C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 11

Shelmerdine Chapter 113rd declension nouns: stems in - Syllabic and temporal augments Augments of compound verbs Principal parts of palatal stem thematic verbs The strong aorist active of thematic verbs (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 113rd declension nouns: stems in - Syllabic and temporal augments Augments of compound verbs Principal parts of palatal stem thematic verbs The strong aorist active of thematic verbs (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Only a handful of 3rd declension nouns in Greek have stems ending in -.Unfortunately, nearly all display minor irregularities and some are very common words. As long as you know the full vocabulary entry (nom sg., gen. sg., gender), you should have no trouble recognizing the case and number of the forms when you see them.

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - In the nominative singular, the combination is generally forbidden, so the ending drops and the vowel preceding the - lengthens ( , ) to make up for the lost

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Thus the forms of , orator singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Three nouns with stems in - are similar in their irregularities: , mother, father , daughter

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - The stem of each ends in .Each end their nominative singular in -.Each accent their nominative singular differently (mother on the left, father on the right, and daughter in the middle).But each accent their vocative singular all the way to the left.In the gen. and dat sg., contracts to . The dat pl. ends in -.

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Thus the forms of , mother singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: gen/dat. sg.: - -dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Thus the forms of , father singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: gen/dat. sg.: - -dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Thus the forms of , daughter singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: gen/dat. sg.: - -dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Also similar is , manThe stem is (visible in the vocative singular)In the nominative singular, In all other forms, replaces the (- -)Once again, in the dat pl. -- becomes --.The accent pattern follows , father

Shelmerdine Chapter 111. 3rd declension nouns: stems in - Thus the forms of , man singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.- -nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 113rd declension nouns: stems in - Syllabic and temporal augments Augments of compound verbs Principal parts of palatal stem thematic verbs The strong aorist active of thematic verbs (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 112. Syllabic and temporal augments To form secondary tenses (imperfect, aorist), verbs in the indicative add an augment to the beginning of the stem. When the stem begins with a consonant, the augment appears as an -.- -

Shelmerdine Chapter 112. Syllabic and temporal augments When the stem begins with a vowel, the initial vowel lengthens:present imperfect With some vowels, the augment will not be apparent:

Shelmerdine Chapter 112. Syllabic and temporal augments So far, the following verbs from your vocabulary augment initial vowel sounds:present imperfect (irregular)

Shelmerdine Chapter 112. Syllabic and temporal augments Remember that the aorist (third principal part) will be listed with the augment already added:present aorist

Shelmerdine Chapter 113rd declension nouns: stems in - Syllabic and temporal augments Augments of compound verbs Principal parts of palatal stem thematic verbs The strong aorist active of thematic verbs (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 113. Augments of compound verbs There are 18 Greek prepositions which can also serve as prefixes to verbs, for example: from + send = send awayMost of these prepositions elide for pronunciation purposes: + = + =

Shelmerdine Chapter 113. Augments of compound verbs There are 18 Greek prepositions which can also serve as prefixes to verbs. Most of these prepositions elide for pronunciation purposes. A handout in Moodle lists all these prefixes and their elided forms.

Shelmerdine Chapter 113. Augments of compound verbs The preposition/prefix is added after the main verb is augmented and accented, for example: from + they send = they send away from + they sent = they sent away from + they lead = they lead away from + they led = they led away

Shelmerdine Chapter 113rd declension nouns: stems in - Syllabic and temporal augments Augments of compound verbs Principal parts of palatal stem thematic verbs The strong aorist active of thematic verbs (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 114. Principal parts of palatal stem verbs Page 60 gives the first four principal parts for all the palatal (, , ) stem verbs so far in your vocabulary.Recall that a palatal (, , ) followed by a is written , so the future (2nd principal part) and aorist (3rd principal part) will normally display .For irregularities, see notes and next section.

Shelmerdine Chapter 113rd declension nouns: stems in - Syllabic and temporal augments Augments of compound verbs Principal parts of palatal stem thematic verbs The strong aorist active of thematic verbs (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist Some verbs in Greek have an aorist form which does not use the distinctive marker. Such verbs are said to have a strong (second) aorist.Strong (second) aorists differ from weak (first) aorists only in form. They do not differ in meaning or translation.

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist Instead of the marker, verbs with a strong (second) aorist will show in their third principal part., , (strong/second aorist), , (weak/first aorist), , (weak/first aorist)

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist The strong (second) aorist has an augment in the indicative, just as the imperfect and weak/first aorist do.Strong (second) aorists, however, use the same secondary endings as the imperfect tense.Consider the verb , ,

Shelmerdine Chapter 11singularpluralimperfect tense stem =

Shelmerdine Chapter 11singularpluralaorist tense stem =

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist You have learned eight verbs so far that have a strong/second aorist: , , lead , , die , , attack , , / find , /, have , , take , , carry , , flee

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist There is no reliable pattern to the stem changes between the present stem and the strong/second aorist stems, so you must memorize the requisite principal parts. Of the 247 base verbs (that is, uncompounded verbs) in the LSU Core Vocabulary, only 36 have strong/second aorists. Verbs with strong/second aorists tend to be older, core vocabulary, however, so the forms appear very frequently.

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist Most verbs with strong aorists display their stem in the aorist and expand to form their present stem: - (aor) - (pres) die - (aor) - (pres) throw - (aor) - (pres) find - (aor) - (pres) take - (aor) - (pres) flee

Shelmerdine Chapter 115. Strong aorist Other verbs have idiosyncratic stem changes: , , leadThe presen stem doubles to form the aorist stem. , /, have The stem is appears in shortened form in each tense. , , carryThese are really different verbs used in different tenses (just as English uses went [past tense of wend] as the past tense of go).

Shelmerdine Chapter 11for tomorrow (Tuesday, November 8, 2005):Quiz: Chapter 10 Vocabulary.Verbs: omit , , , Nouns: omit , , , , , Adjectives: omit Prepositions: omit prepare Practice A, Exercises 41 and 46 for class.

Xerxes invades GreeceHellespont(facing north)

Shelmerdine Chapter 11 . , , . , .

The Achaemenid Rulersof PersiaXerxesCyrus the GreatDarius

EgyptHellespontPhoenicia

Shelmerdine Chapter 11 , . .

Xerxes at the Hellespont

Xerxes at the Hellespont

Shelmerdine Chapter 11 ' ' , , , , . "let him rule" earth , "image" said "crawling creature", "which crawls" "our", "fish" +acc. according to , "beast", "likeness" "sky" (gen sg fem) (gen pl) "all"(predicate position) - - "winged" "make "Let us make"

Shelmerdine Chapter 11 ' . , , , , , . "masculine and feminine" earth crawling creature, which crawl(s) bless, fish +acc. according to , beast sky (gen sg fem) (gen pl) all (predicate position) - - winged make

Shelmerdine Chapter 10Exam #4 has four parts:For B., the noun will be one of , body (Chapter 8), love (Chapter 9), night (Chapter 9), lion (Chapter 9) The adjective will be either (see page 25) - - wise or - - friendly

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