chemichs data booklet - helloblen.com

1 Some relevant equations

Topic Equation

13 PV = nRT

22 and C4 c = νλ

51 q = mcΔΤ

83pH = - log

10[H

3O+]

orpH = - log

10[H+]

121 E = hv

152 ΔGΘ = ΔΗΘ - ΤΔSΘ

162 k = Αe-E

α

RT

162 In k = -Eα

RT + InA

162 In k1

k2

= Eα

R ( 1T

2- 1

T1

)

171 ΔGΘ = -RT In K

191 ΔGΘ = -nFEΘ

2 Physical constants and unit conversions

Avogadrorsquos constant (L or NA) = 602 x 1023 mol-1

Gas constant (R) = 831 J K-1 mol-1

Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 227 x 10-2 m3 mol-1 = 227 dm3 mol-1

1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 x 10-3 m3 = 1 x 103 cm3

STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPaSATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa

Topic Equation

A5 atom economy = molar mass of desired productmolar mass of all reactants x 100

A8 nλ = 2dsinθ

B7 pH = pKα + log ( [A-]

[HA] )

B7 log10

I0

I = εlc

C1 Energy density = energy released from fuelvolume of fuel consumed

C1 Specific energy = energy released from fuelmass of fuel consumed

C3 N = N0e -λt

C3 and D8 t 12 = ln 2

λ

C6 Ε = Ε0 - ( RTnF ) ln Q

C7Rate

1Rate

2= M

2M

1

D8 Nt = N

0 (05) tk

Speed of light = 300 x 108 ms-1

Specific heat capacity of water = 418 kJ kg-1K-1 = 418 J g-1 K-1

Planckrsquos constant (h) = 663x 10-34 J sFaradayrsquos constant (F) = 965 x 104 C mol-1

Ionic product constant for water (Kw) = 100 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 at 298 K

1 amu = 166 x 10-27 kg

3 The electromagnetic spectrum

wavelength nm

10-16 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

γ rays X- rays UV IR microwaves radio waves

V I B G Y O R

400 700wavelength nm

energy

4 Fundamental particles

Proton Neutron Electron

Mass (kg) 1672622 x 10-27 1674927 x 10-27 9109383 x 10-31

Charge (C) 1602189 x 10-19 0 -1602189 x 10-19

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| Chemistry Data Booklet

NotesThe booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1) but the periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers Clean copies of the booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2 HLP2 SLP3 and HLP3)

CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET

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5 Names of the elements

Element SymbolAtomic number

actinium Ac 89

aluminium Al 13

americium Am 95

antimony Sb 51

argon Ar 18

arsenic As 33

astatine At 85

barium Ba 56

berkelium Bk 97

beryllium Be 4

bismuth Bi 83

bohrium Bh 107

boron B 5

bromine Br 35

cadmium Cd 48

caesium Cs 55

calcium Ca 20

californium Cf 98

carbon C 6

cerium Ce 58

chlorine Cl 17

chromium Cr 24

cobalt Co 27

copernicium Cn 112

copper Cu 29

curium Cm 96

darmstadtium Ds 110

dubnium Db 105

dysprosium Dy 66

einsteinium Es 99

erbium Er 68

europium Eu 63

fermium Fm 100

fluorine F 9

francium Fr 87

gadolinium Gd 64

gallium Ga 31

germanium Ge 32

gold Au 79

hafnium Hf 72

hassium Hs 108


helium He 2

holmium Ho 67

hydrogen H 1

indium In 49

iodine I 53

iridium Ir 77

iron Fe 26

krypton Kr 36

lanthanum La 57

lawrencium Lr 103

lead Pb 82

lithium Li 3

lutetium Lu 71

magnesium Mg 12

manganese Mn 25

meitnerium Mt 109

mendelevium Md 101

mercury Hg 80

molybdenum Mo 42

neodymium Nd 60

neon Ne 10

neptunium Np 93

nickel Ni 28

niobium Nb 41

nitrogen N 7

nobelium No 102

osmium Os 76

oxygen O 8

palladium Pd 46

phosphorus P 15

platinum Pt 78

plutonium Pu 94

polonium Po 84

potassium K 19

praseodym-ium

Pr 59

promethium Pm 61

protactinium Pa 91

radium Ra 88

radon Rn 86

rhenium Re 75

rhodium Rh 45


roentgenium Rg 111

rubidium Rb 37

ruthenium Ru 44

rutherfor-dium

Rf 104

samarium Sm 62

scandium Sc 21

seaborgium Sg 106

selenium Se 34

silicon Si 14

silver Ag 47

sodium Na 11

strontium Sr 38

sulfur S 16

tantalum Ta 73

technetium Tc 43

tellurium Te 52

terbium Tb 65

thallium Tl 81

thorium Th 90

thulium Tm 69

tin Sn 50

titanium Ti 22

tungsten W 74

uranium U 92

vanadium V 23

xenon Xe 54

ytterbium Yb 70

yttrium Y 39

zinc Zn 30

zirconium Zr 40


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6 The periodic table

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11H

101

Atomic number

Element

Relative atomicmass

2He400

23Li

694

4Be

901

5B

1081

6C

1201

7N

1401

8O

1600

9F

1900

10Ne

2018

311Na

2299

12Mg

2431

13Al

2698

14Si

2809

15P

3097

16S

3207

17Cl

3545

18Ar

3995

419K

3910

20Ca

4008

21Sc

449

22Ti

4787

23V

5094

24Cr

5200

25Mn

5494

26Fe

5585

27Co

5893

28Ni

5869

29Cu

6355

30Zn

6538

31Ga

6972

32Ge

7263

33As

7492

34Se

7896

35Br

7990

36Kr

8390

537Rb

8547

38Sr

8762

39Y

8891

40Zr

9122

41Nb

9291

42Mo

9596

43Tc

(98)

44Ru

10107

45Rh

10291

46Pd

10642

47Ag

10787

48Cd

11241

49In

11482

50Sn

11871

51Sb

12176

52Te

12760

53I

12690

54Xe

13129

655Cs

13291

56Ba

13733

57 daggerLa

13891

72Hf

17849

73Ta

18095

74W

18384

75Re

18621

76Os

19023

77Ir

19222

78Pt

19508

79Au

19697

80Hg

20059

81Tl

20438

82Pb

20720

83Bi

20898

84Po

(209)

85At

(210)

86Rn

(222)

787Fr

(223)

88Ra

(226)

89DaggerAc

(227)

104Rf

(267)

105Db

(268)

106Sg

(269)

107Bh

(270)

108Hs

(269)

109Mt

(278)

110Ds

(281)

111Rg

(281)

112Cn

(285)

113Uut

(286)

114Uuq(289)

115Uup(288)

116Uuh(293)

117Uus

(294)

118Uuo(294)

dagger58Ce

14012

59Pr

14091

60Nd

14424

61Pm

(145)

62Sm

15036

63Eu

15196

64Gd

15725

65Tb

15893

66Dy

16250

67Ho

16493

68Er

16726

69Tm

16893

70Yb

17305

71Lu

17497

Dagger90Th

23204

91Pa

23104

92U

23803

93Np

(237)

94Pu

(244)

95Am

(243)

96Cm

(247)

97Bk

(247)

98Cf

(251)

99Es

(252)

100Fm

(257)

101Md

(258)

102No

(259)

103Lr

(262)

7 Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101325 kPa)

-2592H

-2529

Melting point (degC)

Element

Ionic radius(10-12 m)

He-2689

1805Li

1342

1287Be

2468

2077B

4000

3500C

4827

-2100N

-1958

-2188O

-1830

-2197F

-1881

-2486Ne

-2460

9779Na

8829

6500Mg

1090

6603Al

2519

1414Si

3265

4415P

2805

1152S

4446

-1015Cl

-3404

-1893Ar

-1858

6338K

7588

8420Ca

1484

1541Sc

2836

1670Ti

3287

1910V

3407

1907Cr

2671

1246Mn

2061

1538Fe

2861

1495Co

2927

1455Ni

2913

1085Cu

2560

4195Zn

9070

2977Ga

2229

9382Ge

2833

8168As

6130

2208Se

6848

-7050Br

5878

-1574Kr

-1534

3930Rb

6878

7688Sr

1377

1522Y

3345

1854Zr

4406

2477Nb

4741

2622Mo

4639

2157Tc

4262

2333Ru

4147

1963Rh

3695

1555Pd

2963

9618Ag

2162

3211Cd

7668

1566In

2027

2319Sn

2586

6306Sb

1587

4495Te

9878

1137I

1844

-1118Xe

-1081

2844Cs

6708

7250Ba

1845

9200La

3464

2233Hf

4600

3017Ta

5455

3414W

5555

3453Re

5900

3033Os

5008

2446Ir

4428

1768Pt

3825

1064Au

2836

-3883Hg

3566

3038Tl

1473

3275Pb

1749

2714Bi

1564

2538Po

9620

3018At

3368

-7115Rn

-6185

2700Fr

6768

6998Ra

1140

1050Ac

3200

8 First ionization energy electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements

131 -73

H22

First ionization Electron affinity (kJ mol-1)energy (kJ mol-1) (2nd EA kJ mol-1)

Element

Electronegativity

2372

He

520 -60

Li10

900

Be16

801 -27

B20

1086 -122

C26

1402

N30

1314 -141 (+753)

O34

1681 -328

F40

2081

Ne

496 -53

Na09

738

Mg13

578 -42

Al16

787 -134

Si19

1012 -72

P22

1000 -200 (+545)

S26

1251 -349

Cl32

1520

Ar

419 -48

K08

590 -2

Ca10

633 -18

Sc14

659 -8

Ti15

651 -51

V16

653 -64

Cr17

717

Mn16

762 -15

Fe18

760 -64

Co19

737 -112

Ni19

745 -119

Cu19

906

Zn16

579 -41

Ga18

762 -119

Ge20

944 -78

As22

941 -195

Se26

1140 -325

Br30

1351

Kr

403 -47

Rb08

549 -5

Sr10

600 -30

Y12

640 -41

Zr13

652 -88

Nb16

684 -72

Mo22

702 -53

Tc21

710 -101

Ru22

720 -110

Rh23

804 -54

Pd22

731 -126

Ag19

868

Cd17

558 -29

In18

709 -107

Sn20

831 -101

Sb20

869 -190

Te21

1008 -295

I27

1170

Xe26

376 -46

Cs08

503 -14

Ba09

538 -45

La11

659 -1

Hf13

728 -31

Ta15

759 -79

W17

756 -14

Re19

814 -106

Os22

865 -151

Ir22

864 -205

Pt22

890 -223

Au24

1007

Hg19

589 -36

Tl18

716 -35

Pb18

703 -91

Bi19

812 -183

Po20

-270

At22

1037

Rn

393 -47

Fr07

509 -10

Ra09

499 -34

Ac11

9 Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

32H

Atomic radius(10-12 m)

Element


37He

130Li

76 (1+)

99Be

45 (2+)

84B

27 (3+)

75C

16 (4+)

71N

146 (3-)

64O

140 (2-)

60F

133 (1-)

62Ne

160Na

102 (1+)

140Mg

72 (2+)

124Al

54 (3+)

114Si

40 (4+)

109P

38 (5+)

104S

184 (2-)

100Cl

181 (1-)

101Ar

200K

138 (1+)

174Ca

100 (2+)

159Sc

75 (3+)

148Ti

86 (2+)61 (4+)

144V

79 (2+)54 (5+)

130Cr

62 (3+)44 (6+)

129Mn

83 (2+)53 (4+)

124Fe

61 (2+)55 (3+)

118Co

65(+2)55 (+3)

117Ni

69 (2+)

122Cu

77 (1+)73 (2+)

120Zn

74 (2+)

123Ga

62(3+)

120Ge

53 (4+)272(4-)

120As

58 (3+)46 (5+)

118Se

198 (2-)

117Br

196 (1-)

116Kr

215Rb

152 (1+)

190Sr

118 (2+)

176Y

90 (3+)

164Zr

72 (4+)

156Nb

72 (3+)64 (5+)

146Mo

65 (4+)

138Tc

65(4+)

136Ru

68(3+)62 (4+)

134Rh

67 (+3)60 (+4)

130Pd

86(2+) 62(4+)

136Ag

115 (1+)

140Cd

95 (2+)

142In

80(3+)

140Sn

118(2+)69 (4+)

140Sb

76 (3+)

137Te

221 (2-)

136I

220(1-)

136Xe

238Cs

167 (1+)

206Ba

135 (2+)

194La

103 (3+)

164Hf

71 (4+)

158Ta

64(5+)

150W

66 (4+)60(6+)

141Re

63(4+)53(7+)

136Os

63 (4+)55(6+)

132Ir

68(+3)63 (+4)

130Pt

80(2+) 63(4+)

130Au

137 (1+)85 (3+)

132Hg

119 (1+)102 (2+)

144Tl

150 (1+)89 (3)

145Pb

119 (2+)78 (4+)

150Bi

103 (3+) 76(5+)

142Po

97(4+)

148At

146Rn

242Fr

211Ra

201Ac


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10 Covalent bond lengths

Single bonds (10-12m = pm )

Br C Cl F H I N O P S Si

Br 228 194 214 176 141 247 214 220 227 216

C 194 154 177 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185

Cl 214 177 199 163 128 232 197 170 203 199 202

F 176 138 163 142 92 257 136 142 154 158 156

H 141 108 128 92 74 160 101 97 142 134 148

I 247 214 232 257 160 267 247 243

N 214 147 197 136 101 146 136 175 174

O 143 170 142 97 136 148 154 161 163

P 220 184 203 154 142 247 154 221 210

S 227 182 199 158 134 175 161 210 205 215

Si 216 185 202 156 148 243 174 163 215 232

Multiple bonds ( 10-12m = pm )

C=C 134 CequivN 116 NequivN 110

CequivC 120 C=O 122 N=O 114

C=C (in benzene) 140 C=S 156 O=O 121

C=N 130 N=N 125 S=S 189

11 Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K

Single bonds (kJ mol-1 )


Br 193 285 219 249 366 178 201 264 218 330

C 285 346 324 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307

Cl 219 324 242 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400

F 249 492 255 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597

H 366 414 431 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323

I 178 228 211 280 298 151 201 184 234

N 286 192 278 391 158 214

O 201 358 206 191 463 201 214 144 363 466

P 264 264 322 490 322 184 363 198

S 218 289 271 327 364 266 293

Si 330 307 400 597 323 234 466 293 226

Multiple bonds ( kJ mol-1 )

C=C 614 CN 890 NN 945

CC 839 C=O 804 N=O 587


C=N 615 N=N 470 S=S 429


helloblencom 6

12 Selected compoundsmdashthermodynamic data

Substance Formula State ΔHΘf(kJ mol-1) ΔGΘ

f(kJ mol-1) SΘ (JK-1 mol-1)

methane CH4

g -740 -500 +186

ethane C2H

6g -840 -320 +230

propane C3H

8g -105 -240 +270

butane C4H

10g -126 -170 +310

pentane C5H

12l -173

hexane C6H

14l -199

ethene C2H

4g +520 +680 +220

propene C3H

6g +200 +620 +267

but-1-ene C4H

8g +010 +710 +306

cis-but-2-ene C4H

8g -70 +660 +301

trans-but-2-ene C4H

8g -110 +630 +297

ethyne C2H

2g +228 +211 +201

propyne C3H

4g +185 +194 +248

buta-13-diene C4H

6g +110 +151 +279

cyclohexane C6H

12l -156

benzene C6H

6l +490 +125 +173

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l +120

ethylbenzene C6H

5CH

2CH

3l -120

phenylethene C6H

5CHCH

2l +104

chloromethane CH3Cl g -820 -580 +235

dichloromethane CH2Cl

2l -124 +178

trichloromethane CHCl3

l -134 -740 +202

bromomethane CH3Br g -360 -260 +246

iodomethane CH3I l -140 +163

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -137 -530

bromoethane C2H

5Br l -900 -260 +199

chlorobenzene C6H

5Cl l +110

methanol CH3OH l -239 -167 +127

ethanol C2H

5OH l -278 -175 +161

phenol C6H

5OH s -165 +144

methanal HCHO g -109 -102 +219

ethanal CH3CHO g -166 -133 +264

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -248 +200

methanoic acid HCOOH l -425 -361 +129

ethanoic acid CH3COOH l -484 -390 +160

benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -385 +168

methylamine CH3NH

2g -23 +320 +243

water H2O l -2858 -2371 +700

steam H2O g -2418 -2286 +1888

carbon monoxide CO g -1105 -1372 +1977

carbon dioxide CO2

g -3935 -3944 +2138

hydrogen bromide HBr g -363 -534 +1987

hydrogen chloride HCl g -923 -953 +1869

hydrogen fluoride HF g -2733 -2754 +1738

hydrogen iodide HI g +265 +17 +2066


helloblencom 7

13 Enthalpies of combustionThe values of the molar enthalpy of combustion (ΔHΘ

C) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 100x105 Pa

Substance Formula lState ΔHΘC

( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297

carbon (graphite) C s -394

carbon monoxide C0 g -283

methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473

methanol CH3OH l -726

ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724

methanal HCHO g -571

ethanal CH3CHO g -1167

benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100

phenylethanone CH3COC

6H

5l -4149

methanoic acid HCOOH l -255

ethanoic acid CH3COOH l -874

benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228

ethanedioic acid (COOH)2

s -243

ethyl ethanoate CH3COOC

2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8

14 Common oxidation numbers of the 3d ions

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7

15 Spectrochemical series

Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an octahedral complex

I- lt Br- lt S2- lt Cl- lt F- lt OH- lt H2O lt SCN- lt NH

3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands

Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an o

12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green

18 Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values)

The lattice enthalpy values (ΔHΘlattice

) given relate to the endothermic process M

aX

b(s)rarraMb+(g)+bXa-(g) in which the gaseous ions of a crys-

tal are separated to an infinite distance from each other

Experimental valuesThe data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable BornndashHaber cycle

Alkali metal

halides

ΔHΘlattice ( kJ mol-1 )

F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613

Other substances ΔHΘlattice ( KJ mol-1 )

CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9

19 Enthalpies of aqueous solutions

SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335

20 Enthalpies of hydration

CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10

21 Strengths of organic acids and bases

The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pKa

values where pKa= -log

10K

a The dissociation constant K

a values are

for aqueous solutions at 298 K Base strengths are given in terms of

pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375

ethanoic CH3COOH 476

propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483

2-methylpropanoic (CH3)

2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483

22-dimethylpropanoic (CH3)

3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431

Halogenated carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

chloroethanoic CH2ClCOOH 287

dichloroethanoic CHCl2COOH 135

trichloroethanoic CCl3COOH 066

fluoroethanoic CH2FCOOH 259

bromoethanoic CH2BrCOOH 290

iodoethanoic CH2ICOOH 318

Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715

24-dinitrophenol (O2N)

2C

6H

3OH 407

246-trinitrophenol (O2N)

3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327

trimethylamine (CH3)

3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913

22 Acid-base indicators

Colour change

Indicator pKa

pH range Acid Alkali

methyl orange

37 31ndash44 red yellow

bromophe-nol blue

42 30ndash46 yellow blue

bromocresol green


methyl red 51 44ndash62 red yellow

bromothy-mol blue


phenol red 79 68ndash84 yellow red

phenol-phthalein

96 83ndash100 colourless pink


helloblencom 11

23 Values of the ionization constant of water

Temperature (degC) Kw value

0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14

24 Standard electrode potentials at 298 K

Oxidized species Reduced species EΘ(V)

Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136

MnO4-(aq)+8H+(aq)+5e- Mn2++4H

2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au

26 Infrared dataCharacteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules

Bond Organic molecules Wavenumber (cm-1) Intensity

CndashI iodoalkanes 490ndash620 strong

CndashBr bromoalkanes 500ndash600 strong

CndashCl chloroalkanes 600ndash800 strong

CndashF fluoroalkanes 1000ndash1400 strong

CndashO alcohols esters ethers 1050ndash1410 strong

C=C alkenes 1620ndash1680 medium-weak multiple bands

C=O aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids and esters 1700ndash1750 strong

CequivC alkynes 2100ndash2260 variable

OndashH hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids 2500ndash3000 strong very broad

CndashH alkanes alkenes arenes 2850ndash3090 strong

OndashH hydrogen bonding in alcohols and phenols 3200ndash3600 strong broad

NndashH primary amines 3300ndash3500 medium two bands

27 1H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shift values (δ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) =0R represents an alkyl group and Hal represents F Cl Br or IThese values may vary in different solvents and conditions

Type of proton Chemical shift (ppm)

mdashCH3

09ndash10

mdashCH2-R 13ndash14

mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35

mdashCequivCmdashH 18ndash31

mdashCH2-Hal 35ndash44

RmdashOmdashCH2mdash 33ndash37

CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130

RmdashOmdashH 10ndash60

mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100

28 Mass spectral fragments lost

Mass lost Fragment lost

15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH

29 Triangular bonding diagram

Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic

van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangle of Bonding

Electronegativity difference

Electronegativitydifference

Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic

Average electronegativity Σχ = (χa+χ

b)

2

30 Resin identification codes

Resin Identification Code (RIC) Plastic types

1PETE

polyethyleneterephthalate

2HDPE

high-densitypolyethylene

3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE

low-densitypolyethylene

5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13

31 Representations of some materials molecules

Cln

Clm

O

O

polychlorinated biphenyls 14-dioxin

OCln Clm

polychlorinated dibenzofuran

O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2378-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

O

O

ClnClm

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

32 Solubility product constants at 298 K

Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name

Symbol Structural formula

pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 CH2 NH C NH2

NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57

glycine Gly H2N CH2 COOH 60

histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15

34 Lipids carbohydrates and nucleotide components

Lipids

Octanoic acid CH3(CH

2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH

Palmitic acid CH3(CH

2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH

Linoleic acid CH3(CH

2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH

α-Linolenic acid CH3CH

2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates

H C OCH OHCHO HCH OHCH OHCH2

O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH

CH2OHC OCHO HCH OHCH OHCH2OH

straight chain α-glucose straight chain glucose fructose

OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO

adenine guanine cytosine

CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine

35 Vitamins and pigments

Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3

ascorbic acid (vitamin C) vitamin D (D3)

Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose

quinoidal base (blue) flavylium cation (red)

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO

11-cis-retinal all-trans-retinal

36 Binding energy curve

Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270

Number of nucleons in nucleus

37 Representations of some medicinal molecules

Carbohydrates

aspirin penicillin (general structure) ibuprofen paracetamol (acetaminophen)

morphine codeine diamorphine (heroin)

ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash

omeprazole ranitidine

NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH

oseltamivir zanamivir taxol


helloblencom 16Adapted from IB Chemistry Data Booklet published in June 2014


helloblencom 2

5 Names of the elements


actinium Ac 89

aluminium Al 13

americium Am 95

antimony Sb 51

argon Ar 18

arsenic As 33

astatine At 85

barium Ba 56

berkelium Bk 97

beryllium Be 4

bismuth Bi 83

bohrium Bh 107

boron B 5

bromine Br 35

cadmium Cd 48

caesium Cs 55

calcium Ca 20

californium Cf 98

carbon C 6

cerium Ce 58

chlorine Cl 17

chromium Cr 24

cobalt Co 27

copernicium Cn 112

copper Cu 29

curium Cm 96

darmstadtium Ds 110

dubnium Db 105

dysprosium Dy 66

einsteinium Es 99

erbium Er 68

europium Eu 63

fermium Fm 100

fluorine F 9

francium Fr 87

gadolinium Gd 64

gallium Ga 31

germanium Ge 32

gold Au 79

hafnium Hf 72

hassium Hs 108


helium He 2

holmium Ho 67

hydrogen H 1

indium In 49

iodine I 53

iridium Ir 77

iron Fe 26

krypton Kr 36

lanthanum La 57

lawrencium Lr 103

lead Pb 82

lithium Li 3

lutetium Lu 71

magnesium Mg 12

manganese Mn 25

meitnerium Mt 109

mendelevium Md 101

mercury Hg 80

molybdenum Mo 42

neodymium Nd 60

neon Ne 10

neptunium Np 93

nickel Ni 28

niobium Nb 41

nitrogen N 7

nobelium No 102

osmium Os 76

oxygen O 8

palladium Pd 46

phosphorus P 15

platinum Pt 78

plutonium Pu 94

polonium Po 84

potassium K 19

praseodym-ium

Pr 59

promethium Pm 61

protactinium Pa 91

radium Ra 88

radon Rn 86

rhenium Re 75

rhodium Rh 45


roentgenium Rg 111

rubidium Rb 37

ruthenium Ru 44

rutherfor-dium

Rf 104

samarium Sm 62

scandium Sc 21

seaborgium Sg 106

selenium Se 34

silicon Si 14

silver Ag 47

sodium Na 11

strontium Sr 38

sulfur S 16

tantalum Ta 73

technetium Tc 43

tellurium Te 52

terbium Tb 65

thallium Tl 81

thorium Th 90

thulium Tm 69

tin Sn 50

titanium Ti 22

tungsten W 74

uranium U 92

vanadium V 23

xenon Xe 54

ytterbium Yb 70

yttrium Y 39

zinc Zn 30

zirconium Zr 40


helloblencom 3


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11H

101

Atomic number

Element

Relative atomicmass

2He400

23Li

694

4Be

901

5B

1081

6C

1201

7N

1401

8O

1600

9F

1900

10Ne

2018

311Na

2299

12Mg

2431

13Al

2698

14Si

2809

15P

3097

16S

3207

17Cl

3545

18Ar

3995

419K

3910

20Ca

4008

21Sc

449

22Ti

4787

23V

5094

24Cr

5200

25Mn

5494

26Fe

5585

27Co

5893

28Ni

5869

29Cu

6355

30Zn

6538

31Ga

6972

32Ge

7263

33As

7492

34Se

7896

35Br

7990

36Kr

8390

537Rb

8547

38Sr

8762

39Y

8891

40Zr

9122

41Nb

9291

42Mo

9596

43Tc

(98)

44Ru

10107

45Rh

10291

46Pd

10642

47Ag

10787

48Cd

11241

49In

11482

50Sn

11871

51Sb

12176

52Te

12760

53I

12690

54Xe

13129

655Cs

13291

56Ba

13733

57 daggerLa

13891

72Hf

17849

73Ta

18095

74W

18384

75Re

18621

76Os

19023

77Ir

19222

78Pt

19508

79Au

19697

80Hg

20059

81Tl

20438

82Pb

20720

83Bi

20898

84Po

(209)

85At

(210)

86Rn

(222)

787Fr

(223)

88Ra

(226)

89DaggerAc

(227)

104Rf

(267)

105Db

(268)

106Sg

(269)

107Bh

(270)

108Hs

(269)

109Mt

(278)

110Ds

(281)

111Rg

(281)

112Cn

(285)

113Uut

(286)

114Uuq(289)

115Uup(288)

116Uuh(293)

117Uus

(294)

118Uuo(294)

dagger58Ce

14012

59Pr

14091

60Nd

14424

61Pm

(145)

62Sm

15036

63Eu

15196

64Gd

15725

65Tb

15893

66Dy

16250

67Ho

16493

68Er

16726

69Tm

16893

70Yb

17305

71Lu

17497

Dagger90Th

23204

91Pa

23104

92U

23803

93Np

(237)

94Pu

(244)

95Am

(243)

96Cm

(247)

97Bk

(247)

98Cf

(251)

99Es

(252)

100Fm

(257)

101Md

(258)

102No

(259)

103Lr

(262)


-2592H

-2529


Element


He-2689

1805Li

1342

1287Be

2468

2077B

4000

3500C

4827

-2100N

-1958

-2188O

-1830

-2197F

-1881

-2486Ne

-2460

9779Na

8829

6500Mg

1090

6603Al

2519

1414Si

3265

4415P

2805

1152S

4446

-1015Cl

-3404

-1893Ar

-1858

6338K

7588

8420Ca

1484

1541Sc

2836

1670Ti

3287

1910V

3407

1907Cr

2671

1246Mn

2061

1538Fe

2861

1495Co

2927

1455Ni

2913

1085Cu

2560

4195Zn

9070

2977Ga

2229

9382Ge

2833

8168As

6130

2208Se

6848

-7050Br

5878

-1574Kr

-1534

3930Rb

6878

7688Sr

1377

1522Y

3345

1854Zr

4406

2477Nb

4741

2622Mo

4639

2157Tc

4262

2333Ru

4147

1963Rh

3695

1555Pd

2963

9618Ag

2162

3211Cd

7668

1566In

2027

2319Sn

2586

6306Sb

1587

4495Te

9878

1137I

1844

-1118Xe

-1081

2844Cs

6708

7250Ba

1845

9200La

3464

2233Hf

4600

3017Ta

5455

3414W

5555

3453Re

5900

3033Os

5008

2446Ir

4428

1768Pt

3825

1064Au

2836

-3883Hg

3566

3038Tl

1473

3275Pb

1749

2714Bi

1564

2538Po

9620

3018At

3368

-7115Rn

-6185

2700Fr

6768

6998Ra

1140

1050Ac

3200


131 -73

H22


Element

Electronegativity

2372

He

520 -60

Li10

900

Be16

801 -27

B20

1086 -122

C26

1402

N30

1314 -141 (+753)

O34

1681 -328

F40

2081

Ne

496 -53

Na09

738

Mg13

578 -42

Al16

787 -134

Si19

1012 -72

P22

1000 -200 (+545)

S26

1251 -349

Cl32

1520

Ar

419 -48

K08

590 -2

Ca10

633 -18

Sc14

659 -8

Ti15

651 -51

V16

653 -64

Cr17

717

Mn16

762 -15

Fe18

760 -64

Co19

737 -112

Ni19

745 -119

Cu19

906

Zn16

579 -41

Ga18

762 -119

Ge20

944 -78

As22

941 -195

Se26

1140 -325

Br30

1351

Kr

403 -47

Rb08

549 -5

Sr10

600 -30

Y12

640 -41

Zr13

652 -88

Nb16

684 -72

Mo22

702 -53

Tc21

710 -101

Ru22

720 -110

Rh23

804 -54

Pd22

731 -126

Ag19

868

Cd17

558 -29

In18

709 -107

Sn20

831 -101

Sb20

869 -190

Te21

1008 -295

I27

1170

Xe26

376 -46

Cs08

503 -14

Ba09

538 -45

La11

659 -1

Hf13

728 -31

Ta15

759 -79

W17

756 -14

Re19

814 -106

Os22

865 -151

Ir22

864 -205

Pt22

890 -223

Au24

1007

Hg19

589 -36

Tl18

716 -35

Pb18

703 -91

Bi19

812 -183

Po20

-270

At22

1037

Rn

393 -47

Fr07

509 -10

Ra09

499 -34

Ac11


32H


Element


37He

130Li

76 (1+)

99Be

45 (2+)

84B

27 (3+)

75C

16 (4+)

71N

146 (3-)

64O

140 (2-)

60F

133 (1-)

62Ne

160Na

102 (1+)

140Mg

72 (2+)

124Al

54 (3+)

114Si

40 (4+)

109P

38 (5+)

104S

184 (2-)

100Cl

181 (1-)

101Ar

200K

138 (1+)

174Ca

100 (2+)

159Sc

75 (3+)

148Ti

86 (2+)61 (4+)

144V

79 (2+)54 (5+)

130Cr

62 (3+)44 (6+)

129Mn

83 (2+)53 (4+)

124Fe

61 (2+)55 (3+)

118Co

65(+2)55 (+3)

117Ni

69 (2+)

122Cu

77 (1+)73 (2+)

120Zn

74 (2+)

123Ga

62(3+)

120Ge

53 (4+)272(4-)

120As

58 (3+)46 (5+)

118Se

198 (2-)

117Br

196 (1-)

116Kr

215Rb

152 (1+)

190Sr

118 (2+)

176Y

90 (3+)

164Zr

72 (4+)

156Nb

72 (3+)64 (5+)

146Mo

65 (4+)

138Tc

65(4+)

136Ru

68(3+)62 (4+)

134Rh

67 (+3)60 (+4)

130Pd

86(2+) 62(4+)

136Ag

115 (1+)

140Cd

95 (2+)

142In

80(3+)

140Sn

118(2+)69 (4+)

140Sb

76 (3+)

137Te

221 (2-)

136I

220(1-)

136Xe

238Cs

167 (1+)

206Ba

135 (2+)

194La

103 (3+)

164Hf

71 (4+)

158Ta

64(5+)

150W

66 (4+)60(6+)

141Re

63(4+)53(7+)

136Os

63 (4+)55(6+)

132Ir

68(+3)63 (+4)

130Pt

80(2+) 63(4+)

130Au

137 (1+)85 (3+)

132Hg

119 (1+)102 (2+)

144Tl

150 (1+)89 (3)

145Pb

119 (2+)78 (4+)

150Bi

103 (3+) 76(5+)

142Po

97(4+)

148At

146Rn

242Fr

211Ra

201Ac


helloblencom 4


helloblencom 5




Br 228 194 214 176 141 247 214 220 227 216

C 194 154 177 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185

Cl 214 177 199 163 128 232 197 170 203 199 202

F 176 138 163 142 92 257 136 142 154 158 156

H 141 108 128 92 74 160 101 97 142 134 148

I 247 214 232 257 160 267 247 243

N 214 147 197 136 101 146 136 175 174

O 143 170 142 97 136 148 154 161 163

P 220 184 203 154 142 247 154 221 210

S 227 182 199 158 134 175 161 210 205 215

Si 216 185 202 156 148 243 174 163 215 232





C=N 130 N=N 125 S=S 189




Br 193 285 219 249 366 178 201 264 218 330

C 285 346 324 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307

Cl 219 324 242 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400

F 249 492 255 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597

H 366 414 431 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323

I 178 228 211 280 298 151 201 184 234

N 286 192 278 391 158 214

O 201 358 206 191 463 201 214 144 363 466

P 264 264 322 490 322 184 363 198

S 218 289 271 327 364 266 293

Si 330 307 400 597 323 234 466 293 226


C=C 614 CN 890 NN 945

CC 839 C=O 804 N=O 587


C=N 615 N=N 470 S=S 429


helloblencom 6




methane CH4

g -740 -500 +186

ethane C2H

6g -840 -320 +230

propane C3H

8g -105 -240 +270

butane C4H

10g -126 -170 +310

pentane C5H

12l -173

hexane C6H

14l -199

ethene C2H

4g +520 +680 +220

propene C3H

6g +200 +620 +267

but-1-ene C4H

8g +010 +710 +306

cis-but-2-ene C4H

8g -70 +660 +301

trans-but-2-ene C4H

8g -110 +630 +297

ethyne C2H

2g +228 +211 +201

propyne C3H

4g +185 +194 +248

buta-13-diene C4H

6g +110 +151 +279

cyclohexane C6H

12l -156

benzene C6H

6l +490 +125 +173

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l +120

ethylbenzene C6H

5CH

2CH

3l -120

phenylethene C6H

5CHCH

2l +104



2l -124 +178


l -134 -740 +202



chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -137 -530

bromoethane C2H

5Br l -900 -260 +199

chlorobenzene C6H

5Cl l +110


ethanol C2H

5OH l -278 -175 +161

phenol C6H

5OH s -165 +144



propanone (CH3)

2CO l -248 +200



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -385 +168

methylamine CH3NH

2g -23 +320 +243

water H2O l -2858 -2371 +700

steam H2O g -2418 -2286 +1888


carbon dioxide CO2

g -3935 -3944 +2138






helloblencom 7




( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297



methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473


ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724



benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100


6H

5l -4149



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228


s -243


2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 3


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11H

101

Atomic number

Element

Relative atomicmass

2He400

23Li

694

4Be

901

5B

1081

6C

1201

7N

1401

8O

1600

9F

1900

10Ne

2018

311Na

2299

12Mg

2431

13Al

2698

14Si

2809

15P

3097

16S

3207

17Cl

3545

18Ar

3995

419K

3910

20Ca

4008

21Sc

449

22Ti

4787

23V

5094

24Cr

5200

25Mn

5494

26Fe

5585

27Co

5893

28Ni

5869

29Cu

6355

30Zn

6538

31Ga

6972

32Ge

7263

33As

7492

34Se

7896

35Br

7990

36Kr

8390

537Rb

8547

38Sr

8762

39Y

8891

40Zr

9122

41Nb

9291

42Mo

9596

43Tc

(98)

44Ru

10107

45Rh

10291

46Pd

10642

47Ag

10787

48Cd

11241

49In

11482

50Sn

11871

51Sb

12176

52Te

12760

53I

12690

54Xe

13129

655Cs

13291

56Ba

13733

57 daggerLa

13891

72Hf

17849

73Ta

18095

74W

18384

75Re

18621

76Os

19023

77Ir

19222

78Pt

19508

79Au

19697

80Hg

20059

81Tl

20438

82Pb

20720

83Bi

20898

84Po

(209)

85At

(210)

86Rn

(222)

787Fr

(223)

88Ra

(226)

89DaggerAc

(227)

104Rf

(267)

105Db

(268)

106Sg

(269)

107Bh

(270)

108Hs

(269)

109Mt

(278)

110Ds

(281)

111Rg

(281)

112Cn

(285)

113Uut

(286)

114Uuq(289)

115Uup(288)

116Uuh(293)

117Uus

(294)

118Uuo(294)

dagger58Ce

14012

59Pr

14091

60Nd

14424

61Pm

(145)

62Sm

15036

63Eu

15196

64Gd

15725

65Tb

15893

66Dy

16250

67Ho

16493

68Er

16726

69Tm

16893

70Yb

17305

71Lu

17497

Dagger90Th

23204

91Pa

23104

92U

23803

93Np

(237)

94Pu

(244)

95Am

(243)

96Cm

(247)

97Bk

(247)

98Cf

(251)

99Es

(252)

100Fm

(257)

101Md

(258)

102No

(259)

103Lr

(262)


-2592H

-2529


Element


He-2689

1805Li

1342

1287Be

2468

2077B

4000

3500C

4827

-2100N

-1958

-2188O

-1830

-2197F

-1881

-2486Ne

-2460

9779Na

8829

6500Mg

1090

6603Al

2519

1414Si

3265

4415P

2805

1152S

4446

-1015Cl

-3404

-1893Ar

-1858

6338K

7588

8420Ca

1484

1541Sc

2836

1670Ti

3287

1910V

3407

1907Cr

2671

1246Mn

2061

1538Fe

2861

1495Co

2927

1455Ni

2913

1085Cu

2560

4195Zn

9070

2977Ga

2229

9382Ge

2833

8168As

6130

2208Se

6848

-7050Br

5878

-1574Kr

-1534

3930Rb

6878

7688Sr

1377

1522Y

3345

1854Zr

4406

2477Nb

4741

2622Mo

4639

2157Tc

4262

2333Ru

4147

1963Rh

3695

1555Pd

2963

9618Ag

2162

3211Cd

7668

1566In

2027

2319Sn

2586

6306Sb

1587

4495Te

9878

1137I

1844

-1118Xe

-1081

2844Cs

6708

7250Ba

1845

9200La

3464

2233Hf

4600

3017Ta

5455

3414W

5555

3453Re

5900

3033Os

5008

2446Ir

4428

1768Pt

3825

1064Au

2836

-3883Hg

3566

3038Tl

1473

3275Pb

1749

2714Bi

1564

2538Po

9620

3018At

3368

-7115Rn

-6185

2700Fr

6768

6998Ra

1140

1050Ac

3200


131 -73

H22


Element

Electronegativity

2372

He

520 -60

Li10

900

Be16

801 -27

B20

1086 -122

C26

1402

N30

1314 -141 (+753)

O34

1681 -328

F40

2081

Ne

496 -53

Na09

738

Mg13

578 -42

Al16

787 -134

Si19

1012 -72

P22

1000 -200 (+545)

S26

1251 -349

Cl32

1520

Ar

419 -48

K08

590 -2

Ca10

633 -18

Sc14

659 -8

Ti15

651 -51

V16

653 -64

Cr17

717

Mn16

762 -15

Fe18

760 -64

Co19

737 -112

Ni19

745 -119

Cu19

906

Zn16

579 -41

Ga18

762 -119

Ge20

944 -78

As22

941 -195

Se26

1140 -325

Br30

1351

Kr

403 -47

Rb08

549 -5

Sr10

600 -30

Y12

640 -41

Zr13

652 -88

Nb16

684 -72

Mo22

702 -53

Tc21

710 -101

Ru22

720 -110

Rh23

804 -54

Pd22

731 -126

Ag19

868

Cd17

558 -29

In18

709 -107

Sn20

831 -101

Sb20

869 -190

Te21

1008 -295

I27

1170

Xe26

376 -46

Cs08

503 -14

Ba09

538 -45

La11

659 -1

Hf13

728 -31

Ta15

759 -79

W17

756 -14

Re19

814 -106

Os22

865 -151

Ir22

864 -205

Pt22

890 -223

Au24

1007

Hg19

589 -36

Tl18

716 -35

Pb18

703 -91

Bi19

812 -183

Po20

-270

At22

1037

Rn

393 -47

Fr07

509 -10

Ra09

499 -34

Ac11


32H


Element


37He

130Li

76 (1+)

99Be

45 (2+)

84B

27 (3+)

75C

16 (4+)

71N

146 (3-)

64O

140 (2-)

60F

133 (1-)

62Ne

160Na

102 (1+)

140Mg

72 (2+)

124Al

54 (3+)

114Si

40 (4+)

109P

38 (5+)

104S

184 (2-)

100Cl

181 (1-)

101Ar

200K

138 (1+)

174Ca

100 (2+)

159Sc

75 (3+)

148Ti

86 (2+)61 (4+)

144V

79 (2+)54 (5+)

130Cr

62 (3+)44 (6+)

129Mn

83 (2+)53 (4+)

124Fe

61 (2+)55 (3+)

118Co

65(+2)55 (+3)

117Ni

69 (2+)

122Cu

77 (1+)73 (2+)

120Zn

74 (2+)

123Ga

62(3+)

120Ge

53 (4+)272(4-)

120As

58 (3+)46 (5+)

118Se

198 (2-)

117Br

196 (1-)

116Kr

215Rb

152 (1+)

190Sr

118 (2+)

176Y

90 (3+)

164Zr

72 (4+)

156Nb

72 (3+)64 (5+)

146Mo

65 (4+)

138Tc

65(4+)

136Ru

68(3+)62 (4+)

134Rh

67 (+3)60 (+4)

130Pd

86(2+) 62(4+)

136Ag

115 (1+)

140Cd

95 (2+)

142In

80(3+)

140Sn

118(2+)69 (4+)

140Sb

76 (3+)

137Te

221 (2-)

136I

220(1-)

136Xe

238Cs

167 (1+)

206Ba

135 (2+)

194La

103 (3+)

164Hf

71 (4+)

158Ta

64(5+)

150W

66 (4+)60(6+)

141Re

63(4+)53(7+)

136Os

63 (4+)55(6+)

132Ir

68(+3)63 (+4)

130Pt

80(2+) 63(4+)

130Au

137 (1+)85 (3+)

132Hg

119 (1+)102 (2+)

144Tl

150 (1+)89 (3)

145Pb

119 (2+)78 (4+)

150Bi

103 (3+) 76(5+)

142Po

97(4+)

148At

146Rn

242Fr

211Ra

201Ac


helloblencom 4


helloblencom 5




Br 228 194 214 176 141 247 214 220 227 216

C 194 154 177 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185

Cl 214 177 199 163 128 232 197 170 203 199 202

F 176 138 163 142 92 257 136 142 154 158 156

H 141 108 128 92 74 160 101 97 142 134 148

I 247 214 232 257 160 267 247 243

N 214 147 197 136 101 146 136 175 174

O 143 170 142 97 136 148 154 161 163

P 220 184 203 154 142 247 154 221 210

S 227 182 199 158 134 175 161 210 205 215

Si 216 185 202 156 148 243 174 163 215 232





C=N 130 N=N 125 S=S 189




Br 193 285 219 249 366 178 201 264 218 330

C 285 346 324 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307

Cl 219 324 242 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400

F 249 492 255 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597

H 366 414 431 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323

I 178 228 211 280 298 151 201 184 234

N 286 192 278 391 158 214

O 201 358 206 191 463 201 214 144 363 466

P 264 264 322 490 322 184 363 198

S 218 289 271 327 364 266 293

Si 330 307 400 597 323 234 466 293 226


C=C 614 CN 890 NN 945

CC 839 C=O 804 N=O 587


C=N 615 N=N 470 S=S 429


helloblencom 6




methane CH4

g -740 -500 +186

ethane C2H

6g -840 -320 +230

propane C3H

8g -105 -240 +270

butane C4H

10g -126 -170 +310

pentane C5H

12l -173

hexane C6H

14l -199

ethene C2H

4g +520 +680 +220

propene C3H

6g +200 +620 +267

but-1-ene C4H

8g +010 +710 +306

cis-but-2-ene C4H

8g -70 +660 +301

trans-but-2-ene C4H

8g -110 +630 +297

ethyne C2H

2g +228 +211 +201

propyne C3H

4g +185 +194 +248

buta-13-diene C4H

6g +110 +151 +279

cyclohexane C6H

12l -156

benzene C6H

6l +490 +125 +173

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l +120

ethylbenzene C6H

5CH

2CH

3l -120

phenylethene C6H

5CHCH

2l +104



2l -124 +178


l -134 -740 +202



chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -137 -530

bromoethane C2H

5Br l -900 -260 +199

chlorobenzene C6H

5Cl l +110


ethanol C2H

5OH l -278 -175 +161

phenol C6H

5OH s -165 +144



propanone (CH3)

2CO l -248 +200



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -385 +168

methylamine CH3NH

2g -23 +320 +243

water H2O l -2858 -2371 +700

steam H2O g -2418 -2286 +1888


carbon dioxide CO2

g -3935 -3944 +2138






helloblencom 7




( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297



methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473


ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724



benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100


6H

5l -4149



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228


s -243


2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





131 -73

H22


Element

Electronegativity

2372

He

520 -60

Li10

900

Be16

801 -27

B20

1086 -122

C26

1402

N30

1314 -141 (+753)

O34

1681 -328

F40

2081

Ne

496 -53

Na09

738

Mg13

578 -42

Al16

787 -134

Si19

1012 -72

P22

1000 -200 (+545)

S26

1251 -349

Cl32

1520

Ar

419 -48

K08

590 -2

Ca10

633 -18

Sc14

659 -8

Ti15

651 -51

V16

653 -64

Cr17

717

Mn16

762 -15

Fe18

760 -64

Co19

737 -112

Ni19

745 -119

Cu19

906

Zn16

579 -41

Ga18

762 -119

Ge20

944 -78

As22

941 -195

Se26

1140 -325

Br30

1351

Kr

403 -47

Rb08

549 -5

Sr10

600 -30

Y12

640 -41

Zr13

652 -88

Nb16

684 -72

Mo22

702 -53

Tc21

710 -101

Ru22

720 -110

Rh23

804 -54

Pd22

731 -126

Ag19

868

Cd17

558 -29

In18

709 -107

Sn20

831 -101

Sb20

869 -190

Te21

1008 -295

I27

1170

Xe26

376 -46

Cs08

503 -14

Ba09

538 -45

La11

659 -1

Hf13

728 -31

Ta15

759 -79

W17

756 -14

Re19

814 -106

Os22

865 -151

Ir22

864 -205

Pt22

890 -223

Au24

1007

Hg19

589 -36

Tl18

716 -35

Pb18

703 -91

Bi19

812 -183

Po20

-270

At22

1037

Rn

393 -47

Fr07

509 -10

Ra09

499 -34

Ac11


32H


Element


37He

130Li

76 (1+)

99Be

45 (2+)

84B

27 (3+)

75C

16 (4+)

71N

146 (3-)

64O

140 (2-)

60F

133 (1-)

62Ne

160Na

102 (1+)

140Mg

72 (2+)

124Al

54 (3+)

114Si

40 (4+)

109P

38 (5+)

104S

184 (2-)

100Cl

181 (1-)

101Ar

200K

138 (1+)

174Ca

100 (2+)

159Sc

75 (3+)

148Ti

86 (2+)61 (4+)

144V

79 (2+)54 (5+)

130Cr

62 (3+)44 (6+)

129Mn

83 (2+)53 (4+)

124Fe

61 (2+)55 (3+)

118Co

65(+2)55 (+3)

117Ni

69 (2+)

122Cu

77 (1+)73 (2+)

120Zn

74 (2+)

123Ga

62(3+)

120Ge

53 (4+)272(4-)

120As

58 (3+)46 (5+)

118Se

198 (2-)

117Br

196 (1-)

116Kr

215Rb

152 (1+)

190Sr

118 (2+)

176Y

90 (3+)

164Zr

72 (4+)

156Nb

72 (3+)64 (5+)

146Mo

65 (4+)

138Tc

65(4+)

136Ru

68(3+)62 (4+)

134Rh

67 (+3)60 (+4)

130Pd

86(2+) 62(4+)

136Ag

115 (1+)

140Cd

95 (2+)

142In

80(3+)

140Sn

118(2+)69 (4+)

140Sb

76 (3+)

137Te

221 (2-)

136I

220(1-)

136Xe

238Cs

167 (1+)

206Ba

135 (2+)

194La

103 (3+)

164Hf

71 (4+)

158Ta

64(5+)

150W

66 (4+)60(6+)

141Re

63(4+)53(7+)

136Os

63 (4+)55(6+)

132Ir

68(+3)63 (+4)

130Pt

80(2+) 63(4+)

130Au

137 (1+)85 (3+)

132Hg

119 (1+)102 (2+)

144Tl

150 (1+)89 (3)

145Pb

119 (2+)78 (4+)

150Bi

103 (3+) 76(5+)

142Po

97(4+)

148At

146Rn

242Fr

211Ra

201Ac


helloblencom 4


helloblencom 5




Br 228 194 214 176 141 247 214 220 227 216

C 194 154 177 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185

Cl 214 177 199 163 128 232 197 170 203 199 202

F 176 138 163 142 92 257 136 142 154 158 156

H 141 108 128 92 74 160 101 97 142 134 148

I 247 214 232 257 160 267 247 243

N 214 147 197 136 101 146 136 175 174

O 143 170 142 97 136 148 154 161 163

P 220 184 203 154 142 247 154 221 210

S 227 182 199 158 134 175 161 210 205 215

Si 216 185 202 156 148 243 174 163 215 232





C=N 130 N=N 125 S=S 189




Br 193 285 219 249 366 178 201 264 218 330

C 285 346 324 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307

Cl 219 324 242 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400

F 249 492 255 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597

H 366 414 431 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323

I 178 228 211 280 298 151 201 184 234

N 286 192 278 391 158 214

O 201 358 206 191 463 201 214 144 363 466

P 264 264 322 490 322 184 363 198

S 218 289 271 327 364 266 293

Si 330 307 400 597 323 234 466 293 226


C=C 614 CN 890 NN 945

CC 839 C=O 804 N=O 587


C=N 615 N=N 470 S=S 429


helloblencom 6




methane CH4

g -740 -500 +186

ethane C2H

6g -840 -320 +230

propane C3H

8g -105 -240 +270

butane C4H

10g -126 -170 +310

pentane C5H

12l -173

hexane C6H

14l -199

ethene C2H

4g +520 +680 +220

propene C3H

6g +200 +620 +267

but-1-ene C4H

8g +010 +710 +306

cis-but-2-ene C4H

8g -70 +660 +301

trans-but-2-ene C4H

8g -110 +630 +297

ethyne C2H

2g +228 +211 +201

propyne C3H

4g +185 +194 +248

buta-13-diene C4H

6g +110 +151 +279

cyclohexane C6H

12l -156

benzene C6H

6l +490 +125 +173

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l +120

ethylbenzene C6H

5CH

2CH

3l -120

phenylethene C6H

5CHCH

2l +104



2l -124 +178


l -134 -740 +202



chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -137 -530

bromoethane C2H

5Br l -900 -260 +199

chlorobenzene C6H

5Cl l +110


ethanol C2H

5OH l -278 -175 +161

phenol C6H

5OH s -165 +144



propanone (CH3)

2CO l -248 +200



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -385 +168

methylamine CH3NH

2g -23 +320 +243

water H2O l -2858 -2371 +700

steam H2O g -2418 -2286 +1888


carbon dioxide CO2

g -3935 -3944 +2138






helloblencom 7




( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297



methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473


ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724



benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100


6H

5l -4149



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228


s -243


2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 5




Br 228 194 214 176 141 247 214 220 227 216

C 194 154 177 138 108 214 147 143 184 182 185

Cl 214 177 199 163 128 232 197 170 203 199 202

F 176 138 163 142 92 257 136 142 154 158 156

H 141 108 128 92 74 160 101 97 142 134 148

I 247 214 232 257 160 267 247 243

N 214 147 197 136 101 146 136 175 174

O 143 170 142 97 136 148 154 161 163

P 220 184 203 154 142 247 154 221 210

S 227 182 199 158 134 175 161 210 205 215

Si 216 185 202 156 148 243 174 163 215 232





C=N 130 N=N 125 S=S 189




Br 193 285 219 249 366 178 201 264 218 330

C 285 346 324 492 414 228 286 358 264 289 307

Cl 219 324 242 255 431 211 192 206 322 271 400

F 249 492 255 159 567 280 278 191 490 327 597

H 366 414 431 567 436 298 391 463 322 364 323

I 178 228 211 280 298 151 201 184 234

N 286 192 278 391 158 214

O 201 358 206 191 463 201 214 144 363 466

P 264 264 322 490 322 184 363 198

S 218 289 271 327 364 266 293

Si 330 307 400 597 323 234 466 293 226


C=C 614 CN 890 NN 945

CC 839 C=O 804 N=O 587


C=N 615 N=N 470 S=S 429


helloblencom 6




methane CH4

g -740 -500 +186

ethane C2H

6g -840 -320 +230

propane C3H

8g -105 -240 +270

butane C4H

10g -126 -170 +310

pentane C5H

12l -173

hexane C6H

14l -199

ethene C2H

4g +520 +680 +220

propene C3H

6g +200 +620 +267

but-1-ene C4H

8g +010 +710 +306

cis-but-2-ene C4H

8g -70 +660 +301

trans-but-2-ene C4H

8g -110 +630 +297

ethyne C2H

2g +228 +211 +201

propyne C3H

4g +185 +194 +248

buta-13-diene C4H

6g +110 +151 +279

cyclohexane C6H

12l -156

benzene C6H

6l +490 +125 +173

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l +120

ethylbenzene C6H

5CH

2CH

3l -120

phenylethene C6H

5CHCH

2l +104



2l -124 +178


l -134 -740 +202



chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -137 -530

bromoethane C2H

5Br l -900 -260 +199

chlorobenzene C6H

5Cl l +110


ethanol C2H

5OH l -278 -175 +161

phenol C6H

5OH s -165 +144



propanone (CH3)

2CO l -248 +200



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -385 +168

methylamine CH3NH

2g -23 +320 +243

water H2O l -2858 -2371 +700

steam H2O g -2418 -2286 +1888


carbon dioxide CO2

g -3935 -3944 +2138






helloblencom 7




( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297



methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473


ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724



benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100


6H

5l -4149



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228


s -243


2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 6




methane CH4

g -740 -500 +186

ethane C2H

6g -840 -320 +230

propane C3H

8g -105 -240 +270

butane C4H

10g -126 -170 +310

pentane C5H

12l -173

hexane C6H

14l -199

ethene C2H

4g +520 +680 +220

propene C3H

6g +200 +620 +267

but-1-ene C4H

8g +010 +710 +306

cis-but-2-ene C4H

8g -70 +660 +301

trans-but-2-ene C4H

8g -110 +630 +297

ethyne C2H

2g +228 +211 +201

propyne C3H

4g +185 +194 +248

buta-13-diene C4H

6g +110 +151 +279

cyclohexane C6H

12l -156

benzene C6H

6l +490 +125 +173

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l +120

ethylbenzene C6H

5CH

2CH

3l -120

phenylethene C6H

5CHCH

2l +104



2l -124 +178


l -134 -740 +202



chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -137 -530

bromoethane C2H

5Br l -900 -260 +199

chlorobenzene C6H

5Cl l +110


ethanol C2H

5OH l -278 -175 +161

phenol C6H

5OH s -165 +144



propanone (CH3)

2CO l -248 +200



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -385 +168

methylamine CH3NH

2g -23 +320 +243

water H2O l -2858 -2371 +700

steam H2O g -2418 -2286 +1888


carbon dioxide CO2

g -3935 -3944 +2138






helloblencom 7




( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297



methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473


ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724



benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100


6H

5l -4149



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228


s -243


2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 7




( KJ mol-1 )

hydrogen H2

g -286

sulfur S s -297



methane CH4g -891

ethane C2H

6g -1561

propane C3H

8g -2219

butane C4H

10g -2878

pentane C5H

12l -3509

hexane C6H

14l -4163

octane C8H

18l -5470

cyclohexane C6H

12l -3920

ethene C2H

4g -1411

buta-13-diene C4H

6g -2541

ethyne C2H

2g -1301

benzene C6H

6l -3268

methylbenzene C6H

5CH

3l -3910

naphthalene C10

H8

s -5156

chloroethane C2H

5Cl g -1413

iodoethane C2H

5I l -1463


l -473


ethanol C2H

5OH l -1367

propan-1-ol C3H

7OH l -2021

butan-1-ol C4H

9OH l -2676

cyclohexanol C6H

11OH s -3728

phenol C6H

5OH s -3053

ethoxyethane (C2H

5)

2O l -2724



benzaldehyde C6H

5CHO l -3525

propanone (CH3)

2CO l -1790

pentan-3-one (C2H

5)

2CO l -3100


6H

5l -4149



benzoic acid C6H

5COOH s -3228


s -243


2H

5l -2238

ethanamide CH3CONH

2s -1186

methylamine CH3NH

2g -1086

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2l -3393

nitrobenzene C6H

5NO

2l -3088

urea CO(NH2)

2s -633

glucose C6H

12O

6s -2803

sucrose C12

H22

O11

s -5640


helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 8



+1

+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2

+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

+4 +4 +4

+5

+6 +6

+7




3 lt CN- asymp CO

16 Ligands


12 - ethanediamine

ethanedioate EDTA

17 Colour wheel

Red

Violet

Orange

Blue

Yellow

575 nm

700 nm

400 nm

491 nm

585 nm

424 nm

647 nm

Green




aX




Alkali metal

halides


F Cl Br I

Li 1049 864 820 764

Na 930 790 754 705

K 829 720 691 650

Rb 795 695 668 632

Cs 759 670 647 613


CaF2

2651

BeCl2

3033

MgCl2

2540

CaCl2

2271

SrCl2

2170

BaCl2

2069

MgO 3791

CaO 3401

SrO 3223

BaO 3054

CuCl22824

AgF 974

AgCl 918

AgBr 905

AgI 892


helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 9


SoluteΔHΘsol

( kJ mol-1 )

NH4Cl +1478

NH4NO

3+2569

LiF +473

LiCl -3703

LiBr -4883

LiI -6330

NaF +091

NaCl +388

NaBr -060

NaI -753

KF -1773

KCl +1722

KBr +1987

KI +2033

RbF -2611

RbCl +1728

RbBr +2188

RbI +2510

CsF -3686

CsCl +1778

CsBr +2598

CsI +3335


CationsΔHΘhyd

(kJ mol-1)Anions

ΔHΘhyd(kJ mol-1)

Li+ -538 F- -504

Na+ -424 Cl- -359

K+ -340 Br- -328

Rb+ -315 I- -287

Cs+ -291 ClO 3- -331

Be2+ -2524 BrO 3- -358

Mg2+ -1963 IO 3- -446

Ca2+ -1616 ClO 4- -205

Sr2+ -1483 OH- -519

Ba2+ -1346 CN- -341

Ra2+ -1335 NO 3- -316

Al3+ -4741 HCO 3- -383

Ga3+ -4745 CO 32 - -1486

In3+ -4171 HSO 4- -362

Tl3+ -4163 SO 42 - -1099

Tl+ -346 PO 43 - -2921

Sn2+ -1587

Pb2+ -1523


helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 10




10K


a values are


pKb values

Carboxylic acids

Name Formula pKa

methanoic HCOOH 375


propanoic CH3CH

2COOH 487

butanoic CH3(CH

2)

2COOH 483


2CHCOOH 484

pentanoic CH3(CH

2)

3COOH 483


3CCOOH 503

benzoic C6H

5COOH 420

phenylethanoic C6H

5CH

2COOH 431


Name Formula pKa







Phenols

Name Formula pKa

phenol C6H

5OH 999

2-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 723

3-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 836

4-nitrophenol O2NC

6H

4OH 715


2C

6H

3OH 407


3C

6H

2OH 042

Alcohols

Name Formula PKa

methanol CH3OH 155

ethanol C2H

5OH 155

Amines

Name Formula PKb

ammonia NH3

475

methylamine CH3NH

2334

ethylamine CH3CH

2NH

2335

dimethylamine (CH3)

2NH 327


3N 420

diethylamine (C2H

5)

2NH 316

triethylamine (C2H

5)

3N 325

phenylamine C6H

5NH

2913


Colour change

Indicator pKa


methyl orange


bromophe-nol blue


bromocresol green



bromothy-mol blue



phenol-phthalein



helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 11



0 0113 x 10-14

5 0185 x 10-14

10 0292 x 10-14

15 0453 x 10-14

20 0684 x 10-14

25 100 x 10-14

30 147 x 10-14

35 209 x 10-14

40 292 x 10-14

45 402 x 10-14

50 543 x 10-14

55 724 x 10-14

60 955 x 10-14

65 124 x 10-14

70 159 x 10-14

75 201 x 10-14

80 252 x 10-14

85 313 x 10-14

90 383 x 10-14

95 466 x 10-14

100 560 x 10-14



Li+(aq)+e- Li(s) -304

K+(aq)+e- K(s) -293

Ca2+(aq)+2e- Ca(s) -287

Na+(aq)+e- Na(s) -271

Mg2+(aq)+2e- Mg(s) -237

Al3+(aq)+3e- Al(s) -166

Mn2+(aq)+2e- Mn(s) -118

H2O(l)+e-

12 H

2(g)+OH-(aq) -083

Zn2+(aq)+2e- Zn(s) -076

Fe2+(aq)+2e- Fe(s) -045

Ni2+(aq)+2e- Ni(s) -026

Sn2+(aq)+2e- Sn(s) -014

Pb2+(aq)+2e- Pb(s) -013

H+(aq)+e-12 H

2(g) 000

Cu2+(aq)+e- Cu+(aq) +015

SO 42 -(aq)+4H+(aq)+2e- H

2SO

3(aq)+H

2O(l) +017

Cu2+(aq)+2e- Cu(s) +034

12 O

2(g)+H

2O(l)+2e- 2OH-(aq) +040

Cu+(aq)+e- Cu(s) +052

12 I

2(s)+e- I-(aq) +054

Fe3+(aq)+e- Fe2+(aq) +077

Ag+(aq)+e- Ag(s) +080

12 Br

2(l)+e- Br-(aq) +109

12 O

2(g)+2H

2(aq)+2e- H2O(l) +123

Cr2O

72 -(aq)+14H+(aq)+6e- 2Cr3+(aq)+7H

2O(l) +136

12 Cl

2(g)+e- Cl-(aq) +136


2O(l) +151

12 F

2(g)+e- F-(aq) +287


helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 12

25 Activity series

Increasing activity

Li

Cs

Rb

K

Ba

Sr

Ca

Na

Mg

Be

Al

C

Zn

Cr

Fe

Cd

Co

Ni

Sn

Pb

H

Sb

As

Bi

Cu

Ag

Pd

Hg

Pt

Au















27 1H NMR data



mdashCH3

09ndash10


mdashR2CH 15

20ndash25

CR CH2

O22ndash27

CH3 25ndash35




CO

R O CH2

37ndash48

CO

R O H90ndash130


mdashHC=CH2

45ndash60

OH

40ndash120

H 69ndash90

CHR

O

94ndash100



15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH






15 CH3

17 OH

18 H2O

28 CH2=CH

2 C=O

29 CH3CH

2 CHO

31 CH3O

45 COOH


Ionic

Polarcovalent

CovalentMetallic




Δχ = | χa - x

b |

30

25

20

15

10

05

0

079 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

8 92

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

covalent ionic


b)

2



1PETE


2HDPE


3PVC

polyvinylchloride

4LDPE


5PP

polypropylene

6PS

polystyrene

7OTHER

other


helloblencom 13


Cln

Clm

O

O


OCln Clm


O

OCl

Cl

Cl

Cl


O

O

ClnClm



Compound Ksp

BaCO3

258 x 10-9

Ba(OH)2 8H

2O 255 x 10-4

BaSO4

108 x 10-10

CdCO3

10 x 10-12

Cd(OH)2

72 x 10-15

PbCO3

740 x 10-14

Pb(OH)2

143 x 10-20

PbSO4

253 x 10-8

Hg2CO

336 x 10-17

Hg2SO

465 x 10-7

NiCO3

142 x 10-7

Ni(OH)2

548 x 10-16

Ag2CO

3846 x 10-12

Ag2SO

4120 x 10-5

ZnCO3

146 x 10-10

Zn(OH)2

30 x 10-17

33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH




33 2-amino acids

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

alanine AlaH2N CH

CH3

COOH60

arginine Arg

H2N CHCH2


NH108

asparag-ine

Asn

H2N CHCH2

COOHC NH2

O54

aspartic acid

AspH2N CH

CH2

COOHCOOH 28

cysteine CysH2N CH

CH2

COOHSH

51

glutamic acid

GluH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 COOH

32

glu-tamine

Gln

H2N CHCH2

COOHCH2 C

ONH2 57


histidine His

H2N CH

CH2

NN

COOH

H

76

isoleu-cine

IleH2N CH

CHH3CCOOHCH2 CH3

60

leucine Leu

H2N CHCH2

CHH3C CH3

COOH

60

lysine LysH2N CH

CH2

COOHCH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

97

methio-nine

MetH2N CH

CH2 CH2 S CH3

COOH57

phenyla-lanine

Phe

H2N CH

CH2

COOH

55

Com-mon name


pH of isoe-

lectric point

proline Pro HNCOOH

63

serine SerH2N CH

CH2

COOHOH 57

threonine ThrH2N CH

CHCOOH

H3C OH56

trypto-phan

Trp

H2N CH

CH2

NH

COOH

59

tyrosine Tyr

H2N CH

CH2

OH

COOH

57

valine ValH2N CH

CHCOOHCH3H3C

60


helloblencom 14


helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





helloblencom 15


Lipids


2)

6COOH

Lauric acid CH3(CH

2)

10COOH


2)

14COOH

Stearic acid CH3(CH

2)

16COOH

Oleic acid CH3(CH

2)

7CH=CH(CH

2)

7COOH


2)

4(CH=CHCH

2)

2(CH

2)

6COOH


2(CH=CHCH

2)

3(CH

2)

6COOH

HO

HC

H3C CH2

CH3

CH3CH2

CH2CH

CH3

CH3

cholesterol

Carbohydrates


O

HO

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

CH2OH

HOH



OH

CH2OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H OH

O

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH OH

H H

O

fructose ribose

H

OH

H

CH2OH

OH H

H H

O

deoxyribose

Nitrogenous bases

HCN

CC

CN

NCH

N

H

NH2

CN

CC

CNH

NCH

N

HNH2

O

NH2

CNC

NCHCH

HO


CNC

NCHCH

HO

OH

CNC

NCHC

HO

OH

CH3

uracil thymine


Vitamins

CH3

CH3

CH3

HC

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHC

CH

CH3

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

CHCH2

OH

O

O

OH

HO

HO

CH2CH

CHCH3

CH2

HO

CH3

CH2 CH2CH2 CH CH3

CH3


Pigments

NNCH

NNCH

CH2

RCHCH2

H3C

CH3

CH2OCCH2

COO

CH3

Mg2+

C20H39

O OCH3

H

CH3

H

H

NHC

N

CH

NNFe2+

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH2

CH2

OHO

CH3

CH2

CH2

HO O

CHCH2

CH2

chlorophyll heme B

O

ROH

RO

OHO glucose

O+

ROH

ROH

OHO glucose


CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

α-carotene

CH3

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CHCH

CCH3

CHCH

CHCCH3

CHCH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

β-carotene

CH3

CH3

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHCHC

H3C CHCH

O

CHCH3 CH3

CH3

CHC

CH

CH3

CHCH

CCH

CH3

CHO



Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH





Ave

rage

bin

ding

ene

rgy

per

nucl

eon

(MeV

)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270



Carbohydrates



ON

CH3

CH3

SNH

NHN+

H3CO

Ondash


NH

OCH3

CH3

CH3

O CH3

ONH2

O

OH

OH

NH

ONH

O

OH

O

OH

NH2NH

CH3

O NH

OH

O

O

OCH3

O

O

OO CH3

O

OH O

O

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3OH




chemichs data booklet - helloblen.com

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Transcript of chemichs data booklet - helloblen.com