C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 22

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part) Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part) Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The genitive absolute Further comparison of adjectives in -, -

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part) Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part) Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The genitive absolute Further comparison of adjectives in -, -

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part)

All participles in the middle voice have the marker --. All participles in the middle voice use endings.

Thus to form the present middle participle, to the present stem,add

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part) Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part) Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The genitive absolute Further comparison of adjectives in -, -

Shelmerdine Chapter 222. Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part)

All participles in the middle voice have the marker --. All participles in the middle voice use endings.

Thus to form the future middle participle, to the future stem,add

Shelmerdine Chapter 222. Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part)

All participles in the middle voice have the marker --. All participles in the middle voice use endings.

Thus to form the 1st (weak) aorist middle participle, to the aorist stem,add

Shelmerdine Chapter 222. Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part)

All participles in the middle voice have the marker --. All participles in the middle voice use endings.

Thus to form the 2nd (strong) aorist middle participle, to the aorist middle stem,add

Note that the accent remains fixed on the -- marker.

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part) Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part) Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The genitive absolute Further comparison of adjectives in -, -

Shelmerdine Chapter 223. Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The aorist passive participle is somewhat different.

To the aorist passive stem,add - (nominative singular endings) -- replaces -- in all the masculine/neuter,-- replaces -- in all the femininebut otherwise identical to the present active. .

Remember, only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.

Shelmerdine Chapter 223. Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The future passive participle returns to the pattern for the middle voiceAll participles in the middle voice have the marker --. All participles in the middle voice use endings.

Thus to form the future passive participle, to the future passive stem,add

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Summary of active participlesPresent: present stem + Future: future stem + Aorist: 1st (weak) aorist stem + 2nd (strong) aorist stem +

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Summary of middle participlesPresent: present stem + Future: future stem + Aorist: 1st (weak) aorist stem + 2nd (strong) aorist stem +

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Summary of passive participlesPresent: present stem + Future: future passive stem + Aorist: aorist passive stem +

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part) Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part) Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The genitive absolute Further comparison of adjectives in -, -

Shelmerdine Chapter 224. The genitive absolute You have seen how often Greek chains verbs together by making one or more of the verbs participles. Participles always modify their subjects, so a participle modifies whatever noun is its subject. If the subject-noun is not part of a sentence already, however, the problem arises: what case should the noun and participle be?

Shelmerdine Chapter 224. The genitive absolute In this situation, there is sort of a default setting. If the subject-noun of the participle is not part of the main sentence, then both this noun and the participle by default go into the genitive case, called the genitive absolute (< Latin absolutus cast off). Translate the clause like any other circumstantial participle, but ignore the fact that it is genitive.

Shelmerdine Chapter 224. The genitive absolute For example: , . The enemy arrived, but we were already leaving the city. . When the enemy arrived, we were already leaving the city.

Shelmerdine Chapter 22Present middle/passive participles (1st principal part) Aorist and future middle participles (2nd and 3rd principal part) Aorist and future passive participles (6th principal part) The genitive absolute Further comparison of adjectives in -, -

Shelmerdine Chapter 225. Further comparison of adjectives in -, -Recall from Chapter 16.2 that Comparison of adjectives refers to forming the different degrees of adjectivesPositive degree is the regular form of the adjective - - wise Comparative degree means the adjective has more of its quality than someone or something else - - wiser Superlative degree means the adjective has the most of its quality - - wisest

Shelmerdine Chapter 225. Further comparison of adjectives in -, -Recall from Chapter 16.2 that an or appears between the stem of the adjective and the / marker of change in degree. Generally speaking, the length of this vowel is opposite that of the preceding vowel. - - - -

Since the comparative marker -- ends in , the feminine singular regularly will use in place of (like - -).long shortshort long

Shelmerdine Chapter 225. Further comparison of adjectives in -, -In Chapter 20, you learned some types of adjectives which use third declension endings. heavy prudent well-born In each case, the neuter nominative singular shows the stem of the adjective:- --

Shelmerdine Chapter 225. Further comparison of adjectives in -, -Most 3rd declension adjectives add the usual -, - endings to form the comparative and superlative. well-born - (stem) more well-born most well-born heavy- (stem) heavier heaviest

Shelmerdine Chapter 225. Further comparison of adjectives in -, -3rd declension adjectives with stems in - add -- before the usual -, - endings. prudent - (stem) more prudent most prudent

Shelmerdine Chapter 22for tomorrow (Thursday, February 17, 2011):Quiz: Write out the middle participle endings (-, -, -, .)Prepare The Ingenuity of Cyrus for class.

BabylonPersiaGreece

IraqIranGreece

Babylon

Cyrus Cylinder (Cyrus conquers Babylon)(538 B.C.)

Tomb of Cyrus the Greatruled Persia c. 557530 B.C.

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , , . . , ,

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , , . . , ,

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , , , , , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , , , , , , .

Euphrates

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , . , . , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , . , . , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , . , , ( ) . .

Shelmerdine Chapter 22 , . , , ( ) , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 22for next class (Monday, February 21, 2011):Quiz: parsingContinue reading.

Shelmerdine Chapter 221 , , , , 2 , . (1st sg fut indic act) < show here (nom sg masc) one seven (3rd sg aor.indic act) came sit inhabit judgment, verdict talk, say drink, be drunk wine whoring whore whore bowl

Shelmerdine Chapter 223 . , , . carry away blasphemy be full of (1st sg aor indic act) < desert beast sit horn, wing - head red, scarlet breath, spirit

Shelmerdine Chapter 224 , , , - unclean something vile be full of red, scarlet pearl put on - purple whoring drinking cup precious hand gold be (covered with) gold

Shelmerdine Chapter 225 , , , . 6 . . holy blood something vile (1st sg aor indic act) < awesome sight (mas. nom. sg aor.part. act) < witness, martyr drink, be drunk forehead mystery whore

*Barry B. Powell Classical Myth. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001. inside front cover.*