1. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy Electroweak neutron production via e + p n + and capture during lightning dischargesLewis Larsen President and CEO Lattice Energy LLCChicago, IL USA 1-312-861-0115lewisglarsen@gmail.comAmerican Nuclear Society MeetingSan Diego, CA - Session 11a Wednesday, November 14, 2012Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC, All Rights Reserved November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 20121

2. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyIntroduction: bare bones of Widom-LarsenFirst step requires input energy:Afterwards neutron capture:EnergyE-field g e-* + p+ g n + e n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)EnergyB-field g e- + p+ g lepton + X (Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + e- + eElectroweak neutron production - decay of neutron-rich products Prior to advent of Widom-Larsen theory, astrophysiciststhought that neutronization only occurs during supernovadetonations No new physics in any of this: all we did was integrate many-body collective effects with modern electroweak theory underthe umbrella of the Standard Model; vast experimental dataWithout many-body collective effects, none of this could occur at substantial rates under moderate temperatures and November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 20122 pressures! 3. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyWidom-Larsen theory: LENRs in lightning We started by analyzing and explaining thecase of LENR transmutations observed inhigh pulsed-current exploding wires withcylindrical geometries; collective many-body magnetic effects (B-fields) dominatetherein; this differs from condensed matterchemical cells wherein micron-scale,nuclear-strength local E-fields and localbreakdown of Born-Oppenheimer are verymuch more importantOnce you understand LENRs in such a case, lightning discharges are conceptually just a big exploding wire up in the sky! Moreover, LENRs in solar flux tubes and flares are a direct extension of theLarsen ANSsame thinking November 14, 2012 L.very Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 3 4. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyNew Russian data confirms Widom-Larsen 2012 - Gurevich et al. publish Strong flux of low-energynew data reporting neutron neutrons produced bybursts in lightning exactly as thunderstorms, A. Gurevich etpredicted by Widom-Larsenal., Physical Review Letters 108 pp. 125001 - 4 (March 2012) Size of these neutron fluxes istoo large to be accounted-forby previously very popularphotonuclear mechanism(fusion had been excluded asa viable possibility years ago) Our theoretical work is theonly mechanism that canreadily explain Russian data November 14, 2012 L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 20124 5. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy Isotopic fractionation in atmosphere Numerous published reportsLightning creates much ozonewith measurements showingO2 O3very substantial variations inatmospheric Oxygen andNitrogen isotopic ratios Until now, these variations allwere explained by invokingvarious types of chemical-onlyisotope fractionationprocesses However, captures of LENRneutrons produced in lightning Opportunities to capture LENRcan also produce same results;neutrons during dischargesthus mimic chemical processes November 14, 2012 L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 5 6. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyNeutron capture on gaseous N2 , O2 & SulfurBy volume in Earths atmosphere, Nitrogen amounts to ~78%, Oxygen ~21%; Sulfur compounds also present in air as well-dispersed molecular aerosols, e.g. SO2 in volcanic cloudsAll of these elements are potentially exposed to LENR neutrons which could be captured during lightningLightning has occurred in Earths atmosphere since condensation from presolar nebula ~4.5 billion years agoLENRs were active in Earths past and are occurring today over our heads! Map: lightning flash frequencyNovember 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 6 7. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyChemical fractionation process vs. LENRs? Chemical fractionation invoked toexplain many isotopic data for 60 yrs Although not explicitly mentioned,underlying fundamental assumptionis that no significant amounts ofnon-stellar nucleosynthesis hasoccurred in any solar system Volcanic lightningmaterials since condensation of thepresolar nebula Caution: if LENRs occur in lightning,it implies longtime assumption thatall such isotopic variance can onlybe result of chemical processes isnot necessarily true for all such data November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 20127 8. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyLENRs in terrestrial geochemical evolution?If lightning-driven LENRs have been occurring in solar system for past ~4.5 billion years, should see telltales in isotopic record Is it a mixture of earlier stellar and more recent LENR processes? Solar systemTerrestrialabundancesabundances Differences between solar vs. terrestrial November 14, 2012 L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 20128 9. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy NASA Genesis Mission published results To get better fix on true chemical and isotopic compositionof the Sun, NASAs 2001 Genesis probe was designed tocollect and return (2004) samples of pristine solar wind foranalysis See paper: Solar composition from the Genesis DiscoveryMission, D. Burnett and Genesis Science Team, PNAS(2011) Quoting: Several well studied natural processes existwhich fractionate isotopes relative to the assumed Standardmodel values, but none of these explain the variations shownon Figure 3 origin of the discrepancy [in O] is unknown. Burnett et al. (ibid.) concluded, variations in 15N/14N[ratio] are much larger than O [ratio] and cannot beexplained by well studied mechanisms2012 isotope November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Novof 9 10. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy NASA Genesis Mission published results Chemical fractionation process cannot explain this 15N/14N dataExcept Jupiter, 15N/14N is larger further from SunAdapted from Nitrogen isotopic data found in Figure 3. Burnett et al., PNAS (2011) November 14, 2012 L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 10 11. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyLENRs in chemical evolution of solar system Under right conditions, huge electric current pulses in lightningdischarges can drive electroweak neutron production & LENRs This process is effectively star-like nucleosynthesis and willtend to create progressively higher-Z chemical elements overtime If lightning-driven LENR nucleosynthesis has in fact beenoccurring in solar system since era of the presolar nebula, thenpuzzling isotopic and elemental anomalies reported in NASAGenesis Mission data might be explained by LENR processes Many exciting opportunities to collect important new data awaitexperimentalists who have access to good mass spectroscopy Need many more good experimental measurements of isotopes November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 11 12. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyMany opportunities await in future research New, potentially important areas of R&D opportunity have beenidentified by applying the WLT many-body collective paradigm Other potentially revolutionary technological possibilities andyet-to-be answered scientific questions are outlined in Latticesonline documents at http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen We believe that what is apparent so far has only scratched thesurface of total universe of opportunities that might beunearthed by exploiting and further elaborating the conceptualpower of the new paradigm utilized in our theory of LENRS Many fruitful and potentially very important lines of inquiryawait talented experimentalists, theoreticians, andtechnologists Vastly more scientists studying San Diego Nov 2012 November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meetinginterdisciplinary LENRs needed! 12 13. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyExample: an opportunity for future research Travel to the remote Catatumbo River in VenezuelaCarrying a sensitive portable mass specHas highest level of lightning activity in the world November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 13 14. Lattice Energy LLCCommercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyTwo key references to Widom-Larsen theory Suggestion: please start with Pramana, then EPJCUltra Low Momentum NeutronCatalyzed Nuclear Reactions on MetallicHydride Surfaces"A. Widom and L. LarsenEuropean Physical Journal C - Particlesand Fields 46 pp. 107 (2006)A primer for electroweak induced low-energy nuclear reactionsY. N. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. LarsenPramana - Journal of Physics 75 (4) pp.Concentrating E-M617 - 637 (2010)energy in a resonant electromagnetic cavity November 14, 2012 L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 2012 14 15. Lattice Energy LLCPhoto: Lloyd DeGrane (Chicago)Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free EnergyFinal thought: Robert Laughlin on many-body collective effects "I am increasingly persuaded that all physical law we know about has collective origins, not just some of it. " I think a good case can be made that science has now moved from an Age of Reductionism to an Age of Emergence, a time when the search for ultimate causes of things shifts from the behavior of parts to the behavior of the collective Over time, careful quantitative study of microscopic parts has revealed that at the primitive level at least, collective principles of organization are not just a quaint sideshow but everything --- the true essence of physical law, including perhaps the most fundamental laws we know nature is now revealed to be an enormous tower of truths, each descending from its parent, and then transcending that parent, as the scale of measurement increases. Like Columbus or Marco Polo, we set out to explore a new country but instead discovered a new world.Robert Laughlin, "A Different Universe - Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, Basic Books, 2005, pp. xv and 208Nobel prize in physics (1998) for contributions to our understanding of the fractional quantum Hall EffectWelcome to New World of collective many-body LENR nucleosynthesis! November 14, 2012L. Larsen ANS Meeting San Diego Nov 201215