C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 27

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 271. Sequence of moods Recall that tenses in Greek can be divided into primary and secondary.Primary tenses are the present and future. Secondary tenses are the imperfect and aorist. Recall also that the subjunctive mood uses primary endings and the optative mood uses secondary endings.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Generally the subjunctive mood is associated with primary tenses and the optative mood with secondary tenses. This association is known as the sequence of moods.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods The sequence of moods means that if a main clause has a verb in a primary tense, then clauses dependent on it will tend to be in the subjunctive. Likewise, if a main clause has a verb in a secondary tense, then clauses dependent on it will tend to be in the optative.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 272. Purpose (final) clauses This chapter introduces ways to express purpose in ancient Greek. A purpose clause (also called a final clause), as its name suggests, refers to an action which is the purpose of some other action.

Shelmerdine Chapter 272. Purpose (final) clauses English has several ways to express purpose: We sent the messengers so that they would tell the truth to the king. We sent the messengers in order to tell the truth to the king. We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.

Shelmerdine Chapter 272. Purpose (final) clauses Greek likewise has several equivalent ways to express purpose. The most basic way is to introduce the purpose clause with , , or . Different authors prefer different conjunctions, but there is no difference in meaning or translation.

Shelmerdine Chapter 272. Purpose (final) clauses By rule, the verb in a purpose clause changes mood from the indicative. There are ways to form purpose clauses with verbs in the subjunctive/optative, infinitive, and participle moods.

Shelmerdine Chapter 272. Purpose (final) clauses Following the conjunctions , , or , the verb of the purpose clause will become subjunctive or optative. Following a verb in a primary tense, the verb in the purpose clause becomes subjunctive. Following a verb in a secondary tense, the verb in the purpose clause generally becomes optative.

Shelmerdine Chapter 272. Purpose (final) clauses () . We send the messengers to tell the truth to the king. () . We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 263. Future participle to express purpose The future participle also expresses purpose. Since this is a circumstantial use, it will appear in the predicate position. Remember that any participle modifies its own subject.

Shelmerdine Chapter 273. Future participle to express purpose . We send the messengers to tell the truth to the king. . We sent the messengers to tell the truth to the king.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 274. The verb is, historically, the perfect of the lost verb * see but in practice serves as the present of know (have seen know). The regular, but deponent, future of this verb, , means will know. The aorist (which serves as the aorist of see,) comes from this same verb.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 () () / / () / / / Present/Perfect TenseImperfect/Pluperfect Tense

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 () // / Subjunctive MoodOptative Mood

Shelmerdine Chapter 27imperatives, , infinitive participle , , Other moods

Shelmerdine Chapter 274. In Moodle is a pdf entitled Verbs of Seeing and Knowing in Ancient Greek which lays out the various verbs of seeing and knowing in different tenses.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 275. Irregular strong aorists Two common verbs are verbs only in the aorist tense. This means they add their personal endings (-, -, *, -, -, -) directly to their stem. walk has the aorist stem (shortened to in the optative). know, recognize has the aorist stem (shortened to in the optative).

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 Aorist Indicative

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 Aorist Subjunctive

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 Aorist Optative

Shelmerdine Chapter 27imperatives, , infinitive participle , , Other moodsimperatives, , infinitive participle , ,

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 276. Supplementary participles in indirect statement Verbs which mean show (e.g., ) know (e.g., ), or refer to perception by the senses (e.g., see, hear) generally set up indirect statements with participles.

Shelmerdine Chapter 276. Supplementary participles in indirect statement As always, the participle modifies its own subject (the subject of the indirect statement). . The soldiers sense that they are coming very quickly. . The soldiers sense that the enemy come very quickly.

Shelmerdine Chapter 276. Supplementary participles in indirect statement Remember that English sometimes backshifts the tense in indirect statement, but Greek does not. . The soldiers see that the enemy are coming very quickly. . The soldiers saw that the enemy were coming very quickly.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27Sequence of moods Purpose (final) clauses Future participle to express purpose Irregular strong aorists Supplementary participles in indirect statementIndirect statement with or

Shelmerdine Chapter 277. Indirect statement with or Verbs which mean say, (e.g., , ), and sometimes other verbs, set up indirect statement with the conjunctions or , much as English uses that.

Shelmerdine Chapter 277. Indirect statement with or The conjunctions or do not require a change of mood. . The soldiers say that the enemy came very quickly.

Shelmerdine Chapter 277. Indirect statement with or Remember that English sometimes backshifts the tense in indirect statement, but Greek does not. . The soldiers say that the enemy is coming very quickly. . The soldiers said that the enemy came very quickly.

Shelmerdine Chapter 277. Indirect statement with or When a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect) sets up indirect statement, the verb in indirect statement can change to the optative. . . The soldiers said that the enemy came very quickly.

Shelmerdine Chapter 27for next class (Tuesday, March 29, 2011):Quiz: Chapter 27 Vocabulary. omit Biblical Reading

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 , , , , . , , , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 , , , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 , , , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 , , , , . , . ' , , ' , . ' ' ' .

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 , , , , . , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 27 ' , , ' , . ' ' ' .

Shelmerdine Chapter 279 10 , . 11 , , . unclean + gen. touch fall on notice, see crush cry out student, disciple whip, disease all who whenever crowd boat breath, spirit, life stand by, be ready fall before , son + inf. with the result that (they)

Shelmerdine Chapter 2712 . 13 , . 14 , [ ,] 15 walk to - send off demon throw out authority order proclaim, preach name mountain call for, invite clear, revealed

Shelmerdine Chapter 2716 [ ,] , 17 , , 18 19 , .( 3.9-19) - thunder - add on - hand over, betray

Shelmerdine Chapter 27for next class (Wednesday, March 30, 2011):Quiz: parsing on Chapter 27 Biblical ReadingRead Chapter 28

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