Kem. 2:20).

AIzo\mkv kzImcy kzØns‚ {]amWw \oXnIcn®Xpw kzm`m-

hnIamb {]IrXn\nbaØns‚ (Natural law) ASnÿm\ØnemWv.

k`m]nXm°∑mcpsS ]Tn∏n°¬ hogvNtbmSp IqSn kzImcykzØp-

≠mbn F∂Xmbncp∂p. thZ]pkvXI {]Imcw "`qtemIhpw AXns‚

]q¿ÆXbpw, `qXehpw AXnse \nhmknIfpw btlmhbv°p≈-

XmIp∂p' (k¶o: 24:1). ssZhamb ]nXmhns‚ kzØn¬ Xs‚ kIe

a°ƒ°pw \ymbambn AhImiw D≈t∏mƒ kzImcykzØp ssZh-

Øns‚ DSaÿmhImiØnt∑ep≈ IS∂m{IaWamWv. "GZ≥tXm´w

93[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Im∏m\pw the sNbvhm\pw' (Dev]. 2:15) GZ\nem°nb BZmw hne°p

ewLn®v apgph≥ kz¥am°nbXmWp ]m]ImcWambXv. AXn\m¬

AIzo\mkv XncpØs∏SWw. {]IrXn\nbaßƒ F√m a\pjy¿°pw

kz¥w bp‡nsIm≠v I≠p]nSn°mhp∂XmsW¶n¬ B bp‡n

]m]hogvN aqew hnIrXam°s∏Sp∂n√ F∂p ]dtb≠nhcpw. k`bv°v

am{XamWv shfn]mSv F∂pw AXns‚ DØpwKcwKw hnizmkhpw,

{]Xymibpw, kvt\lhpw Zm\w sNøp∂p F∂pw hmZn°p∂p F¶n¬

k`bv°p ]pdØv Cu {Xnhn[ \∑Iƒ C√ F∂pw hcpw. Cu hy‡-

amb hyXymkw c≠mw hØn°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJIfn¬ ImWp-

∂n√. ]m]sØ°pdn®pw, \oXnsb°pdn®pw, \ymbhn[nsb°pdn®pw

temIsØ t_m≤ys∏SpØp∂ ]cnip≤mflmhv {]IrXn\nbaØnep-

≈hcnepw {]h¿Øn°p∂p. ssZhnIw, ss]imNnIw F∂ hyXymkw

D≠v. Natural, Super - natural F∂ hyXymkw C√.

AKkvXot\mkns‚bpw, AIzo\mkns‚bpw ]Tn∏n°epIfn¬

XncpØs∏tS≠ as‰m∂mWv \ymbbp≤kn≤m¥w (Just war theory).1

Hcp]t£, Hcp ImeØv \ymbbp≤hpw A\ymbbp≤hpw D≠mbncp-

∂ncn°Ww. F∂m¬ ssl{UP≥ t_mw_ns‚ Cu bpKØn¬ bp≤w

\oXnIcn°s∏Smhp∂ Hcp hmZhpw C√ F∂p Xs∂ ]Tn∏nt°≠-

XmWv.

"kIehpw Ah\n¬ \n∂pw, Ah\mepw Ah¶tebv°pw' (tdma.

11:36) F∂ {]amWa\pkcn®p {]IrXnbpsS \nbahpw, shfn]mSns‚

\nbahpw c≠pw c≠p X´nemt°≠ Bhiyan√. tXmankhpw, \ntbm-

tXmankhpw {InkvXob shfn]mSns‚ shfn®Øn¬ GIoIcn®v {]Ir-

Xnsb°qsS ssZhØns‚ Zm\ambpw kq∏¿\mNzdembpw ImWWw.

NneXp a\pjy\pw Ah\v FØn∏nSn°m≥ km[n°mØXp ssZh

Øn\pw hnSp∂ kn≤m¥w ssZhsØ ]cnanXs∏SpØpIbmWv.

k\ymknXzØn\p ta∑ Iev]n®Xpt]mse IpSpw_PohnXØn\pw ta∑

Iev]n°Ww. ssZhhnfn H∂n\√ c≠n\pw D≠v F∂p ]Tn∏n°Ww.

Ipdn∏v

1. bp≤w kzb-c-£-bv°m-bn-cn-°-Ww. kzb-c£ km[n-®m¬ bp≤w \ndp-

Ø-Ww. bp≤-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Bbp-[-ßƒ \nb-am-\p-kr-Xam-

bn-cn-°-Ww. c£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xns‚ hne-bn-e-[n-Ihpw bp≤-Øn\p sNe-

hm-°-cp-Xv. CXn¬ H∂n-s\-sb-¶nepw ewLn-°p∂ bp≤w \oXn-bp-≈-

X√.

94 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

tNmZyßƒ

1. k\ymknXzØns‚ [¿Ω\oXnbn¬s∏´ A\pkcWw, Zmcn{Zyw,

]mXnhrXyw F∂o hrX{Xbßƒ Imem\pkcWambn C∂v Fßs\

hymJym\n°Ww.

2. AKkvXot\mkns‚ [m¿ΩnI ]Tn∏n°epIfn¬ D≈ A]mIXIƒ

Nq≠n°mWn°pI.

3. tXmakv AIzn\mkns‚ [¿Ω\oXnbn¬ XncpØs∏tS≠h hnh

cn°pI.

4. c≠mw hØn°ms‚ tcJIƒ (Documents) ]Tn®v AXnse [m¿Ωn

IXbpsS ]ptcmKa\mibßƒ I≠p]nSn°pI.

]mTw 2

{InkvXob [¿Ωimkv{Xw

Ncn{XØneqsS (XpS¿®)

am¿´n≥ eqYdpw (1483˛1546) tPm¨ Im¬hn\pw (1509˛1564) Imƒ

_m¿Øpw Fan¬ {_qWdpw hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw

4. am¿´n≥ eqYdpw (1483˛1546) tPm¨ Im¬hn\pw (1509˛1564)

t{]m´Ã‚ v k∑m¿§imkv{X h‡m°fn¬ A{KKmanIfmWv eqYdpw

Im¬hn\pw. ]e Imcyßfnepw Ch¿ tbmPn°p∂p. a\pjys‚ C—m-

i‡n (will) bpw hogvNbm¬ hnIeambXn\m¬ {]mIrXa\pjy≥ \∑

Xncs™Sp°m≥ i‡\√. ssZhhnfnbpw (divine Vocation) A\pZn\

tPmensbbpw (daily work) Ch¿ Ccphcpw tN¿∂v t{]m´Ã‚ v sXmgn¬

[m¿ΩnIX (work ethics) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ BibØneqsS tPmenbpsS

A`nam\hpw D’mlhpw ]Tn∏n®p. IqSmc∏Wnbpw X®p]Wnbpw,

F≥Pn\obdpsS ]Wnbpw, tUmIvSdpsS ]Wnbpw, ssZhhnfnbmbn

AwKoIcn®m¬ A`nam\IcamWv. hnizmkØmep≈ \oXoIcWw

eqY¿ ASnÿm\{]amWam°nbXn\m¬ "Rm≥ \oXoIcn°s∏´h-

\mWv' F∂ Hcp ]Zhn hnizmknIƒ°v e`n°p∂p. bmt°m_p «olm

"{]hrØnbn√mØ hnizmkw arXamWv' F∂p ]Tn∏n®XpIqSn eqY¿

kzoIcnt°≠Xmbncp∂p. "a\pjy≥ GI\mbncn°p∂Xp \√X√'

95[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

F∂p I≠v ssZhw BZman\v Hcp kJnsb \evInbXns‚ shfn®Øn¬

IpSpw_PohnXw k\ymknXztØ°mƒ D∂XamsW∂p eqY¿ ]Tn∏n-

®Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ kzm\p`hw IqSn IS∂n´p≠v. k\ymkkaqlßƒ

GIambncn°msX IpSpw_w t]mse kpJhpw ZpxJhpw ]¶nSp∂p-

≠t√m. hn. {XnXzØns‚ kvt\lØns‚ ]¶nSoen¬ DZmØamb

"AKt∏' kvt\lØn\p tI{μÿm\ap≠v. hnhmlhpw k\ymknXzhpw

ka{]m[m\yap≈XmIp∂Xv ssZhhnfntbmSp≈ hnizkvXXbnemWv.

1 sImcn. 7˛¬ AhnhmlnX PohnXØn\mWp ta∑ (32˛38).

^yqU¬ hyhÿ AIzn\mkns\t∏mse eqYdnt\bpw, Im¬hn-

s\bpw ]cnanXs∏SpØnbn√mbncp∂p F¶n¬ kzImcykzØns\

ssZhØns‚ hyhÿnXnbmbn Nn{XoIcn°pI C√mbncp∂p. hy‡n°v

kzImcykzØnt∑ep≈ AhImiw kwc£n°phm\mWv Kh¨sa‚ v

F∂p t]mepw Ch¿ ]Tn∏n®p. C∂v BfpIƒ Ipsd°qSn kmaqly\oXn-

sb°pdn®v ]Tn®ncn°p∂Xn\m¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ISa ]uc∑m¿°v

F√mw tPmenbpw, ̀ £Whpw, hkv{Xhpw, InS∏mShpw, hnZym`ymkhpw,

bm{XmkuIcyßfpw, NnIn’mkuIcyßfpw, ]uckzmX{¥yhpw,

hn{iamhImihpw, kmwkvImcnI hf¿®bpw a‰pw \evIpI F∂Xm-

sW∂ Nn¥ h¿≤n®n´p≠v. Zm\sØ B{ibn®ncp∂m¬ \oXn \S-

°bn√. Fan¬ {_qW¿ t]mepw Justice and Social Order F∂ {KŸ-

Øn¬ kzImcykzØns\ ssZh kmZriyLSIambn kzmX{¥yØns‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ \oXoIcn°p∂p≠v. Xs‚ kIe a°ƒ°pw Xs‚

kzØp sImSp°phm≥ ssZhØn\p≈ kzmX{¥yhpw AhImihpw Xm≥

\evInb kzmX{¥yap]tbmKn®v l\n°phm≥ a\pjykrjvSn°v

AhImiapt≠m F∂v tNmZnt°≠ Imew sshInbncn°p∂p. Hcp

hy‡nbpsS kzmX{¥yw as‰mcp hy‡nbpsS kzmX{¥ytØbpw

AhImitØbpw l\n°p∂ hyhÿnXnbnte°v Iym∏n‰enkw A[x-

]Xn°mw. F∂m¬ tkmjyenkØneqsS \oXn hcpØnbtijw

ho≠pw hy‡nkzmX{¥yØn\mbn {]h¿Øn°msa∂√msX, hy‡n-

kzmX{¥yØn\p th≠n kmaqly\oXn C√mXm°p∂Xv \∂√. kz¿§-

Øn¬ A√msX kzmX{¥yhpw \oXnbpw Hcpt]mse Hcpan®v sIm≠p-

t]mImhp∂X√. \∑bpw kvt\lhpw a\pjyPmXn kzmbØam°m≥

XS amb kzm¿∞X a\pjy\n¬ D≠v. Cu kzm¿∞X ]m]amWv.

5. Imƒ _m¿Øpw, Fan¬ {_qWdpw

Imƒ_m¿Øns‚ "Church Dogmatics’ Vol. II Part ii {_qWdpsS ‘TheDivine Imperative’ F∂ {KŸhpw Iqe¶jambn ]Tn®m¬ ChcpsS

[m¿ΩnIho£Ww {Kln°mw. {]mIrXa\pjys‚ bp‡n]camb F√m

96 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Xocpam\ßfpw sNfn ]pc≠XmsW∂ _m¿Øns‚ A`n{]mbtØmSp

{_qW¿ tbmPn°p∂n√. F∂m¬ _m¿Øns‚ ASnÿm\w ssZhhN\-

amWv. tbip{InkvXphmIp∂ Commander in-Chief BWv Iev]\Iƒ

\evIp∂Xv. ]cnip≤mflklmbw Iev]\Iƒ A\pkcn°m≥ Bhiy-

amWv. "a\pjy≥ a\pjy\mWv ]q®b√' F∂v _m¿Øv kΩXn°p∂p.

F∂m¬ a\pjy≥ ssZha√mØXn\mepw ssZhhpambn a’cn®v \new

]‰nbncn°p∂Xn\mepw tbip{InkvXphnep≈ hos≠Sp∏v IqSmsX

c£bn√. a\pjy\nepw ssZhkmZriyw ]q¿Æambn \in®p F¶n¬

a\pjy≥ ]q®bmbn F∂p _m¿Øp kΩXnt°≠n hcpw. AXn\m¬

]m]hogvNbnepw Ahtijn°p∂ hnIeamb ssZhkmZriysØ°p-

dn®p _m¿Øv ANntcW t_m[hm\mbn. BbXn\m¬ _m¿Øns‚

BZyho£Ww HSphnetØXpambn hyXymkap≠v.

kmºØnI k∑m¿§imkv{XØn¬ _m¿Øv tkmjyenktØmSp

ImWn°p∂ A\p`mhw t]mepw {_qW¿ ImWn°p∂n√. kzmX{¥y-

sØ°pdn®pw {_qW¿ t_m[hm\√mbncp∂p. At±lw ]dbp∂p,

"{IaoIrXtemIØnemWv \oXnbv°v ÿm\ap≈Xv.' kvt\lamIs´

hy‡nIƒ XΩnep≈XmWv. Cu ssZzXhmZw C∂p kzoImcya√.

kvt\lm[njvTnXa√mØ \oXn {Iqchpw, arKobhpw Bbncn°pw.

amXm]nXm°∑m¿°v IpńItfmSpw, B{ia kp∏ocnb¿°v B{iamwK-

ßtfmSpw, IpSpw_mwKßƒ°v At\ym\yhpw D≈ kvt\lw hy‡nK-

Xhpw, kmaqlyhpamWv. sdbvt\mƒUv \o_¿ ]dbp∂p "\oXnbpsS

F√m t\´ßtfbpw \njv{]àm°p∂Xpw Ahsb ]q¿ØoIcn°p∂Xpw

kvt\lamWv.' ChnsSbpw t{]m´Ã‚nkØns‚ ]cnanXn ImWmw.

BtKmf\oXn hcpØp∂ kvt\lamWp ssZhkz`mhamb AKs∏

kvt\lw. B kvt\lhebØn\p ]pdØv Bcpan√. BgØn¬ hy‡n-

sb apgph\mbpw, ]c∏n¬ F°meØpap≈ am\hcminsbbpw {]IrXn-

tbbpw kvt\lw H∂m°p∂p. tPmk v̂ ̂ vsf®¿ ]dbpwt]mse "kvt\-

lhpw \oXnbpw H∂p Xs∂. \oXn kvt\lhnXcWamWp as‰m∂pa√'

(Bonhoeffer, Deitrich: Ethics, Macmillan, NY, 1955).

6. hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw

KÃmthmKpńbmdkv F∂ s]dphnb≥ cNn® "hntamN\ ssZh-

imkv{Xw' F∂ {KŸw 1973˛¬ Cw•ojn¬ e`yambtXmSpIqSn AXns‚

D≈S°w temIsØ Xs∂ Nen∏n®psIm≠ncn°pIbmWv. AXns‚

H‰ apt∂mSnbmbn ImtW≠Xv t_m¨tlm^dpsS FgpØpIfmWv.

]≈nIƒ kz¿Æ°pcnipw a‰pw hn‰v Zcn{Z¿°v \evIWsa∂v t_m -̈

97[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

tlm^¿ FgpXn. hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X⁄∑m¿ kmaqly\oXn-

bv°pth≠n am{Xa√ Zcn{Z∑mcpsS ]£w k` tNcWsa∂pw ]Tn∏n-

°p∂p. Zcn{Z∑m¿ kzbw kwLSn®p hntamN\w hcpØWsa∂pw

]dbp∂p. cmjv{Sob CSXp]£ Nmbvhv k`bv°p Hgn®pIqSmØ Hcp

CS°me BhiyamsW∂pw, am¿Ivkns‚ Iym∏n‰enksØ°pdn®p≈

hnebncpØ¬ kzoImcyamsW∂pw, tbip{InkvXphns\ tI{μam°n

hntamN\ {]{Inb \SØWsa∂pw Ch¿ ]Tn∏n°p∂p (GutierezGastavo: Theology of Liberation, Orbis, NY, 1973).

hntamN\ ssZhimkv{XØns‚ ]gb\nba amXrI bn{kmtb¬-

a°fpsS an{kboan¬ \n∂p≈ hntamN\amWt√m. Zcn{ZcpsSbpw,

]oUnXcpsSbpw \nehnfn tIƒ°p∂ ssZhw C∂pw tamiamsc sIm´m-

cßfn¬ \n∂v BSp tabv]pImcm°nØmgvØn ]cnioen∏n®p Zcn{ZtcmSp

GIo`mhØnte°pw AhcpsS hntamN\Øn\mbpw \bn°p∂p. ̂ d-

thm∑m¿ NqjWw sNbvXp≠m°nb kzØp ̂ dthmt‚X√mØXn\m-

emWv an{kboanse B`cWßfpw a‰pw bn{kmtb¬ P\w sIm≠pt]m-

Iphm≥ ssZhw A\phZn®Xv. [\hms‚ kzØv Zcn{Zs‚ hnb¿∏pXp≈n-

bpsS hnebmIbm¬ AXp Zcn{Z\v sN∂p tNtc≠XmsW∂v Zcn{Z¿°v

Xs∂ t_m[h¬°cWw \SØWw.

Pq_nen (tehy 25) bpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw 50 h¿jw hcptºmƒ

kzØns‚ kaoIcWhpw ASnabpsS hntamN\hpw \SØnbncp∂p

F¶n¬ blqZPmXn Ct∂t∏mse [\hm∑mcpsSbpw, Zcn{Z∑mcpsSbpw

c≠p tNcnIfn¬ \nev°pIbn√mbncp∂p. \t{kØp am\ns^tÃm

(eqt°m. 4:18) Zcn{ZcpsS hntamN\Øn\mbp≈ Blzm\amWv. ssZh-

amXmhns‚ ]m´ns‚ c≠mw `mKw _ehm∑msc knwlmk\ßfn¬

\n∂p adn°phm\pw XmWhsc Db¿Øphm\pw I¿Ømhp ]d-

bp∂p F∂ {]hN\amWv. ssZhcmPyØn¬ Ipsd [\hm∑mcpw Gsd

Zcn{Z∑mcpw F∂ hyXymkap≠mbncn°bn√. C∂v temIkzØns‚

80 iXam\w 20% BfpIfmWv A\p`hn°p∂Xv. kzmX{¥ykactijw

Atacn°, 1776˛¬ ]m m°nb Virginia Bill of Rights ̨ ¬ t]mepw Gh-

scbpw kaambmWv krjvSn®ncn°p∂sX∂pw PohnXhpw, kzmX{¥yhpw

kt¥mja\p`hn∏m\p≈ AhImißfpw {kjvSmhv Gh¿°pw

\evInbn´ps≠∂pw ImWp∂p. am\pjnI AhImißƒ Zcn{Z¿°v

t\SnsbSp°phm≥ Ahsc _ehm∑mcpw, [oc∑mcpw B°m≥ hntam-

N\ ssZhimkv{Xw IΩyqWnÃp XXzkwlnXbv°XoXamb ssZh-

imkv{X ASnÿm\ßƒ \evIp∂p (Bh. 1:16˛17, Btamkv 5:21˛24,

aoJm 6:8, sbiøm 1:1˛17, bnc. 22:15-˛ -16, A. {]. 2:43˛4:32˛37). -

98 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

\oXnsb°pdn®p ]gb\nbaØnepw ]pXnb\nbaØnepw D≈ Iev]\-

Iƒ AhKWn®p "\ns∂t∏mse \ns‚ Ab¬°mcs\ kvt\ln°'-

F∂ I¿ØrIev]\ A\pkcn®m¬ kmaqly\oXn hcpw. hy‡nIƒ

XΩnep≈ kvt\lw BtKmfambm¬ \oXn ASnt®¬∏nt°≠n hcnI-

bns√¶nepw, a\pjy¿ kzm¿∞cmIbm¬ \oXnbp≈ hyhÿnXnbv°v

Bhiyamb \nbaßƒ ̀ cWLS\bn¬ tN¿Øp \S∏nem°pI IqSn

th≠nhcpw. ChnsSbmWp cmjv{SobsØ ]hn{XoIcn®v D]tbmKn∏m≥

{InkvXob hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw Blzm\w sNøp∂Xv. k`bv°p-

I£n cmjv{Sobans√¶nepw k`mwKßfpsS cmjv{Sobho£Ww

{InkvXobam°m≥ k`bv°p ISabp≠v. \oXn hkn°p∂ ]pXnb BIm-

ihpw ̀ qanbpw k`bpsS e£yØn¬ Dƒs∏Spw. cmjv{Sob am¿§ßƒ

AXn\v A\pIqeam°Ww.

tNmZyßƒ

1. s{]m´Ã‚nkØns‚ ap∂Wn∏Sbmfnbmbncp∂ am¿´n≥ eqYdn

s‚bpw, tPm¨ Im¬hns‚bpw [m¿ΩnI ]Tn∏n°epIƒ Fßs\

s{]m´Ã‚nksØ _es∏SpØpIbpw _elo\am°pIbpw

sNbvXncn°p∂p F∂v I≠p]nSn°pI.

2. \ntbm Hm¿ØtUmIvknbpsS h‡m°fmb _m¿Ønepw {_qW

dnepw, \o_dnepw ImWp∂ \oXnimkv{X i‡oIcWßƒ F{]

Imcw ]ckv]c]qcIambn tN¿Øv B[p\oIcn°mw.

3. hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw kmaqly\oXn°p th≠n \nesIm≠p

]Tn∏n°p∂ Imcyßƒ \ncq]W ZrjvSym hnebncpØpI.

]mTw 3

Nne [m¿ΩnI {]iv\ßfpw

]cnlmc am¿§ßfpw

saUn°¬ [¿Ωimkv{Xw Zbmh[w ""sIme sNøcpXv''

1. saUn°¬ [¿Ωimkv{Xw

Hmtcm tUmIvSdpw {]Xy£amtbm ]tcm£amtbm FSp°p∂ ]pcm-

X\amb Hcp {]Xn⁄bpsS t]cv Hippocratic Oath F∂mWv ("Fs‚

99[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Ignhpw hn[nbpa\pkcn®v Fs‚ tcmKnIfpsS \∑°pXIp∂ [Benefitof my Patients] NnIn’mk{ºZmbw Rm≥ ]n≥]‰pw. tZmjIchpw,

D]{ZhIchpamb F√m‰n¬ \n∂pw Rm≥ AI∂ncn°pw. tNmZn®m¬

t]mepw acWIcamb Hcp acp∂p Rm≥ sImSp°pItbm sImSp°p-

hm≥ KpWtZmjn°pItbm C√'). Cu {]Xn⁄bpsS BZy`mKw tcmKn-

bpsS t{ib pw \∑bpamWv. Cu {]Xn⁄sbSpØ Hcp tUmIvS¿°v

tcmKnbpsS ]pcbnSw ]Wbs∏SpØntbm, tcmKn IS`mcØn¬ apgp-

Intbm NnIn’n°m≥ hcm≥ CSbm°mtam? ]Ww Xs∂¶n¬ am{Xta

NnIn’n°q F∂v ]dbmtam? AanXôkv Nm¿÷v sNømtam? [\hm-

\mb tcmKnbpsS ]Ww tamln®p IqSpX¬ {i≤ sNepØpIbpw Zcn{Z

tcmKnsb AhKWn°pIbpw sNømtam? tcmKnbpsS kuJyØn-

emtWm hcpam\Øns‚ h¿≤\hnemtWm tUmIvS¿ {i≤nt°≠Xv?

K¿Òn{Zw

K¿Òn{Zw \SØp∂Xpw saUn°¬ [¿Ωimkv{Xw hne°nbncn-

°pIbmsW¶nepw P∏m\nepw a‰pw IpSpw_kwhn[m\Øn\mbnt∏mepw

AXv A\phZn®n´p≠v. amXmhns‚ BtcmKyØn\v CXv B hiyamsW-

¶n¬ Nne tUmIvS¿am¿ \SØp∂p≠v. {`pWlXy aq∂p amkw apºv

\SØmsa∂v ]Tn∏n°p∂hcpw D≠vv. Hcp {]mbØnepw {`qWlXy

\SØmXncn°p∂XmWp icn. hN\n∏p kabØmWv a\pjymhXmcw

\S∂Xv. aq∂p amkw Ign™√.

h‘oIcW {]{Inb

h‘oIcW {]{Inb ]e tUmIvS¿amcpw \SØphm≥ \n¿_‘n-

°p∂p. IpSpw_ kwhn[m\Øn¬ K¿`-\n-tcm-[-\am¿K-ßƒ D]tbm-

Kn®m¬ Ip™p P\n°p∂Xn\p apºp≈ _oP \jvSw am{Xta D≈q

F∂ ImcWØm¬ s{]m´Ã‚pIm¿ s]mXpth AX\phZn°p∂p.

h‘oIcWw Bw•n°≥k`bpsS emw_Øp tIm¨^d≥kv A\phZn-

°mXncp∂Xv ssZhw X∂ P\n∏n°phm\p≈ Ignhv Ft∂°pambn FSp-

ØpIfbphm≥ a\pjy\v AhImian√ F∂ ImcWØmemWv. h‘oI-

cW Hm∏tdj≥ Agn°mhp∂XmsW¶n¬ Cu XS w \ne\nev°p∂n√.

Zbmh[w

tdma≥ ItØmen°m [¿Ωimkv{Xw Zbmh[w hne°p∂p. saUn-

°¬ imkv{Xhpw s]mXpth AXn\v A\pIqea√. Hcn°epw kpJw

{]m]n°mØXpw, AXnthZ\ A\p`hn°p∂Xpamb tcmKnsb acp∂p

sImSpØp sIm√p∂ Zbmh[w sX‰msW¶nepw acp∂p \ndpØn acn°m-

100 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

\\phZn°p∂Xp sX‰√ F∂p ]Tn∏n°p∂hcp≠v. F∂m¬ tcmKnbpsS

kpt_m[tØmSp≈ FgpXs∏´ Bhiyhpw, tcmKnbpsS ASpØ

_‘p°fpsS kΩXhpw Ds≠¶n¬ am{Xta Cßs\ t]mepw Zbmh[w

(Mercy Killing AYhm Euthanasia) \SØmhq F∂p \n¿_‘ap≠v.

Zbmh[w \SØn°gn™v Hcp acp∂p I≠p]nSn®m¬ tcmKn kuJyam-

Ipambncp∂t√m F∂p ZpxJn∏m≥ CSbmImØ kmlNcyØn¬

am{Xta AXp \SØmhq. t_m¨tlm^¿ Zbmh[sØ apgph\mbn

FXn¿Øp. ln‰ve¿ 60 e£w blqZ∑msc sIm∂ Imcyw At±lØn\v

Adnbmambncp∂ncn°Ww. ""sIme sNøcpXv'' F∂ Iev]\bpsS shfn®-

Øn¬ Poh≥ \ne\n¿Øm\√msX FSp°m≥ tUmIvS¿am¿s°∂√

B¿°pw A[nImcan√. F∂m¬ acn°psa∂v \n›bap≈ Hcp tcmKn-

bpsS Bbp p \o´phm≥ hºn® sNehp hcnIbpw a‰p Nne tcmKnIƒ

km[mcW acp∂p t]mepw e`n°msX acn°pIbpw sNøp∂ hyhÿn-

Xnbn¬ Zbmh[Øn\v \oXoIcWant√ F∂mWp tNmZyw. k¶o¿Æ-

amb Cu {]iv\Øn\p eLphmb DØcw C√. ChnsSbmWv Hmtcm

{]tXyI tcmKnsb°pdn®pw ssZhlnXamcm™v a\xkm£n°pØen-

√mØ hn[Øn¬ ]cnlmcw Is≠ØWsa∂pw ]dbp∂Xv.

3. ""sIme sNøcpXv'' bp≤Øntem? acWin£bntem?

sIme sNøcpXv F∂ Bdmw Iev]\ AlnwkmSnÿm\Øn¬

A£cw{]Xn A\pkcn°Wsa∂p \n¿_‘ap≈hcmWp ssP\aX-

°mcpw, _p≤aX°mcpw. Alnwkm{]amWw ewLn°mXncn∏m≥

sh≈w Acn®p IpSn°pIbpw, hgnbn¬ Ddpºns\t∏mepw Nhn´ns°m-

√mXncn°m≥ ssIbn¬ Nqepambn \S°p∂hcpw ssP\aXØnep≠v.

Pacifists F∂ kam[m\t{]anIƒ bp≤Øn¬ tNcmXncn°p∂Xv bp≤-

Øn¬, sIme \S∂Xn\memWv. Aßs\sb¶n¬ AWp°sf

sIm√p∂ acp∂v IpØnhbv°mtam F∂ tNmZyapZn°p∂p. bp≤w sX‰m-

sW¶nepw kz¥w cmPyw B{Ian°s∏Sptºmƒ kzbc£bv°pth≠n

]´mfØn¬ tNcp∂Xv tkh\amsW∂p Nn¥n°p∂hcpap≠v. kky-

`p°pIƒ bmsXmcp Pohntbbpw sIm√cpsX∂ XXzØn¬ amwk`p°p-

Isf Ip‰w ]dbp∂p. F∂m¬ kkyßƒ°pw Poh\p≠v F∂p B[p-

\nI imkv{Xw ]Tn∏n°p∂p.

AssZzXw a\pjymflm°fpw a‰p PohnIfpw Htc BflmhmsW∂p

hnizkn°p∂p. F∂m¬ {InkvXpaXw krjvSnbn¬ hnizkn°p∂Xn-

\m¬ a\pjy¿ t]mepw krjvSnbmsW∂pw {_“as√∂pw ]Tn∏n°p∂p.

tbip{InkvXp kky`p°√mbncp∂p. ]utemkv «olmbpsS {]am-

Wa\pkcn®msW¶n¬ ktlmZc\v CS¿® hcpsa¶n¬ amwkw ̀ £n-

101[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

°mXncn°p∂Xp \√Xv (1 sImcn. 8:13). Ah\hs‚ a\xkm£nbpsS

kzmX{¥yw A\phZnt°≠ Hcp hnjbamWv bp≤Øn¬ tNcpItbm,

tNcmXncn°pItbm F∂Xv. BZna {InkvXym\nIƒ bp≤Øn¬ tNcp-

ambncp∂n√. tIm¨Ãss‚≥ N{Ih¿Øn°p tijw {InkvXob cmPy-

ßfn¬ \n¿_‘ ssk\ytkh\w Xs∂ \SØnbn´p≠v. AXp icn-

b√. bp≤hntcm[nIfpsS km£yw F°meØpw hninjym \yq¢nb¿

bp≤km≤yXbpsS B[p\nIbpKØnepw AXy¥mt]£nXamWv.

bp≤Ønse sIme Xn∑bmsW¶nepw \oXnbp≈ bp≤w kzbc£bv°v

BhiyamIptºmƒ CXv Bhiyamb Xn∑bmsW∂mWv hmZw. F∂m¬

\oXnbp≤w Dt≠m F∂p kwibn°p∂p. Capital Punishment(acWin£) sImSp°m≥ A\phZn°p∂ ]cnjvIrX cmPyßfp≠v.

F∂m¬ A\phZn°mØ cmPyßƒ A\h[nbmWv. BPoh\m¥

Pbn¬hmkw G‰hpw henb in£bm°nbm¬ sIme]mXIßƒ

IqSpsa∂pw kaqlØn\v km[\ ]mTambn sIme]mXIs\ Xq°n-

s°m√p∂Xpw Electroecetion hgn sIm√p∂Xpw BhiyamsW∂pw hmZ-

ßfp≠v. Nne Pbn¬hnap‡cmb sIme]mXI∑m¿ A\pX]n®p \√-

hcmbn´ps≠¶nepw a‰p Nne¿ ]ns∂bpw sIme]mXIw \SØnbn´p≠v.

""sIme sNøcpXv'' F∂ Iev]\ D≠mbn´pw bn{kmtb¬ At\-

Isc bp≤Øn¬ sIm∂pht√m. AXn\m¬ "sIme sNøcpXv' F∂

Iev]\ hymJym\n°ptºmƒ Ip‰clnXs\ sIme sNøcpXv F∂¿∞-

Øn¬ hymJym\n°pIbpw Ip‰hmfnIsf sIme sNøp∂Xp \oXnI-

cn°pIbpw sNøp∂hcp≠v. "IÆn\p ]Icw IÆv' F∂ \nbaw am‰n

"Hcp I∂ØSn°p∂h\v at‰ I∂w ImWn®p sImSp°pho≥' F∂p

I¿Ømhp Iev]n®Xv ssZhcmPy{]PItfmS√msX \oXn\ymb tImS-

XntbmS√ F∂ hmZØn¬ acWin£ \oXoIcn°p∂ hmZap≠v.

F∂m¬ \oXn\ymb tImSXnbpsS Xmev]cyw Ip‰hmfnsb in£n®p

c£n°Ww F∂mbncn°Ww. Pbnen¬ c£mam¿§ßƒ kq£n®v

AXp km[n°Ø°hÆw PbnepIƒ ]cnjv°cn°s∏SWw. kmaq-

lya\xkm£n Pbn¬in£bneXoXamb acWin£s°XncmbnØo-

cWw. F{X henb Ip‰tam sIme]mXItam \SØnbh\pw Pohnbv°m-

\p≈ AhImiw sImSp°p∂ in£bmWp h[in£tb°mƒ {InkvXo-

bambp≈Xv.

tNmZyßƒ

1. ""sIme sNøcpXv'' F∂ Iev]\bn¬ s]SmØhbpw s]Sp∂hbpw

{]tXyIw I≠p]nSn°pI.

102 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

2. saUn°¬ [m¿ΩnIXbn¬ hne°s∏tS≠ Imcyßƒ ImcyImcW

klnXw hniZoIcn°pI.

]mTw 4

Nne [m¿ΩnI {]iv\ßfpw

]cnlmc am¿§ßfpw (XpS¿®)

hy`nNmcw sNøcpXv tamjvSn°cpXv ̨ kmºØnI A\oXnIƒ

1. hy`nNmcw sNøcpXv. GsX√mamWv hy`nNmcw?

ssewKnI ]m]ßƒ Fßs\ Ipdbv°mw?

AIDS F∂ tcmKw ]nSn®p acn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ ]ecpw kzh¿§-

t`mKØm¬ {]kvXpX XocmtcmKw ]nSn®p IjvSs∏´p acn°p∂hcmWv.

thiymebßfn¬ t]mbn kn^nenkv BZnbmb ssewKnItcmKßƒ

]nSn®p IjvSs∏Sp∂hcpw Ipdh√. ]e ]cnjvIrX cmPyßfpw hnhml-

Øn\p apºp≈ ssewKnIthgvN sX‰√ F∂p ]Tn∏n®h¿ C∂v ZpxJn-

°p∂p≠v. Hcp ]pcpj\v Hcp `mcybpambn am{Xta ssewKnI_‘w

BImhq F∂ {]amWw A{]mtbmKnIamsW∂p ]Tn∏n°p∂hcmWp

]cnjvIrX cmPyßfn¬ `qcn]£hpw. hnhmlnXcpambn a‰p≈h¿

\SØp∂Xv adultery bpw hnhmlØn\p apºp≈ ssewKnIthgvN for-nication BsW∂pw c≠pX´n¬ Nn¥n°p∂hcpap≠v. ]Øp Iev]\Iƒ

\nXyamb legalism Bbn FSp°cpsX∂v Situation Ethics ]Tn∏n°p∂p.

\nbaa√ {][m\sa∂p ]Tn∏n°p∂h¿°v \nbaßtf C√. kmμ¿`nI

k∑m¿§°m¿°v Hmtcm {]tXyI ImcyØnepw kzX{¥amb Xocpam\sa-

Sp°m≥ AhImiap≠v. F∂m¬ ssZhlnXamWv F√m ImcyØnepw

]ca{][m\ambn sNtø≠Xp F∂p hnizkn°p∂h¿°v "hy`nNmcw

sNøcpXv' F∂ Iev]\ hnhmlØn\p ap≥]p≈ F√m ssewKnI_‘-

ßsfbpw Nn¥Isft∏mepw hne°nbncn°pIbmWv.

ssewKnI]m]ßƒ IqSp∂Xns‚ Hcp ImcWw \ntcm[pw a‰pw F√m-

bnSØpw hne Ipd®p hnev°m≥ XpSßnbXmWv. {]Xo£bvs°Xncmbn

Atacn°bn¬ XXv̂ eambn hnhmlw IqSmsX P\n® Ip™pßfpsS

FÆw IqSn. 1940 ̨ \pw '68˛\pw CSbv°p BbncØn\p 7 ¬ \n∂pw 24

Bbn h¿≤n®p (De wolf L. Harold, Responsible Freedom, Haiper, NY,41, p. 25f). AXmbXv 239% h¿≤\hv. Zp¿Ωm¿§ PohnX h¿≤\hv CXn¬

103[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

F{Xb[nIw F∂qln°mat√m. bYm¿∞ I\yIamscbpw ssewKnI

]m]Øn¬ hogmØ bphm°∑mscbpw hncfambn am{Xta AhnsS

ImWphm≥ km[n°q. C≥Uybnepw Cu a´p hcmXncn°Wsa¶n¬

IpSpw_ßƒ XIcmXncn°Ww.

_lp`mcyXzw A\phZn®ncn°p∂ (4 hsc) C…mw aXØn¬ kv{Xo-

Iƒ Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv GI `mcyXzamWv. hnhmltamN\w h¿≤n®

cmPyßfnse√mw Ip™pßƒ ]ehn[ {]iv\ßfn¬ IpgbpIbmWv.

ssewKnI AcmPIXzØm¬ IpSpw_ßƒ XIcp∂p, thiymebßƒ

IqSp∂p. kv{XoIƒ I∂pImenIsft∏mse hnev°s∏Sp∂p, Ip™p-

ßƒ am\knI Bip]{XnIsf A`bw tXSp∂p, DØchmZnØw Ipd-

bp∂p, kaqlßƒ XIcp∂p, a\pjy¿ arKXpeyw A[x]Xn°p∂p.

hnhmltamN\ h¿≤\hp XSbWsa¶n¬ IpSpw__‘Øns‚

]hn{XXbpw, BPoh\m¥ kz`mhhpw, kvt\ltØmSp tN¿∂p

t]mIp∂ NpaXeIfpw, ssZhnIIpSpw_PohnX ]cnioe\hpw, IpSpw_-

{]m¿∞\bpw, £an°phm\p≈ Ignhpw IpSpw_mwKßƒ°v h¿≤n-

°Ww. hy‡nb√ IpSpw_amWv hn. {XnXzØns‚ \ng¬. kz¿§Ønepw,

`qanbnepw t]¿ hcphm≥ ImcWamb ]nXmhmWp ssZhw (Fs^. 3:14).

hnhmltamN\ \nbaßƒ emLhs∏SpØnbm¬ hnhmltamN\w

IqSpw. Akm≤yam°nbm¬ BPoh\m¥ ZpcnXØn¬ Nne IpSpw_-

ßƒ Igntb≠nhcpw. ""ssZhw tbmPn∏n®Xns\ a\pjy≥ th¿]ncn-

°cpXv.'' aØm. 19:3˛12- ¬ hy`nNmcIp‰w sIm≠mImsa∂pw, a¿t°m.

10:1˛12- ¬ Hcp ImcWØmepw AcpXv F∂pw ImWp∂p. F∂m¬ ssZhw

tbmPn∏n°mØXns\ a\pjy≥ th¿s]SpØcptXm F∂p tNmZn°p-

∂hcp≠v. cPnÃ¿ hnhmlw \SØn IpSpw_ambn Pohn®tijw amXm-

]nXm°∑msc {]oXns∏SpØm≥ thsd s]Ïpńsb ]≈nbn¬ h®v

hnhmlw Ign®hcp≠v. CXn¬ ssZhw tbmPn∏n®Xv GXmWv. ]e

hnhmlßfpw [rXnbn¬ \SØn ]cmPbs∏ń´p≠v.

2. tamjvSn°cpXv ˛ kmºØnI A\oXnIƒ

apXemfnØ hyhÿnXnbpsS ASnÿm\w Xs∂ tamjWamWv.

"\ns∂t∏mse \ns‚ Ab¬°mcs\ kvt\ln°p∂h\v' Ab¬°mc-

t\°mƒ kºØp≠mIphm≥ ]mSn√. c≠p Ab¬°m¿ apXemfnbpw

sXmgnemfnbpambm¬ H∂ma\p th≠n c≠ma≥ A≤zm\n®p Iqen

am{Xw sIm≠p Pohn°pIbpw Iqen°mc\p≠m°p∂ em`w apgph≥

H∂ma≥ FSp°pIbpw sNøp∂p. Cßs\ c≠p PmXn a\pjysc ssZhw

krjvSn®nń√. Hcp IpSpw_sØbmWv ssZhw krjvSn®Xv. tXm´w

104 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Im∏m\pw the sNøphm\pw IpSpw_Øn\p apgph≥ ISabp≠v. Iqen-

bmWv D]Poh\am¿§sa¶n¬ apXemfn°pw Iqen Inńbm¬ aXn. apX¬

apgph≥ ssZhØnt‚XmIbm¬ Xs‚ kIe a°ƒ°pap≈XmWv. Nne

a°ƒ kº∂cmsb¶n¬ Zcn{ZcptSXp tamjvSn®p F∂p \n›bw.

kzmX{¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw F∂nh apXemfnØap≈nStØmfw

Imew Hcpan®p t]mIbn√. ]WkºmZ\w tamjWamsW∂ Nn¥

bmsXmcp apXemfnbpw kΩXn°n√. ImcWw apXemfnØw AhcpsS

IÆp IpcpSm°nbncn°p∂p. F¥n\p kºmZn°p∂p Fßs\ kºmZn-

°p∂p F∂ tNmZyw {]k‡amWv. ""the sNømØh≥ ̀ £n°cpXv''

F∂ Iev]\b\pkcn®v `mKy°pdnbn¬ tN¿∂v ]Wap≠m°nbm¬

AXp tamjWat√? At\I Zcn{Z¿ e£{]`p°fmImsa∂ taml-

Øn¬ Sn°‰p hmßnbXp tamjvSn®XmWv Hmtcm ̀ mKy°pdn kΩm\hpw.

tªUpIº\nbn¬ ]Wan´h¿°p In´p∂ AanX]eni AXn¬\n∂pw

]Ww ISsaSpØht‚Xp tamjvSn®Xt√? henb iºfw hmßp∂h¿

sXmgnen√mØh¿°p Int´≠ ]WamWp {]Xnamkw tamjvSn°p∂Xv.

Zcn{ZtemIØn¬ kº∂\mIWsa∂ tamlØns‚ A¿∞w Xs∂

Zcn{Zt‚Xp tamjvSn®p PohnXkpJw A\p`hn°Wsa∂XmWv.

Cuizc≥ iq\yXbn¬ krjvSn® hn`hßƒ Cuizcs‚ kIe a°ƒ-

°pambn krjvSn®XmsW∂v kΩXn®m¬ kzØp tZioIcn®v Gh-

¿°pw tPmen sImSp°pI Xs∂ thWw. "\ns‚ Ab¬°mc\p≈Xv

tamln°cpXv' F∂ Iev]\ ewLn®mWv Ah\p e`nt°≠ hkvXp

hne sImSpØmbmepw hmßnbncn°p∂Xv. Nnesc Hcp sk‚p hkvXp

t]mepw C√mØhcm°n hnebm[mcw FgpXnhmßp∂h¿ \SØp∂Xpw

tamjWamWv. apXemfnØw \ne\n¿ØWsa∂p \n¿_‘ap≈h¿

AXn\p ISn™mWn v́ AXns\ sacp°n FSp°Ww. Hcp Ipń t]mepw

C√mØ ZºXnIƒ At\I apdnIfp≈ hoSp ]Wnbphm≥ k¿°m¿

kΩXn°mØhÆw `cWLS\bn¬ am‰w hcpØWw. Cu \mń¬

I≈∏Ww (tamjvSn® ]Ww) sh≈∏Wam°m≥ henb hoSp ]Wnbp-

hm≥ km[n°p∂p≠v. tamjvSn® I≈∏Ww ]≈n°pw, Bip]{Xn°pw,

PohImcpWy{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pw sImSpØtijw Nnesc¶nepw Ahc-

hcpsS t]cp FgpXnhbv°p∂Xv tamjWØns‚ B[p\nI {]IS\-

ßfmWv. "hewssI sImSp°p∂Xv CSwssI AdnbcpXv''F∂p

I¿Ømhp Iev]n®Xv C°mcyØnembncn°Ww. ]pcbnSw hn‰p ]Tn®p

\∂mbn Pbn® _ncpZ[mcnIƒ°p ]InSn (Donation F∂ Hma\

I≈t∏cn¬) sImSp°m≥ \nh¿Ønbn√mXncns°, [\hm∑mcpsS

a°ƒ henb XpI sImSpØp tPmen hmßp∂ hyhÿnXn hnZym`ymk

\nehmcw XmgvØphm≥ CSbm°p∂p. ""IΩyqWnkØn¬ k¿°m¿

105[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

tamjvSn°p∂p. Iym∏n‰enkØn¬ hy‡nIƒ tamjvSn°p∂p'' F∂p

]dbp∂h¿ D≠v. AXn\memWv CXn\p c≠n\pw AXoXamb Hcp

DØchmZnXz kaqlhpw, hyhÿnXnbpw DSseSp°Wsa∂p c≠pw

]Tn®h¿ hmZn°p∂Xv. Ah\h≥ am{Xw DbcWsa∂ em°n¬ am{Xta

ITn\m≤zm\w a\pjy≥ sNøq F∂p apXemfn ]dbp∂p. Cßs\

]d™v IpSnen¬ InS°p∂h\pw, tNcn{]tZiØp arKXpeyw Pohn°p-

∂h\pw Dbcm\p≈ km≤yX ASbv°pIbt√ kz¥w Db¿®bv°p

th≠n apXemfn sNøp∂Xv? hy‡nIfpsS AanXamb Db¿® thWtam

tkmjyenkw thWtam F∂ tNmZyØn\p adp]Snbmbn tkmjyen-

kamWp th≠sX∂p ]dbp∂h¿ t]mepw kza\ m AhcpsS kzØp

]¶nSp∂n√. AXpsIm≠mWv Zcn{Z\pw, kº∂\pw C√mØ Hcp kmº-

ØnI kmaqly cmjv{Sob hyhÿnXn 21˛mw \q‰m≠nse¶nepw DSse-

Sp°phm≥ sNdp∏°m¿ apt∂m´phtc≠Xv. AXn\v [\XXzimkv{X-

⁄∑mcpw Hcpan®ncp∂v Hcp ]cnlmcam¿§w I≠p]nSn°Ww. ssN\m

km[n® kmaqly\oXn tamjWw Ipd®p. ho≠pw apXemfnØw AhnsS

Xes]m°p∂p F∂v ]dbp∂h¿ It≠°mw. ]gb apXemfnØØn-

tebv°√, kzmX{¥yap≈ tkmjyenkØntebv°mWv ssN\ hfcp-

∂Xv. ]cnip≤mflmhv Ncn{XsØ \bn°p∂Xn\m¬, tÃ‰ns‚ tamj-

Whpw, hy‡nbpsS tamjWhpw Ipdbphm\pw ]¶nSp∂ Hcp \oXnbpsS

hyhÿnXn D≠mIp∂Xn\pw \mw Ghcpw {iant°≠XmWv. hkvXp

hmßphm\pw hnev°phm\pap≈ kzmX{¥yw ̀ cWLS\ am‰an√mXm-

°nbm¬ Gh¿°pw InS∏mSsa¶nepw sImSp°m≥ km[n°pw.

tNmZyßƒ

1. ssewKnI]m]ßƒ s]cpIp∂Xv XSbphm≥ IpSpw_ßfpw,

kvIqfpIfpw k`Ifpw F¥p sNøWw?

2. kmºØnI ]m]ßƒ \n mcsa∂p≈ KXn Fßs\ am‰mw?

3. tamjvSn°cpXv F∂ Iev]\ {]Xy£ambpw ]tcm£ambpw

FhnsSsb√mw Fßs\sb√mw ewLn°s∏Sp∂p?

4. autZym\qtkm {]m¿∞\bn¬ kmºØnI ]m]ßsf°pdn®p IqSn

tN¿t°≠XmtWm? DØcØn\p ImcWßƒ \evIpI.

106 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mTw 5

[m¿ΩnI {]iv\ßƒ(XpS¿®) h¿ÆhnthN\w, PmXnhyXymkw, h¿§obXIƒ sXmgn¬ X¿°-

ßfpw, sXmgnemfn t£ahpw sXmgnen√mbvabv°p ]cnlmchpw Nne

]cnlmcam¿§ßƒ a\xkm£nbpsS achn∏v Fßs\ am‰mw?

1. h¿ÆhnthN\w PmXnhyXymkw, h¿§obXIƒ

sXt° B{^n°bnse h¿ÆhnthN\w, C≥Uy≥ PmXnhyXymkw,

h¿§obX apXembh \oXoIcn°m≥ {ian°p∂hcpsS FÆw Ipd-

™psIm≠ncn°p∂p. F¶nepw a\pjysc a\pjycmbpw ktlmZc-

cmbpw ImWphm≥ th≠hÆw km[n°p∂n√. C≥Uy≥ `cWLS-

\bvs°Xncmbn NXp¿ h¿ÆhnthN\w am{Xa√, lcnP≥, KncnP≥

a¿±\ßfpw IqSns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. aÆns‚ a°ƒ hmZhpw ̀ cW-

LS\bvs°Xncmbn ^Ww Db¿Øp∂p. {ZmhnUapt∂‰ IgIw

lnμnsb FXn¿°p∂Xv Bcyta[mhnØsØ FXn¿°m≥ IqsSbmWv.

`mcXsØ H∂mbn ImWm≥ aebmfnIƒ°pw km[n°p∂n√. h¿Kob-

Xsb {]oWn∏n°mØ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nIƒ Npcp°amWv. {InkvXob

k`bpsS ssZhimkv{Xw A\pkcn®v ""_¿∫c≥, iI≥, blqZ≥,

bh\≥, Zmk≥, kzX{¥≥'' F∂o at\m`mhw sX‰mWv (Kem. 3:28,

tdma. 10:12; 3:22, 29; sImtem. 3:11; A. {]. 10:36). F∂m¬ {InkvXob

k`bn¬ PmXnhyXymkw C…mw aXØn¬ D≈Xn¬ IqSpXemWv.

]pXp{InkvXym\nIsf hnhmlw Ign∏m≥ kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIƒ

XømdmIp∂Xp t]mepw Npcp°ambn am{Xw. CXv kmºØnI Ak-

aXzw sIm≠p IqSnbmWv.

`cWLS\ A\pimkn°p∂ kaXzw hcWsa¶n¬ PmXns°Xn-

cmb hnZym`ymkw, h¿§obXbvs°Xncmb P\m[n]Xyw, Zcn{ZcpsS

ka{Kamb hntamN\w, F√mh¿°pw hnZym`ymkw, kmºØnI Nqj-

WØns\Xncmb tkmjyenkw, tImkvsamt]mfn‰≥, tlmÃepIƒ,

PmXn˛h¿Æ hnthN\ßfpsS Xn∑ ImWn°p∂ IemkrjvSnIƒ,

aXßƒ Hcpan®p≈ ]T\w apXembh ]cnlmc am¿§ßfmWv.

2. sXmgn¬ X¿°ßfpw, sXmgnemfnt£ahpw sXmgnen√m-

bvabv°p ]cnlmchpw

Iw]yq´¿ kº∂cmPyßtfmSp InS]nSnbv°m≥ BhiyamsW-

¶nepw, sXmgnen√mbva X∑qew ]cnlcn°pIb√m IqSpIbmWv. P∏m-

107[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

\n¬ t]mepw ]Øp iXam\Øn\SpØv sXmgnen√mØhcp≠v. C≥Uy-

bn¬ 1956˛¬ 53 e£w sXmgn¬clnXcp≠mbncp∂Xv 1986˛¬ 275

e£ambn h¿≤n®p. sXmgn¬c-ln-X-cmb A`ykvXhnZycpsS FÆw

s]cp-Ip-∂p. ""aSnbs‚ akvXnjv°w ]nimNns‚ ]Wn∏pc'' F∂ B]vX-

hmIya\pkcn®v ss]imNnIØw h¿≤n∏n°p∂ Hcp {][m\ LSIw

sXmgnen√mbvabmWv. apXemfnØhyhÿnXnbn¬ sXmgnemfnIƒ

kwLSn®p kacw sNømsX \ymbamb Iqen Ah¿°p e`n°pIbn√.

Iq´mb hnet]i¬ (Collective bargain) Hcp Bhiyamb Xn∑bmWv.

F∂m¬ tIcfØn¬ sXmgn¬kacw A\mhiy Imcyßƒ°pw \S°p-

∂Xn\m¬ sXmgn¬imeIƒ D≠m°phm≥ ]Wap≈h¿ aSn°p∂p.

sXmgn¬X¿°ßƒ ]d™pXo¿°phm≥ Labour department ̨ ¬ am¿§-

ßƒ Ds≠¶nepw, Nnet∏mƒ sXmgnemfn t\Xm°∑m¿ CSbv°p\n∂v

Ioi ho¿∏n®v sXmgnemfnIsf H‰ns°mSp°p∂p. cmjv{Sob ssIIS-

Ø¬ \nanØw apXemfnbpw, sXmgnemfnbpw NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂p.

XmWtPmen F∂p ]dbp∂ Iqen∏Wn°m¿°pw, Xq∏pIm¿°pw

AhcpsS IjvS∏mSn\\pkcn®v thX\w In´p∂n√. henb iºf°mcpw

tIm¨{SmIvSd∑mcpw, kº∂∑mcpw kpJtemep]XzØn¬ Pohn°p-

Ibpw henb BZmbw IcKXam°pIbpw sNøptºmƒ, sNdnb iºf-

°mcpw sXmgn¬clnXcpw ]´nWnbpw, ]cnh´hpambn Zn\cm{Xßƒ

X≈nhnSp∂p.

Nne ]cnlmcam¿§ßƒ

1. sXmgn¬ A[njvTnX hnZym`ymkw, kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymkw.

2. sXmgn¬ kzbw Is≠Øm\p≈ am¿§ßƒ.

3. aqe[\w sNdnb ]enibv°p In´m≥ hyhÿnXn.

4. Dev]∂ßƒ hnev°m\pw, Ib‰nbbv°m\pw GP≥knIƒ.

5. hyhkmbh¬°cWØn\p ]‰nb A¥co£w.

6. {KmahnImkØn\v, IpSn¬hyhkmbßfpw a‰pw hnIkn∏n°pI.

7. C≥Uybn¬ e`n°mhp∂h Cd°paXn sNømXncn°pI.

8. P∑nØhpw, IdpØ]Whpw C√mXm°pI.

9. henb thX\w Ipdbv°pIbpw, sNdnbXp Iq´pIbpw sNøpI.

10. t{SUpbqWnb\pIƒ A\mhiy kacßƒ Hgnhm°pI.

11. F√mh¿°pw sXmgn¬ F∂ em°n¬ πm\nwKpw ]≤XnIfpw

Bkq{XWw sNøpI.

108 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

3. a\xkm£nbpsS achn∏v Fßs\ am‰mw?

a\xkm£nsb°pdn®v thZ]pkvXI ]Tn∏n°¬

Conscience F∂ hm°v Hcp hnjbm\p{IaWnIbn¬ \n∂pw (Con-cordance) I≠p]nSn®v thZ]pkvXI`mjyØns‚ klmbtØmsS

]Tn°pI. \ymb{]amWw \evIpw apºpXs∂ \ymb{]amWw a\pjy

lrZbØn¬ FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv a\x m£n hgnbmWv. \sΩ Ip‰w

hn[n°p∂Xv (tdma. 2:12˛16) AXmWv. ssZhtØmSpw a\pjytcmSpw

Ip‰an√mØ a\x m£n hn. ]utemkn\p≠mbncp∂p (A. {]. 24:16).

a\x m£nbpsS km£yw At±lØn\p {]iwkbmbncp∂p (2 sImcn.

1:12, 4:2, 5, 11:2, XnsamØn 1:4, 2 XnsamØn 1:5, 19).

F∂m¬ hn. ]utemkv apºv {InkvXym\nIsf ]oUn∏n®Xpw \√

a\x m£ntbmSp IqSnbmbncp∂p F∂v Hm¿°Ww. ""a\x m£n (Nne-

t∏mƒ) Hcp NoØ arKamWv. ZpjvS]nimNmWv'' F∂p eqY¿ FgpXn-

bXp icnbmWv. a\pjy°pcpXn aXØns‚ t]cn¬ \SØn kIe aX-

{`m¥∑mcpw AhcpsS a\x m£n ss]imNnIam°s∏´Xv Ahcdnbm-

sXbmWv.

ss]imNnI a\x m£nsb ssZhoIam°phm≥ ]e am¿§ßfp≠v.

(a) bp‡nbpsS Xpem n¬ a\ m£nbpsS \n¿t±isØ Xq°n

t\m°pI.

(b) \ΩpsS I¿Ømhp ]Tn∏n® Kncn{]`mjWamIp∂ ssZhcmPy

{]amWhpambn X´n®pt\m°pI.

(c) CΩm\pth¬ Im‚p \n¿t±in°pwt]mse ""Rm≥ sNøp∂Xv

F√mhcpw sNbvXm¬ Hcp \√ temIw DSseSp°pw'' F∂ {]amWsØ

ASnÿm\am°n Pohn°pI.

(d) Ah\hs‚ {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ ̂ esØ°pdn®v ZpxJn∏m≥ CS-

bmIp∂h NoØsb∂pw a‰p≈h¿°pw \ap°pw kt¥mjn∏m≥ hI

\evIp∂h \∑ F∂pw Adn™p {]h¿Øn°pI.

(e) ""e£yw am¿§sØ \ymboIcn°p∂p'' F∂ kn≤m¥w

Ft∏mgpw kzoIcn°msX Ignbp∂Xpw e£yhpw, am¿§hpw, \oXnbp-

≈Xmbncn°m≥ {ian°pI.

(f) Ah\hs‚ arKobhmk\Ifpw Xmev]cyßfpamtWm ssZhln-

XamtWm \sΩ \bn°p∂sX∂v [ym\¥co£Øn¬ hnebncpØpI.

109[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

(g) ln‰vedpsS {]NcWhnZy UbdIvS¿ Ko_¬kv ]Tn∏n®Xv I≈w

Bh¿Øn®p Bh¿Øn®p ]d™m¬ icnbmsW∂p P\ßƒ hnizkn-

°psa∂mWv. Aßs\ sX‰pw, kzP\]£]mXhpw, kz¥aX ]Tn∏n-

°epw Bh¿Ø\Øm¬ icnbmsW∂v tXm∂m≥ CSbmbXmtWm

F∂v Nn¥nt°≠XmWv.

(h) kIe kXyØnte°pw \bn°p∂ ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ \S∏n¬

thZw ]Tn®p thZsØt∏mepw ]cnip≤mflmhns‚ Iogn¬ sIm≠p

hcnI.

tNmZyßƒ

1. h¿ÆhnthN\w, PmXnhyXymkw, h¿§obX F∂o {]iv\ßtfm

Sp≈ ss{IkvXh kao]\ßƒ N¿® sNøpI.

2. sXmgn¬taJebn¬ BtcmKyIcamb Ahÿ sI´n∏Sp°p∂Xn\v

{InkvXob ImgvN∏mSv F{]Imcw klmbn°Ww.

3. a\x m£nsb ""achn∏n¬'' \n∂pw DW¿Øn kwip≤amt°≠

Xn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ Gh?

]mTw 6

cmjv{Sob k∑m¿§ imkv{Xw

k`bpw k¿°mcpw aZyh¿÷\tam, aZy\ntcm[\tam, \nb-

{¥Wtam A{I-a-c-lnXhnπ-h-tam, A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb A\p-h-Z-\ob

hnπ-htam? bp≤hpw kam-[m-\hpw tPmen ssZh-hnfn

1. k`bpw k¿°mcpw

]oemtØmknt\mSp {InkvXp hnt[bXzw ImWn®n√. Ahs‚ tNmZy-

ßƒ°p adp]Sn sImSp°mXncp∂p. taen¬ \n∂v Ah\v A[nImcw

\¬InbX√msX kzbambn AhImiw {InkvXphns‚ ta¬ ]oemtØm-

kn\n√ F∂p Xm≥ hy‡ambn ]d™p (tbml. 19:10). krjvSn apgp-

h\pw {InkvXphn\mepw {InkvXphn\p th≠nbpamsW∂v sImtem

2:15˛¬ ]dbp∂p. B \nebv°v ssZhØns‚ a°ƒ°v ssZhtØmSp≈

hnt[bXzamWv BXy¥nIambp≈Xv. hogvNbpsS ̂ eambn ]m]nbmbn

110 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Øo¿∂ a\pjys‚ kz¿§ob ]ucXzhpw tÃ‰nt\mSp≈ ]ucXzhpw

XΩn¬ GsX¶nepw Hs∂¶nepw Xncs™Spt°≠n h∂m¬ kz¿§obw

sXcs™Sp°Ww. F∂m¬ c£ {]m]n® ]m]nbmWp sXcs™Sp°p-

∂sX∂p≈Xn\m¬ k`mwKßfpsS Xocpam\ßfnepw kvJenXw

D≠mImw. apsº kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse tdma¿ 13˛Dw shfn 13˛Dw

XΩnep≈ hyXymkw sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ {]bmkw Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p.-

ssZhZØamb A[nImcw D]tbmKn®v ssZhlnXØn\v FXncmbn

sNbvhm≥ k`bpw k¿°mcpw ]d™n´p≠v. "Here I stand' F∂v eqY¿

]d™Xv tdma≥ ]m∏mbns°Xncmbncp∂p. c‡km£nIƒ tdmam

km{amPym[nImcnIƒs°XncmbmWv Poh≥ h®p {InkvXphn\p th≠n

acn®Xv. "Fs‚ cmPyw icnbmbmepw sX‰mbmepw' (My Country Rightor Wrong) Rm\-Xns\ ]n¥mßpw F∂ kn≤m¥w icnb√. \oXn

\StØ≠Xv k¿°mcnt‚bpw ISabmWv (1 ]t{Xmkv 2:14˛17). \oXn-

s°Xncmbn kz¥k¿°m¿ \n∂m¬ AXns\Xncmbn thm´p sNbvXp

FXn¿]m¿´nsb A[nImcØnte‰m\p≈ P\m[n]Xy hyhÿnXn

\ne\n¿tØ≠Xv GIm[n]XysØ XSbm\mhiyamWv.

Fs‚ k` icn-bm-bmepw sX‰m-bmepw (‘My church Right or wrong’)Rm\-Xns\ ]n¥mßpw F∂ kn≤m¥hpw icnb√. hn`n∂ k`Ifpw

aXßfpw D≈ Hcp cmPyØn¬ \yq\]£mhImiw a\pjymhImi-

Øns\Xncmbn hcm≥ ]mSn√. BtKmf am\hnIXbpsS apt∂mSnbmb

tZiob am\hnIXsb¶nepw hf¿ØWw. k`bv°v hnZym`ymk ÿm]\-

ßƒ \SØm\p≈ AhImiw B tZisØ F√m ]uc∑mcptSbpw

hnZym`ymkØn\√msX kz¥ k`mwKßfpsS am{Xw hnZym`ymkØn-

∂mbm¬ \yq\]£mhImiw kzP\]£mhImiam°pIbmWv.

k¿°mcpw k`bpw ssZhØns‚ c≠p IcßfmIbm¬ ]ckv]cw

XmßpIbpw ssZhalXzw, {]PIfpsS kzmX{¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-

Zcyw F∂nhbv°pth≠n \n¬°pIbpw Ah XΩnep≈ hyXymkw

\ne\n¿ØpIbpw thWw. Bcm[\m kzmX{¥yw, aX{]NcW

kzmX{¥yw, aXwam‰ kzmX{¥yw F∂nhbpsSta¬ k¿°m¿ ssIIS-

ØmXncn°pIbpw, Law and Order \ne\n¿Øphm≥ k`bpw aXßfpw

k¿°mcnt\mSp klIcn°pIbpw thWw. AcmPIXzw XSbmsX \oXn

\SØmhX√.

t_m¨tlm^¿ Nq≠n ImWn°pwt]mse IpSpw_hpw A≤zm\hpw

]dpZokmbn¬ Bcw`n®p. CXp c≠pw temImhkm\w hsc \ne\n¿-

Øm\pw GI IpSpw_Xpeyw hn`hßƒ ]¶nSm\pw k¿°mcpw k`bpw

klIcn®p {]h¿Ønt°≠XmWv.

111[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

C…manIv cmPyßfn¬ k¿°mcpw aXhpw H∂mb Xntbm{Ikn-

bmWv. CXv a‰p aXßƒ°p kaXzhpw kzmX{¥yhpw \¬Ip∂n√. hn.

Jpdm≥ A\pkcn®p≈ `cWamWv k¿°mcpw \SØp∂Xv. apt m-

fn\nbpsSbpw ln‰vedpsSbpw amIyh√nb≥ kn≤m¥Ømepw c≠mw

temIalmbp≤w ASnt®¬∏n®Xn\mepw aXsØbpw k`sbbpw

i{Xphmbn I≠Xn\mepamWv ̂ mknkhpw, \mknkhpw Xntcm[m\w

sNbvXXv.

Imƒ am¿Ivkv hn`mh\w sNbvX h¿§clnX kaql krjvSn°p

aXhpw k`bpw XS amIpsa∂ [mcWbmWv At±lsØ \ncoizc

`uXnIhmZnbm°nbXv. am¿Ivkns‚ Xmev]cyw Dƒs°m≈p∂ ssZh-

cmPy krjvSnbmWp k`bpsS em°v. ssZhcmPyw IΩyqWnksØtbm

Iym∏n‰enksØtbm `bs∏SmsX ssZhØnem{ibn®v \oXn°pw

kzmX{¥yØn\pw th≠n \n¬°pw.

2. aZyh¿÷\tam, aZy\ntcm[\tam, \nb{¥Wtam

aZy]m\w tdmam km{amPyØns‚ hogvN°p {][m\ ImcWßfn¬

H∂mbncp∂p. B[p\nI kwkvImcsØ 18˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ ssN\bpsS

Id∏p I®hSw (Opium trade) \in∏n°m≥ XpSßn. Ccp]Xmw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ Cu A¥yL´Øn¬ aZyhpw, ab°pacp∂pIfpw \SØp∂

XmfihØn\v AdpXn hcpØmXncp∂m¬ 21˛mw \q‰m≠mIptºmƒ Cu

kwkvImcw Xs∂ \new]Xnt®°mw.

hn. thZØn¬ aZyØns\Xncmb Nne `mKßƒ hmbn®v N¿®

sNøpI (aØm. 11:19, eqt°m. 21:34, tdma. 113:13, Kem. 5:21, Ft^ky

5:18, sXs tem. 5:7, sImcn. 5:11, 1 Xnsam. 3:8, XotØm. 1:7, 1 ]t{Xm.

4:3). tbml. 2˛¬ \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv sh≈w ho™m°nb Imcyhpw

XntamsYtbmknt\mSv Xs‚ APo¿ÆX amdphm≥ Aev]w aZyw D]-

tbmKn®psImƒhm≥ hn. ]utemkv sImSpØ A\phmZhpw B[mc-

am°n aZy]m\w \oXoIcn°p∂h¿ _m°n thZ`mKw hmbn°p∂n√.

Hcp kXy{InkvXym\nbpsS ]cam\μw ssZhamImXncn°ptºmgmWv

a\{]bmkØn¬ \n∂v Ic Ibdm≥ aZyØnem{ibn°p∂Xv. aZyhpw

ab°pacp∂pw IqSm≥ ImcWw k` AXns‚ ZuXyØn¬ ]cmPb-

s∏Sp∂XmWv.

bYm¿∞ kt¥mjw IpºkmcØnepw, hn. Ip¿∫m\bnepw,

thZ]T\Ønepw, BfloI Iq´mbvabnepw, \∑ sNøp∂Xnepw,

kphntij thebnepw, kvt\lhnXcWØnepw k` sImSpØncp∂p

F¶n¬ aZyhpw ab°pacp∂pw tXSn bphXobphm°∑m¿ t]mIbn-

112 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

√mbncp∂p. C∂p \ΩpsS tImfPpIfn¬ t]mepw ]e bphXobphm-

°∑mcpw aZyØn\pw ab°pacp∂n\pw ASnaIfmIp∂p≠v.

aZyØn\pw, ab°pacp∂pIƒ°pw At\I ImcWßfp≠v. IqSp-

X¬ ]Ww, IqSpX¬ icocm≤zm\w, sXmgnen√mbva, IpSpw_Ielw,

A\mtcmKyw, NoØ Iq´psI´v, PohnXØn\v A¿∞hpw e£yhpan-

√mbva, kabw \√ Imcyßƒ°p]tbmKn°msX hrYm sNehgn°p-

∂Xv, am\knI kwL´\ßfpw, \ncm-ibpw, IpSpw-_-`m-cw, \√ Iq´m-

bva-°m-cn-√m-bva, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS sX‰mb amXr-I, amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS

aZy-]m-\w, aZyw \¬Ip∂ X¬°me im¥n, ISw, a\x-{]-bm-k-ßƒ ad-

°p-hm-\p≈ Id∏ns‚ Xmev°m-enI im¥n, kvIqfn-epw, tImf-Pnepw

aX-]T\w \ndp-Øn-b-Xv, amXr-Im-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS A`m-hw,

tImf-Pp-I-fnse cmjv{So-bw, A≤ym-]-I-cpsS amXr-I-bn-√mbva Cßs\

t]mIp∂p Imc-W-ßƒ.

Occasional drinking -˛ ¬ XpSßn ]Xn-hmbn IpSn-°p-∂-h-cmbn aZy-

Øn∂Sna (Alcoholics) BIp-∂-h-cmWv A[nIw t]cpw. Alcoholic Bbn-

°-gn-™m¬ BPo-h-\m¥ tcmKn-bm-bn-°-gn-™p. "Once an alcoholic al-ways an alcoholic' F∂ XXzw an°-hcnepw icn-bmbnbmWv ImWp-∂Xv.

L. S. D, Heroin apX-em-b-hbv°v ASn-a-I-fm-b-h¿ kzbw \in-°p-∂p.

Ah¿ ̀ h-\-Øn-\pw, kaq-l-Øn\pw Hcp \nXy-̀ m-c-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p∂p.

B \ne-bn¬ Ah¿ FØpw apºmWv Ahsc c£n-t°-≠Xv.

aZy-h¿÷-\-am-Wp aZy-\n-tcm-[-\tØ-°mƒ {]tbm-P-\I-c-am-b-Xv.

aZy\n-tcm-[\w hymP-a-Zy-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n°pw. B]¬a-c-W-ßƒ Iq´pw.

hntZi aZy-\n-b-{¥Whpw a‰pw Kh¨sa‚ v sNø-Ww. aZy-h¿÷-\Øn¬

aZy-\n-tcm-[\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂p hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.

]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ: a) aZy-Øn-s‚bpw ab-°p-a-cp-∂n-s‚bpw Zpjv̂ -

e-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°pI. b) BfloIkt¥mjw \evIpI. c) AlcoholicAnonymous kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°pI. d) ̀ h-\-ßƒ {InkvXo-I-cn-°pI.

]cnip≤mflmhns‚ kt¥m-j-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-I-bmWv G‰w \√

am¿§w.

3. A{I-a-c-lnXhnπ-h-tam, A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb A\p-h-

Z\ob hnπ-htam?

"`qcn-]£w \ncm-I-cn°p-∂Xv A{I-aw, ̀ qcn-]£w kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xp

{Iaw.' CXp icntbm? h¿Æ-hn-th-N-\w, Nqj-Ww, A\oXn apX-em-bh

\nanØw tImSn°W-°n\p Ip™p-ßƒ ̀ £Ww In´msX acn-°p-∂Xp

113[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

C∂sØ kaqlw {Ia-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂Xp sIm≠v AXp A{I-a-a-

√msX hcptam? t]meo-kpw, anen-́ dn-bpw, A{Iaw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv ]e-

t∏mgpw ]mhs∏ -́htcm-Spw, \ncm-bp-[-tcmSpw BW-t√m. A{I-a-Øn\v ̀ qcn-

]£w A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bmWp apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ kmº-

ØnI Nqj-W-ßƒ. _olm-dnepw a‰pw sIm√s∏-Sp-∂Xp lcn-P-\-ßfpw

sIm√p-∂Xp Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cpw. h¿Æ-hn-th-N-\-Øn-\n-c-bmb Idp-

Ø-h¿ A{Iaw D]tbm-Kn-°-cpXv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ ]tcm-£ambn sh≈-

°m-cpsS A{Iaw XpS-cs´ F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv tZhm-

eb ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn-∂p-]-tbm-Kn® NΩ-ń-bn¬ kvt\l-Øns‚ in£-

sb-¶nepw Ct√?

{^©p-hn-π-hw, Atacn°≥ kzmX{¥yØn-\mbn \S∂ bp≤w,

ssN\okv hnπhw apX-em-b-h-bn¬ A{I-a-ap-≠m-bncp-s∂¶n-epw AXv

Bh-iy-amb Xn∑-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m]-tem-I-Øn¬ ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ D≈-

h¿ AXp \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn A{Ia-cmlnXyw {]kwKn-°p-I-bpw,

Ah¿ \nc-¥-cw sNøp∂ A\o-Xn-bpsS A{Iaw aqSn-h-bv°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. Gentleman’s slow violence is the cause for people’s suddenviolence.

amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Ipń-I-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lw Nne-t∏mƒ hSn-bmbn

{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. kvt\l-hm-\mb "ssZhw Zln-∏n-°p∂ A·n-bm-Ip-

∂p'' (F-{_m. 12:28).

c‡-s®m-cn-®n¬ G‰w Ipd®p hcp-Ø-W-sa-∂-Xn¬ F√m aX-ßfpw

\√ a\p-jycpw tbmPn-°p-∂p. IoS-P-¥p-°-sf-bpw, ]mºn-s\-bpw lnwkn-

°-cp-sX∂ XXzw A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b-Xp-t]mse A\o-Xnbv°v in£

AcpXv F∂ XXzhpw Akzo-Im-cy-am-Wv.

4. bp≤hpw kam-[m-\hpw

\yq¢n-b¿ bp≤-Øns‚ km≤y-X-bpsS C°m-eØv bp≤-hn-cp≤ \ne-

]mSp am{Xta {InkvXym-\ns°-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°q. lntcm-jn-a-mbpw, \mK-

km-°nbpw \nanjw sIm≠p \mam-h-ti-j-am-°nb sNdnb c≠v B‰w-

t_mw_v C∂p Ipń-I-fpsS Ifn-∏m´w am{X-am-Wv. apgp-tem-I-sØbpw

At\I{]mhiyw \in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ -t_m-w-_pIƒ C∂pw temI-

Øn-ep≠v. Ah D]-tbm-Kn®p Ign-™m¬ Pbm-fnbpw, tXmevhn-b-\p-̀ -hn-

®-hcpw ImWp-I-bn-√. bp≤w Hcp BtKmf Bfl-l-Xy-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Hcn-

°epw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°m-ØXpw D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ BtKm-f-\miw

hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xp-amb \£-{X-bp≤-hpw, \yq¢n-b¿ bp≤hpw a\p-jys‚

{`m¥m-Wv.

114 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

]mkn-̂ nkw Hcp ImeØp ̀ qcn-]£w t]cpw FXn¿ØXpw Npcp°w

Nne¿ a\x-km-£n-°p-Ø-en-\m¬ bp≤-hn-cp≤ kam-[m\ \ne-]mSv FSp-

Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂p ]e-hn[ ]mkn-̂ n-Ãp-Im-cp≠v Nne¿:

1. "\∑-bm¬ Xn∑sb Pbn-°pI' F∂ Iev]\ {]Imcw Xn∑-s]´

bp≤-Øn¬ tNcp-I-bn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿.

2. t]meokpw a‰pw sNdnb A{I-ahpw A\phZn-°p-Ibpw bp≤-Øn-

\mbn ]´m-f-Øn¬ tNcm-Xn-cn-°-pIbpw sNøp-∂-h¿.

3. s]mfn‰n°¬ ]mkn-̂ nkw ]d-bp-∂-Xv bp≤w F√m Kh¨sa‚p-I-

sfbpw C√m-Xm-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ bp≤w Hcn-°epw A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-sX-

∂mWv.

4. Km‘n-b≥ Alnw-k-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ bp≤sØ FXn¿°p-

∂-h¿.

5. t]mƒ ‰n√nIv Symbolic Pacifism Bh-iy-am-sW∂v hmZn-®p. ]q¿-

ÆXbm-{K-ln-°p∂ Iptd-t∏¿ F¶nepw F°m-eØpw Aßs\ bp≤-

Øn¬ tNcm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv \in-°mØ \∑-bpsS kqN-\-bm-Wv.

6. Vocational Pacifists ]d-bp-∂Xp "bp≤-Øn¬ tNcp-hm≥ F\n°p

ssZh-hn-fn-bn√' F∂m-Wv.

7. \yq¢n-b¿ bp≤-hn-cp≤ ]mkn-̂ n-Ãns‚ Iq -́Øn¬ B[p-\n-I temI-

Ønse Nn¥n-°p∂ kIe a\p-jycpw Dƒs∏-Spw. F∂m¬ bp≤w

XpSßm\\phZn®m¬ \yq¢n-b¿ Bbn-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu

hyXymkw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√.

1948˛¬ AJn-e-temI k`m Iu¨kn-ens‚ BwÃ¿Umw Akwªn

{InkvXym-\n-IfpsS bp≤ kao-]-\-ßsf aq∂mbn Xncn-®p.

(1) \oXn hcp-Øm≥ km[n-°mØ B[p-\nI bp≤w H∂pw Xs∂

\oXn-bp≈ bp≤-a√ F∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿.

(2) Nne-t∏mƒ -G-Im[n]XysØ XS-bm≥ bp≤w A\p-hZn°W-sa∂p

]d-bp-∂-h¿.

(3) Hcn-°epw bp≤w ]mSn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿. t\m_¬ kΩm\w

hmßnb imkv{X⁄∑mcn¬ ̀ qcn]£hpw bp≤Øns\Xncmbn {]kvXm-

h\ Cd-°n°-gn™p. Hcn-°epw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km≤y-a√mØ \io-I-

cW t_mw_p-Iƒ F¥n-\p-≠m-°p∂p F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v temI-cm-jv{S-

ßƒ adp-]Sn \¬tI≠-Xp≠v.

""kam-[m-\-ap-≠m-°p-∂-h¿ ̀ mKy-hm-∑m¿. Ah¿ ssZh-Øns‚ ]p{X-

∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Spw.''

115[¿Ω-Zo]vXn

5. tPmen ssZh-hnfn (Vocation)

k\ymknbmIm-\pw, sshZoI\mIm\pw ssZhw hnfn°p∂p. F∂m¬

Irjn, I®-h-Sw, DtZym-Kw apX-em-bh Ah-c-h¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂p F∂

[mcW am‰-Ww. Hcp ssZh-ss]-X¬ kmØms\ Dt]-£n®v ain-lmsb

kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v ]nim-Nns‚ tPmen sNøm≥ Ah\p Npa-

X-e-tbm, A\p-hm-Ztam C√. Hcp kXy-{In-kvXym-\n-bpsS Ifn-bpw,

tPmenbpw kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw, cmjv{So-bhpw, Bcm[-\bpw,

{InkvXo-b-km-£y-am-Wv. "Work is worship' F∂ Bibw tPmen ssZh-

ap-ºm-sI- ssZ-ha-l-XzØn\p th≠n ka¿∏n®p sNøp-∂-Xm-I-bm¬

B\μIchpw hnip-≤-hp-am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. "\Ωn-emcpw X\n-°m-bn-Øs∂

Pohn-°p-∂n-√. X\n-°m-bn-Øs∂ acn-°p-∂p-an-√. \mw Pohn-°p-s∂-¶n¬

I¿Øm-hn-\mbn Pohn-°p∂p; acn-°p-s∂-¶n¬ I¿Øm-hn-\mbn acn-

°p∂p'' (tdm-a. 14:7, 8). Hcp ASn-a-bpsS kIe tPmen-bp-w bP-am-\\pw

DS-b-h-\pw- th≠n Bbn-cn-°pw-t]mse \sΩ kz¥c‡w Nn¥n- hn-ebv°p

hmßn-b-h-\p -th≠n am{Xw \mw Pohn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.

""Iev]n-®-Xn-e-[nIw ]ncn°cpXv'' F∂n-XymZn \n¿t±i-ßƒ tbml-

∂m≥ amwZm\ sImSp-°p-∂Xv Hmtcm tPmenbpw ssZh-ln-X-a-\p-k-cn®p

sNø-W-sa∂ XXzw ImWn-°p∂p (eq-t°m. 12:14). a\x- m-£nsb ac-hn-

∏n®p ssI°q-enbpw Agn-a-Xnbpw \oXo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ ssZh-ln-X-a-√msX

H∂pw ssZh-ss]-X¬ sNø-cp-sX-∂Xp ad-°p-∂p. ""Rm≥ Bbn-cn-°p∂

ÿm\Øv tbip-{InkvXp Bbn-cp∂p F¶n¬ C°mcyw Fßs\

ssIImcyw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p'' F∂p tNmZn®v ssZh-ss]-X¬ Hmtcm

{]iv\-Øn\pw ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Ø-Ww. "hnip-≤-am-bXv' F∂v F√m

tPmen-sb-°p-dn®pw ]d-bm-hp∂ tPmen-b-√msX I≈p-jm∏v \S-Øm-t\m,

thiym-ebw \S-Øm-t\m, tªUp-I-º\n \S-Ømt\m AXn¬ A\ymb

]en-ibv°v ]W-an-Smt\m Hcp kXy {InkvXym-\n-bpsS a\x-km£n A\p-

h-Zn°pI-bn-√. tªUp-I-º\n \S-Øp-∂Xv sX‰m-sW-¶n¬ AXn¬ ]Ww

\nt£-]n-°p-∂Xpw sX‰m-Wv. ̀ mKy-°pdn hmßp-∂Xv A≤zm-\n-°msX

]W-ap-≠m-°m-\m-I-bm¬ ""the sNøm-Ø-h≥ ̀ £n-°-cpXv'' F∂ Iev]-

\-bpsS ewL-\-am-Wv.

"Nne tPmen IqSp-X¬ am\yw' F∂ Nn¥bpw icn-b-√. \ΩpsS I¿-

Ømhp \t{k-Ønse X®-\mbn 18 h¿jw ]Wn∏p-c-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXXv

F√m tPmen-bp-sSbpw amXrI ImWn-°-phm\mWv.

Hcp ]m∏mtbm, _nj-t∏m, Aflm-b-°m-c-t\-°mƒ hnip-≤-\m-Im≥

km[n°pw F∂ Nn¥ am‰-Ww. hn. aqtdm≥ A`n-tjIw e`n-®Xv amtam-

116 [¿Ω-Zo]vXn

Zokm ka-bØp am{X-am-sW-∂Xp {]tXyIw kva¿Ø-hy-am-Wv. ]n∂oSv

GsX√mw ] -́ta-‰mepw ho≠pw hn. aqtdm≥ \evIp-∂n-√. ]cn-ip-≤-\m-Ip-

hm≥ F√m hnizm-kn-°p-ap-≈-Xn¬ A[nIw Ah-Im-iw -]´wsImS-bn¬

\evIp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ hn. Ip¿∫m-\b\p-jvTn-∏m-\p≈ \¬hcw sshZn-

I¿°v, ]´w sImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ \¬hcw _ntjm-∏n\pw \evIp-∂p. ssZh-

am-Xm-hns‚ ÿm\w At∏m-kvtXm-e∑m-cp-tS-X-nt\°mƒ D∂-X-am-W-t√m.

k\ymkn Ahn-izkvX\mbm¬ hnizkvX IpSpw-_-ÿ-t\-°mƒ

XmW-h\pw IpSpw-_ÿ≥ Ahn-iz-kvX-\m-bm¬ kXy-k-\ym-kn-tb-°mƒ

XmW-h-\p-amWv. hnfn-tbm-Sp≈ hniz-kvX-Xbm-Wm-h-iyw. k\ym-kn-bmbn

hnfn-°-s∏-´-tijw {]Xn⁄ ewLn®p hnhm-ln-X-\m-Ip-∂Xv Ahn-iz-

kvXX-bm-Wv.

tPmen-bpw, hn{i-ahpw ssZh-a-l-Xz-Øn-\pw A]-cs‚ \∑bv°pw D]-

tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂mWv ssZh-hn-fn-bpsS A¿∞w.

tNmZy-ßƒ

1. k`bpw cmjv{Sob ̀ c-W-Iq-Shpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F{]-Im-c-ambncn-

°Ww?

2. \ntcm-[-\w, \nb-{¥-Ww, h¿÷\w F∂nh aZy-]m\ hn]-Øns\

t\-cnSp∂-Xn\v F{]-Imcw klm-bn-°pw.

3. A\o-Xn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ "A{I-a-c-lnX hnπhw', "bp≤w' F∂n-

h-tbm-Sp≈ {InkvXob kao-]\w Npcp°n hnh-cn-°pI?

4. F√m tPmen-bpw ssZh-hn-fn-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw

hy‡-am-°p-I.

ReadEmil Bruner, Divine Imperative, p. 198.

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