Schenectady T2 tanker failure 1943The Schenectady fractured at dock within a day of launching

http://www.twi.co.uk/j32k/protected/band_13/oilgas_caseup31.html

World concord, 1954

the response at the onset of the inelastic deformation for < 0

limit of brittle fracturebars made of the same material

9

response curve of a steel bar

convex-concave cohesive energy4 material constants

10

=0.010

Evolution of

11

=0.030

12

=0.050

13

=0.090

14

=0.102 (localized solution)

15

=0.105

16

=0.110

17

=0.120

18

=0.1230

19

=0.1250

20

concave-convex-concave cohesive energy

6 material constants

21

Evolution of and

=0.0028

22

=0.0040

23

=0.0070

24

=0.0095

25

=0.0120

26

=0.0160

27

response curve of a concrete specimen

convex-concave cohesive energy4 material constants

28

progressive localization ...

29

... followed by diffusion

30

... over the whole bar

Griffith, 1920 Barenblatt, 1960 Irwin, 1955 brittle cohesive ductile

brittle

ductile

the size effect

Il Duomo di Siena, 1229-1382http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/ist/luogo/duomosiena.html

Esterno del Duomo di Siena

L'ampliamento, mai completato, del Duomo di Siena, 1340-1350

Galileo, Discorsi, 1638

Lepanto 1571

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