Microsoft PowerPoint - Chapter 0 Ray OpticsRay Optics
Quantum optics
Fundamentals of Photonics
B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich Wiley-Interscience 1991
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Photonics
B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich Wiley-Interscience 2007(2nd ed.)
Chapter 1
5
Ray Optics
6
Ray Optics
Amplitude and Phase
A B Fresnel integral formula (wave optics)
λ<< D Fermat’s principle Ray propagation equation
A B
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9
Fermat’s Principle
B ds
Fermat’s Principle Optical rays traveling between two points A and B, follow a path such that the time of travel (or the optical path length) between the two points is an extremum relative to neighboring paths.
Light ray travels along the path of least time.
0)( =∫ B
A dsrnδ
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Snell’s Law 1122 sinsin θθ nn = (1.1-1)
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Mirrors
Law of Reflection: - The reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence; - The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
paraxial approximation
Spherical Mirrors
R y
fzz 111
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Spherical Mirrors
Refraction at Plane Boundaries
Total Internal Refraction
Prisms )cossinsin(sinsin 221 αθθααθθ ⋅−−⋅+−= − nd (1.2-6)
Deviation Angle
Beam Splitters & Beam Combiners
Refraction at Spherical Boundaries
φ
φ
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Imaging
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Thin Lenses
f y
−= 12 θθ
Thin Lenses
Thick Lens (Non-paraxial rays)
- Cannot assume same y when the ray enters and leaves the lens
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Light Guides
Numerical Aperture of an Optical Fiber
2 2
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901 37500 It is difficult for light originating inside a medium of large refractive index to be extracted in to air. (e.g. LED etc.)
Trapping of light
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Matrix Optics
112 θBAyy +=
Ray Matrix (ABCD Matrix)
Ray Matrices of Simple Optical Components Free-Space Propagation


=
(1.4-4)
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Ray Matrices of Simple Optical Components
Refracting at a spherical boundary





−
(1.4-6)
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Ray Matrices of Simple Optical Components
Reflection from a planar mirror


=
(1.4-8)
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Matrices of Cascaded Optical Components
M1 M2 M3 MN ...
123 MMMMM N= (1.4-9)
Matrices of Cascaded Optical Components





−−=
Imaging with a Thick Lens
2 21
Periodic Optical Systems
B Ayy mm
DAb + = [ ]MBCADF det2 =−=
m m hyy 0= 02 22 =+− Fbhh 22 bFjbh −±= F
b1cos−=
)sin( 0max += myym1=FIf
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Periodic Optical Systems
Equally Spaced Identical Lenses
Equally Spaced Identical Lenses
Optical Resonator
Optical Systems
PC Magazine, MIC 19995 *PBS:Polarizing Beam Splitter
Light source
Optical Systems Microscope
Optical Systems Telescope